CN1644364B - 皮革或类似皮革的复合材料 - Google Patents

皮革或类似皮革的复合材料 Download PDF

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CN1644364B
CN1644364B CN2005100043243A CN200510004324A CN1644364B CN 1644364 B CN1644364 B CN 1644364B CN 2005100043243 A CN2005100043243 A CN 2005100043243A CN 200510004324 A CN200510004324 A CN 200510004324A CN 1644364 B CN1644364 B CN 1644364B
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leather
short fiber
foamed material
flocking
soft
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CN1644364A (zh
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E·-W·莫宁
U·茨维斯勒
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Zoe Puri Tex Material Co ltd Mixed
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Zoeppritex Verbundstoffe GmbH
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    • B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明描述了一种皮革或类似皮革的复合材料，该复合材料在其背面上承载有一层由一种软泡沫材料制成的粘贴层(2)，该粘贴层在其外侧面上用短纤维植绒，其中短纤维在不连续的、相互分开的粘结位置上粘贴在软泡沫材料上。

Description

皮革或类似皮革的复合材料
技术领域
本发明涉及一种皮革或类似皮革的复合材料，该复合材料尤其应用于汽车领域中，而且此处尤其用作汽车座位的座垫材料。此外本发明还涉及这种材料的制造方法、和在汽车领域中用于此目的的材料以及此处尤其是作为汽车座位用的包覆材料的应用。
背景技术
尤其在汽车领域的高级轿车中越来越多地提供用真皮包覆的座位。对此众所周知的是，使用的皮革在其肉质边或背面承载一层由一种软泡沫材料制成的粘贴层，该粘贴层改善了缓冲性能，提高了座位舒适性。泡沫材料通常是一种乙醚基的或者酯基的聚氨酯(PUR)软泡沫材料。由于软泡沫材料表面的粘附(“结块”-blockigen)性能，在背面只用软泡沫材料包覆的皮革就不能毫无困难地在通用的缝纫机上加工。因此软泡沫材料的外侧面设有一个粘贴的织物幅，该织物幅提高了这样所形成的皮革复合材料背面的滑动性，从而能够更容易地对此材料进行加工。同时这种滑动性对于一个座椅套来说也是很重要的，因为座椅套相对于衬里来说当使用中出现弹性变形时可以在所需要的程度内滑动。
在实践中在制造上述用于座椅套的皮革复合材料时往往优先对一个PUR软泡沫材料层的一边进行烧灼，以便使泡沫材料开始熔化，接着在所述由于加热作用而变成流体的泡沫材料里埋入一种纺织物。这种方法的不足之处是PUR泡沫材料发生燃烧，由此放出有害排放物。此外用这样一种所谓火焰包覆处理的泡沫材料有散发有害物的倾向，也称为“产生烟雾(Fogging)”，这意味着由该泡沫材料产生一定的臭气侵扰。
由DE 198 45 735 A1已知一种用于车辆内饰件的真皮覆盖物，它具有位于外部的皮革层、与内饰件相面对的纤维网层、以及位于其间的由缝隙泡沫材料制成的层，该层与纤维网层通过火焰粘合来进行连接。此外由DE 90 17 007 U1已知一种纺织产品幅(Warenbahn)，它由至少两个在相互面对的平坦平面上连接的、至少部分具有微孔的平幅结构组成，例如由纺织品、针织品或者纺织纤维网等等组成，其中平幅结构的连接作为小孔的粘结具有最好在连接平面上均匀分布的粘结点。
除此之外在应用已知的皮革复合材料时在软泡沫材料层的外侧面上涂覆纺织物，存在的主要问题在于：在泡沫材料层的外侧面上粘贴的纺织材料具有一种与复合材料的皮革层不同的延伸能力。目前市场上用于粘贴的纺织材料并不产生在当前所使用的座位形式和为此所应用的皮革种类时所必要的在纵向和横向方向上的伸长值。若将皮革粘贴的复合材料向皮革侧卷起或者也只是弯曲，那么当纺织材料层与皮革相比延伸性太小时在所述复合材料里就使皮革压紧。这种压紧在一个汽车座位中通过皮革表面的折皱而可以看到。
因为顾及到要实现应用此复合材料所必需要的滑动性，PUR-软泡沫材料层的外侧面的纺织物涂覆是绝对必要的，因此与此相关的问题、如皮革延伸或弯曲时形成折皱的问题就不得不容忍了。
发明内容
本发明的任务因此在这里是对此进行补救并提出一种皮革的或类似皮革的复合材料，这种材料有一层粘贴在皮革背面上的软泡沫材料层，该材料层在其外侧面上如此进行处理，使它具有对于加工和使用-例如在软垫座椅中所必需要的滑动性，而且同时补救了在延伸或弯曲时皮革产生折皱的问题。
为了解决这个任务，按照本发明皮革或类似皮革的材料在其背面设有一层由一种软泡沫材料制成的粘贴层，该粘贴层在其外侧面上用短纤维进行植绒，其中该短纤维在不连续的、相互分开的粘结位置上粘贴在软泡沫材料上。
由于如此制成的新的皮革复合材料的背面由一种纺织材料构成-该材料并无横向连接，正如它们大致由于交叉的纱线系统(经纱和纬纱)在一种织物里所给出的以及在一种针织物里也存在的那样-因此所述在皮革或类皮革材料上粘贴的系统的特征是极高的弹性，这种弹性补偿了所有实际上出现的各种不同的皮革弯曲半径，因而排除了折皱的形成。纺织短纤维层的各个纤维有利地固定在软泡沫材料层上的各个粘结材料点上，这些点虽然相互靠得很紧，但相互是独立的，因此由于相互并不连接的短纤维的松散布置，绝对没有将刚性引入到系统的整个连接里。但同时纺织的短纤维层使新的皮革复合材料的背面在所有塑料材料上、金属上、油漆上和填料材料上有出色的滑动性。
作为短纤维既可应用合成的也可用天然的纤维，也可用这些纤维的混合物，这些纤维至少部分地具有一种预先规定了扯样长度和一种预选的纤维纤度。扯样长度和纤维纤度满足了复合材料的各自使用目的的要求。
作为软泡沫材料来说，对于所述新复合材料优选用聚氨酯(PUR)-软泡沫材料，该泡沫材料在层的外侧面上可以是敞开孔隙的和/或封闭孔隙的。但也可以考虑用其它合成的泡沫材料，例如聚酯基的。
作为皮革可以利用其本身每种可以足够弯曲和延伸的皮革质量，而与各自所应用的制革方法无关，其中尤其是优选作为座垫包覆材料时考虑的这样的皮革质量。算入类似皮革材料的是那些具有与真正皮革类似的使用性能和使用可能性的材料。它们例如可由皮革余料或皮革废料制成，和/或也可以一种人造革的形式出现。
所述的新的皮革或类似皮革的复合材料在其背面上承载一层由一种软泡沫材料制成的粘贴层，该粘贴层在其外表面上用一层相互并不连接的纺织短纤维进行植绒，这种复合材料按照本发明可用一种方法制成，其中在一种皮革或类似皮革的材料的背面上粘贴了一层由软泡沫材料所制成的层，该层在其背离皮革或类似皮革材料的外侧面上承载有一层由相互并不连接的纺织短纤维所制成的层，该短纤维是在前一个工序中涂覆上的。如果在这种情况下所述软泡沫材料层在其外侧面上用纺织短纤维进行植绒，它们在不连续的、相互分开的粘结位置上粘贴在软泡沫材料上。为此可以用一种粘结材料喷涂软泡沫材料的要设置有短纤维层的上侧面，然后接着植绒。软泡沫材料层可以在植绒之后在其背离植绒的侧面上加上一种粘结剂，并且接着与皮革或类似皮革的材料粘结起来。
上面所述的新的皮革复合材料本身通常是可以应用的，但由于其特殊的性能尤其适合用在汽车领域中。所述材料在那里可用作车身部分的蒙面材料或者用作汽车座椅的覆盖材料。这些座位在使用中经受一种特别高的负载，因为司机或副司机在这样一个座椅上占据了一个窄的压入的座椅位置，在该位置中司机由所述座椅侧向地导向，并且同时通过安全带固定住。
本发明的其它设计方案由从属权利要求得出。
附图说明
附图表示了一种按照本发明的皮革复合材料的横截面简图。
具体实施方式
新的皮革复合材料的横截面简图具有一层由皮革或类似皮革的材料制成的上层或顶层1。在其肉质侧面或背面上、在一层由一种热塑性粘结材料制成的中间层3的下面粘贴了一层由一种软泡沫材料、最好是由一种聚氨酯(PUR)-软泡沫材料制成的层2。在软泡沫材料层2的背离皮革层1的外侧面上用纺织短纤维植绒，这些纤维形成了一层用4表示的相对薄的薄层，该薄层完全盖住了软泡沫材料。短纤维层4的短纤维与软泡沫材料在一个粘结材料层5的部位里如此连接，使短纤维相互并不连接起来。
当皮革复合材料弯曲或延伸时，所述软泡沫材料层2可以紧随着由皮革或类似皮革材料制成的层1的形状变化、如延伸或弯曲，而不会由于所述涂覆在其外侧面上的植绒在短纤维层4里以任何一种方式受到阻碍。因此阻止了由于复合材料的弯曲而导致在层1的皮革或类似皮革的材料的前侧面上形成折皱。同时所述植绒在复合材料的背面上提供了一种纺织表面，该表面的特征在于良好的滑动性能，因此所述材料可以毫无困难地在缝纫机上进行加工，并且用作衬垫座椅、尤其是汽车座椅的覆盖材料，它具有为此目的所必需的滑动性。
层2的软泡沫材料如上所述最好为既可以是乙醚基的也可是酯基的PUR-软泡沫材料。它一般加工成由一种“长块(Lang-block)”剖裂开的、无边的粘结的货物。所述厚度可以根据想要使用的目的而在大约1.5mm至100mm或更多之间变化。并不限制宽度下限(除了由于经济因素之外)，而上限则由PUR软泡沫材料的制造宽度来规定，目前最大约达220cm。
短纤维层4的短纤维可以是合成纤维，例如聚酰胺、聚酯、聚酰胺共聚物、聚酯共聚物等。但也可以是天然纤维，如棉纤维、粘胶纤维、纤维素纤维和类似的纤维，也可以考虑用这些纤维的混合物。
对于各自使用目的，将纤维切到一种规定的扯样长度，同时根据使用目的规定纤维的纤度。
在附图中示出的复合材料按以下方式进行制造：
在一个第一工序中所述形成层2的软泡沫材料在一个侧面上用一种粘结材料进行喷涂。可以使用以溶剂为基的粘结材料，如水溶性分散剂形式的这样的粘结材料。由于其对人类和环境的毒性较小，在近一年里已经大力采用无溶剂的粘结材料。粘结材料在喷涂之后需要一定的敞开时间，以便给予这些最终成为表面的、涂覆的短纤维一定时间，使其部分地钻入到粘结材料基质里，并在那里与粘结材料建立化学的和/或机械的连接。由于粘结材料被喷涂在软泡沫材料上，因而可以使短纤维在各个粘结点上固定在软泡沫材料上，这些粘结点相互布置得很紧密，但同时它们又是相互独立的，因此由于它们松散的、相互并不连接的布置就在系统的整个连接中不产生刚性。
另一种方案也可以自然地用另外一种适合目的的方法、例如借助于辊子或涂刷器来涂覆粘结材料。只是必须避免以下问题：粘结材料形成一个相互联系的、或多或少弯曲刚性的或少延伸的薄层，所述薄层对复合材料的可变形性或可延伸性有不利影响。
在用粘结材料喷涂泡沫材料之后，在一个第二工序中在具有一定导电性的粘结材料的表面上施加一个电荷。然后将这些具有一定的静电可充电性的纤维在电场里放置在软泡沫材料上，其中所述纤维在电场里被加速，使得它们一部分射入到粘结材料里，其中但是阻止纤维粘结在一起。在击中之前短纤维就飞过一个校准格子，使它们对齐地在纵向方向上击中到有电荷的粘结材料表面上，并用一个端部锚固在粘结材料里。原则上也可以这样执行所述方法，使得纤维与泡沫材料表面成一个预先规定的小于90°的角度对齐。
静电植绒法和静电植绒设备本身是已知的(参见如Einfuehrungin die Kunststoffverarbeitung(塑料加工导论)-Georg Monges KarlHanser教授、博士、工程师，汉斯慕尼黑-维也纳出版社1975)。它们应用于使塑料表面光学地增值(例如展品组件中的圆珠笔)，使泡沫材料光学地增值(例如装饰首饰盒)，以及用于实现特别的、尤其是价廉的表面效果，这里仅提到了一些使用领域。
在软泡沫材料层3的背离植绒的上侧面上可以在另一个工序中涂覆一种粘结剂，它尤其是由一种热塑性的粘结材料制成，这种材料既可以作为粉末撒上并熔结，或者借助于喷嘴、辊子或涂刷方法进行涂覆。粘结材料薄膜、胶粘织物和许多其它已知的粘结材料系统都可以应用。在所述形成粘结材料层3的粘结材料系统上最终粘贴了皮革或类似皮革的材料1。

Claims (11)

1.皮革或类似皮革的复合材料，该复合材料在其背面上承载有一层由一种软泡沫材料制成的粘贴层，该粘贴层在其外侧面上用短纤维植绒，其中用于将所述短纤维固定在软泡沫材料上的粘结材料以相互独立的粘结剂点的方式被涂覆在软泡沫材料上，使得短纤维在不连续的、相互分开的粘结位置上粘贴在软泡沫材料上。
2.按权利要求1所述的复合材料，其特征在于，短纤维基本上相同地指向。
3.按权利要求1或2所述的复合材料，其特征在于，短纤维至少部分地具有一种预先规定的扯样长度。
4.按权利要求1或2所述的复合材料，其特征在于，短纤维是天然的纤维。
5.按权利要求1或2所述的复合材料，其特征在于，短纤维是合成纤维。
6.按权利要求1或2所述的复合材料，其特征在于，软泡沫材料由聚氨酯(PUR)制成。
7.用于制造皮革或类似皮革的一种复合材料的方法，其中软泡沫材料层在其外侧面之一上用纺织短纤维植绒，其中用于将所述短纤维固定在软泡沫材料上的粘结材料以相互独立的粘结剂点的方式被涂覆在软泡沫材料上，使得所述短纤维在不连续的、相互间隔距离的粘结位置上粘结在软泡沫材料上，并且其中这样植绒的软泡沫材料层然后粘贴到皮革或类似皮革的材料的背面上，这样所述承载着该植绒的外侧面与皮革或类似皮革的材料相背对着。
8.按权利要求7所述的方法，其中所述软泡沫材料的将要设有短纤维层的上侧面用粘结材料进行喷涂，然后进行植绒。
9.按权利要求7或8所述的方法，其中所述软泡沫材料层在植绒之后在其背离植绒的侧面上设置粘结剂，并接着与皮革或类似皮革的材料进行粘结。
10.按照权利要求1至6中任意一项所述的皮革或类似皮革的材料作为用于软垫座椅的包覆材料的应用。
11.按照权利要求10所述的应用，其特征在于，所述软垫座椅是汽车座椅。
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