DE1071869B - Scbmierölzusatlz - Google Patents

Scbmierölzusatlz

Info

Publication number
DE1071869B
DE1071869B DENDAT1071869D DE1071869DA DE1071869B DE 1071869 B DE1071869 B DE 1071869B DE NDAT1071869 D DENDAT1071869 D DE NDAT1071869D DE 1071869D A DE1071869D A DE 1071869DA DE 1071869 B DE1071869 B DE 1071869B
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
lubricating oil
oil additive
oil
percent
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
DENDAT1071869D
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Paris und Edouard Thomas Vincennes Seine C'hariles Rihoiuet (Frankreich)
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Esso SA
Original Assignee
Esso Standard SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Publication date
Publication of DE1071869B publication Critical patent/DE1071869B/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M145/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
    • C10M145/16—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate polycarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F22/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof
    • C08F22/10—Esters
    • C08F22/12—Esters of phenols or saturated alcohols
    • C08F22/20—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
    • C08F222/10—Esters
    • C08F222/12—Esters of phenols or saturated alcohols
    • C08F222/20—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
    • C08F222/205—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen the ester chains containing seven or more carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L35/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L35/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/04—Ethers; Acetals; Ortho-esters; Ortho-carbonates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/30—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at leasst three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compounds: monohydroxyl compounds, polyhydroxy xompounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids or hydroxy carboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/34—Esters having a hydrocarbon substituent of thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. substituted succinic acid derivatives
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
    • C10M2207/404—Fatty vegetable or animal oils obtained from genetically modified species
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/086—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type polycarboxylic, e.g. maleic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/104—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/105—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing three carbon atoms only
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2213/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2213/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2213/04—Organic macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained from monomers containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen and oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2213/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2213/06—Perfluoro polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/026—Macromolecular compounds obtained from nitrogen containing monomers by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a nitrile group
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    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/042—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds between the nitrogen-containing monomer and an aldehyde or ketone
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    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2221/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2221/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions of monomers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/12—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of organic compounds, e.g. with PxSy, PxSyHal or PxOy
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    • C10M2225/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2225/04—Organic macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions obtained by phosphorisation of macromolecualr compounds not containing phosphorus in the monomers

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Description

DEUTSCHES
PATENTAMT
kl. 23 c 1/01
INTEBNAT. Kt. C 10 Hl
C 1OM I6S/0OA 28
E16462 IVc/23c
ANMELDETAG: 20. SEPTEMBER 1958
BEKANNTMACHUNG
DER ANMELDUNG
OND AUSGABE DER
AÜSLEGESCHRIFT.· 24. DEZEMBER 1959
Gegenstand des Patentes 1 037 630 ist die Verwendung von 0,01 bis 20 Gewichtsprozent eines öllöslichen Mischpolymeren eines Alkoxymischesters, der von einer mit einem aliphatischen Alkohol teilweise veresterten, mit einem Alkylenoxyd umgesetzten ungesättigten Dicarbonsäure abstammt, mit einem ungesättigten Ester als Schmierölzusatz.
Die Zusatzstoffe gemäß Hauptpatent sind gute Detergentien, verursachen keine störenden Abscheidungen in Verbrennungsmotoren und haben einen erhöhten Viskositätsindex und einen gesenkten Fließpunkt.
Als Zusatzstoffe gemäß vorliegender Erfindung werden 0,01 bis 20 Gewichtsprozent eines öllöslichen Mischpolymeren aus einem ungesättigten Ester und einem solchen Alkoxymischester verwendet, dessen zur Teilveresterung der ungesättigten Dicarbonsäure eingesetzte alkoholische Komponente ein cyclischer oder aromatischer Alkohol oder ein Phenol ist.
Als aromatische Alkohole sind Phenylmethanol oder Phenyläthanol, ferner sek. aromatische Alkohole wie Diphenylmethanol oder Diphenyläthanol, weiterhin tert. aromatische Alkohole wie Triphenylmethanol oder Triphenyläthanol zu nennen.
Cyclische Alkohole sind z. B. Cyclobutanol und Cyclohexandiol. Geeignete Phenole sind unter anderem Monophenole, Polyphenole, Naphthole und Anthranole oder substituierte Phenole, namentlich Monophenole, die durch eine C8 bis C24-Alkylkette substituiert sind. Bevorzugt wird z. B. Dodecylphenol, der etwa durch Substitution eines Phenols mit einer durch Propylenpolymerisation erhaltenen Alkylkette gewonnen werden kann.
Die bevorzugten Dicarbonsäuren und Alkylenoxyde entsprechen denen des Patents 1 037 630; zu nennen sind hier ebenfalls vornehmlich Fumarsäure, Maleinsäure als Dicarbonsäuren und Äthylenoxyd oder Propylenoxyd als Alkylenoxyde.
Die Zusatzstoffe sind Mischpolymere der Alkoxymischester mit ungesättigten Estern z. B. Vinylacetat, ferner Estern eines oder mehrerer C8- bis C12-Alkohole wie Octylalkohol und einer a-/?-ungesättigten Monocarbonsäure, insbesondere die Acrylate und Methacrylate.
Beispiel
1 Mol Maleinsäureanhydrid wird mit 1 Mol Dodecylphenol in Gegenwart von 1 % p-Toluolsulfonsäure als Katalysator teilverestert; das Reaktionswasser wird mit Xylol entfernt.
Dieser Monoester wird mit Äthylenoxyd bei 140° C in Gegenwart von Spuren eines BF3-Äther-Komplexes in 8 Stunden kondensiert. Der äthoxylierte Monoester Schmierölzusatz
Zusatz zum Patent 1 037 630
Anmelder:
Esso Standard
Societe Anonyme Francaise,
Paris
Vertreter: E. Maemecke, Berlin-Lichterfelde West,
und Dr. W. Kühl, Hamburg 36, Esplanade 36 a,
Patentanwälte
Beanspruchte Priorität:
Frankreich vom 24. September 1957
Charles Rihouet, Paris,
und Edouard Thomas, Vincennes, Seine (Frankreich),
sind als Erfinder genannt worden
wird dann mit 25 Gewichtsprozent Vinylacetat in Gegenwart von Benzoylperoxyd als Katalysator 6 Stunden bei 70° C mischpolymerisiert.
Der Alkoxymischester wird in einem paraffinbasischen Mineralöl einer Viskosität von 35 cst bei 37,8° C und mit einem Viskositätsindex von 112 in verschiedenen Mengen gelöst: Die eine Lösung — Lösung A — enthält 1 Gewichtsprozent, die andere Lösung — Lösung B — 5 Gewichtsprozent Zusatzstoff.
Die Detergenswirkung dieser Lösungen wird in der Weise untersucht, daß 10 g Trockenschlamm eines gebrauchten Motoröls in 90 g des Testöls bei 93,3° C suspendiert werden und die Suspension 24 Stunden bei dieser Temperatur stehengelassen wird. Danach werden die oberen 25 ecm des Gemisches in ein Zentrifugenrohr abgegossen und mit Hexan auf 100 ecm aufgefüllt. Dieses Gemisch wird dann zentrifugiert und der Schlamm gesammelt, um die Fähigkeit der ölvermischung zur Schlammsuspendierung auszuwerten. Die Wirksamkeit des Zusatzstoffes wird durch das Verhältnis des Volumens des suspendierten
909 690/528
Schlamms (VI) zum Volumen des ursprünglich eingeführten Schlamms (VO) gemessen.
Wirksamkeit — VI
VO 		•100 Wirksamkeit
Testöl 0
Grundöl 30
45
Vermischung A
Vermischung B

Claims (2)

Patentansprüche:
1. Verwendung von 0,01 bis 20 Gewichtsprozent eines öllöslichen Mischpolymeren als Schmierölzusatz nach Patent 1037 630, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die alkoholische Komponente des Alkoxymischesters ein aromatischer oder cyclischer Alkohol oder ein Phenol ist.
2. Verwendung von Mischpolymeren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die alkoholische Komponente der Alkoxymischester ein Alkylphenol, insbesondere Dodecy!phenol, ist.
® 909 690/528 12.?»
DENDAT1071869D 1955-03-09 Scbmierölzusatlz Pending DE1071869B (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1123354T 1955-03-09
FR72338T 1958-03-03
FR759580A FR73165E (fr) 1955-03-09 1958-03-03 Produits d'addition pour huiles lubrifiantes et leur procédé de fabrication

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE1071869B true DE1071869B (de) 1959-12-24

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DENDAT1071869D Pending DE1071869B (de) 1955-03-09 Scbmierölzusatlz
DEE12062A Pending DE1037630B (de) 1955-03-09 1956-03-08 Schmieroelzusatz

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Country Link
US (1) US3010906A (de)
DE (2) DE1037630B (de)
FR (3) FR1123354A (de)
GB (3) GB788129A (de)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1226563A (fr) * 1959-02-20 1960-07-13 Exxon Standard Sa Graisses améliorées
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Publication number Publication date
FR1123354A (fr) 1956-09-20
US3010906A (en) 1961-11-28
GB788129A (en) 1957-12-23
FR72338E (fr) 1960-04-06
FR73165E (fr) 1960-09-23
GB833977A (en) 1960-05-04
GB832057A (en) 1960-04-06
DE1037630B (de) 1958-08-28

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