CN1551872A - 有生物学活性的亚甲蓝衍生物 - Google Patents
有生物学活性的亚甲蓝衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1551872A CN1551872A CNA028126963A CN02812696A CN1551872A CN 1551872 A CN1551872 A CN 1551872A CN A028126963 A CNA028126963 A CN A028126963A CN 02812696 A CN02812696 A CN 02812696A CN 1551872 A CN1551872 A CN 1551872A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种式(I)吩噻嗪鎓化合物,其中A和B各自独立地是(a)或(b),其中Z是CH2,O,S,SO2,NH,NCH3,NC2H5,NCH2CH2OH,或NCOCH3,R1和R2各自独立地是直链或支链CnH2nY,在此n是1-6,Y是H,F,Cl,Br,I,OH,OCH3,OC2H5,OC3H7,CN或OCOCH3,并且XP-是反阴离子,P是1、2或3,但是不包括A和B两者都是-N(CH3)2或-N(CH2CH3)2的化合物。本发明还涉及本发明化合物作为一个PDT剂或光诊断试剂的应用。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及生物学活性光敏剂,其具有强烈的光细胞毒性并可应用于光动力学治疗(PDT)领域以及医学疾病的诊断和检测,本发明还涉及在光化学内在化、肿瘤疫苗的生产、微生物感染治疗和光灭菌或光消毒方面的相关应用。
发明背景
已知某些有机化合物(“光敏剂”)可以在氧气存在的情况下通过吸收光诱导细胞死亡。这种细胞毒效应和I型和/或II型光氧化有关。发现这样的光敏剂在用光治疗癌症和其它疾病或感染(光动力学治疗)时,以及通过光诱导破坏微生物进行表面和液体消毒(包括灭菌)时具有用途。在上下文中,所用术语消毒是指在具体的情况下微生物的减少或清除。
还已知某些有色吩噻嗪鎓化合物(如亚甲蓝)能参与I型和II型光氧化过程,但是到目前为止这类型化合物被证明作为敏化剂用于光动力学治疗是不适合的或低效的,或仅显示了低的光化学抗微生物活性。
对于在PDT中的应用,一个好的敏化剂应该至少具有一些和优选的具有全部下述特性。最重要地,它应该在暴露于光(优选波长约600-800nm)时有效地引起靶细胞(如肿瘤细胞或细菌细胞)的破坏。使用光敏剂的PDT治疗应该在靶组织和正常组织间显示高选择性。敏化剂应该有相对小的暗毒性并且对病人应该几乎不或完全不引起皮肤的光敏感性。
在光消毒方面的应用,一个好的敏化剂应该在广泛的微生物范围内显示强烈的光毒效应,理想地使用环境光时也如此,并且不应该容易地发生光漂白。
在肿瘤学中,几种不同类型的光敏剂已用于治疗实体瘤和中空器官如食管和膀胱的薄壁肿瘤(thin tumor)。不过,部分地由于在肿瘤和健康组织间缺乏选择性和部分地由于引起延长的皮肤光敏感性,这些光敏剂的应用受到限制。需要几乎不或完全不引起皮肤光敏感性和能选择性破坏肿瘤细胞的新光敏剂。
尽管以前PDT已用于肿瘤的治疗,不过它还没有用于对抗细菌和其它微生物引起的感染。由于许多细菌菌种对常用的抗生素如四环素类和β-内酰胺类抗生素不断增加的耐药性,使用抗生素治疗细菌感染正在受到挑战。医源性抗生素耐药感染如MRSA尤其是难以解决的问题。光动力学抗菌治疗在局部治疗方面是有前景的抗生素替代疗法。
随着抗菌药物的发展,必须克服的主要问题是药物摄入细菌细胞。革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌它们的外表面的组成成分不同,对于抗微生物药物的反应也不同,尤其在摄取方面。由于革兰氏阴性细菌表面带有高的负电荷,它们对于中性或阴离子药物,包括最常用的光敏剂,相对是不通透的。开发对革兰氏阴性细菌以及革兰氏阳性细菌有效的抗微生物光敏剂对于替代由于耐药性而变得越来越无效的常用抗生素是非常有益的。
已在细菌中研究了许多不同类型的光敏剂。它们包括吩噻嗪鎓(phenothiazinium)化合物,酞菁类,二氢卟酚类和自然存在的光敏剂。对于摄入进革兰氏阴性细菌中,公认阳离子衍生物是最有效的。
吩噻嗪鎓化合物是在波长600-700nm之间有最大吸收的蓝色染料。它们的非光动力学抗菌特性已有研究,但是除亚甲蓝和甲苯胺蓝外对它们几乎没有进行光动力学研究。
Wainwright等(1998)研究了一系列吩噻嗪鎓亚甲蓝衍生物在肿瘤细胞系和细菌中的效应。新亚甲蓝(NMB)和二甲基亚甲蓝(DMMB)在灭活MRSA方面是有效的,并且被证实在对着色黑色素瘤细胞系起作用时是比亚甲蓝更有效的光敏剂。Wagner等(1998)研究了这些染料和另外地疏水衍生物对有包膜病毒的灭活。
亚甲蓝抗菌作用的确切方式是未知的,不过一个假说认为它由于立体化学性能嵌入DNA中,并且它的光动力学作用引起DNA损伤。已证实亚甲蓝作为抗肿瘤药物本身是无效的。另外,已知亚甲蓝容易光漂白,在一些应用中这可能是一个严重的缺点。由于亚甲蓝这些公认的局限,抗肿瘤PDT和抗微生物PDT将得益于吩噻嗪鎓为基础的新光敏剂的发展。
发明内容
根据本发明提供了式(I)的吩噻嗪鎓化合物:
其中:A和B各自独立地是
这里Z是CH2,O,S,SO2,NH,NCH3,NC2H5,NCH2CH2OH或NCOCH3,R1和R2各自独立地是直链或支链CnH2nY,在此n是1-6,Y是H,F,Cl,Br,I,OH,OCH3,OC2H5,OC3H7,CN或OCOCH3,
XP-是反阴离子(counteranion),P是1,2或3
但是不包括A和B两者都是-N(CH3)2或-N(CH2CH3)2的化合物。
优选地,该反阴离子选自Cl-,Br-,I-,F-,NO3 -,HSO4 -,CH3CO2 -中的任一个,或是二价阴离子即SO4 2-或HPO4 2-,或三价阴离子即PO4 3-。
优选地,A和B是相同的,而且R1和R2是正丙基、正丁基或正戊基。
该化合物可以用于抗微生物。优选地,该化合物用于抗细菌。更优选地,该化合物用于对抗具抗生素耐药性的细菌。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,该化合物用于作为PDT剂或光诊断剂。
此外,本发明提供了由式(I)化合物和聚合物形成的缀和物或复合物。本文所使用的术语复合物是指本发明的化合物包埋于聚合物中或物理地包藏在基质或基体中或吸附在基质或基体上的情况。此聚合物可以是生物聚合物如肽或蛋白。优选的聚合物包括具有酐和/或酯基团的那些聚合物。
另外,本发明提供了通过式(I)化合物和氯三嗪衍生物反应形成的化合物。氯三嗪衍生物可以是其上附有氯三嗪基团的聚合物。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的化合物用作药物。
本发明化合物可以作为光敏化药物用于要求去除不想要的组织和细胞的病症如癌症,癌前疾病,眼科疾病,血管疾病,自身免疫性疾病以及皮肤和其它器官增生性疾病的PDT。这些物质特殊的和意想不到的优点涉及它们能够在全身给药后在不同时间点光活化对抗靶组织(依赖所用的具体敏化剂),因此能够将它们直接地靶向血管系统或肿瘤细胞(举例而言)。此外,全身给药时它们有低的倾向使皮肤对环境光敏感和低的倾向使皮肤变色。
在PDT中,本发明化合物还可以作为可光活化的抗微生物治疗剂(treatments)用于皮肤和其它局部感染,烧伤伤口和其它伤口的消毒,器官(包括皮肤)移植中受体组织和供体组织的消毒以及牙齿微生物疾病的治疗。
所说的化合物也可以作为可光活化的抗微生物剂用于表面和液体的一般消毒。与目前已知抗微生物光敏剂相比,这些化合物的特殊优点是它们在低光水平时具有高的光细胞毒性并且具有低的发生光漂白的倾向。
此外,与其它吩噻嗪鎓光敏剂相比,本发明化合物还有这样的优点:它们在行使细胞破坏活性时不以细胞核作为打靶的目标,因此有低得多的使细胞经历突变转化的危险。
本发明还提供了含有本发明的化合物和稀释剂或赋形剂的组合物。
本发明化合物的用途实例是作为光敏药物用于PDT以治疗巴雷特(Barrett)氏食管和子宫颈上皮内瘤形成(癌前病变),膀胱癌和结肠癌,黄斑变性(眼科疾病),血管问题如心血管疾病,动脉硬化和再狭窄和自身免疫性疾病如类风湿关节炎,皮肤疾病如牛皮癣,痤疮和湿疹(excema)以及其它良性疾病如子宫内膜异位和月经过多。这些化合物还可以作为抗微生物疗法用于皮肤和伤口感染,其它局部感染以及用于牙科细菌性疾病的治疗。这些化合物还可以通过它们的感光特性用于光化学内在化(使用光敏剂辅助药物的摄取和亚细胞定位)方面以及通过它们的荧光特性用于非治疗应用如用于光诊断。后面这一方法利用光敏剂在肿瘤中比在周围正常健康组织中更浓集和诱导发荧光(通过使用蓝光)时肿瘤比周围组织发出更强荧光的事实。
这些化合物可以作为光活化的抗微生物剂用于表面和液体的消毒。
相应地,本发明提供了通过全身或局部施用光敏剂后给予适宜剂量和波长或波长范围的光以治疗癌症和其它人类或动物疾病的方法。优选地,施用给需要治疗的对象的化合物是根据式(I)的化合物,其中R1和R2是正丙基,且所说的光照射在给药点起不超过10分钟时给予。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,光照射在给药的1分钟内给予。
更优选地,光照射是在给药点给予的。
可替换地,施用的化合物是根据式(I)的化合物,其中R1和R2是正戊基,且所说的光照射在距给药点更长的时间点给予。
相应地,本发明提供了治疗微生物感染,烧伤和其他损伤,以及牙科细菌性疾病的方法,该方法包括将治疗有效量的本发明化合物全身给药或施用到待治疗的部位(如通过喷洒)并对所说的部位进行光照射以活化所说的化合物。
优选地,本方法包括施用根据式(I)(其中R1和R2是正丁基)的化合物的步骤。
而且,本发明还提供了消毒表面和液体的方法,包括施用本发明化合物到所说的表面或液体和利用光活化所说的化合物。
本发明适当的化合物可以通过共价键持久地或通过分子间相互作用可逆地结合在聚合物的表面,这样提供了一个在任何需要的时候可通过使用光进行消毒的表面。当保持相关表面长时间无菌困难时这将是有用的,例如,可与病人体内的静脉内管(intravenous lines)一起使用以及用于缝合线和导管和静脉内管中。这些化合物的抗光漂白性能在这样的应用中是一个优点,此应用中要求生色团有延长的稳定性。
相应地,本发明还提供了至少有一个表面附着本发明化合物的物件。
优选地,该物件是医用装置如静脉导管,导尿管或气囊导管,缝合线,矫形术移植物或人工移植物,心脏瓣膜,手术螺钉或手术钉,起博器导联,进食或呼吸管,血管斯滕特固定模,眼内晶状体,或小关节代替物。该物件还可用于伤口护理和包装医用材料(如医疗设备用材料)。
本发明化合物可以应用于医院的墙,地板和天花板,临床表面如手术台,屠宰场和科学实验室的清洁间。纤维可以转化成机织的,针织的或无纺的纺织物品如清洁用布,抹布,手术衣,床用织物,伤口包扎用品和绷带。
备选地,该物件可以用于食品和饮料工业,并可以是包装物,包装材料或贮藏纸盒或加工设备。该物件可以是冰箱,售货机,制冰机,饭店设备或其它厨房器具。
本发明涉及吩噻嗪鎓敏化剂,这些吩噻嗪鎓敏化剂在体外和体内显示出它们的光生物学特性意想不到地和显著地依赖于末端氨基基团上的取代基的大小和疏水性。通过细心地选择这些结构特征,可以提供比现有材料有显著优点的光敏剂。相应地,本发明化合物通过在肿瘤学领域和在抗微生物作用方面提供如下优点,克服了现有技术存在的问题:
在肿瘤学方面的优点
●与亚甲蓝和亚乙基蓝相比,非常强的光活性。
●在紫外/蓝光区低的光吸收。这使得这些化合物有更低的使皮肤光敏化的倾向。
●迅速的皮肤清除。
●对肿瘤的高选择性。
●低的暗毒性。
●与亚甲蓝相比,低的DNA损伤潜能。
●与现有的PDT药物相比,非常短的药物-光时间间隔。
抗微生物优点
●广谱高效地灭活微生物,包括革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌,MRSA和真菌感染。
●对休眠细菌(quiescent bacteria)具有活性
●对微生物高选择性,对宿主组织损害小。
●出乎意料的低的光漂白水平。
发明详述
研究的化合物
本研究中使用的吩噻嗪鎓类化合物是利兹(Leeds)大学ColourChemistry系J.Griffiths合成的。它们包括如下的化合物:
R1-R4=n-C3H7:四正丙基
R1-R4=n-C4H9:四正丁基
R1-R4=n-C5H11:四正戊基
R1-R4=n-C6H13:四正己基
用于对照的目的也检验了亚甲蓝(R1-R4=n-CH3)和亚乙基蓝(R1-R4=n-C2H5)。
光敏剂的贮备液配在水和/或DMSO中,并用前避光保存。实验溶液按需要配在缓冲液或溶剂或生物培养基中。
吩噻嗪鎓化合物的光谱和物理特性
吩噻嗪鎓化合物在水和在甲醇中的光谱数据(表1),显示所有的化合物在650-700nm区间有吸收峰,但是精确的峰位置有相当大的变异性。有更长烷基链的吩噻嗪鎓化合物在更长波长处有吸收峰,一般地与在甲醇中相比在水中峰位置位于更长的波长处。这些差异可能反映了这些光敏剂的聚集状态。
对于不同光敏剂,辛醇-水分配系数(log p)也已显示在表1中,其中
log p=(mg/ml在辛醇中)/(mg/ml在缓冲液中)
表1吩噻嗪鎓化合物的光谱和物理特性
R | 水中最大波长(mm) | 甲醇中最大波长(mm) | Ex.Max(nm) | Em.Max(nm) | logP |
1 | 667 | 656 | 640 | 690 | -1.0 |
2 | 673 | 661 | 670 | 690 | +0.2 |
3 | 679 | 665 | 680 | 690 | +1.1 |
4 | 682 | 668 | 680 | 695 | +1.1 |
5 | 685 | 669 | 680 | 700 | +1.7 |
6 | 699 | 669 | 675 | 700 | +1.3 |
Ex.Max是最大荧光激发波长和Em.Max是最大荧光发射波长
辛醇缓冲液分配系数(log p)决定了药物的亲油性,如所预期地,随着R值的增加亲油性增加,不过应该注意即便对于较高的R值,这些化合物在生物培养基中仍是可溶的。
吩噻嗪鎓衍生物作为PDT剂用于哺乳动物细胞和肿瘤
在一系列培养的哺乳动物细胞中评价了吩噻嗪鎓衍生物的PDT效能。研究了RIF-1鼠纤维肉瘤细胞,其中使用MTT试验评价PDT后剩余的细胞存活力。一系列实验的数据归纳在表2中,显示了四个吩噻嗪鎓衍生物的LD50值(在所用条件下杀死半数细胞所需的光敏剂浓度)。为了比较也显示了亚甲蓝和亚乙基蓝的数据。这些化合物中的一些在避光的情况下也能杀死细胞,表2还显示了与仅避光的对照的LD50的比值。从表2可以看出,四正戊基衍生物,四正丁基衍生物和四正丙基衍生物在这些条件下都是有效的PDT剂,比亚甲蓝或亚乙基蓝有高得多的活性。最有效的是四正丙基衍生物。还可以清楚的看到,对于亚甲蓝暗毒性和光毒性的LD50间仅有一个小的比率,而对于吩噻嗪鎓衍生物这个比率则大得多。
这些结果表明与亚甲蓝相比这些化合物的光活性增加了很多,而且它们相对的缺少暗毒性。这在治疗中是一个相当大的优点。表2还显示了通过测量产生单态氧(singlet oxygen)的内在能力,与亚甲蓝和亚乙基蓝相比,各种衍生物的相对活性。可以看出,在不同化合物之间有非常小的差异,表明在细胞中观察到的显著差异差不多完全是由于生物因素造成的,产生这种差异的机制还不清楚。表2还显示了与亚甲蓝和亚乙基蓝相比不同吩噻嗪鎓化合物衍生物的最初亚细胞定位,以及光施用后发生的再定位。值得注意的是,尽管所有的衍生物最初定位于溶酶体中,然后亚甲蓝再定位到细胞核(可能对DNA产生毒性或突变作用),但四-正丙基,四-正丁基,四-正戊基和四-正己基衍生物再定位到线粒体,线粒体是好得多的PDT靶点。
表3显示了这些衍生物中的一些在一系列代表不同人类组织和癌症的不同培养细胞中的LD50值。清楚地显示与亚甲蓝相比四-正丙基、四-正丁基和四正戊基衍生物仍具有高活性,而且在所有实验的细胞系中它们也是有活性的。
制备了几个不对称吩噻嗪鎓衍生物(R1=R2≠R3=R4)并在培养的细胞中进行了试验。证明了其中的一些在绝对活性与光和暗毒性比值方面均是比亚甲蓝要好的光敏剂。这些化合物的样本数据显示在表4中。
表4.在SiHa人宫颈鳞状细胞癌细胞中与亚甲蓝相比不对称吩噻嗪类的化学特性和光毒性以及暗毒性。
λmax在甲醇中(nm) | 单态氧产生1 | Log P | PDT LD50(μM)2 | 暗:PDT LD50比2 | |
亚甲蓝二-正丁基吗啉代二-正丁基二乙醇胺二-正戊基二乙醇胺 | 656661660663 | 47291332 | -1.0+1.0+1.3+1.1 | 18.7±1.04.6±2.01.7±0.30.43±0.03 | 178739 |
1用90%DMF:10%水中的100mg/ml吩噻嗪鎓化合物在红光照明10分钟后1,3-二苯基异苯并呋喃的光-氧化百分数
2细胞用吩噻嗪鎓化合物孵育2小时。为测量光毒性,细胞用3J/cm2665nm光照射。平行测量暗毒性。48小时后使用硫代罗丹明B(SRB)法评价细胞存活。
图1显示(I)型对称取代的噻嗪的抗肿瘤光动力学效能(%肿瘤坏死)。有CaNT皮下肿瘤的雌性CBA/Gy小鼠每千克体重注射16.6μmol剂量的药物溶液。注射后1小时用最适波长的光(在分开的实验中测得)处理。光源是产生30nm带宽有适当滤光器的Patterson灯,用50mW cm-2的速率进行60Jcm-2治疗。从图1可以看出肿瘤的反应是非常依赖烷基基团性质的,而且与亚甲蓝相比四-正戊基和四-正丁基衍生物是特别有效的。
图2显示作为药物和光给予之间时间间隔的函数的四-正丙基和四-正戊基衍生物抗肿瘤光动力学效能(%肿瘤坏死)。这些数据显示了这两个化合物间十分意料不到的差异。四-正丙基衍生物在很短的药物-光时间间隔时(即,差不多是给药以后立即给光)是非常有活性的,而四-正戊基衍生物在非常短的时间间隔时活性很低,但1小时以后有高得多的活性。对于这一发现的解释还不知道,但是很清楚的是这些差别特性可能被开发用于不同的应用。例如,快作用药物可能用于血管治疗而慢作用的药物可能用于肿瘤细胞的治疗。
图3显示了与聚血卟啉,PHP(等同于Photofrin)相比,四-正丁基和四-正戊基衍生物引起的相对皮肤光敏感性。Photofrin是目前领先的用于肿瘤学的PDT剂,不过其有一个主要的引起病人延长的皮肤光敏感性的缺点。在这个模型中,皮肤光敏感性是根据暴露于药物和光后24小时耳厚度的增加来测量的。图3显示,如所预期的,PHP显示了高水平的皮肤光敏感性,但是这两个吩噻嗪鎓衍生物几乎未显示或完全未显示出皮肤光敏感性。施用以后这两个衍生物也引起非常小的皮肤变色。
光—抗微生物活性
一般方法
下面所给的方法是就大肠杆菌(E coli)而言的,不过对于所研究的其它细菌,即铜绿假单胞杆菌(P.aeruginosa),金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)和MRSA基本是一样的。
细菌的标准制备
将下面简述的标准方案做适当的修改以研究各种实验参数的变化。
将大肠杆菌菌株DH5无菌地接种在100ml营养肉汤(0.5%酵母提取物,1.0%胰蛋白胨W/V)中,在振荡孵育器中37℃孵育过夜。孵育器设定每分钟250次振荡和2.5cm圆周的转动。孵育后10ml培养液无菌转到200ml的营养肉汤中,如上所详述在振荡孵育器中生长直到中间对数生长期。离心(3000rpm,10分钟)收集细胞,然后重悬浮在0.1M磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.0)中,并再离心(3000rpm,10分钟)。去掉上清液,重悬浮沉淀于0.1M磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.0)中,在650nm波长处达到0.85-0.90的吸光度。
在涉及营养培养基照明的实验中,在这个时期重悬浮细菌细胞在营养培养基中。
细菌细胞灭活实验
0.1mM的光敏剂贮备液0.25ml与制备的25ml细胞悬液一起在250ml消毒的箔纸覆盖的锥形瓶中孵育。悬液在37℃振荡孵育器中250rpm避光孵育30分钟。悬液用500W卤素灯从75cm距离处照射60分钟,灯的功率是1.3mW/cm2,1小时照明产生4.68J/cm2。取出50ml照明和没照明的悬浮液样本,稀释在0.1M pH7.0磷酸钾缓冲液中。然后将50ml稀释的悬浮液铺在营养琼脂上(0.5%酵母提取液,1.0%胰蛋白胨,2.0%琼脂W/V)37℃孵育过夜,生成的菌落形成单位在30-300间。然后测量细胞的灭活。
对照研究涉及在与0.25ml的DMSO而无吩噻嗪鎓化合物进行的30分钟孵育步骤前和后实施细菌铺板,此对照研究显示CFU/ml无变化。对无吩噻嗪鎓化合物但有0.25ml DMSO的单纯细菌培养物照明也证明了CFU没有变化。对于营养培养基的照明,对照实验显示CFU/ml在这小时照明期间有0.2的log10增加。
在一些用激光实施的照射中,细菌悬液用665nm Ceramoptec二极管阵列激光器以0.1W照射。
确定吩噻嗪鎓化合物对细菌细胞生长的作用
在箔纸覆盖的250ml锥形瓶中,将10ml完全生长的细菌培养物无菌地接种在200ml营养培养基(0.5%酵母提取物1.0%胰蛋白胨W/V)中。另外,除对照含有1.0ml的DMSO但不含有吩噻嗪鎓化合物外,其它培养基含有1.0ml lmM吩噻嗪鎓化合物的贮备液,终浓度为10μM。
悬浮液避光在振荡孵育器中37℃和250rpm条件下孵育。每小时取出1ml样本取6小时,测量浊度,其是以由光散射引起的550nm处表观光密度为基础的。对照研究表明这个波长在光敏剂吸收区间以外。光密度读值后,1.0ml样本在MSE Micro-Centaur离心机中旋转(10,000g×5分钟),用分光光度计的方法读取上清液的吸收光谱。
仅对于四-正丁基衍生物,实施允许细菌在没有光敏剂时生长3小时并之后加入吩噻嗪鎓化合物的相似实验。对于光照和避光实验,以时间函数监测随后的生长。
白色念球菌(Candida albican)的制备和光诱导灭活
关于白色念球菌的实验,生物体在Sabouraud(oxoid)液体培养基中生长到对数生长期(生长4小时后收集细胞)。然后将它们重悬,在650nm波长处测定光密度达到0.87,这相当于7.0 log10CFU/ml,而对于其它生物体使用8.5log10CFU/ml。照明程序与前面实验使用的相同。照明后将酵母铺在沙氏葡萄糖琼脂(oxoid)上,37℃孵育24小时,测定菌落形成单位。
光漂白。0.25ml 1mM光敏剂溶液、0.25ml 10mM色氨酸加到25ml的60%甲醇,40%磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.0)中。也实施了缺少色氨酸而用0.25ml 60%甲醇,40%磷酸钾缓冲液(pH7.0)代替的实验。
象在上述的细胞灭活实验中所用的方法一样,照明(1.3mW/cm2)混合物60分钟,样品每15分钟取出一次并在紫外-可见光分光光度计上于500nm和700nm间记录光谱。对于高光剂量,照明是以9mW/cm2光照60分钟。
结果
吩噻嗪鎓衍生物的抗细菌特性
图4显示大肠杆菌用10μM吩噻嗪鎓化合物孵育30分钟并用1.3mW/cm2照射60分钟后的每ml菌落形成单位(CFU)的对数变化。数据记录了卤素灯照射60分钟后细胞的存活。可以看出有实质上的细菌灭活,从亚甲蓝到亚乙基蓝在该组中有降低的趋势,之后到四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物差不多增加了1000倍。而更长链的吩噻嗪鎓化合物显示了降低的杀灭细菌细胞的能力以至于四-正己基衍生物几乎没有活性。四-正丁基吩噻嗪导致最大的变化,即每ml菌落形成单位有5.1log10改变,相当于0.001%的细胞存活百分率。使用四-正己基衍生物产生0.19log10CFU的最低变化,这相当于65.3%的细胞存活。仅用光的对照没有细胞的灭活。
图5显示大肠杆菌用不同浓度的四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物孵育30分钟并以1.3mW/cm2照明15分钟后CFU/ml的对数变化。使用四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物试验对细菌的灭活,10μM是最有效的浓度。使用这个浓度时CFU/ml的对数变化是4.59log10单位。试验的所有浓度都能获得细胞杀死效应,但在较低的药物剂量时细胞杀死效应减低。50μM浓度时有2.15单位的对数变化,这和10μM相比是降低的。这可能的原因是光敏剂的聚集,因此施用到细胞的药物剂量减低。
很多抗生素对非生长或静止的细菌仅有弱的作用,评价吩噻嗪鎓化合物灭活稳定期细菌的能力是重要的。在稳定期细胞有较厚的肽聚糖细胞壁,蛋白代谢是不同的,因此对光动力学作用可能是更不敏感的。图6显示了生长稳定期的大肠杆菌用10μM吩噻嗪鎓化合物孵育30分钟并以1.3mW/cm2照明60分钟后的CFU/ml的对数变化。可以看出对稳定期细菌,四-正丙基和四-正丁基衍生物的有效性仅有轻微的减低,并且四-正丁基衍生物仍是最有效的。
细菌的灭活在治疗环境中可能更具有挑战性,因为敏化剂可能优选地和细胞外蛋白结合,而不是和细菌的脂多糖膜结合。这通过将细菌重悬浮在含有和细菌细胞竞争结合光敏剂的多种因子的营养培养基中来试验。图7显示悬浮在营养培养基中的大肠杆菌的CFU/ml的对数变化,可以看出细胞杀死水平几乎没有减低。再次,四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物有最高的抗细菌活性。
图8显示大肠杆菌用10μM吩噻嗪鎓化合物孵育30分钟并以激光(665nm)在0.1W照明仅4分钟后CFU/ml的对数变化。再次,在吩噻嗪衍生物中见到相同的活性模式,证实应用相干激光时存在这些作用。激光光源的潜在优点是增加的光剂量精确性和更短的光照时间。
用激光进行的进一步研究显示对于四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物以0.1W 14分钟照明能获得5.69CFU/ml的对数变化,且20分钟照明后差不多有8.5单位的对数变化,不过CFU数太小使该数字不具统计学上的可靠性。
光敏剂摄入细菌细胞在决定光活性方面显然是重要的。图9显示30分钟孵育后大肠杆菌对10μM吩噻嗪鎓化合物的摄入。细胞在0.1MpH7.0磷酸钾缓冲液中洗两次以去除细胞外的或松散结合的敏化剂。可以看出吩噻嗪鎓化合物的摄取和光毒性有点相关性,因为由细菌细胞最大摄入的是四-正丁基衍生物。不过,在摄取和光活性之间的相关性还远非确切的。例如,对于四-正丁基衍生物,光活性和摄取的比率远大于四-正己基衍生物的。如果光活性仅基于摄取就能解释那么这些比率对于所有的衍生物预期将是相同的。因此,明显地,四-正丁基和四-正丙基衍生物非常高的活性一定是由于一些还不知道的额外因素引起的。
没有显示的数据证明四-正丁基衍生物非常快的被摄入大肠杆菌中;在5分钟和30分钟的孵育时间之间没有摄取差异。不过,在营养培养基存在的情况下,发现该摄取稍慢且在程度上减低了。
图10显示大肠杆菌细胞用10μM四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物孵育然后用0.1M pH7.0磷酸钾缓冲液洗两次以去除可能对光毒性有影响的细胞外的或松散结合的光敏剂后CFU/ml的对数变化。使用激光(665nm)在0.1W照明4分钟。结果显示洗和没洗的细胞在CFU/ml的对数变化上几乎没有差异,表明引起细胞死亡的是紧密结合的光敏剂。目前,光敏剂在细菌细胞中的精确定位还不知道,不过光动力学作用是有效的和不可恢复的。
图11显示与对照相比,不同吩噻嗪鎓化合物对避光培养的大肠杆菌生长的影响数据。37℃避光孵育6小时,测量是依据前面所描述的方法基于550nm表观浊度进行的。与对照相比,所有含有吩噻嗪鎓化合物的培养物显示生长减少,四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物显示对细菌悬液中细胞数量有最大的抑制。应该强调的是此暗抑制比在有光时针对细胞灭活所观察到的低许多个数量级。
进一步的工作仅用四-正丁基衍生物来测定光敏剂加光对细菌生长的影响。图12的这些数据清楚的显示了对于3小时后加光敏剂的生长细菌,在暗处有持续的生长,但是在有光的情况下生长完全消除。这些数据再次表明了这个光敏剂强有力的光杀菌作用。
图13显示铜绿假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)与10μM四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物孵育后的细胞存活百分比。用0.1W激光(665nm)照明。铜绿假单胞杆菌是革兰氏阴性生物体,一般和包括溃疡和烧伤感染在内的许多皮肤疾病有关。该图显示了四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物能非常有效地光动力灭活这个生物体。用0.1W激光(665nm)仅2分钟的照明时间导致99%以上的细胞杀死,当照明时间增加到10分钟引起差不多4logs的细胞杀死。对照研究显示在没有10μM四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物光敏剂的情况下,仅光照不引起细胞数量的减少。
图14显示金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)用10μM四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓孵育后的细胞存活百分比。用0.1W激光(665nm)照明。金黄色葡萄球菌是革兰氏阳性生物体,它不同于革兰氏阴性生物体,因为它有厚的肽聚糖外层,而没有外在脂多糖。该细菌结构与对几乎所有一般使用的抗生素都具耐药性的MRSA(二甲氧基苯青霉素抗性金黄色葡萄球菌)中的结构是一样的。该数据显示仅1分钟光照以后差不多99%的细菌被灭活,10分钟以后有差不多5logs的细胞杀死,表明四-正丁基衍生物对这个革兰氏阳性生物体有非常高的光活性。
检测光敏剂对抗生素耐药形式MRSA是否也有活性是重要的,因为这将有主要的卫生和工业应用。图15显示用0.1W 665nm激光照明和与10μM四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物孵育后MRSA的细胞存活百分率。数据清楚地显示这个光敏剂在杀死MRSA方面的确具高光活性。
吩噻嗪鎓衍生物的抗真菌特性
为了检验四丁基衍生物在光中杀死真菌细胞的能力,光敏剂和白色念球菌细胞一起孵育,并如上所述激光照射培养物。结果如图16所示,显然这个真核生物体也容易被破坏。因此这个光敏剂对于这个引起如鹅口疮等许多常见感染的真菌生物体也具高光活性。
对细菌细胞与哺乳动物组织的选择性
对宿主组织损害最小而又能破坏微生物体这对于治疗目的显然是重要的。通过将四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物溶液施用于实验小鼠的耳朵并照明进行测试,测试条件下所用药物的总剂量差不多是清除细菌或真菌所需剂量的20倍。通过测量耳厚度的任何增加评价对宿主组织可能的影响。这是检测皮肤光动力学反应的标准模型。图17显示了获得的数据,并和PHP静脉内施用的结果相比,PHP是一种和已知的会引起延长的皮肤反应的Photofrin相当的药物。图17清楚地显示,尽管如预期的PHP引起的反应是非常强烈的,但四-正丁基吩噻嗪鎓衍生物几乎不或完全不引起反应,这提示在抗微生物治疗期间不会损害哺乳动物组织。
光漂白
光漂白可以从光敏剂中去除可检测的颜色,使得光敏剂灭活,它是光敏剂对光不稳定和还原或氧化的结果。这样的光漂白可以是优点或缺点,其依赖于潜在的应用。例如,在管和导管的涂层中光漂白是不希望的。实施两组实验;一组以高光剂量(9.0mW/cm2)而一组以低光剂量(1.3mW/cm2)并在有和没有色氨酸情况下如上所述进行。有和没有色氨酸时,低剂量光照的吸收光谱显示对于任何吩噻嗪鎓化合物均没有变化,表明它们在这个剂量下是稳定的。在高光剂量时,对于亚甲蓝观察到了光谱的变化,表明有光漂白。经一小时的照明,最大吸光度下降且波长峰移位。有和没有色氨酸时,这些变化的发生程度相同。但是,在高光剂量时没有一个其它的吩噻嗪鎓化合物显示降解,它们对光漂白保持稳定。
适合于包合在聚合物内或附着于或吸附在聚合物表面的结构I吩噻嗪鎓化合物
(a)包合在聚合物内
实施例
向三乙酸纤维素(0.5g)在二氯甲烷(10cm3)中的澄清溶液中加入敏化剂(I,X=Y=n-Bu)(0.01g),并搅拌混合物直到敏化剂完全溶解。然后溶液浇注在玻璃板上,允许慢慢干燥,产生一个透明的蓝膜。该膜暴露光后显示典型的单态氧产生特性。这样,在含有膜的甲苯中,四苯基环戊二烯酮(特征性的单态氧检测物)的通气红色溶液暴露于40W钨丝灯光后迅速被漂白。在没有膜的情况下,一样的照射时间后,相同的溶液没有漂白。
(b)吸附在聚合物上
根据以下的反应方案制备吩噻嗪鎓化合物Ia和Ib,并分离为暗蓝色固体。通过质谱记述它们的特征。
Ia;R=n-Pr
Ib;R=n-Bu
化合物(Ia和Ib)具有极强碱性,并很容易在稀酸中质子化分别产生(IIa)和(IIb),(IIa)和(IIb)能坚牢地吸附在聚合物表面,如聚酰胺,聚丙烯酸酯,聚酯,聚碳酸酯,聚氨基甲酸酯,并且强烈地抵抗水和溶剂的去除。可替代地,Ia或Ib能直接吸附在酸性表面直接产生它们相应的阳离子盐。
IIa;R=n-Pr
IIb;R=n-Bu
(c)吩噻嗪鎓敏化剂共价附着到聚合物基质上衍生物Ia和Ib
已证实化合物Ia和Ib在各种取代反应中作为亲核体是非常有活性的,这些取代反应能提供将敏化剂单元共价地附着到聚合物上的方法。
这样实施和酸酐的反应,通过以下的反应来例证:
实施例
聚乙烯-接枝-马来酐(1.0g)加热溶解在甲苯(25cm3)中。加入敏化剂Ia(0.20g),并在回流情况下加热反应混合物1小时。混合物倒入甲醇中,再过滤去除沉淀物,用甲醇洗后干燥,产生了敏化剂结合的共聚物,其为暗蓝色粉末(1.1g)。通过将粉末溶解在二氯甲烷中并加入甲醇使之沉淀来证实敏化剂共价附着于聚合物上。在上清液中没有蓝色。
和含有酯基团的聚合物发生相似的亲核取代反应,即:
吩噻嗪鎓衍生物Ia和Ib对于氯三嗪衍生物也是很有活性的,通过如下的步骤可以实施它们和聚合物的连接:
在此,对于聚酰胺聚合物来说,X=-NH-(聚合物)
对于纤维素聚合物来说,X=-O-(聚合物)
备选地,如在下述的反应中,可以用其它反应基替代前面例子中的残基氯。
这里X和Y=-NH-(聚合物)
或X和Y=-O-(聚合物)
或X可以是胺-NHR或-NRR’,且Y=-NH-(聚合物)或-O-(聚合物)
这些不是附着吩噻嗪鎓衍生物到聚合物上的唯一方法,也可以根据本领域技术人员所熟知的现有聚合物-接枝化学应用其它的方法。
实施例
室温下,将碳酸钠(0.20g)和氰脲酰氯(0.30g)加入敏化剂Ia(0.26g)在无水丙酮(170cm3)中的溶液中,搅拌混合物15分钟。将一张透明纤维素膜(2.2g)浸泡在氢氧化钠水溶液(1M;500cm3)中10分钟,然后洗去氢氧化钠。将膜置入敏化剂溶液中,50℃加热搅拌的混合物15分钟。加入水(200ml),混合物60℃加热30分钟。拿出蓝色纤维素膜并用水洗,然后在碳酸钠溶液(6%)中加热以去除任何未固定的染料。在沸腾的碳酸钠溶液或沸腾的甲醇中加热膜,通过没有蓝色被去除来证实与纤维素的共价附着。膜暴光后显示典型的单态氧产生特性,当浸泡在空气饱合的四苯基环戊二烯酮的甲苯溶液中并暴露40W的钨丝灯光后,与不含有膜的相同溶液相比,红色二烯酮更迅速地被漂白。
参考文献
Wainwright M,Phoenix DA,Laycock SL,Wareing DRA,Wright PA.(1998).Photobactericidal activity of phenothiazinium dyes against methicillin-resistantstrains of Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiology Letters 160,177-181.Wagner SJ,Skripchenko A,Robinette D,Foley JW,Cincotta L(1998). Factorsaffecting virus photoinactivation by a series of phenothiazine dyes. Photochemistryand Photobiology 67,343-349.
表2.吩噻嗪类的化学性质和在RIF-1鼠纤维肉瘤细胞中的光毒性、暗毒性、细胞摄取和亚细胞定位。
R | 单态氧产生1 | PDT LD50(μM)2 | 暗:PDT LD50比值2 | PDT LD50时的摄取(nmol/mg蛋白)3 | 最初定位4 | 再定位+光4 | LogP |
甲基乙基丙基丁基戊基己基 | 474240413935 | 543.90.421.10.742.1 | 327197104 | >4.62.90.93.11.61.6 | 溶酶体溶酶体溶酶体溶酶体溶酶体溶酶体 | 核溶酶体线粒体线粒体线粒体线粒体 | -1.0+0.2+1.1+1.1+1.7+1.3 |
1用溶于90%DMF:10%水中的100mg/ml吩噻嗪,红光照明10分钟后1,3-二苯基异苯并呋喃的光-氧化百分数
2细胞用吩噻嗪孵育2小时。为测量光毒性,细胞用3J/cm2(10mW/cm2)白光照射。平行测量暗毒性。24小时后使用MTT法评价细胞的存活。
3用吩噻嗪孵育细胞2小时。细胞用2%SDS溶解,并用荧光测量吩噻嗪水平。
4细胞用PDT LD50浓度的吩噻嗪孵育2小时,630nm光照射前和光照10分钟期间获取荧光图象。
表3人类肿瘤细胞系中吩噻嗪类的光毒性和暗毒性
R | OE331 | SiHa2 | HT13763 | HT294 |
甲基-PDT LD50(μM)-暗:PDT LD50比 | 43.5±1.82.0 | 18.7±1.01.0 | 37.9±10.11.6 | 88.5±6.11.5 |
丙基-PDT LD50(μM)-暗:PDT LD50比 | 0.30±0.0911 | 0.075±0.01580 | 0.20±0.1313 | 0.22±0.0418 |
丁基-PDTLD50(μM)-暗:PDT LD50比 | 0.28±0.0618 | |||
戊基-PDTLD50(μM)-暗:PDT LD50比 | 0.29±0.0611 | 0.75±0.226 | 1.49±0.414 |
1食管腺癌
2宫颈鳞状细胞癌
3膀胱移行细胞癌
4结肠腺癌
细胞与吩噻嗪孵育2小时。为测量光毒性,细胞用3J/cm2(10mW/cm2)665nm光照明。平行测量暗毒性。48小时后使用磺基罗丹明(sulforhodamine)B(SRB)法评价细胞的存活。
Claims (30)
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中反阴离子选自Cl-、Br-、I-、F-、NO3 -、HSO4 -、CH3CO2 -、或二价阴离子即SO4 2-或HPO4 2-、或三价阴离子即PO4 3-当中的任何离子。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中A和B是相同的,而且R1和R2是正丙基、正丁基或正戊基。
4.根据前面任意一项权利要求的化合物,其用于对抗微生物。
5.根据权利要求4的化合物,其用于对抗细菌。
6.根据权利要求4或5的化合物,其用于对抗抗生素耐药细菌。
7.根据权利要求1到3之任意一项的化合物,其用做PDT剂或光诊断剂。
8.根据权利要求1到3之任意一项的化合物,其用做药物。
9.根据权利要求1到3之任意一项的化合物,其作为抗微生物治疗剂用于皮肤和其它局部感染,用于烧伤和其它损伤的消毒,以及用于牙科细菌性疾病的治疗。
10.根据权利要求1到3之任意一项的化合物,其用于治疗癌前状况,癌症,眼科疾病包括黄斑变性,血管问题如心血管疾病,动脉硬化和再狭窄,和自身免疫性疾病如类风湿性关节炎,皮肤疾病如牛皮癣,痤疮和湿疹以及其它良性疾病如子宫内膜异位和月经过多。
11.根据权利要求1到3之任意一项的化合物,其作为光活化的抗微生物剂用于表面和液体的消毒。
12.根据权利要求1到3之任意一项的化合物,其用于光化学的内在化。
13.根据权利要求1到3之任意一项的化合物,其用于光检测和光诊断。
14.前面任意一项权利要求的化合物和聚合物之间形成的缀合物或复合物。
15.权利要求14的缀合物或复合物,其中聚合物包括酐和/或酯基团。
16.权利要求1到13任意一项的化合物和氯三嗪衍生物之间反应形成的化合物。
17.根据权利要求16的化合物,其中氯三嗪衍生物是连接有氯三嗪基团的聚合物。
18.含有权利要求1到17任意一项的化合物、缀合物或复合物和稀释剂或赋形剂的组合物。
19.治疗癌前状况,癌症,眼科疾病包括黄斑变性,血管问题如心血管疾病,动脉硬化和再狭窄,和自身免疫性疾病如类风湿性关节炎,皮肤疾病如牛皮癣,痤疮和湿疹以及其它良性疾病如子宫内膜异位和月经过多的方法,该方法包括对受试者施用治疗有效量的权利要求1到3任意一项的化合物和对所说的受试者进行光照射以活化所说的化合物。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其中施用的所说化合物如权利要求3所定义,其中R1和R2是正丙基,且所说的光照射从给药点开始不超过10分钟给予。
21.根据权利要求20的方法,其中光照射在给药1分钟内给予。
22.根据权利要求20的方法,其中光照射在给药点给予。
23.根据权利要求19的方法,其中施用的化合物如权利要求4所定义,其中R1和R2是正戊基,而且所说的光照射从给药点开始不超过1小时给予。
24.微生物感染、烧伤和其它损伤以及牙科细菌疾病的治疗方法,该方法包括对待治疗区域施用治疗有效量的权利要求1到3任意一项的化合物和对所说的区域进行光照射以活化所说的化合物。
25.根据权利要求24的方法,其中施用的化合物如权利要求5所定义,其中R1和R2是正丁基。
26.消毒表面和液体的方法,包含对所说的表面或液体施用权利要求1到3任意一项的化合物和利用光活化所说化合物。
27.有至少一个表面附着了权利要求1-3任意一项的化合物、缀合物或复合物的物件。
28.根据权利要求27的物件,其中附着是通过共价键或通过分子间相互作用而进行的。
29.根据权利要求27或权利要求28的物件,其是医用装置。
30.根据权利要求27或权利要求28的物件,其用于食品工业。
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN106901871A (zh) * | 2015-12-23 | 2017-06-30 | 爱博诺德(北京)医疗科技有限公司 | 具有一个或多个附加部分的人工晶状体 |
CN108498797A (zh) * | 2017-02-27 | 2018-09-07 | 蒂尔纳米有限公司 | 亚甲蓝复合体及其应用 |
CN108498797B (zh) * | 2017-02-27 | 2021-05-04 | 蒂尔纳米有限公司 | 亚甲蓝复合体及其应用 |
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