CN1449370A - 用于螯合在羰基化工艺中夹带的并且为挥发性的催化剂物质的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于螯合在羰基化工艺中夹带的并且为挥发性的催化剂物质的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1449370A
CN1449370A CN01814573A CN01814573A CN1449370A CN 1449370 A CN1449370 A CN 1449370A CN 01814573 A CN01814573 A CN 01814573A CN 01814573 A CN01814573 A CN 01814573A CN 1449370 A CN1449370 A CN 1449370A
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CN1209334C (zh
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张恒传
V·桑蒂连
M·O·斯凯茨
E·C·西布雷尔
G·P·托伦斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种螯合羰基化反应中挥发性催化剂组分的方法。该方法包括将产品流与具有能有效螯合所述产品流中存在的挥发性催化剂组分的一种乙烯基吡啶树脂或乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂床接触。本发明尤其适用于因挥发性或夹带的催化剂的损失导致反应器内催化剂损耗的那种铱催化的羰基化甲醇的工艺。可通过蒸煮树脂来回收催化剂金属。

Description

用于螯合在羰基化工艺中夹带 的并且为挥发性的催化剂物质的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明一般涉及羰基化方法,更具体涉及螯合羰基化装置中夹带的或挥发性VIII族金属催化剂。
背景技术
羰基化方法是本领域公知的。具有显著商业价值的方法是将甲醇羰基化制备乙酸的方法和将乙酸甲酯羰基化制备乙酸酐的方法。参见AppliedHomogeneous Catalyst With Organometallic Compounds,Cornils et al.,Ed.(Bench Edition)(Wylie Weinheim,Federal Republic of Germany 2000),Chaper 2,Parts 2.1.2和后面的pp.104-137。
为制备乙酸,可选取的一种方法涉及在均相反应介质中使甲醇羰基化,其中将铑用作催化剂。该方法在本领域中一般称为孟山都方法,是在70年代开发的。一种特别优选的方法公开于Smith等人的美国专利5,144,068中。在这种所谓“低水”方法中,将醇如甲醇与一氧化碳在用特定比例的碘盐(特别是碘化锂)与烷基碘化物(如甲基碘)以及乙酸烷基酯(例如乙酸甲酯)稳定的含铑催化剂的液体反应介质中反应。由于在反应介质中存在一定浓度的水,因此该产品是羧酸而非(例如)酸酐。'068专利的反应体系不仅以意想不到的适宜速率提供出奇低水含量的酸产品,而且还显示意想不到的高催化剂稳定性。换言之,该催化剂具有抵抗催化剂从反应介质中沉淀出来的性能。
可选取的羰基化甲醇的另一方法涉及在反应器中使用均相铱催化剂。例如,在Sunley等人的美国专利5,883,295中公开了一种生产乙酸的方法,包括在基本上无金属促进剂和/或离子碘化物助促进剂存在下在装有一种液体反应组合物的羰基化反应器中用一氧化碳羰基化甲醇和/或其活性衍生物。该液体反应组合物包括铱羰基化催化剂、甲基碘助催化剂、水、乙酸和乙酸甲酯,其中在该液体反应组合物中保持:(a)浓度低于5重量%的水;(b)浓度大于12重量%的甲基碘和(c)在羰基化反应器中低于50巴的总压力。同样参见Ditzel等人的美国专利5,877,348和Ditzel等人的美国专利5,877,347。
铱催化的均相体系的一个缺点特别是催化剂趋于形成挥发性物质,这样导致催化剂损失。参见Garland等人的美国5,942,460,第4栏第3行和该行以后的内容以及Morris的美国专利5,932,764第3栏1行和该行以后的内容,其中有如下陈述:
优选为防止铱催化剂和/或可能存在的促进剂的挥发性明显增加,从第二反应段卸出的第二液体组合物中的一氧化碳的量不应降得太低,一般在其中保持至少20vol%的溶解和/或夹带的气体…
正如本领域熟练技术人员应该理解的,改进现有的方法的动机总是存在的,例如对均匀铑体系中的沉淀问题一直有人进行改进,同时也有人不断解决铱体系中的挥发性问题。已提出的并且广泛使用的一种方法是将载体催化剂引入羰基化体系中以避免稳定性/挥发性/和沉淀问题。例如,在Scates等人的美国专利5,466,874中公开了一种可用于甲醇羰基化的聚合物类羰基化催化剂体系,它包括承载铑物质的含吡咯烷酮基团的聚合物载体。参见Scates等人的美国专利5,281,359以及Yoneda等人的美国专利5,334,755和Minami等人的美国专利5,364,963。
因此,Marston等人的美国专利5,155,261公开一种改进的制备乙酸的孟山都型方法,和用于完成该方法的非均相载体催化剂。该方法包括将甲醇与一氧化碳在压力约65至80巴下、在温度170-200℃下在甲基碘和催化剂存在下反应。该催化剂包括具有侧基游离碱、N-氧化物或季吡啶基团的不溶聚合物,而该聚合物承载低于聚合物组分10重量%的铑物质(用金属表示)。
WO 98/57918公开了在一个典型的实施方案中使用乙烯基吡啶承载的VIII族金属催化剂生产乙酸的方法,其中将约9重量%的乙烯基吡啶加入羰基化反应器中。参见实施例1,p.10。
已有人具体提出了用于承载铱催化剂的各种载体。在Ramprasad等人的美国专利5,892,110中公开了通过乙酸甲酯、一氧化碳和氢在升高的温度和压力下在一种烷基卤和非均相双功能催化剂存在下反应生产乙酸酐的方法。该催化剂包括具有季化侧基膦基团的不溶聚合物,其中一些膦基团与VIII族金属阴离子配合物离子键合,其余的膦基团与碘化物键合。该'110专利报道,与以前的方法不同的是,完成该催化反应不需要加速剂(促进剂),并且该产品容易通过过滤与催化剂分离。该催化剂可循环用于连续运行中,而活性不会降低。通常,该催化剂包括一种聚合物,如具有侧基膦基团的聚合物,和VIII族金属如铑或铱。参见2栏,55-60行。还可参见WO9833590和Gray等人的美国专利4,127,506。
本发明使用具有含氮的重复单元的聚合物基体以螯合夹带的或挥发性的催化剂物质。用这种方法,夹带的铑不会在羰基化反应器中"析出"并且可回收挥发性的铱配合物。
发明概述
本发明第一方面提供一种羰基化一种反应物的羰基化方法,其中包括含反应混合物的反应器(该反应混合物包括VIII族金属催化剂组分和烷基卤),该反应器与设计成连续接收反应混合物流并将其分离为产品流和再循环反应混合物流的闪蒸器连接,其中,该方法的改进之处在于通过将产品流与具有能有效螯合产品流中存在的VIII族金属催化剂组分的含氮杂环重复单元的聚合物树脂接触。特别优选的是含吡啶环的树脂和含吡咯烷酮环的树脂。通常使用乙烯基吡啶和乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂,并将这些树脂以交联度至少约20%交联,以使它们不溶于反应介质中。该可羰基化的反应物宜为甲醇或乙酸甲酯,而反应混合物中存在的烷基卤为甲基碘。VIII族催化剂组分一般选自铱,铑,钴,钌或其混合物。本发明特别适用于铱催化的体系。
本发明同样特别适用于从产品流中除去痕量VIII族初始催化剂组分。一般情况下,这样的痕量可为1ppb(十亿分之一)至约150ppm,按VIII族金属含量计。本发明一般宜用于VIII族金属含量自约5ppb至约5ppm(按VIII族金属含量计)的产品流。
本发明另一方面提供了一种羰基化体系,在该体系中,一种反应器与闪蒸器连接,该闪蒸器接着与产品纯化系统连接,其中:
(a)反应器装有反应混合物,该混合物包括VIII族金属催化剂组分和烷基卤化物促进剂组分;
(b)使闪蒸器适应连续接受反应混合物流,并将其分离为液体再循环流和蒸气产品流,其中将所述液体再循环流送回反应器中,而将蒸气产品流供给纯化系统,该蒸气产品流含有夹带的或挥发性的VIII族金属催化剂组分;
(c)在闪蒸器下游进一步提供一种螯合来自产品流的VIII族金属催化剂组分的包括具有含氮杂环重复单元的聚合物基体的装置。
通常,聚合物基体为颗粒或珠粒形式,并且最优选为交联的不溶于反应介质的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮树脂。通常,树脂珠粒处于闪蒸器与纯化系统之间的固定床中,这样颗粒树脂的固定床与蒸汽形式的产品流接触。
在典型的装置中,闪蒸器的设计使向其供给的反应混合物流绝热蒸发,产生蒸汽产品流。这些将在下文中讨论。
本发明再一方面提供了一种通过甲醇羰基化生产乙酸的方法,包括:
(a)将甲醇与一氧化碳在装有均相反应介质的反应器中反应,该均相反应介质包括一种选自可溶形式的铱、铑和其混合物的催化金属组分,还可以包括选自钌、锇、钨、铼、锌、镉、铟、汞和其混合物的非必要的助促进剂,并进一步包括乙酸甲酯、甲基碘和水;
(b)将反应混合物流供给闪蒸器,该闪蒸器的设计使反应混合物流分离为液体再循环流和产品流;
(c)将再循环流再循环入反应器中;
(d)将该产品流与选自乙烯基吡啶树脂和乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂和其混合物的树脂接触,该树脂可有效螯合产品流中存在的催化金属组分;和
(e)纯化产品流。
附图的简要说明
本发明将参考唯一的附图在下面详细描述。该附图为说明可用于本发明的羰基化装置的示意图。
优选实施方案的详细说明
本发明一般涉及使用VIII族金属催化剂组分的羰基化体系。在不希望受任何理论束缚的前提下,据信阴离子金属羰基配合物形式的催化剂组分与通过烷基碘反应在基体上生成的聚合物基体的阳离子位置结合,如此使聚合物基体上的含氮杂环重复单元季铵化。因此,根据本发明,夹带的或挥发性的催化剂物质被固定到树脂上,并可通过消化聚合物,即通过燃烧或任何其它合适方式回收。本发明可通过用一氧化碳在均相催化反应体系中羰基化甲醇、其活性衍生物来理解,其中该均相反应体系包括反应溶剂(通常为乙酸)、甲醇和/或其活性衍生物、可溶性铱催化剂、至少一定浓度的水、以及不可溶的含吡啶或吡咯烷酮环的聚合物,以及非必要成分锇或钌促进剂。使用铱催化剂羰基化甲醇是本领域公知的并描述于如下美国专利中:5,942,460;5,932,764;5,883,295;5,877,348;5,877,347和5,696,284。这些专利公开的内容这里作为参考全部引入本发明中。
合适的甲醇活性衍生物包括乙酸甲酯、二甲基醚和甲基碘。甲醇和其活性衍生物的混合物可在本发明中用作反应剂。优选将甲醇和/或乙酸甲酯用作反应剂。至少一部分甲醇和/或其活性衍生物将通过与乙酸产品或溶剂反应转化并因此以乙酸甲酯形式存在于液体反应组合物中。乙酸甲酯在液体反应组合物中的浓度合适地为约1至70重量%,优选约2至50重量%,最优选约3至35重量%。
水例如可通过甲醇反应剂与乙酸产品之间的酯化反应在液体反应组合物中现场形成。水亦可与液体反应组合物的其它组分一起或分别加入羰基化反应器中。可将水与从反应器卸出的反应组合物的其它组分分离,并可以控制量再循环以保持液体反应组合物中所需的水浓度。水在液体反应混合物中的浓度优选为约0.1至15重量%,更优选约1至15重量%,最优选约1至10重量%。
液体羰基化反应组合物中的铱催化剂可包括溶于液体反应组合物中的任何含铱化合物。铱催化剂可以溶于液体组合物或可转化为可溶形式的任何合适形式加入用于羰基化反应的液体反应组合物中。可加入液体反应组合物中的适用的含铱化合物的例子包括IrCl3、IrI3、IrBr3、[Ir(CO)2I]2、[Ir(CO)2Cl]2、[Ir(CO)2Br]2、[Ir(CO)2I2]-H+、[Ir(CO)2Br2]-H+、[Ir(CO)2I4]-H+、[Ir(CH3)I3(CO2)-H+、Ir4(CO)12、IrCl3.3H2O、IrBr3.3H2O、Ir4(CO)12、铱金属、Ir2O3、Ir(acac)(CO)2、Ir(acac)3、乙酸铱、[Ir3O(OAc)6(H2O)3][OAc]、和六氯铱酸[H2IrCl6](其中“acac”代表乙酰乙酸盐)。更优选使用铱的无氯配合物如乙酸盐、草酸盐和乙酰乙酸盐。
铱催化剂在液体反应组合物中的浓度为约100至6000ppm,按铱的重量计。
促进剂和助促进剂可用作本发明的催化剂体系的一部分,如欧洲专利公开EP 0 849 248中描述的,其公开的内容这里作为参考并入本文。合适的促进剂选自钌、锇、钨、铼、锌、镉、铟、镓和汞,更优选选自钌和锇。钌是最优选的促进剂。促进剂为有效量至其在液体反应组合物或自乙酸回收阶段再循环入羰基化反应器中的任何液体工艺流中的溶解度极限。促进剂宜以促进剂与铱的摩尔比约[0.5至15]∶1、优选约[2至10]∶1更优选约[2至7.5]∶1存在于液体反应组合物中。合适的促进剂浓度为400至5000ppm。
促进剂可包括可溶于液体反应组合物中的任何合适的含促进剂金属的化合物。促进剂可以以溶于液体组合物或可转化为可溶形式的任何合适形式加入用于羰基化反应的液体反应组合物中。可用作促进剂源的适用的含钌化合物的例子包括氯化钌(III)、三水合氯化钌(III)、氯化钌(IV)、溴化钌(III)、钌金属、氧化钌、甲酸钌(III)、[Ru(CO)3I3]-H+、[Ru(CO)2I2]n、[Ru(CO)4I2]、[Ru(CO)3I2]2、四(乙酰)氯化钌(II,III)、乙酸钌(III)、丙酸钌(III)、丁酸钌(III)、五羰基钌、十二羰基三钌和混合卤代羰基钌如二氯三羰基钌(II)二聚体、二溴三羰基钌(II)二聚体、和其它有机钌配合物如四氯双(4-对异丙基甲苯)二钌(II),四氯双(苯)二钌(II)、二氯(环辛-1,5二烯)钌(II)聚合物和三(乙酰丙酮)钌(III)。
可用作促进剂源的合适的含锇化合物的例子包括水合和无水氯化锇(III)、锇金属、四氧化锇、十二羰基三锇、[Os(CO)4I2]、[Os(CO)3I2]2、[Os(CO)3I3]-H+、五氯-μ-硝基二锇和混合卤代羰基锇如三羰基二氯锇(II)二聚体和其它有机锇配合物。
可用作促进剂源的合适的含钨化合物的例子包括W(CO)6、WCl4、WCl6、WBr6、WI2、或C9H12W(CO)3和任何钨的氯-、溴-或碘-羰基化合物。
可用作促进剂源的合适含铼化合物的例子包括Re2(CO)10、Re(CO)5Cl、Re(CO)5Br、Re(CO)I、ReCl3xH2O、[Re(CO)4I]2、Re(CO)4I2]-H+和ReCl5-yH2O。
可使用的合适的含镉化合物的例子包括Cd(OAc)2、Cdl2、CdBr2、CdCl2、Cd(OH)2和乙酰丙酮镉。
可用作促进剂源的合适的含汞化合物包括Hg(OAc)2、HgI2、HgBr2、HgCl2、Hg2I2和Hg2Cl2
可用作促进剂源的合适的含锌化合物包括Zn(OAc)2、Zn(OH)2、ZnI2、ZnBr2、ZnCl2和乙酰丙酮锌。
可用作促进剂源的合适的含镓化合物包括乙酰丙酮镓、乙酸镓、GaCl3、GaBr3、GaI3、Ga2Cl4和Ga(OH)3
可用作促进剂源的合适的含铟化合物包括乙酰丙酮铟、乙酸铟、InCl3、InBr3、InI3、InI和In(OH)3。
甲基碘在液体反应组合物中的浓度优选为约1至50重量%,优选约2至30重量%。
一氧化碳反应物可为基本上纯的或可含有惰性不纯物如二氧化碳、甲烷、氮气、惰性气体、水和C1至C4石蜡烃。优选使在一氧化碳中存在的和通过水气转移反应现场生成的氢气保持低水平,例如低于1巴分压,因为其存在可导致形成氢化产品。一氧化碳在反应中的分压宜为约1至70巴℃,优选约1至35巴,更优选约1至15巴。
羰基化反应的压力宜为10至200巴,优选约10至100巴,更优选约15至50巴。羰基化反应的温度宜为约100至300℃,优选约150至220℃。
一般将乙酸用作反应的溶剂。
本文中使用的术语“含吡啶环的聚合物”、“吡啶聚合物”等用于指含有取代或未取代吡啶环或含取代或未取代吡啶的多核环如喹啉环的聚合物。取代基包括对甲醇羰基化惰性的那些基团,如烷基和烷氧基。含吡啶环的不溶聚合物的典型例子包括通过乙烯基吡啶与二乙烯基单体反应或通过乙烯基吡啶与含二乙烯基单体的乙烯基单体反应获得的那些,如4-乙烯基吡啶与二乙烯基苯的共聚物,2-乙烯基吡啶与二乙烯基苯的共聚物,苯乙烯、乙烯基苯与二乙烯基苯的共聚物,乙烯基甲基吡啶与二乙烯基苯的共聚物,和乙烯基吡啶、丙烯酸甲酯与二丙烯酸乙酯的共聚物。特别优选的共聚物描述于Yoneda等人的美国专利5,334,755中,其公开的内容这里作为参考并入本文。聚合物中相当高的交联度是最优选的。
本文使用的术语“含吡咯烷酮的聚合物”、吡咯烷酮聚合物等用于指含取代或未取代吡咯烷酮环的聚合物。取代基可包括对甲醇羰基化介质惰性的那些基团,如烷基或烷氧基。含吡咯烷酮环的不溶聚合物的典型例子包括通过乙烯基吡咯烷酮与含二乙烯基单体的乙烯基单体反应获得的那些,如乙烯基吡咯烷酮与二乙烯基苯的共聚物。吡咯烷酮聚合物描述于Scates等人的美国专利5,466,874以及美国专利5,286,826、4,786,699和4,139,688中,其公开的内容这里作为参考并入本文。优选的吡咯烷酮聚合物基体可以商品名Reillex购自印第安纳州Indianapolis的Reilley Tarand Chemical Corporation。
上述含氮杂环的聚合物应以至少10%,优选至少约15%或20%至高达约75%交联。交联度低于10%是不利的,因为在使用期间聚合物的机械强度会降低。随着交联度增加,聚合物表面的可利用性被不适当地限制。因此,优选的最大交联度为50或60%。这里使用的术语“交联度”用于指例如二乙烯基单体的含量重量%。
吡啶或吡咯烷酮的不溶聚合物可以是上述游离碱或N-氧化物或季盐形式。含吡啶或吡咯烷酮环的不溶聚合物优选为具有粒径约0.01-2mm,优选约0.1-1mm,更优选约0.25-0.7mm的珠粒或颗粒形式,更优选球形。市购的含吡啶聚合物如Reillex-425(Reilly Tar and ChemicalCorporation的产品)以及KEX-316,KeX-501和KEX-212(KoeiChemical Co.,Ltd.的产品)可适用于本发明。如上所述,吡咯烷酮还可购自Reilly Tar,并且优选交联度至少约10%。
本发明通过参考图1(其为说明典型的羰基化系统的示意图)更易于理解。图1给出包括设置有排气口14的反应器12的羰基化系统10。反应器12通过导管18与闪蒸器16连接。闪蒸器接着与一般包括轻馏分塔20、脱水塔22和重馏分塔24的纯化段198连接。根据本发明,在30处按所示设置颗粒形式的吡咯烷酮或吡啶树脂固定床。固定床30可有效螯合通过蒸汽或产品流导出闪蒸器的夹带或挥发性催化剂物质,如挥发性铱。
乙酸在温度约150-200℃和压力约30至约60巴下在液相反应中制备。将一氧化碳和甲醇在充分混合下在高一氧化碳分压下连续加入反应器12中。将不能冷凝的副产品从反应器中排除以保持最佳一氧化碳分压。处理反应器的排空气体以回收反应器可冷凝物,如甲基碘。甲醇和一氧化碳的效率分别大于约98和90%。正如可从Smith等人的上述专利中的理解的,该方法的主要效率低的因素是通过水气转移反应而同时产生二氧化碳和氢气。
来自反应器的反应混合物流通过导管18连续加入闪蒸器16中。在绝热一步反应中,产品乙酸和大部分轻馏分(甲基碘、乙酸甲酯、水)经闪蒸器与反应器催化剂溶液分离并与溶解的气体一起导入蒸馏或纯化段。催化剂溶液借助导管32再循环入反应器中。在闪蒸器的工艺条件下,催化剂在低一氧化碳分压下在闪蒸容器中容易失活并可能被夹带入纯化系统19中。
乙酸纯化一般要求在三塔法中蒸馏。将来自闪蒸器塔顶的蒸气产品首先通入吡咯烷酮、吡啶或其它含氮树脂的固定床30,以在加入轻馏分塔之前除去存在的夹带或挥发性VIII族金属催化剂物质。甲基碘、乙酸甲酯和部分水在轻馏分塔的塔顶冷凝形成两相(有机相和水相)。将这两个塔顶相通过再循环管线34送回反应段。来自轻馏分塔的溶解气体经蒸馏段放空。在该放空的流骤燃之前,将残余轻馏分洗涤并再循环入工艺中。将自轻馏分塔侧抽取的乙酸水溶液加入脱水塔22中。将来自该塔的水和一些乙酸分离并通过再循环管线34再循环入反应体系中,如图所示。干燥的粗乙酸为来自该塔的残余流体,将其加入重馏分塔24中。产品乙酸以从重馏分塔侧抽取的蒸汽形式产出,如图所示。将主要为丙酸的高沸点乙酸副产品混合物以塔底物形式从塔中排出。
还可以选择设置用于控制产品的碘化物,特别是烷基碘化物含量的另一固定床36。一种类型的固定床可为例如Filler等人在欧洲专利公开EP 0685 445中公开的乙烯基吡啶固定床;然而,除去碘化物的特别优选的方法涉及使用大网状银交换强酸离子交换树脂,如在Hilton的美国专利4,615,806中描述的。
例如已在Scates的美国专利5,466,874中所说明的,乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂可与铑催化剂组分结合;然而,乙烯基吡啶树脂同样结合铑催化剂组分,如在Marston等人的美国专利5,155,261中描述的。该'874和'261专利这里作为参考并入本文。为确定铱和钌催化剂是否与这些树脂结合,以及这些树脂是否可用作螯合挥发性或夹带VIII族金属催化剂组分的工具,进行了如下试验。一般步骤
在300cc Hostalloy B间歇高压釜(Autoclave Engineering)中进行一系列试验。各试验持续约30分钟,并在反应器温度约195℃和一氧化碳压力约400 psig下进行。下面描述用于表1中所有试验的步骤。
将反应剂称量并加入反应器中。在该反应器中,溶液由水(3.8g)、冰醋酸(60.4g)、水合氧化铱(IV)(3000ppm,0.6g,)(PPG Industries)、乙酸甲酯(33.7g)(Aldrich)(与甲醇和乙酸形成平衡)和甲基碘(20.4g)(Fisher)组成。将该反应器用50psig一氧化碳净化数次。确保反应器无渗漏后,将该反应器加压至270psig并加热至195℃。将反应器的温度保持在195℃下,温度变化低于1℃。温度通过使用电加热器并实现通过冷却水进一步调节来保持。随着温度升高,通过自贮罐加入一氧化碳将反应器压力升至400psig。当反应器溶液达到目标条件时,开启搅拌器,转速800rpm。按照保持400psig的压力要求,将来自贮罐的一氧化碳加入反应器中,以响应压力需求。记录此时间作为零时刻。每分钟记录从贮罐中吸入的一氧化碳、反应器温度和反应器压力。当一氧化碳吸入停止时,试验完成并使溶液冷却至室温。
气体吸入速率通过绘制消耗的一氧化碳与时间函数图测量。然后用该吸入气体速率计算羰基化速率,单位:每升冷脱气反应器液体每小时消耗的反应剂的摩尔数表示(mol/l/hr),作为对于特定反应器组合物的空时收率(STY)。
实施例比较例A
按照上述工艺,但不加入含氮杂环的聚合物。结果在表1中给出。
实施例1
按照上面的工艺,其中加入1.3g 25%交联聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)("PVP-I")(Aldrich,Reilly),约1%。计算羰基化速率,基于与比较例A相同的基础为约43STY。完成此试验后,将聚合物蒸煮并分析铱金属,以测定加入的已与聚合物固定的铱的量。本实施例与实施例2-8的结果一起也在表1中给出。
实施例2-8
按照实施例1的步骤,用不同量的聚(乙烯基吡啶)进行一系列试验。聚乙烯吡啶由Aldrich或Reilly Industries(Indianapolis.Ind.)提供。反应器组合物和固定铱的结果在表1中给出。
可以看出,当树脂与VIII族金属催化剂的比例相当高时获得螯合催化剂的最佳结果,如本发明产品流中设置的固定床的情况。表1聚合物的效果,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对3000ppm铱
1PVP-I(重量%) STY(mole/L-Hr) 2在PVP-I中的Ir(%Ir)
    A     0.0%     31     0%
1     1.00% 43 10%
    2     0.05%     37     3%
3     0.10% 43 4%
4     0.40% 47 7%
5     0.50% 43 8%
6     0.70% 36 8%
    7     2.5%     20     33%
    8     4.00%     11     97%
1反应器中聚乙烯吡啶(PVP-I)的量重量%。实验在195℃;400psia下进行。反应器所加材料包括约3.0%H2O、27%MeOAc、20%MeI和3000ppm Ir。2所列的在聚合物中的Ir为Ir的%。将样品在酸中蒸煮并分析金属。%Ir={(Ir的初始量)-(聚合物中固定的Ir)}/(Ir的初始量)。
实施例9-14
按照上述一般工艺,将交联的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮树脂与下表II中给出的各种组分一起加入高压釜中。表II用Ir-或Ir/Ru-催化剂和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮羰基化的STY
 实施例   PVP-o   Ir    Ru 固定的Ir* 固定的Ru   STY(mol/L-hr)
    9     4  1000    0    1000     0     0
    10     4  2000    0    1970     0     0
    11     4  6000    0    5900     0     0
    12     0.4  6000    7000    2750     1000     53
    13     4  6000    6000    5900     5500     14
    14     4  2000    2000    2050     2000     3
*反应后,将聚合物过滤,蒸煮并分析聚合物中的Ir和/或Ru的量。固定的ppm是指反应器中初始存在的ppm。
本发明已参考各种实施方案详细说明和描述。在本发明范围内对具体实施方案的变动是本领域熟练技术人员显而易见的。例如,铑助催化剂可与铱一起使用或铑可用作唯一催化剂金属。这些变动在所附权利要求给出本发明精神和范围内。

Claims (21)

1.一种使可羰基化反应物羰基化的方法,其包括含反应混合物的反应器,该反应混合物包括VIII族金属催化剂组分和烷基卤促进剂组分,该反应器与设计成连续接收反应混合物流并将其分离为产品流和再循环反应混合物流的闪蒸器连接,其特征包括将所述产品流与具有能有效螯合所述产品流中存在的所述VIII族金属催化剂组分的含氮杂环重复单元的聚合物树脂接触。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述树脂选自含吡啶环的树脂和含吡咯烷酮环的树脂。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其中所述树脂为乙烯基吡啶树脂。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中所述树脂为交联度至少为约10%的交联乙烯基吡啶树脂。
5.根据权利要求2的方法,其中所述树脂为聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述树脂为交联度至少为约10%的乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述烷基卤化物为甲基碘。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述VIII族金属催化剂组分包括铱、铑、钴、钌或其混合物。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中所述VIII族金属催化剂组分包括铑。
10.根据权利要求8的方法,其中所述VIII族金属催化剂组分包括铱。
11.一种用于羰基化可羰基化反应物的羰基化体系,包括一种与闪蒸器连接的反应器,该闪蒸器接着与产品纯化系统连接,其中:
(a)所述反应器装有反应混合物,该混合物包括在烷基卤化物促进剂组分中的VIII族金属催化剂;
(b)使所述闪蒸器适应连续接受反应混合物流,并将其分离为液体再循环流和蒸气产品流,其中将所述液体再循环流送回所述反应器中,而将所述蒸气产品流供给所述纯化系统,所述蒸气产品流包括夹带的或挥发性的VIII族金属催化剂组分;
(c)在所述闪蒸器下游进一步设置一种用于螯合来自所述产品流中的VIII族金属催化剂组分的包括具有含氮杂环重复单元的聚合物基体的装置。
12.根据权利要求11的系统,其中所述聚合物基体选自交联的乙烯基吡啶树脂和交联的乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂。
13.根据权利要求12的系统,其中所述树脂为颗粒状交联乙烯基吡啶树脂。
14.根据权利要求12的系统,其中所述树脂为颗粒状交联乙烯基吡咯烷酮树脂。
15.根据权利要求12的系统,其中所述螯合所述VIII族金属催化剂组分的装置处于所述闪蒸器与所述纯化系统之间的所述蒸气产品流中,并包括颗粒树脂的固定床。
16.根据权利要求15的系统,其中设置所述闪蒸器以绝热蒸发所述反应混合物流,由此生产所述蒸气产品流。
17.根据权利要求12的系统,其中所述可羰基化的反应物包括甲醇。
18.根据权利要求17的系统,其中所述烷基卤化物促进剂包括甲基碘。
19.根据权利要求12的系统,其中所述可羰基化的反应物包括乙酸甲酯。
20.根据权利要求19的系统,其中所述烷基卤化物促进剂包括甲基碘。
21.一种通过甲醇羰基化生产乙酸的方法,包括:
(a)将甲醇与一氧化碳在装有均相反应介质的反应器中反应,该均相反应介质包括一种选自
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