DE69231344T2 - Gassperrfilm - Google Patents
GassperrfilmInfo
- Publication number
- DE69231344T2 DE69231344T2 DE69231344T DE69231344T DE69231344T2 DE 69231344 T2 DE69231344 T2 DE 69231344T2 DE 69231344 T DE69231344 T DE 69231344T DE 69231344 T DE69231344 T DE 69231344T DE 69231344 T2 DE69231344 T2 DE 69231344T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- film
- gas barrier
- thin film
- films
- oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 title claims description 109
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 166
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 95
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 79
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 94
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 44
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 44
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 22
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 13
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 9
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Inorganic materials [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000005026 oriented polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 235000013606 potato chips Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 235000021056 liquid food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920006284 nylon film Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 235000013324 preserved food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000015067 sauces Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoform Chemical compound BrC(Br)Br DIKBFYAXUHHXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013409 condiments Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013611 frozen food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006280 packaging film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000012785 packaging film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017970 MgO-SiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000294411 Mirabilis expansa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015429 Mirabilis expansa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001007 Nylon 4 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910018557 Si O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000482268 Zea mays subsp. mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229950005228 bromoform Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014171 carbonated beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NZZFYRREKKOMAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N diiodomethane Chemical compound ICI NZZFYRREKKOMAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005566 electron beam evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011868 grain product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000014058 juice drink Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008960 ketchup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010746 mayonnaise Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008268 mayonnaise Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000020124 milk-based beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013536 miso Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015927 pasta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021110 pickles Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002312 polyamide-imide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006389 polyphenyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011888 snacks Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013555 soy sauce Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000021 stimulant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015041 whisky Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008924 yoghurt drink Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
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- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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-
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- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/10—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of paper or cardboard
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
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- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
- B32B38/0008—Electrical discharge treatment, e.g. corona, plasma treatment; wave energy or particle radiation
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- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/08—Oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/08—Oxides
- C23C14/081—Oxides of aluminium, magnesium or beryllium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/10—Glass or silica
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
- B32B2307/7242—Non-permeable
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2310/00—Treatment by energy or chemical effects
- B32B2310/14—Corona, ionisation, electrical discharge, plasma treatment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31652—Of asbestos
- Y10T428/31667—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers, or aldehyde or ketone condensation product
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
- Y10T428/31681—Next to polyester, polyamide or polyimide [e.g., alkyd, glue, or nylon, etc.]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31721—Of polyimide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
- Y10T428/31739—Nylon type
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31786—Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31786—Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]
- Y10T428/31794—Of cross-linked polyester
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31935—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Coating Of Shaped Articles Made Of Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Wrappers (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3359629A JP2700019B2 (ja) | 1991-12-26 | 1991-12-26 | ガスバリアフィルムおよびそれを用いた包装用あるいはガス遮断用フィルム |
| JP4024578A JPH0798872B2 (ja) | 1992-01-13 | 1992-01-13 | 酸化硅素系薄膜積層ガスバリアフィルム |
| JP05694092A JP3149505B2 (ja) | 1992-02-06 | 1992-02-06 | 透明ガスバリアフィルム |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69231344D1 DE69231344D1 (de) | 2000-09-14 |
| DE69231344T2 true DE69231344T2 (de) | 2001-03-29 |
Family
ID=27284711
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69231344T Expired - Lifetime DE69231344T2 (de) | 1991-12-26 | 1992-12-27 | Gassperrfilm |
| DE69224808T Expired - Lifetime DE69224808T2 (de) | 1991-12-26 | 1992-12-27 | Gassperrfilm |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69224808T Expired - Lifetime DE69224808T2 (de) | 1991-12-26 | 1992-12-27 | Gassperrfilm |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5725958A (enExample) |
| EP (2) | EP0550039B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPH11221874A (enExample) |
| DE (2) | DE69231344T2 (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102022119490A1 (de) | 2022-08-03 | 2024-02-08 | Ingo Schneider | Herstellung kohlenstoffbeschichteter Kunststofffolien und Kunststofffilme |
Families Citing this family (60)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE69231344T2 (de) * | 1991-12-26 | 2001-03-29 | Toyo Boseki K.K., Osaka | Gassperrfilm |
| DE4328767C2 (de) * | 1993-08-26 | 1995-08-31 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Folienverbunden und die mit diesen Verfahren hergestellten Verbunde |
| US6651381B2 (en) * | 1995-02-01 | 2003-11-25 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Synthetic resin molded material and method for its production |
| IT1277813B1 (it) * | 1995-02-01 | 1997-11-12 | Galileo Vacuum Tec Spa | Procedimento perfezionato per la co-deposizione di ossidi metallici su un film plastico, relativo impianto e prodotto ottenuto |
| EP0952923A1 (en) * | 1997-01-17 | 1999-11-03 | Danapak A/S | Packaging foil |
| US6223683B1 (en) | 1997-03-14 | 2001-05-01 | The Coca-Cola Company | Hollow plastic containers with an external very thin coating of low permeability to gases and vapors through plasma-assisted deposition of inorganic substances and method and system for making the coating |
| JP3165390B2 (ja) * | 1997-04-03 | 2001-05-14 | ソニーケミカル株式会社 | 耐久性フォトクロミックフィルム |
| DE19723468A1 (de) * | 1997-06-04 | 1998-12-10 | Hoechst Diafoil Gmbh | Biaxial orientierte Polyesterfolie mit hoher Sauerstoffbarriere, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
| SE9702748D0 (sv) * | 1997-07-18 | 1997-07-18 | Astra Ab | Barrier material |
| DE19802333A1 (de) * | 1998-01-23 | 1999-07-29 | Leybold Systems Gmbh | Barriereschicht für Verpackungsmaterial und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Barriereschicht für Verpackungsmaterial |
| DE19802506A1 (de) * | 1998-01-23 | 1999-07-29 | Leybold Systems Gmbh | Metallhaltige Barriereschicht für Verpackungsmaterial und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer metallhaltigen Barriereschicht für Verpackungsmaterial |
| US6600008B1 (en) | 1998-07-22 | 2003-07-29 | Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha | Aliphatic polyester film and gas barrier film |
| US6251233B1 (en) | 1998-08-03 | 2001-06-26 | The Coca-Cola Company | Plasma-enhanced vacuum vapor deposition system including systems for evaporation of a solid, producing an electric arc discharge and measuring ionization and evaporation |
| DE19845268C1 (de) * | 1998-10-01 | 2000-01-05 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren zum Bedampfen bandförmiger Substrate mit einer transparenten Barriereschicht aus Aluminiumoxid |
| EP1008443A1 (de) * | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-14 | Alusuisse Technology & Management AG | Sterilisierbarer Folienverbund für Verpackungszwecke |
| US7666490B1 (en) * | 1999-02-10 | 2010-02-23 | Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha | Functional roll film and vacuum evaporation apparatus capable of producing the functional roll film |
| ATE391083T1 (de) * | 1999-06-14 | 2008-04-15 | Evergreen Packaging Internat B | Mehrschichtige laminatenstruktur aus harz und papier, enthaltend mindestens eine schincht aus polymer/ton-nanoverbundstoff und damit hergestellte verpackungsmaterialien |
| US20030001108A1 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2003-01-02 | Energy Sciences, Inc. | Particle beam processing apparatus and materials treatable using the apparatus |
| US7026635B2 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2006-04-11 | Energy Sciences | Particle beam processing apparatus and materials treatable using the apparatus |
| CA2393531C (en) * | 1999-12-29 | 2011-02-15 | Microcoating Technologies, Inc. | Chemical vapor deposition method and coatings produced therefrom |
| WO2002002313A1 (fr) * | 2000-07-03 | 2002-01-10 | Kansai Paint Co., Ltd. | Couche mince formant barriere aux gaz |
| US6740378B1 (en) | 2000-08-24 | 2004-05-25 | The Coca-Cola Company | Multilayer polymeric/zero valent material structure for enhanced gas or vapor barrier and uv barrier and method for making same |
| US6720052B1 (en) | 2000-08-24 | 2004-04-13 | The Coca-Cola Company | Multilayer polymeric/inorganic oxide structure with top coat for enhanced gas or vapor barrier and method for making same |
| DE10047043A1 (de) * | 2000-09-22 | 2002-04-11 | Wolff Walsrode Ag | Folienlaminate als Hochbarrierefolien und deren Verwendung in Vakuumisolierpaneelen |
| US7112543B2 (en) * | 2001-01-04 | 2006-09-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Methods of forming assemblies comprising silicon-doped aluminum oxide |
| US6599584B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2003-07-29 | The Coca-Cola Company | Barrier coated plastic containers and coating methods therefor |
| TW570876B (en) * | 2001-05-11 | 2004-01-11 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | Silicon oxide film |
| CN1277883C (zh) | 2002-03-07 | 2006-10-04 | 东丽株式会社 | 聚酯薄膜及气体阻隔性聚酯薄膜 |
| AU2003226307A1 (en) | 2002-04-15 | 2003-11-03 | Colormatrix Corporation | Coating composition containing an epoxide additive and structures coated therewith |
| US20030228475A1 (en) * | 2002-04-18 | 2003-12-11 | Minoru Komada | Barrier film and laminated material, container for wrapping and image display medium using the same, and manufacturing method for barrier film |
| US20040052975A1 (en) * | 2002-04-18 | 2004-03-18 | Minoru Komada | Barrier film and laminated material, container for wrapping and image display medium using the same, and manufacturing method for barrier film |
| CN100542985C (zh) * | 2002-04-25 | 2009-09-23 | Ppg工业俄亥俄公司 | 具有防护涂层的涂敷制品和用于制造该涂敷制品的阴极靶 |
| ES2661324T3 (es) * | 2002-04-25 | 2018-03-28 | Vitro, S.A.B. De C.V. | Método para la fabricación de artículos revestidos que tienen un revestimiento de barrera al oxígeno y artículos revestidos fabricados de este modo |
| DE10255822B4 (de) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-10-28 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zum Bedampfen bandförmiger Substrate mit einer transparenten Barriereschicht aus Aluminiumoxid |
| US20080171185A9 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2008-07-17 | Minoru Komada | Barrier film and laminated material, container for wrapping and image display medium using the saw, and manufacturing method for barrier film |
| JP4325303B2 (ja) * | 2003-07-29 | 2009-09-02 | 三菱樹脂株式会社 | ガスバリア性積層体 |
| JP4365826B2 (ja) * | 2003-12-03 | 2009-11-18 | 株式会社クラレ | ガスバリア性積層体および包装体ならびにガスバリア性積層体の製造方法 |
| JP4398265B2 (ja) * | 2004-01-27 | 2010-01-13 | 三菱樹脂株式会社 | ガスバリア性フィルム及びガスバリア性積層体 |
| WO2005092607A1 (ja) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-10-06 | Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc. | ガスバリア性積層体 |
| US20050228465A1 (en) * | 2004-04-09 | 2005-10-13 | Christa Harris | Thermal device for activatable thermochemical compositions |
| JP2008506129A (ja) * | 2004-07-13 | 2008-02-28 | ラジオメーター・メディカル・アー・ペー・エス | 基準気体を収容するコンテナ、基準流体のセット、基準流体を収容するカセット、及び、基準流体を含む装置 |
| EP1870342B1 (en) * | 2005-03-25 | 2014-05-07 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Paper container |
| US20060273494A1 (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-07 | Lu-Chin Wu | Injection molding process for fabricating in-mold decoration |
| US20070178277A1 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2007-08-02 | Shih-Ying Lu | Plastics-compound board-shaped material and manufacturing method thereof |
| US9186593B2 (en) | 2006-06-07 | 2015-11-17 | Toray Plastics (America), Inc. | Stretchable and formable lighter than air balloons made from a biaxially oriented polyester film |
| US8399080B2 (en) | 2006-06-07 | 2013-03-19 | Toray Plastics (America), Inc. | Lighter than air balloon made from a biaxially oriented polyester film |
| JP5020255B2 (ja) * | 2006-11-16 | 2012-09-05 | 三菱樹脂株式会社 | ガスバリアフィルム積層体 |
| US7947377B2 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2011-05-24 | Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. | Powder mixture to be made into evaporation source material for use in ion plating, evaporation source material for use in ion plating and method of producing the same, and gas barrier sheet and method of producing the same |
| CN102191459A (zh) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-21 | 三菱综合材料株式会社 | 薄膜形成用气相沉积材、具备该薄膜的薄膜片材和层压片材 |
| US11613617B2 (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2023-03-28 | Toyobo Co., Ltd. | Multilayer film |
| US9561676B2 (en) | 2011-07-08 | 2017-02-07 | Toray Plastics (America), Inc. | Biaxially oriented bio-based polyester thin films and laminates for thermal transfer printing |
| US10137625B2 (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2018-11-27 | Toray Plastics (America), Inc. | Biaxially oriented bio-based polyester films and laminates |
| EP2674368A1 (fr) * | 2012-06-15 | 2013-12-18 | Aisapack Holding SA | Corps tubulaire d'emballage soudé bout à bout |
| DK178929B9 (en) | 2015-12-15 | 2017-06-26 | Radiometer Medical Aps | A Bag Containing a Reference Fluid |
| US20170368807A1 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2017-12-28 | Toray Plastics (America), Inc. | Formable polyester films |
| US11959162B2 (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2024-04-16 | Toyobo Co., Ltd. | Gas barrier laminated body |
| WO2019031262A1 (ja) * | 2017-08-10 | 2019-02-14 | 東洋紡株式会社 | ガスバリアフィルムの製造方法 |
| GB201818422D0 (en) * | 2018-11-12 | 2018-12-26 | Creation Reprographics Ltd | A multilayer lidding film based on polyethylene |
| US11745484B2 (en) * | 2020-10-08 | 2023-09-05 | Polymeric Film & Bags, Inc. | Pet sandwich layer |
| US20220297916A1 (en) * | 2020-10-08 | 2022-09-22 | Polymeric Film & Bags, Inc. | Food wrap |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3442686A (en) * | 1964-03-13 | 1969-05-06 | Du Pont | Low permeability transparent packaging films |
| JPS5148511A (en) * | 1974-10-24 | 1976-04-26 | Kiso Kogyo Kk | Bashochikuino chikuzoho oyobisono sochi |
| US4404257A (en) * | 1981-04-13 | 1983-09-13 | General Electric Company | Coated and ultraviolet radiation stabilized polycarbonate article |
| JPS62101428A (ja) * | 1985-10-29 | 1987-05-11 | 東洋メタライジング株式会社 | 包装用フイルム |
| US4963419A (en) * | 1987-05-13 | 1990-10-16 | Viskase Corporation | Multilayer film having improved heat sealing characteristics |
| US5100720A (en) * | 1987-10-07 | 1992-03-31 | Mitsubishi Monsanto Chemical Company Limited | Laminated film having gas barrier properties |
| JPH01176069A (ja) * | 1987-12-29 | 1989-07-12 | Toyo Ink Mfg Co Ltd | 蒸着フィルム |
| CA2004663A1 (en) * | 1988-12-05 | 1990-06-05 | Tsutomu Sawada | Moistureproof film |
| SE468082B (sv) * | 1989-01-11 | 1992-11-02 | Roby Teknik Ab | Laminat foer framstaellning av foerpackningsbehaallare med goda gas- och arombarriaeregenskaper, innefattande ett skikt bestaaende av en kiselfoerening |
| JP2682101B2 (ja) * | 1989-01-24 | 1997-11-26 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | レトルト耐性を有する透明バリアー複合フィルム |
| US5084356A (en) * | 1990-04-20 | 1992-01-28 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Film coated with glass barrier layer with metal dopant |
| CA2040638A1 (en) * | 1990-04-20 | 1991-10-21 | Gedeon I. Deak | Barrier materials useful for packaging |
| CA2044053C (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 2001-11-27 | Roger W. Phillips | Barrier film having high colorless transparency and method |
| JPH04173137A (ja) * | 1990-11-02 | 1992-06-19 | Oike Ind Co Ltd | バルーン用積層体 |
| DE69231344T2 (de) * | 1991-12-26 | 2001-03-29 | Toyo Boseki K.K., Osaka | Gassperrfilm |
-
1992
- 1992-12-27 DE DE69231344T patent/DE69231344T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-27 EP EP19920122021 patent/EP0550039B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-27 DE DE69224808T patent/DE69224808T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-27 EP EP19970108878 patent/EP0812779B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-02-02 US US08/597,553 patent/US5725958A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-07-18 US US08/896,879 patent/US5856017A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-11-16 JP JP10325179A patent/JPH11221874A/ja active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102022119490A1 (de) | 2022-08-03 | 2024-02-08 | Ingo Schneider | Herstellung kohlenstoffbeschichteter Kunststofffolien und Kunststofffilme |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0812779A3 (en) | 1998-01-07 |
| US5856017A (en) | 1999-01-05 |
| DE69224808D1 (de) | 1998-04-23 |
| JPH11221874A (ja) | 1999-08-17 |
| DE69231344D1 (de) | 2000-09-14 |
| EP0550039A3 (enExample) | 1994-02-23 |
| US5725958A (en) | 1998-03-10 |
| EP0812779A2 (en) | 1997-12-17 |
| DE69224808T2 (de) | 1998-07-09 |
| EP0550039A2 (en) | 1993-07-07 |
| EP0550039B1 (en) | 1998-03-18 |
| EP0812779B1 (en) | 2000-08-09 |
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