CN87100399A - 百日咳抗原的纯化 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了一种用百日咳博德特氏菌(Bordetellapertussis)液体培养基进行生产淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF),丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)以及至少一种菌毛凝集原的方法。它包括:a)将培养物分为细胞部分和上清液部分,b)浓缩上清液部分,c)分级分离浓缩了的上清液部分以分离出含有LPF和FHA的分部,d)从细胞部分分离出至少一种菌毛凝集原。可以通过混合所产的LPF、FHA及菌毛凝集原生产一种疫苗成分。
Description
本发明涉及用于配制防治百日咳博德特氏菌(Bordetella pertussis)感染的疫苗抗原物质的生产方法。
迄今为止,广泛使用杀死整个细胞的百日咳博德特氏菌疫苗来防治百日咳。对全细胞疫苗不同的反应以及由此而造成公众不大欢迎这些疫苗,使得进行了相当多的研究以企图生产出一种含有分离的百日咳抗原的较为安全的无细胞疫苗。
无细胞疫苗里被认为是有效成份的三种独特的抗原部分是(1)淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF),(2)丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)及(3)菌毛凝集原(菌毛)。
那些被称作“凝集原2+3”的凝集原是包括在由第(3)部分,即菌毛凝集原所代表的抗原纲。(凝集原亦可称为“Ag2+3”)凝集原2+3可视作含有从至少产生凝集原2+3抗原的菌体分出的菌毛。(凝集原3被某些工作者称为“凝集原6”,而凝集原3和6可能就是同一东西)。
虽然少量地分离这些部分的过程已知道,但目前仍未能从百日咳博德特氏菌的培养液里有效地和分别生产出所有三个部分。例如,EP-A-000319介绍了一个获得淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF)的过程。该过程是通过将百日咳博德特氏菌细胞衍生来的液体制剂进行用唾液酸蛋白质作为固定相的亲和层析而完成的。虽然所用的液体制剂是从匀浆了的细胞浆而来,同时所介绍的过程生产LPF是有效的,但该专利并未指出分开分离丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)和凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)。
有些过程亦已建议从百日咳博德特氏菌培养液的上清液里获得淋巴细胞增多促进因素LPF和丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA),例如,Sato等人(Infection and Immuity July 1983,Vol.41.P.313-320)介绍了通过羟基磷灰石层析柱的梯度吸附从培养液的上清液纯化LPF和FHA。
然而,这些前人的文献并不涉及所有淋巴细肥增多促进因素(LPF),丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)及菌毛凝集原这三种的联产物。
为了生产包含所有这三种抗原部分的疫苗成分,最好获得产量相近的3个理想的部分,因为它有利于这些部分在疫苗里最后出现大致相等的比例。
根据本发明,它提供了一个从百日咳德特氏菌培养液生产淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF),丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)及至少一种菌毛凝集原的过程。该过程包括以下各步:
a)把培养液分为细胞部分和上清液部分,
b)浓缩上清液部分,
c)分级分馏浓缩了的上清液部分以分离出含LPF及FHA的分部,以及
d)从细胞部分至少分离出一种菌毛凝集原。
在(d)步较理想的是,至少含有凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)的菌毛凝集原是从细胞部分分离的。分离出的凝集原可任意地附带包括凝集原4,5和6中的任一种或多种。
本发明还提供生产含淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF),丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)及至少一种菌毛凝集原的疫苗成分。该菌毛凝集原包括混合(ⅰ)LPF,(ⅱ)FHA及(ⅲ)至少一种菌毛凝集原上述的LPF,FHA以及至少一种菌毛凝集原是由上述(a)至(d)步骤生产的,而且在混合之前或之后进行了解毒。比较理想的是,该菌毛凝集原至少包括凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)。该菌毛凝集原亦可至少包括凝集原4,5和6中之一种。
依据本发明,借助分离LPF,FHA以及至少一种菌毛凝集原就可从单用液体培养液获得的这些成分,其产量足以使它们能按治疗上有效的份量复合到疫苗成份里。
正如所指出的那样,在进行本发明的生产过程时,实行分级分离(C)步之前,先行浓缩上清液部分,同时兴幸地发现,通过实施各步骤的这个程序,即从细胞部分分上清液部分之后实行浓缩步骤(b),能够避免不能接受的FHA的损失。
将培养液分为细胞部分和上清液部分最好在其pH大于7时离心进行,在pH大于或等于8时进行较好,培养液pH介乎7.5-9.0之间大多数是好的。
离心之后最好将上清液浓缩以便将其体积缩小成<50%,减至小于原来体积的25%就更好。浓缩可方便地用常规去水法而生效,例如,用Pellicon薄膜浓缩来实现。浓缩之后以及在分级分离上清液成为含LPF和FHA的部分之前,上清液最好通过薄膜过滤以去除任何残留的有机体。那样分级分离的(C)步就可通过将上清液和羟基磷灰石接触而方便地进行。例如,在层析柱上,其上方保留含FHA的部分,而又能回收含有LPF部分的洗脱液。
含有LPF的部分可用常规的蛋白质分级分离技术纯化,例如,通过使用像硫酸铵来增加其盐浓度而沉淀出蛋白质的物质,接着用适当的缓冲液抽提沉淀。随后可以透析该抽提物,而这样获得的透析过的含有LPF的溶液可以进一步纯化以去除其它的蛋白质和脂溶性多醣,例如,用EP-A-0003916介绍的过程进行。
因此,例如,透析出的含有LPF的溶液可以应用于胎球蛋白琼脂糖层析柱,而用氯化镁缓冲液洗脱保留的LPF。
如此纯化了的含有LPF的部分,随后可再透析,过滤,然后再进行解毒。
纯化含FHA的部分可以通过用增加离子强度的缓冲液从羟基磷灰石吸附剂上洗脱出该部分,接着用常规的包括例如在高盐浓度下沉淀或层析的蛋白蛋纯化步骤而获得。最后,纯化了的含FHA的部分,可以薄膜过滤而后进行解毒。
为了从细胞部分分离出例如凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)的菌毛凝集原。最好将细胞洗涤,然后在适当的缓冲液里匀浆,离心后上清液就可以进行常规的蛋白质纯化过程以便分离出一种含有菌毛凝集原的部分。因此,例如一个含有菌毛凝集原的部分可用通过增加溶液里的离子强度而沉淀出来,接着用缓冲液抽提一次或多次,再沉淀和透析之。最后,纯化了的含菌毛凝集原的部分可以在进行薄膜过滤之后解毒。
如果理想的话,可以用例如多粘菌素-琼脂糖4B柱的亲和层析法减少菌毛凝集原部分的脂多醣含量。
解毒步骤最好单个地或复合地用像甲醛之类的常规类毒素剂处理含有LPF,FHA及菌毛凝集原的部分而进行。
为了用这种LPF,FHA及菌毛凝集原部分来生产疫苗,这些部分各以治疗上有效的比率结合和配成例如每一剂量单位每种成分至少含有1-5mg和最好是2mg的剂量单位。
本发明的生产过程里,常规生长培养基可用作生产百日咳博德特氏菌液体培养基的原材料。然而为了生产有商业价值的FHA的产量,已发现特别是振荡培养或在搅拌发酵器里最理想的是用含有2-6mg/ml的二甲基-β-环糊精(MeCD)的stainer和Scholte氏培养基。大型培养可方便地在含有300ml培养基的1公升Thompson瓶里或在10公升发酵罐里进行。一个适宜的百日咳博德特氏菌的品系是WeLLCOM28品系,它是属于1,2,3血清型的。属于1,2,3血清型的其它品系,只要它们生产的抗原的产量适合也可使用。
与本发明有关的淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF),丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)以及凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)的生产现将以实例说明。
例
百日咳博德特氏菌培养基的配法如下:
打开wellcome28品系的百日咳博德特氏菌干冻的安瓶,将内含物撒在无菌水里,并用移液管把它移置含有10%去纤维马血的活性炭琼脂平板上。在35℃下培养48小时之后,将有机体转代培养在一些已在35℃下培养了48小时的活性炭琼脂平板上。
然后将这些有机体刮在一些含有100ml补给了1%酪蛋白氨基酸及1mg MeCD/ml的stainer和Scholte氏培养基的250ml锥瓶里。这些锥瓶在35℃轨迹振荡(180转/分)培养24小时,随后将5-10ml转到60个各含有300ml培养基的Thompson瓶的每一个瓶里。这些瓶子在积集各瓶内含物和收获之前在35℃下缓和地往复振荡培养48小时。
所得的百日咳博德特氏菌的液体培养基在Sorvall RC3 B离心机上以5000rpm离心1小时。倾出上清液,而细胞则贮存在4℃下留作制备凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)。
该上清液用装有阻止10,000分子量通过的滤器的微孔Pellicon装置来浓缩,18公升上清液浓缩成大约4公升体积,该浓缩液随后通过Gelman0.2μm聚硫代砜(Polysulphone)微小胶囊滤器无菌过滤。
1.丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA)的纯化
从培养液的上清液而得的丝状血细胞凝集素的纯化是通过羟基磷灰石层析,硫酸铵沉淀以及琼脂糖CL-6B层析的连续步骤而完成的。
A.羟基磷灰石层析
将400g球状的羟基磷灰石(BDH化学公司)悬浮在500ml 0.1M的NaOH里,让该粉在室温下沉降大约20分钟,倾去多余的液体,用NaOH洗涤2次,接着又用蒸馏水反复洗涤直至洗脱液的PH大约是8.0为止。
将洗净的粉末悬浮在500ml 0.01M磷酸缓冲液里,20分钟后倾出缓冲液。用磷酸缓冲液洗涤重复3次。
洗过的羟基磷灰石装填入用0.01M,pH为8.0的磷酸缓冲液平衡了的层析柱里。
该柱随后与几个含有浓缩上清液的贮罐相连,用压力泵以大约500ml/小时的流量把该浓缩上清液通过层析柱,洗脱液留作分离LPF(见后文)。
连续用(ⅰ)pH8.0的0.01M磷酸缓冲液,(ⅱ)pH8的0.1M磷酸缓冲液及(ⅲ)pH6.5的0.1M磷酸-0.5M NaOH缓冲液洗涤而把保留的FHA部分从层析柱洗脱出来。在最后一次洗涤时,收集70个每个8ml的分部,并记录下在280nm的每个分部光密度。更迭部分的血细胞凝集活性亦用新鲜且洗过的鹅血红血细胞检测。血细胞凝集滴定度(Log2)大于或等于7的部分就积集。图1示洗脱的记录。
B.硫酸铵沉淀
加入硫酸铵达到饱和度的30%,接着离心就能从积集的所有部分沉淀出FHA。倾出上清液并弃之,而将沉淀溶于pH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.5M NaCl缓冲液,并以相同的缓冲液透析之。经透析的上清液离心并将上清液留作以后纯化。
C.琼脂糖CL-6B层析
该上清液随后在事先已用pH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.5M NaCl缓冲液平衡了的琼脂糖CL-6B凝胶上层析。
然后FHA用pH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.5M NaCl缓冲液将FHA从层析柱上洗脱出,收集80个每个5ml的分部。这些洗脱液分部按前面介绍的措施监视其蛋白质及血细胞凝集的活性,且积集血细胞凝集滴定度大于或等于7的分部。图2示该洗脱过程的记录。
2.LPF的纯化
从羟基磷灰石层析那步得来的洗脱液随后作回收LPF处理。
A.硫酸铵沉淀
在启始的一步加入硫酸铵到饱和度的74%而将不纯的LPF沉淀,所得的悬液离心并弃去上清液,沉淀物再在pH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.5M NaCl缓冲液里悬浮。然后在15000rpm下离心并保留上清液。该产物用同样的缓冲液进一步抽提4次并积集所有得到的上清液。
B.胎球蛋白琼脂糖层析
随后把积集的上清液用pH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.05M NaCl缓冲液透析,然后在事先已用PH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.05MNacl缓冲液平衡了的胎球蛋白琼脂糖凝胶层析。接着用相同的缓冲液洗涤该层析柱,并弃去洗脱液。
然后用pH6.4的6.7mM tris-0.013M NaCl/3M氯化镁缓冲液将已纯化了的含LPF的部分从层析柱洗脱出,并收集30个每个50滴的分部。积集血细胞凝集滴定度大于或等于7的分部并用2公升pH8.0的0.05M tris HCl,IMNaCl透析,含有LPF的分部随后再用pH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.5MNaCl透析,并保留所得的纯化了的含LPF的分部。
3.凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)的制备
已离心的细胞部分用无热原的无菌蒸馏水洗涤,离心并在随后用pH7.2的0.014M磷酸-0.14MNaCl缓冲液匀浆。已匀浆了的细菌悬液随后用9,000rpm离心去除细菌的细胞,并保留含有百日咳博德特氏菌菌毛的上清液。将硫酸铵加到上清液,使其最终浓度为饱和度的30%,并将悬浮液在4℃下贮存过夜以沉淀出菌毛蛋白质。在9,000rpm下离心之后弃去上清液,且用预冷的磷酸缓冲液抽提小片,在15,000rpm下离心悬浮液并保留上清液。这样的抽提重复4次,并积集得到的所有上清液。
加硫酸铵到积集的所有上清液,使其最终浓度为饱和度的15%,而所得的悬浮液在4℃下贮存过夜来沉淀菌毛蛋白质。
在15,000rpm离心悬浮液并拼弃上清液。
用磷酸缓冲液抽提小片和在15,000rpm下离心,收集上清液,而这样的抽提重复4次并积集得到的所有上清液。
将硫酸铵加到积集的所有上清液里,使其最终浓度为饱和度的15%,而所得的悬浮液在4℃下贮存过夜以沉淀菌毛蛋质。用15000rpm将悬浮液离心并拼弃上清液(如有必要可进一步作硫酸铵沉淀)。
用磷酸缓冲液抽提小片,并在15,000rpm下离心。收集该上清液,这样的抽提重复4次,并积集所有得到的上清液。
然后将积集的上清液用磷酸缓冲液透析和进行薄膜过滤。
4.解毒作用
所有的抗原都通过Millex GV 0.22μm过滤装置过滤。LPF制品用pH7.2的0.05M磷酸-0.5M NaCl缓冲液稀释成其蛋白质最终浓度为200μg/ml。加入40%的甲醛溶液直至其最终浓度为0.5%。含有LPF的分部随后在37℃下培养14天,每两天最少倒置内含物1次,以打散任何形成的沉淀。
所得已解毒的LPF分部,随后用含有0.01%甲醛和0.01%乙基汞硫代水杨酸钠的PBS缓冲液透析。并倒入一容器内保存和确保所有的沉淀物已转移。
相似的解毒过程亦用于FHA分部和凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)分部,只是培养在37℃仅7天有所不同。
已解毒的抗原在含有0.01%甲醛和0.01%乙基汞硫代水杨酸钠的PBS缓冲液里按等比例混和,并用无菌水,4倍的含有0.04%甲醛及0.04%乙基汞硫代水杨酸钠的PBS缓冲液以及Alhydrogel稀释。在等渗的PBS缓冲液里的终产疫苗含有120μg/ml蛋白质,25%Alhydrogel,0.01%甲醛及0.01%乙基汞硫代水杨酸钠。可用磷酸铝(像氯化铝一样加入)作为Alhydrogel的取代配剂。疫苗可进一步用PBS缓冲液,白喉及破伤风类毒素以及alhydrogel稀释以产生浓度为60μg/ml的百日咳抗原。
下面列出的FHA,LPF及凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)的产量是从18公升培养液得到的。
FHA -190mg
LPF -50mg
凝集原2+3(Ag2+3) -50mg
Claims (9)
1、一种用百日咳博德特氏菌的液体培养基来生产淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF),丝状血细胞凝集素(FHA),以及至少一种菌毛凝集原的方法,它包括以下各步骤:
a)将培养物分成细胞部分和上清液部分,
b)浓缩上清液部分,
c)分级分离浓缩的上清液部分以分离出含有LPF及FHA的部分,以及
d)从细胞部分至少离出一种菌毛凝集原。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在d)步分离的菌毛凝集原至少包括凝集原2+3,4,5和6中的一种。
3、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在d)步分离的凝集原至少包括凝集原2+3(Ag2+3)。
4、根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中附带分离的凝集原包括凝集原4,5和6中的一种或多种。
5、根据前面任一权利要求所述的方法,其中a)的分开一步,是在pH大于7.0时进行的。
6、根据权利要求5的所述的方法,其中a)的分开一步是在pH范围介乎7.5-9.0之间时进行的。
7、根据前面任一权利要求所述的方法,其中在b)步上清液是浓缩为小于原体积50%,小于25%就更好。
8、根据前面任一权利要求所述的方法,其中在c)步含有LPF的部分是用胎球蛋白琼脂糖吸附而纯化,接着用氯化镁缓冲液洗脱。
9、生产包括淋巴细胞增多促进因素(LPF),丝将血细胞凝集素(FHA)以及至少一种菌毛凝集原在内的一种疫苗成分的方法,它包括根据权利要求1-8任一权利要求生产的(ⅰ)LPF(ⅱ)FHA及(ⅲ)至少一种菌毛凝集原的混合,LPF,FHA以及至少一种菌毛凝集原在混合前后的解毒。
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GB8601279 | 1986-01-20 | ||
GB868601279A GB8601279D0 (en) | 1986-01-20 | 1986-01-20 | Purification of pertussis antigens |
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CN1028206C CN1028206C (zh) | 1995-04-19 |
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EP (1) | EP0231083B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2538224B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR950010323B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1028206C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE92335T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU592727B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA1280693C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE3786806T2 (zh) |
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CN110358802A (zh) * | 2019-08-16 | 2019-10-22 | 长春百克生物科技股份公司 | 一种去除百日咳组分菌毛蛋白2/3内毒素的方法 |
Families Citing this family (15)
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CA1337859C (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1996-01-02 | Masashi Chazono | Method for culturing bordetella pertussis, a pertussis toxoid and a pertussis vaccine |
GB8807860D0 (en) * | 1988-04-05 | 1988-05-05 | Connaught Lab | Pertussis vaccine |
CA1341123C (en) * | 1988-10-27 | 2000-10-17 | David A. Relman | Filamentous hemagglutinin of b. pertussis |
JP2706792B2 (ja) * | 1988-11-29 | 1998-01-28 | 財団法人化学及血清療法研究所 | 百日咳毒素のトキソイド化法 |
GB8910570D0 (en) * | 1989-05-08 | 1989-06-21 | Wellcome Found | Acellular vaccine |
US5391715A (en) * | 1989-11-06 | 1995-02-21 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals | Method for isolating and purifying bordetella pertussis antigenic factors |
DK0427462T3 (da) | 1989-11-06 | 1996-03-11 | Smithkline Beecham Biolog | Fremgangsmåde |
AU646019B2 (en) * | 1990-02-12 | 1994-02-03 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals (Sa) | Novel vaccine and method therefor |
EP0484621A3 (en) * | 1990-07-11 | 1992-08-26 | American Cyanamid Company | Efficacious vaccines against bordetella pertussis comprising a combination of individually purified pertussis antigens |
US5445817A (en) * | 1992-08-21 | 1995-08-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Pertussis toxin used as a carrier protein with non-charged saccharides in conjugate vaccines |
ATE183194T1 (de) * | 1994-04-28 | 1999-08-15 | Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd | Verfahren zur trennung von protektiven verbindungen aus bordetella pertussis |
EP1234579A1 (en) * | 1995-05-04 | 2002-08-28 | Aventis Pasteur Limited | Acellular Pertussis Vaccines and Methods of Preparation Thereof |
US7091311B2 (en) * | 1996-06-07 | 2006-08-15 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Peptides and compounds that bind to a receptor |
US8067367B2 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2011-11-29 | Janssen Pharmaceutica, N.V. | Methods of increasing platelet and hematopoietic stem cell production |
US8916173B2 (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2014-12-23 | Crucell Holland B.V. | Acellular pertussis vaccine |
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US4247452A (en) * | 1978-03-01 | 1981-01-27 | The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland | Purification of pertussis haemagglutinins |
JPS5750925A (en) * | 1980-09-12 | 1982-03-25 | Takeda Chem Ind Ltd | Preparation of pertussis toxoid |
US4474758A (en) * | 1981-11-19 | 1984-10-02 | American Cyanamid Company | Haemophilus influenzae type b and pertussis outer membrane component combined vaccine |
HU188847B (en) * | 1983-02-22 | 1986-05-28 | Human Oltoanyagtermeloe Es Kutato Intezet,Hu | Process for producing liophylized combined vaccines |
CA1213234A (en) * | 1983-03-30 | 1986-10-28 | Akihiro Ginnaga | Method for the production of ha fraction containing protective antigens of bordetella pertussis and pertussis vaccine |
US4551429A (en) * | 1983-09-15 | 1985-11-05 | American Home Products Corporation | Stimulation of antigen production by Bordetella pertussis |
JPS6098988A (ja) * | 1983-11-01 | 1985-06-01 | Chemo Sero Therapeut Res Inst | Lpf−haの精製法 |
AU571078B2 (en) * | 1984-04-14 | 1988-03-31 | Juridical Foundation The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute | Purification of filamentous hemagglutinin |
-
1986
- 1986-01-20 GB GB868601279A patent/GB8601279D0/en active Pending
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1987
- 1987-01-16 EP EP87300387A patent/EP0231083B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-01-16 AT AT87300387T patent/ATE92335T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-01-16 DE DE87300387T patent/DE3786806T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-01-19 KR KR1019870000366A patent/KR950010323B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-01-19 CA CA000527592A patent/CA1280693C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-01-19 AU AU67664/87A patent/AU592727B2/en not_active Expired
- 1987-01-19 DK DK198700272A patent/DK172936B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-01-20 CN CN87100399A patent/CN1028206C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-01-20 US US07/008,880 patent/US4784589A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (2)
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CN110358802A (zh) * | 2019-08-16 | 2019-10-22 | 长春百克生物科技股份公司 | 一种去除百日咳组分菌毛蛋白2/3内毒素的方法 |
CN110358802B (zh) * | 2019-08-16 | 2021-06-18 | 长春百克生物科技股份公司 | 一种去除百日咳组分菌毛蛋白2/3内毒素的方法 |
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CA1280693C (en) | 1991-02-26 |
AU6766487A (en) | 1987-07-23 |
DK172936B1 (da) | 1999-10-11 |
KR870006902A (ko) | 1987-08-13 |
GB8601279D0 (en) | 1986-02-26 |
DK27287D0 (da) | 1987-01-19 |
DK27287A (da) | 1987-07-21 |
EP0231083A2 (en) | 1987-08-05 |
ATE92335T1 (de) | 1993-08-15 |
DE3786806D1 (de) | 1993-09-09 |
EP0231083A3 (en) | 1988-06-08 |
KR950010323B1 (ko) | 1995-09-14 |
JPS62234031A (ja) | 1987-10-14 |
CN1028206C (zh) | 1995-04-19 |
JP2538224B2 (ja) | 1996-09-25 |
EP0231083B1 (en) | 1993-08-04 |
US4784589A (en) | 1988-11-15 |
AU592727B2 (en) | 1990-01-18 |
DE3786806T2 (de) | 1993-12-09 |
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