CN1659026A - 具有低强度区的层状玻璃板 - Google Patents

具有低强度区的层状玻璃板 Download PDF

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CN1659026A
CN1659026A CN038134314A CN03813431A CN1659026A CN 1659026 A CN1659026 A CN 1659026A CN 038134314 A CN038134314 A CN 038134314A CN 03813431 A CN03813431 A CN 03813431A CN 1659026 A CN1659026 A CN 1659026A
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F·克雷姆林
D·林赫菲尔
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Abstract

本发明涉及有至少一个低强度区的层状玻璃板，它用于封闭交通工具开口，它由至少一块玻璃板和至少一块其它玻璃板和将这些单个玻璃板彼此接合的中间层组成。该层状玻璃板的特征在于该玻璃板有一个或多个低强度区，结果是当物体向该层状玻璃板冲击时，该玻璃板在这个地方破碎，而交通工具开口仍然至少被层状玻璃板的变形中间层封闭。

Description

具有低强度区的层状玻璃板
本发明涉及根据权利要求1前序部分所述的具有低强度区的层状玻璃板，这种玻璃板用于封闭交通工具开口。本发明还涉及本发明的层状玻璃板在交通工具中的应用。
这些层状玻璃在交通工具和建筑物中的应用形式很多，主要用作窗玻璃。层状玻璃板的突出优点在于它将安全性能与高断裂强度结合起来了。这些安全性能基于这种事实，在层状玻璃板破碎的情况下，借助将这些玻璃板接合起来的不可撕开的中间层，可以将这些破碎的单个玻璃板保持在一起。另外，这种层状玻璃板没有任何锐边。层状玻璃板的断裂强度在这种情况下比同样厚度的单个玻璃板或比单个淬火玻璃板高得多。这些淬火玻璃板也有缺陷，它们的边缘和表面易受损害，并且它们受到这样一些损害时还可能破碎。层状玻璃板的另一个优点是它们可以配置附加功能元件，这些元件以保护方式置于该层状玻璃板内。换句话说，这些功能元件(例如透明薄层或导电层)置于这些中间层之中或之上，或者置于该玻璃板内表面之上。
在紧急情况下离开与进入被这样玻璃板分开的空间里时，涉及层状玻璃板断裂强度的上述这些优点就可能变成缺陷。这些层状玻璃板只能用特定的工具进行切割。
为了解决这个问题，人们研制了具有低强度区的层状玻璃板，这些玻璃板可以用于援救的进出系统。例如人们由文件DE 44 28 690 A1和US 5 350 613可以知道有援救出口系统的安全层状玻璃板。这样一些安全层状玻璃板是由至少两块硬质玻璃板与聚合物中间层组成的，其中在该中间层中加进了低强度区。DE 44 28 690 A1描述的低强度区是通过局部减薄中间聚合物层实现的。降低该层在该玻璃上的粘附作用或降低该层在不同层之间的粘附作用就可以达到这种效果。
德国专利DE 100 45 006 C1描述了用玻璃制成的安全层状玻璃板，这种玻璃板有低强度区，它包括淬火玻璃板和中间聚合物层，该层在至少一个点被中断。在这种情况下，该聚合物中间层由两种透明塑料组成，这些塑料具有不同的抗撕裂性、不同的撕裂扩散性和不同的抗进一步撕裂性。这种安全层状玻璃在其低强度区有一种具有最低抗撕裂性、最低撕裂扩散性和最低抗进一步撕裂性的塑料，而在没有低强度区的地方，有一种具有最高抗撕裂性、最高撕裂扩散性和最高抗进一步撕裂性的塑料。另外，在用玻璃制成的层状玻璃板中有一些没有中间聚合物层的地方，在这些地方提供了一些材料颗粒，它们的硬度高于所使用玻璃的硬度。在紧急情况下，这些颗粒被认为能进入淬火玻璃板表面内，使玻璃板破裂。
层状玻璃板用于交通工具(例如风档玻璃或车顶玻璃板)时，如果在意外事故的情况下，行进的行人、滑冰者或骑自行车的人撞向这种层状玻璃板时，则其抗撕裂性可能成为缺陷。另外，还应考虑这个事实，即这些风档玻璃通常具有向外凸出的形状。与平板玻璃或凹面玻璃相比，这种形状可保证相对高的特有强度，结果是只是在更大力的作用下才能使玻璃破裂。在意外事故的情况下，由于人正常地首先被保险杠或发动机罩撞到下端，再抛向高处，因此头往往撞向风挡玻璃，这样可能造成非常严重的创伤。
当然，人们知道在与交通工具相撞时保护人的解决办法，但这些解决办法涉及用吸收能量的材料盖满发动机罩(DE 100 37 628A1)或人遇到意外事故时稍稍提起发动机的一些措施，以便有利地影响冲击动力学(DE 101 32 950 A1)。由公开的申请DE 198 03 165A1知道一种为了保护人而间接涉及风挡玻璃的措施，其中描述了一种汽车安全设备，其中气垫在展开后可覆盖在汽车外表面上的在风挡玻璃周围的框架。
本发明的目的是提供一种交通工具层状玻璃板，它能更多地吸收物体撞击其表面时的能量。
根据本发明，采用权利要求1的技术特征可以解决这个问题。从属权利要求的这些技术特征是这个主题的有利改进措施。
这个层状玻璃板因此是由多块硬质玻璃板组成的层压材料，通过不可撕裂的中间层将这些玻璃板彼此接合起来，该中间层用作粘结层，每次都将该层置于它们中的两者之间。至少一块硬质玻璃板是由玻璃构成的，根据本发明，该玻璃有一个或多个低强度区。物体朝该层压材料冲击而造成玻璃板破碎时，至少该玻璃板破碎，但该中间层仍然是连续层或薄膜。以这样方式安排这些低强度区，并结合进该玻璃板中，结果是该玻璃板和任选其它的玻璃板的破裂都不允许撞击它的物体通过。用层状玻璃板关闭的开口因此没有被打开。该玻璃板和任选地其它玻璃板破碎的结果是降低层状玻璃板的硬度。如果物体是人体，这就导致人体与这种层状玻璃板碰撞时很大部分的冲击能量被吸收，硬质玻璃板破碎和中间层随后的弹性或甚至塑性变形也分别消耗了能量。在某些情况下，特别是其它玻璃板中有一块是由厚度相对小的塑料构成时，这种塑料玻璃板也可以通过弹性或塑性变形吸收能量。
碰撞后，这些单个玻璃板仍然还彼此接合，结果是一方面安装层状玻璃板的交通工具的开口仍闭合，另一方面，由于层状玻璃板因玻璃板破碎而变得更柔韧，因此减慢了人体速度。
当然已经观察到，没有低强度区的通常层状玻璃板也具有这种安全网效果，但与本发明故意产生的这种安全网效相比更加随机，并且不是在局部确定的区域内产生这种效果。此外，这些层状玻璃板是以用普通浮法玻璃板未减弱的硬度强度抵抗这种断裂。
本发明层状玻璃板作用方式的另一方面还在于其边缘仍然与装配开口框架牢固接合。该层状玻璃板没有完全进入交通工具内部空间里，但该玻璃板在消耗能量期间还倚靠在所述的框架上。
通过减薄层状玻璃板，例如通过机械拉长层状玻璃板，可以产生上述这些低强度区。优选地，通过应用局部限制的应力梯度，即通过在玻璃中不均匀的应力状态可以达到减薄层状玻璃板，这样以局部限制的方式故意降低玻璃断裂强度。该应力梯度存在于整个玻璃厚度与玻璃表面。对于负载超过一定的程度，例如由于玻璃板弯曲，在应力梯度部位超过其强度，于是该玻璃板破碎。
通过应用烘漆与通过在高的温度下烘漆可以产生局部限制不均匀的应力状态。如果烘漆的膨胀系数与该玻璃板非常不同，则可发现其差大于30％被证实是有利的，这样在玻璃/漆整个冷却期间产生足够高的应力不均匀性，于是能达到所希望的效果。这种产生应力梯度的方法是优选的，因为其生产复杂性相对低些。此外，交通工具层状玻璃板常常配置用烘漆制成的印刷框架，结果是在随后的操作中可以应用烘漆以达到应力梯度，还可以应用烘漆以形成印刷框架，然后可以一起进行烘烤。
但是，将玻璃板局部加热高于其转变温度，然后再快速冷却，这样也可以产生局部限制的应力梯度。这种方法广泛用作热淬火，虽然在已知的方法中，均匀地加热与骤冷整个玻璃板。例如，采用激光或气体火焰可以达到局部加热。
为了保证在玻璃板破裂后，破裂的玻璃板不穿过中间层，即保证层压材料仍封闭开口，这些低强度区可以相互错位而安排成格栅形状。因此，避免玻璃板沿伸长线破裂，这样破裂会形成锐边，还会穿透中间层。单个低强度区之间的距离与该区大小可以是0.1-200mm，这依赖于其性质和它们配置形状。
如果在层状玻璃板的边缘区域安排这些低强度区，源于应力梯度的产生，或有或没有内应力的区域的光学特性差异而可能产生的光学不利效果是几乎不可察觉的，因为它们在主观察区域之外。如果需要，可以毫不费力地用汽车玻璃窗常常有的框架样瓷漆覆盖在边缘区域的低强度区。
优选地，低强度区放置在朝向内部的玻璃板表面上。由于层状玻璃板的弯曲朝外，来自车辆内部的冲击应不会造成玻璃板破裂，因为这样会在朝内的玻璃板表面上产生一个靠近该表面的压缩应力。然而，如人们所知道的，玻璃可以很好地承受压缩应力。从内部加载时，本发明的层状玻璃板性能与通常的层状玻璃板几乎没有任何差别。但是，如果从外部进行冲击时，在朝内的玻璃板表面上产生靠近该表面的拉伸应力，由于这些低强度区已减薄，这种拉伸应力可导致玻璃板破裂。但是，应该确定这种应力不均匀性的程度，以便达到在正常运行期间，对安装的(特别结合的)层状玻璃板起作用的这些力，例如车体变形产生的力，不能导致其层状玻璃板破裂。
本发明的层状玻璃板由玻璃板和一块或多块玻璃或塑料板构成。可用抗撕裂中间层将单个板彼此连接起来。中间层例如可以是由聚乙烯醇缩丁醛或聚氨酯组成的粘合剂薄膜。该中间层本身也可以呈由功能层和粘合剂层组成的层状形式。

Claims (13)

1、具有至少一个低强度区的层状玻璃板，它用于封闭交通工具开口，它由至少一块玻璃板和至少一块其它玻璃板和将这些单个玻璃板彼此接合的中间层组成，其特征在于该层状玻璃板具有一个或多个低强度区，结果是当物体冲击该层状玻璃板时，该玻璃板在那里破碎，而交通工具开口仍然至少被该层状玻璃板的变形中间层封闭。
2、根据权利要求1所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于所述低强度区是向玻璃板中引入的局部限制的不均匀应力状态。
3、根据权利要求2所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于所述不均匀应力状态是通过在其上印刷，然后烘烤烘漆达到的。
4、根据权利要求2所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于所述不均匀应力状态是通过局部热淬火产生的。
5、根据权利要求4所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于通过使用气体火焰进行局部加热，接着突然冷却的方式进行热淬火。
6、根据权利要求4所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于通过使用激光进行局部加热，接着突然冷却的方式进行热淬火。
7、根据上述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于所述低强度区以格栅方式彼此错位安排。
8、根据上述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于所述低强度区被安排在该层状玻璃板的边缘区域。
9、根据上述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于所述其它玻璃板也由玻璃构成。
10、根据权利要求9所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于在至少一块其它玻璃板中也引入低强度区。
11、根据上述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于将这些单个玻璃板彼此接合起来的中间层是热塑性粘合薄膜。
12、根据上述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的层状玻璃板，其特征在于在与层状玻璃板受到物体冲击的面相反的面上安排这些低强度区。
13、根据上述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的层状玻璃板作为交通工具的风挡玻璃或顶部玻璃板的应用。
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