CN1444472A - 质粒dna(lipogenestm)和含细胞核定位信号/促融合肽缀合物的治疗剂包封到定向脂质体复合体中 - Google Patents
质粒dna(lipogenestm)和含细胞核定位信号/促融合肽缀合物的治疗剂包封到定向脂质体复合体中 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1444472A CN1444472A CN01813308A CN01813308A CN1444472A CN 1444472 A CN1444472 A CN 1444472A CN 01813308 A CN01813308 A CN 01813308A CN 01813308 A CN01813308 A CN 01813308A CN 1444472 A CN1444472 A CN 1444472A
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Abstract
公开了一种将质粒,寡核苷酸或负电荷药物包封到其内和外膜双层之间具有不同脂质成分且在静脉内注射给动物和人后能够到达原发肿瘤及其转移灶的脂质体中的方法。配制方法包括含阳离子脂质分子的DNA与由大约10-20个氨基酸的疏水链组成的和在其一个末端也包括四个或更多组氨酸残基或NLS的促融合/NLS肽缀合物之间形成复合体。包封的分子在根除各种固体人类肿瘤中显示治疗功效,包括但不限于乳腺癌和前列腺癌。质粒,寡核苷酸或负电荷药物与其它抗肿瘤药物(正电荷顺铂,阿霉素)组合包封入脂质体中具有治疗价值。在癌症根除中也具有治疗价值的是包封的质粒,寡核苷酸或负电荷药物与HSV-tk加包封的9-[1,3-二羟-2-丙氧甲基]鸟嘌呤的组合。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2000年6月9日申请的35 U.S.C.119(e)的美国临时申请系列号60/210,925的优先权。该申请的内容这里引入本发明公开内容中作为参考。
发明领域
本发明涉及基因治疗领域,特别涉及制备适合将多核苷酸传递给受治疗者的肽-脂质-多核苷酸复合体的方法。如此产生的肽-脂质-多核苷酸复合体可有效抑制患者肿瘤疾病的进展。
发明背景
贯穿该申请中,各种出版物、专利和公开的专利说明书以作者和日期或以专利识别号引入。就在权利要求之前提供了出版物的全部著书目录的引文。这些出版物、专利和公开的专利说明书的公开内容这里作为参考文献引入本发明公开内容中以更充分描述本发明所属领域的状态。
基因治疗是生物医学研究最近形成的领域,该领域极其有望治疗急性和慢性疾病并有潜力给分子医学带来革命性的时代。然而,尽管已做了大量临床前和临床研究,常规使用基因治疗来治疗人类疾病尚不成熟。仍存在对基因治疗重要的未满足的需求,这就是创建有效导向受治疗者中感兴趣的特定细胞,同时控制有害副作用的基因传递系统。
基因治疗旨在将治疗上重要的基因导入患者的体细胞。在临床实验中对基因传递治疗已经显示出顺应性的疾病包括,癌症(黑素瘤,乳腺癌,淋巴瘤,头部和颈部癌,卵巢癌,结肠癌,前列腺癌,脑癌,慢性髓细胞白血病,非小细胞肺癌,肺腺癌,结肠直肠癌,成神经细胞瘤,神经胶质瘤,成胶质细胞瘤,星形细胞瘤和其它癌症),AIDS,囊性纤维化,腺苷脱氨酶缺乏,心血管疾病(再狭窄,家族性高胆固醇血症,外周动脉疾病),戈谢病,α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏,类风湿性关节炎和其它疾病。期望成为临床试验对象的人类疾病包括血友病A和B,帕金森氏病,眼病,着色性干皮病,高血压,肥胖。ADA缺乏是1990年Kenneth Culver进行的第一次人类“基因传递”实验成功治疗的疾病。参见Culver,K.W.(1996)in:Gene Therapy:A Primer forPhysicians,Second Ed.,Mary Ann Liebert,Inc.Publ,New York,pp.1-198。
基因治疗的主要目的是修复或取代突变的基因,调节基因表达和信号传导,操纵免疫系统,或导向恶性和其它细胞进行破坏。参见Anderson,W.F.(1992)Science 256:808-813;Lasic,D.(1997)in:Liposomes in Gene Delivery,CRC Press,pp.1-295;Boulikas,T.(1998)Gene Ther.Mol.Biol.1:1-172;Martin,F.和Boulikas,T.(1998)Gene Ther.Mol.Biol.1:173-214;Ross,G.等人(1996)人.Gene Ther.7:1781-1790。
人类癌症是有效基因治疗方法将为之提供特别有效临床益处的特殊疾病情况。基因治疗治疗这种疾病的概念包括刺激免疫反应以及操纵影响恶性表型的各种可替换细胞功能。尽管很多人类肿瘤无免疫原性或免疫原性弱,但是非体内用细胞因子基因GM-CSF,IL-12,IL-2,IL-4,IL-7,IFN-γ和TNF-α转导患者细胞,随后给患者细胞接种疫苗(如真皮内)以加强T淋巴细胞介导的抗肿瘤作用(癌症免疫治疗)可加强和指派免疫系统消灭癌细胞。用编码肿瘤抗原基因进行DNA疫苗接种和用合成肿瘤肽疫苗进行免疫治疗是目前正在测试的进一步发展。在人类临床实验中用于癌症基因治疗的基因包括大量肿瘤抑制基因(p53,RB,BRCA1,ElA),反义癌基因(反义c-fos,c-myc,K-ras),和自杀基因(HSV-tk,与9-[1,3-二羟-2-丙氧甲基]鸟嘌呤组合,胞嘧啶脱氨酶与5-氟胞嘧啶组合)。已经建议用于癌症基因治疗的其它重要基因包括bcl-2,MDR-1,p21,p16,bax,bcl-xs,E2F,IGF-I,VEGF,制管张素,CFTR,LDL-R,TGF-β和leptin。妨碍这些基因治疗成功实施的一个主要障碍是有效传递有效剂量多核苷酸到达肿瘤部位的困难。因此,转染能力增强的基因传递系统将非常有利。
已经提出了大量不同的载体技术和基因传递方法并测试了体内传递基因,包括病毒载体和各种核酸包封技术。可供选择的用于基因的病毒传递载体包括小鼠逆转录病毒,重组腺病毒载体,腺伴随病毒,HSV,EBV,HIV载体和杆状病毒。非病毒基因传递方法使用阳离子或中性脂质体,直接注射质粒DNA和聚合物。已经测试了增强基因传递效率的各种策略,如促融合肽与脂质体或聚合物组合来增加质粒DNA从核内体释放。
已经发现每种基因传递技术都拥有不同的优势和弱点。重组逆转录病毒稳定整合到染色体中,但需要宿主DNA合成来插入。腺病毒可感染不分裂细胞,但引起消除治疗性转导细胞的免疫反应。腺伴随病毒(AAV)是非致病性的且不引起免疫反应,但是需要新的生产策略来得到用于临床前和临床研究的高AAV滴度。野生型AAVs整合到染色体19中,而重组AAVs丧失了位点特异性整合并且也可以持续作为游离体。
单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)载体可感染不复制细胞,如神经元细胞,并且对外源DNA具有高负载能力,但引起细胞毒性作用。看来每种传递系统都将不依赖其它系统而发展且每种传递系统都将表明对于某些应用的优势和弱点。目前,逆转录病毒最普遍用于人临床试验,其后是腺病毒,阳离子脂质和AAV。
由于完善基因治疗技术的挑战已经变得很明显,已经建议用各种另外的传递系统来绕开用标准技术观察到的困难。例如,使用移植给患者组织的聚合物包封的同种或同种异体细胞的基于细胞的基因传递可用于分泌治疗蛋白。此方法正在使用睫状神经营养因子基因对肌萎缩性侧索硬化的试验中进行检测,并可以延及到因子VIII和IX对血友病,白介素基因、分泌多巴胺的细胞治疗帕金森氏病,神经营养因子对早老性痴呆和其它疾病的作用。发展中的其它技术包括,含Cre-LoxP重组酶系统的载体清除转染细胞中不期望的病毒DNA序列,使用组织特异性启动子在特定细胞类型中表达基因,或使用识别细胞表面分子的配体指导基因载体到达特定细胞类型中。
已建议用于提高基因治疗技术功效的另外方法包括设计爆炸肿瘤细胞的p53“基因炸弹”,开发HIV-1病毒改造基因传递载体,与聚合物或阳离子脂质的病毒联合改善基因传递,细胞核定位信号肽与寡核苷酸连接指导基因到达核中,分子转换系统的发展允许基因随意开启或关闭。然而,由于广泛的疾病情况需要基因治疗,以及发展这种疾病的治疗方法的复杂性,仍需要进行基因治疗的改进技术。本发明提供了解决这些问题的方法和组合物。
发明公开内容
公开了一种将DNA和负电荷药物包封到其内和外膜双层具有不同脂质成分的脂质体中的方法。该脂质体在静脉内注射给动物和人后能够到达原发肿瘤及其转移灶。该方法包括DNA与在10-90%乙醇中阳离子脂质和肽分子摩尔比例接近中和比例的混合物之间形成微胶粒;阳离子肽指定细胞核定位并具有赋予膜融合而改善复合体通过细胞膜的入口的疏水部分。以其阳离子部分插入的这些肽指向凝聚的DNA,它们的疏水链与脂质的疏水链一起埋在微胶粒膜单层中。DNA/脂质/肽微胶粒转变成脂质体是通过与预先制备的脂质体或脂质混合,随后用水溶液稀释和透析以去除乙醇并允许脂质体形成和通过膜挤出得到高产量的直径低于160nm的包入和包封DNA。包封的DNA对消灭各种人实体肿瘤有高的治疗功效,包括但不限于乳腺癌和前列腺癌。质粒是用携带抗癌基因的DNA构建的,包括但不限于p53,RB,BRCA1,E1A,bcl-2,MDR-1,p21,p16,bax,bcl-xs,E2F,IGF-I VEGF,制管张素,制瘤素,内皮他丁,GM-CSF,IL-12,IL-2,IL-4,IL-7,IFN-γ,TNF-α,HSV-tk(与9-[1,3-二羟-2-丙氧甲基]鸟嘌呤组合),大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶(与5-氟胞嘧啶组合)并与包封的顺铂或与类似的全身传递的抗肿瘤药物组合抑制癌症。
附图简述
图1阐明了导向癌的脂质体复合体的结构。
图2阐明了质粒DNA与各种活性剂以及阳离子脂质的各种制剂凝聚,转染K562人红白血病细胞培养物后,对β-半乳糖苷酶报道基因表达水平的影响的结果。
图3阐明了SCID小鼠中的肿瘤寻靶。图3A显示了X-Gal染色前和后具有大和小的人乳房肿瘤的SCID小鼠,检测传递基因的表达。两个肿瘤都变为深蓝色。蓝色的强度与β半乳糖苷酶基因的表达成比例。
图3B显示了在初次染色的小肿瘤中,注射区的皮肤和肠道是首先变蓝的器官。图3C是动物背部的视图。在去除皮肤(顶部)后,两个肿瘤清晰可见。小肿瘤染成深色和大肿瘤染成浅蓝色在染色初期很明显(底部)。图3D是动物前面的视图。去除皮肤后,两个肿瘤清晰可见。在底部的图中,两个肿瘤染成深色在染色后期很明显。
图3E显示了染色后期两个肿瘤染成深色的正面(顶部)和背面(底部)高放大视图。也可见到小肿瘤周围的血管系统染色(底部)。
表格简述
表1是能够形成微胶粒的分子列表。
表2列出了几种促融合肽并描述了它们的性能,连同参考文献。
表3列出了简单的细胞核定位信号(NLS)肽。
表4显示了“二分”或“分开”NLS肽。
表5列出了缺乏精氨酸/赖氨酸簇的“非正NLS”肽。
表6列出了具有核仁定位信号(NoLS)的肽。
表7列出了在无膜蛋白激酶上具有亲核簇的肽。
表8列出了DNA修复蛋白上的细胞核定位信号肽。
表9列出了转录因子中的NLS肽。
表10列出了其它核蛋白中的NLS肽。
发明实施方式
定义
除非另外指出,本发明的实施将利用常规的免疫学、分子生物学、微生物学、细胞生物学和重组DNA技术。这些方法在下列出版物中描述。如参见Sambrook,等人MOLECULAR CLONING:A LABORATORYMANUAL,2nd Edition(1989);CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULARBIOLOGY,F.M.Ausubel,等人eds.,(1987);the series METHODSIN ENZYMOLOGY(Academic Press,Inc.);PCR:A PRACTICAL APPROACH,M.MacPherson,等人,IRL Press at Oxford University Press(1991);PCR 2:A PRACTICAL APPROACH,MacPherson等人,eds.(1995);ANTIBODIES,A LABORATORY MANUAL,Harlow和Lane,eds.(1988);和ANIMAL CELL CULTURE,R.I.Freshney,ed.(1987)。
如说明书和权利要求中使用的,单数形式“一个”和“该”包括复数引用,除非上下文清楚地另外指出。例如,术语“一个细胞”包括大量细胞,包括其混合物。
术语“包括”意在指包括引用的元件的组合物和方法,但不排除其它。“主要由……组成”当用于限定组合物和方法时,应该是指排除对组合有任何主要重要性的其它元件。因此,这里定义的主要由元件组成的组合物将不排除来自分离和纯化方法的微量污染物和药物可接受载体,如磷酸盐缓冲盐水、防腐剂等等。“由……组成”应该是指排除更多其它成分的微量元件和给予本发明组合物的基本方法步骤。这些转换术语中每一个限定的实施方案都在本发明的范围内。
术语“多核苷酸”和“核酸分子”可互换使用,指的是聚合形式的任何长度的核苷酸。多核苷酸可以含有脱氧核糖核酸、核糖核酸和/或其类似物。核苷酸可以具有任何三维结构,并可以执行任何功能,已知的或未知的。术语“多核苷酸”包括,例如,单、双链和三螺旋分子,基因或基因片段,外显子,内含子,mRNA,tRNA,rRNA,核酶,cDNA,重组多核苷酸,支链多核苷酸,质粒,载体,任何序列的分离DNA,任何序列的分离RNA,核酸探针和引物。核酸分子也可以包括修饰的核酸分子。
“基因”是指含有至少一个可读框的,转录和翻译后能够编码特定多肽或蛋白的多核苷酸。
“基因产物”是指当基因转录和翻译时产生的氨基酸(如肽或多肽)。
这里使用下列缩写:DDAB:二甲基双十八烷基溴化铵(同N,N-二硬脂基-N,N-二甲基溴化铵);DODAC:N,N-二油基-N,N-二甲基氯化铵;DODAP:1,2-二油酰基-3-二甲基铵丙烷;DMRIE:N-[1-(2,3-二肉豆蔻氧基)丙基]-N,N-二甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)溴化铵;DMTAP:1,2-二肉豆蔻酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DOGS:双十八烷基氨基甘氨酰精胺;DOTAP(同DOTMA):N-(1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基)-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵;DOSPA:N-(1-(2,3-二油基氧基)丙基)-N-(2-(精胺甲酰氨基)乙基)-N,N-二甲基三氟醋酸铵;DPTAP:1,2-二棕榈酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DSTAP:1,2-二硬脂酰基-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DOPE,1,2-sn-二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺;DC-Chol,3β-(N-(N’,N’-二甲基氨基乙烷)甲氨酰)胆固醇。参见Gao等人,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm.179:280-285(1991)。
这里使用的术语“药物可接受阴离子”是指在药物制剂中提供无毒盐的有机和无机酸的阴离子。这种阴离子的实例包括卤化物阴离子、氯化物、溴化物和碘化物的阴离子,无机阴离子如硫酸根、磷酸根和硝酸根,和有机阴离子。有机阴离子可以来自简单的有机酸,如乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、丙酮酸、草酸、苹果酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、延胡索酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸、杏仁酸、甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、对-甲苯磺酸等等。药物可接受盐的制备在Berge,等人,J.Pharm.Sci.66:1-19(1977)中描述,这里引入作为参考。
生理可接受载体、赋形剂或稳定剂是在使用的剂量和浓度下对接受者无毒的,包括缓冲液如磷酸、柠檬酸和其它有机酸;抗氧化剂包括抗坏血酸;低分子量(小于大约10个残基)多肽;蛋白,如血清白蛋白、明胶或免疫球蛋白;亲水聚合物如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;氨基酸如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、精氨酸或赖氨酸;单糖、二糖和其它糖类包括葡萄糖、甘露糖或糊精;螯合剂如EDTA;糖醇如甘露醇或山梨醇;成盐反离子如钠;和/或非离子表面活性剂如Tween,P1uronics或聚乙二醇(PEG)。PEG分子也包含具有与PEG分子末端共价连接的附加细胞核定位信号(NLS)的促融合肽。
术语“阳离子脂质”是指在生理pH下带净正电荷的大量脂质种类中的任何一种。这种脂质包括但不限于DDAB,DMRIE,DODAC,DOGS,DOTAP,DOSPA和DC-Chol。另外,可得到大量商业上的阳离子脂质制剂,可用于本发明中。这些包括,例如LIPOFECTIN(包含DOTMA和DOPE的商业上可得到的阳离子脂质,来自GIBCO/BRL,Grand Island,N.Y.,USA);LIPOFECTAMINE(包含DOSPA和DOPE的商业上可得到的阳离子脂质体,来自GIBCO/BRL);和TRANSFECTAM(在乙醇中包含DOGS的商业上可得到的阳离子脂质,来自Promega Corp.,Madison,Wis.,USA)。
本发明进一步提供了多种制备包入治疗药物的微胶粒的方法。该方法可特别有效地生产具有总的净负电荷的药物或成分如DNA、RNA或负电荷小分子的微胶粒。例如,DNA可包含在质粒载体中并编码治疗蛋白,如野生型p53,HSV-tk,p21,Bax,Bad,IL-2,IL-12,GM-CSF,制管张素,内皮他丁和制瘤素。在一个实施方案中,该方法需要将有效量治疗剂与有效量阳离子脂质组合。可用于本发明方法中的阳离子脂质包括但不限于,DDAB:二甲基双十八烷基溴化铵;DMRIE:N-[1-(2,3-二肉豆蔻氧基)丙基]-N,N二甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)溴化铵;DMTAP:1,2-二肉豆蔻酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DOGS:双十八烷基氨基甘氨酰精胺;DOTAP(同DOTMA):N-(1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基)-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵;DPTAP:1,2-二棕榈酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DSTAP:1,2-二硬脂酰基-3-三甲基铵丙烷。
一方面,负电荷治疗剂内包含的大约30至90%比例的磷酸盐在有效浓度乙醇被脂质分子(负电荷过剩)上的正电荷中和形成静电微胶粒复合体中。一方面,乙醇溶液是约20%至约80%的乙醇。在另一个方面,乙醇浓度是大约30%。然后,乙醇/阳离子脂质/治疗剂复合体与有效量促融合-亲核肽缀合物组合。一方面,有效量的缀合物是大约0.0至大约0.3的比例范围(肽上的正电荷比磷酸基上的负电荷)以中和治疗剂的磷酸基上残余的大部分负电荷,由此导致复合体几乎完全中和。最佳条件使复合体略带负电荷。然而,当阳离子脂质上的正电荷超过DNA上的负电荷时,过量的正电荷被DPPG(二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油)及其衍生物,或被最终微胶粒复合体中的其它阳离子脂质分子中和。
在可供选择的实施方案中,可以通过添加选自精胺、亚精胺和中和一定百分比(1-20%)磷酸基的镁或其它二价金属离子的DNA凝聚剂来改进上面的方法。
在另外的实施方案中,阳离子脂质与有效量促融合脂质DOPE以各种摩尔比例组合,例如,以大约1∶1阳离子脂质∶DOPE的摩尔比例。在可供选择的实施方案中,阳离子脂质与有效量促融合/NLS肽缀合物组合。促融合/NLS肽缀合物的实例包括但不限于(KAWLKAF)3(SEQ IDNO:1),GLFKAAAKLLKSLWKLLLKA(SEQ ID NO:2),LLLKAFAKLLKSLWKLLLKA(SEQ ID NO:3),以及原型(疏水3-亲核1-疏水2-亲核1)2-3的所有衍生物,其中疏水是A,I,L,V,P,G,W,F中任何一个和亲核是K,R或H中任何一个,每第3个或第4个氨基酸含正电荷残基,形成α螺旋并使净正电荷指向螺旋的相同方向。另外的实例包括但不限于来自流感病毒血细胞凝聚素HA-2的GLFKAIAGFIKNGWKGMIDGGGYC(SEQ ID NO:4);来自HIV的TAT的YGRKKRRQRRR(SEQ ID NO:5);MSGTFGGILAGLIGLL(K/R/H)1-6(SEQ IDNO:6),来自鸭乙型肝炎病毒S蛋白的N末端区,但添加了一至六个正电荷赖氨酸、精氨酸或组氨酸残基,以及这些的组合,能够直接与质粒或寡核苷酸DNA的磷酸基相互作用,抵消由阳离子脂质提供的部分正电荷。GAAIGLAWIPYFGPAA(SEQ ID NO:7)来自埃博拉病毒跨膜蛋白的促融合肽;载脂蛋白(apo)AII肽的残基53-70(C-末端螺旋);HIV-1跨膜糖蛋白gp41的23个残基促融合N末端肽;来自Alzheimer’s β-淀粉样肽的29-42个残基的片段;仙台病毒的融合肽和N末端七元重复序列;卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶的56-68个螺旋片段。包括在这些实施方案中的是这些肽的较短型,已知可诱导单层脂质囊泡或类似衍生的一切融合衍生中添加了一至六个正电荷赖氨酸、精氨酸或组氨酸残基(K/R/H)1-6,能够直接与质粒或寡核苷酸DNA的磷酸基相互作用,抵消由阳离子脂质提供的部分正电荷。促融合/NLS缀合物中的促融合肽代表这些肽序列的疏水氨基酸序列段和较小片段,它们包括在插入到内质网的膜或分泌蛋白中使用的所有信号肽序列。另外,该缀合物代表这些肽序列的跨膜结构域和较小片段。
在本发明的一个方面中,促融合/NLS肽缀合物中的NLS肽成分衍生于促融合疏水肽。然而,对于含侧接脯氨酸(P)或甘氨酸(G)的至少四个正电荷氨基酸的蛋白中的五个或更多亲核氨基酸序列段来说,有源自大量已知NLS肽以及由细胞核蛋白数据库检索得到的,添加了5-6个氨基酸的亲核细胞核定位信号(NLS)。NLS肽的实例在表1-8中显示。促融合/NLS肽缀合物中的NLS肽成分是含有上述NLS,但在肽的中心部分被附加的K,R,H残基进一步修饰或在N或C末端用P或G修饰的合成肽。
在另外的方面中,促融合/NLS肽缀合物源自所述促融合疏水肽,但在NLS的位置添加了H4-6(四至六个组氨酸残基)片段。在组氨酰残基是正电荷的pH5-6微胶粒形成,但在生物学液体的接近中性的pH时失去它们的电荷,因此从它们的静电相互作用中释放质粒或寡核苷酸DNA。
促融合肽/NLS肽缀合物通过提供内源性蛋白酶切割位点的短氨基酸序列段彼此连接。
在本发明的优选方面中,用于本发明的优选原型促融合/NLS肽缀合物的结构是:PKKRRGPSP(L/A/I)12-20(SEQ ID NO:8),其中(L/A/I)12-20是12-20个含A,L,I,Y,W,F的疏水氨基酸和其它疏水氨基酸的序列段。
通过转变为脂质体,本发明进一步提供了用上述方法制备的微胶粒。有效量的脂质体(直径从大约80至大约160nm),或有效量的由胆固醇(从大约10%至大约50%),中性磷脂如氢化大豆卵磷脂(HSPC)(从大约40%至大约90%),和大约1至大约7摩尔百分比的衍生形成囊泡的脂质PEG-DSPE(二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺)组成的脂质溶液添加到微胶粒溶液中。
在具体的实施方案中,脂质体由形成囊泡的脂质和聚乙二醇衍生的大约1至大约7摩尔百分比的二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE)组成。权利要求20的成分,其中聚乙二醇具有大约1,000至5,000道尔顿之间的分子量。微胶粒转变为脂质体同时乙醇浓度伴随降低,这可以通过脂质体复合体经过可透过膜来透析或通过挤出通过膜降至80-160nm直径而去除乙醇来完成。
本发明进一步提供了用上述方法制备的包封治疗剂的脂质体。
这里也提供了将治疗剂如质粒DNA或寡核苷酸通过静脉内或其它类型注射微胶粒或脂质体传递给体内组织细胞的方法。这个方法通过微胶粒或脂质体复合体长时间循环特异性导向原发肿瘤和转移灶,这是由于其表面PEG链的暴露,其小的尺寸(80-160nm)和实体肿瘤从中心到其外周的流体静水压降低支持肿瘤血管系统优先渗出到肿瘤细胞外间隙。这里描述的使用微胶粒或脂质体复合体传递质粒或寡核苷酸DNA穿过肿瘤的细胞膜屏障的方法是可行的,因为复合体中存在促融合肽。尤其是,提供了静脉内注射复合体后,将质粒或寡核苷酸DNA传递给肝、脾和骨髓的方法。进一步提供的是将治疗基因传递到癌症和非癌症患者的肝、脾和骨髓中而产生分泌形式的治疗蛋白的方法,所述治疗基因包括但不限于用于治疗血友病的因子VIII或IX,多药物耐药性,用于癌症免疫治疗的细胞因子基因,缓解疼痛的基因,缓解糖尿病的基因和可导入肝、脾和骨髓组织中的基因。
公开的疗法也提供了降低肿瘤大小的方法,该方法通过将携带一个或多个选自p53,RB,BRCA1,E1A,bcl-2,MDR-1,p21,p16,bax,bcl-xs,E2F,IGF-I VEGF,制管张素,制瘤素,内皮他丁,GM-CSF, IL-12,IL-2,IL-4,IL-7,IFN-γ,TNF-α,HSV-tk(与9-[1,3-二羟-2-丙氧甲基]鸟嘌呤组合),大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶(与5-氟胞嘧啶组合)的抗癌基因的包封的质粒DNA与针对控制细胞周期或信号途径的基因的包封的反义寡核苷酸(反义c-fos,c-myc,K-ras)、核酶或形成三联体的寡核苷酸组合。可以通过将携带一个或多个抗癌基因的包封的质粒DNA与包封的或游离的抗肿瘤药物组合来改进这些方法,所述抗肿瘤药物由下列一组组成:阿霉素,制管张素,硫唑嘌呤,博莱霉素,busulfane,喜树碱,卡铂,卡莫司汀,chlorambucile,chlormethamine,chloroquinoxaline磺胺,cisplatin,环磷酰胺,cycloplatam,阿糖胞苷,达卡巴嗪,更生霉素,柔红霉素,didox,阿霉素,内皮他丁,enloplatin,雌莫司汀,依托泊苷,extramustinephosphat,氟胞嘧啶,氟脱氧尿苷,氟尿嘧啶,硝酸镓,羟基脲,碘苷,干扰素,白介素,leuprolide,lobaplatin,罗氮芥,甘露莫司汀,氮芥,mechlorethaminoxide,苯丙氨酸氮芥,巯基嘌呤,氨甲喋呤,普卡霉素,mitobronitole,丝裂霉素,霉酚酸,nocodazole,制瘤素,oxaliplatin,紫杉醇,溴新斯的明,铂-三胺复合体,普卡霉素,强的松龙,强的松,丙卡巴肼,蛋白激酶C抑制剂,puromycine,司莫司汀,信号传导抑制剂,螺铂,streptozotocine,stromelysin抑制剂,紫杉酚,呋氟尿嘧啶,端粒酶抑制剂,替尼泊苷,沙利度胺,硫咪嘌呤,thioguanine,噻替派,tiamiprine,三胺嗪,三亚胺苯醌,trifosfamide,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,嘧啶苯芥,阿糖腺苷,长春碱,vinca alcaloids,长春新碱,长春地辛,vorozole,折尼拉汀,zeniplatin和净司他丁。
下列实施例旨在阐明,而非限制本发明。
脂质体的组成
脂质体是由同心的脂质双层组成的用显微镜可见的囊泡。在结构上,脂质体大小和形状范围从长管到球形,直径从几百埃至几分之一毫米。选择形成囊泡的脂质以达到提供外层的脂质成分的最终复合体的特殊程度的流动性和刚性。这些脂质是中性(胆固醇)或双极性的且包括磷脂,如卵磷脂(PC),磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE),磷脂酰肌醇(PI)和鞘磷脂(SM)和其它类型的双极性脂质,包括但不限于1,2-sn-二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DOPE),碳氢链长度范围是14-22,并且是饱和的,或具有一个或多个C=C双键。能够单独,或与其它脂质成分组合产生稳定脂质体的脂质的实例是磷脂,如氢化大豆卵磷脂(HSPC),卵磷脂,磷脂酰乙醇胺,溶血卵磷脂,溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺,磷脂酰丝氨酸,磷脂酰肌醇,鞘磷脂,脑磷脂,心磷脂,磷脂酸,脑苷脂,二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE),二油酰卵磷脂(DOPC),二棕榈酰卵磷脂(DPPC),二棕榈酰油酰卵磷脂(PoPC),二棕榈酰油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(POPE)和二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺4-(N-马来酰亚氨基-甲基)环己烷-1-羧酸酯(DOPE-mal)。可掺入脂质体的另外的非含磷脂质包括硬脂胺,十二胺,十六胺,肉豆蔻酸异丙基酯,三乙醇胺-月桂硫酸酯,烷基-芳基硫酸酯,棕榈酸乙酰酯,蓖麻油酸甘油酯,硬脂酸十六烷基酯,两性丙烯酸聚合物,聚乙氧基化脂肪酸酰胺和上面提及的阳离子脂质(DDAB,DODAC,DMRIE,DMTAP,DOGS,DOTAP(DOTMA),DOSPA,DPTAP,DSTAP,DC-Chol)。负电荷脂质包括能够形成囊泡的磷脂酸(PA),二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油(DPPG),二油酰磷脂酰甘油(DOPG)和双十六烷基硫酸酯。用于本发明的优选脂质是胆固醇,氢化大豆卵磷脂(HSPC)和衍生的形成囊泡的脂质PEG-DSPE。
典型地,基于脂质体总的大小和层状结构的性质,脂质体可分为三类。这三类,如纽约学院科学会议″Liposomes and Their Use inBiology and Medi cine,″1977年12月提出的,是多层囊泡(MLVs),小单层囊泡(SUVs)和大单层囊泡(LUVs)。
SUVs直径范围从大约20至50nm,由环绕含水隔室的单一脂质双层组成。单层囊泡也可以制备成直径从大约50nm至600nm的大小。尽管单层是相当均一大小的单一隔室囊泡,但MLVs的大小可在不超过10,000mn或左右的范围内发生很大变化,其结构是多隔室且含有一个以上的单一双层。LUV脂质体如此得名是因为其范围从大约600nm至30,000nm的大直径;它们也含有一个以上的单一双层。
可以用很多方法制备脂质体,但不是所有的都能产生三种不同类型的脂质体。例如,依靠将金属探针直接浸入MLVs悬液的超声分散是制备SUVs的普通方法。
制备MLV类的脂质体通常包括将脂质溶于适当的有机溶剂中,然后在气体或空气流下去除溶剂。这在容器表面留下了干燥脂质薄膜。然后为了使脂质材料脱离容器侧边,将水溶液振荡引入容器中。这个过程可分散脂质,使其形成脂质聚集体或脂质体。LUV类脂质体可以通过脂质薄层用蒸馏水或某种水溶液缓慢水合而制备。另外,可以通过冻干制备脂质体。这个过程包括在氮气流下将脂质溶液干燥成膜。然后将此膜溶于挥发性溶剂中,冰冻,并置于冻干装置上以去除溶剂。为了制备含药物的药物制剂,将药物溶液添加到冻干的脂质中,于是形成脂质体。
制备阳离子脂质体/阳离子肽/核酸微胶粒
阳离子脂质体,除了鞘氨醇和原始生活型的一些脂质外,不会自然产生。本发明使用单链两亲物,它们是包括但不限于C12和C16链的烷基三甲基铵表面活性剂的氯化和溴化盐,缩写为DDAB(同DODAB)或CTAB。这些分子的分子几何学决定临界微胶粒浓度(溶液中的游离单体与微胶粒中的分子之比)。两种状态之间的脂质交换是高度动态过程;磷脂临界微胶粒浓度值低于10-8M且在脂质体中更稳定;然而,单链洗涤剂,如硬脂胺,稀释或在毫秒内静脉内注射时可从脂质体膜中浮出(Lasic,1997)。
阳离子脂质包括但不限于,DDAB:二甲基双十八烷基溴化铵(同N,N-二硬脂基-N,N-二甲基溴化铵);DODAC:N,N-二油基-N,N-二甲基氯化铵;DODAP:1,2-二油酰基-3-二甲基铵丙烷;DMRIE:N-[1-(2,3-二肉豆蔻氧基)丙基]-N,N-二甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)溴化铵;DMTAP:1,2-二肉豆蔻酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DOGS:双十八烷基氨基甘氨酰精胺;DOTAP(同DOTMA):N-(1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基)-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵;DOSPA:N-(1-(2,3-二油基氧基)丙基)-N-(2-(精胺甲酰氨基)乙基)-N,N-二甲基三氟醋酸铵;DPTAP:1,2-二棕榈酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DSTAP:1,2-二硬脂酰基-3-三甲基铵丙烷;DOPE,1,2-sn-二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺;DC-Chol,3β-(N-(N’,N’-二甲基氨基乙烷)甲氨酰)胆固醇。
已经用两种方法之一制备了基因传递中使用的基于脂质的载体。在一个方法中,将核酸导入由阳离子脂质和中性脂质的混合物制成的预先形成的脂质体中。由此形成的复合体具有不明确和复杂的结构,血清存在时转染效率大大降低。预先形成的脂质体是商业可获得的LIPOFECTIN和LIPOFECTAMINE。第二个方法包括在中性脂质不存在下DNA与单或聚阳离子脂质形成复合体。这些复合体在乙醇存在下制备且在水中不稳定。另外,血清消极影响这些复合体(参见Behr,Acc.Chem.Res.26:274-78(1993))。商业可获得聚阳离子脂质的实例是TRANSFECTAM。将DNA包封入基于脂质的制剂的其它努力没有克服这些问题(参见Szoka等人,Ann.Rev.Biophys.Bioeng.9:467(1980);和Deamer的美国专利4,515,736)。
核苷酸聚合物可以是单链DNA或RNA,或双链DNA或DNA-RNA杂种。双链DNA的实例包括结构基因,基因包括调控和终止区,和自身复制系统如质粒DNA。特别优选的核酸是质粒。单链核酸包括反义寡核苷酸(与DNA或RNA互补),核酶和形成三联体的寡核苷酸。为了增加稳定性,将优选用稳定的非磷酸二酯键,包括,例如硫代磷酸酯,二硫代磷酸酯,硫酸硒酸酯,甲基膦酸酯或O-烷基磷酸三酯键取代一些或全部核苷酸键的一些单链核酸。
阳离子脂质体/阳离子肽/核酸微胶粒包封至中性脂质体中
与促融合肽/NLS缀合物共同使用的提供颗粒内层的阳离子脂质可以是选自DDAB,DODAC,DMRIE,DMTAP,DOGS,DOTAP(DOTMA),DOSPA,DPTAP,DSTAP,DC-Chol的大量物质中的任何一种。阳离子脂质与DOPE组合。在一组实施方案中,优选的阳离子脂质是DDAB:DOPE 1∶1。
这里使用的提供颗粒外层的中性脂质可以是在生理pH下以不带电荷或中性两性离子形式存在的大量脂质种类中的任何一种。这种脂质选自二酰基磷脂酰胆碱,二酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺,神经酰胺,鞘磷脂,脑磷脂和脑苷酯。在一组实施方案中,优选含有碳链长度在C14至C22的饱和,单或双不饱和脂肪酸的脂质。通常,弱饱和脂质更容易调整大小,特别是当为了过滤灭菌,脂质体大小必须低于大约0.16微米时。考虑到脂质体大小,最终制剂中脂质体的刚性和稳定性,其不泄露包封的DNA的保存期和在血流中的稳定性,通常引导选择中性脂质提供本发明基因载体的外包被层。含链长度和饱和程度变化的各种酰基链的脂质可以得到或可以用熟知技术分离或合成。在另一组实施方案中,使用碳链长度在C14至C22的范围内的脂质。优选,用于本发明的中性脂质是氢化大豆卵磷脂(HSPC),胆固醇和PEG-二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE)或PEG神经酰胺。
制备脂质体的方法
在几项颁发的专利,例如美国专利4,229,360;4,224,179;4,241,046;4,737,323;4,078,052;4,235,871;4,501,728和4,837,028,以及在文章Szoka等人,Ann.Rev.Biophys.Bioeng.9:467(1980)和Hope等人,Chem.Phys.Lip.40:89(1986)中已经描述了制备各种脂质体形式的各种方法。这些方法不能制备所有三种不同类型的脂质体(MLVs,SUVs,LUVs)。例如,依靠将金属探针直接浸入MLVs悬液的超声分散是制备SUVs的普通方法。
制备MLV类的脂质体通常包括将脂质体溶于适当的有机溶剂中,然后在气体或空气流下去除溶剂。这在容器表面留下了干燥脂质薄膜。然后为了使脂质材料脱离容器侧边,将水溶液振荡引入容器中。这个过程可分散脂质,使其形成脂质聚集体或脂质体。LUV类脂质体可以通过脂质薄层用蒸馏水或某种水溶液缓慢水合而制备。另外,可以通过冻干制备脂质体。这个过程包括在氮气流下将脂质溶液干燥成膜。然后将此膜溶于挥发性溶剂中,冰冻,并置于冻干装置上以去除溶剂。为了制备含药物的药物制剂,将药物溶液添加到冻干的脂质中,于是形成脂质体。
脂质体制备后,可以调整脂质体大小以获得期望的大小范围和脂质体大小相对窄的分布。优选,预先形成的脂质体大小达大约80至160mn的平均直径(体内给予前,过滤灭菌的大小上限)。可利用几种技术将脂质体调整到期望的大小。浴或探针超声处理脂质体悬液使得大小进行性下降至大小低于大约0.05微米(50mn)的小单层囊泡。脂质体通过小孔聚碳酸酯挤出是我们将脂质体大小降至相对完全确定的大小分布的优选方法。该脂质体可以成功通过小孔膜挤出,以完成脂质体大小渐降。
用于以脂质包被DNA的一种方法是通过洗涤剂从阳离子脂质/DNA/洗涤剂复合体中受控耗尽。此方法可得到在血浆中具有稳定性的复合体。Hofland等人(1996)通过透析DOSPA/DOPE/DNA/辛基糖苷的混合物,已经制备了这种复合体。
本发明的包含阳离子脂质体/核酸复合体的药物组合物是根据标准技术制备的并进一步包含药物可接受载体。通常,将使用普通盐水作为药物可接受载体。
对于体内给药,优选肠胃外给予药物组合物,即,静脉内,腹膜内,皮下,鞘内,注射到脊髓,肌肉内,关节内,门静脉注射或肿瘤内。更优选,静脉内或肿瘤内快速浓注给予药物组合物。在其它方法中,可以通过将制剂直接施用于组织而使药物制剂与靶组织接触。该施用可以通过局部“开放”或“封闭”步骤进行。术语“局部”是指将药物制剂直接施用于暴露在环境中的组织,如皮肤,施用于身体的任何表面,鼻咽,外耳道,眼内给药和给予任何体腔的表面,吸入肺中,生殖器粘膜等等。
“开放”步骤是包括切割患者皮肤并直接显现药物制剂所施用的其下组织的那些步骤。这通常通过手术步骤完成,如胸廓切开术到达肺,剖腹术到达腹部内脏,或其它直接手术方法到达靶组织。
“封闭”步骤是非侵入性步骤,内部靶组织不直接显现,但通过皮肤上的小伤口插入仪器而到达。例如,可以通过针灌洗将制剂给予腹膜。同样,可以在腰穿过程中通过灌注将药物制剂给予脑脊膜或脊髓,随后如通常实践用于脊椎麻醉或脊髓的室椎影造影对患者进行合适的定位。另外,可以通过内窥镜装置给予制剂。
实施例
材料和方法
DDAB,DOPE(二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺)和这里使用的多数其它脂质购自Avanti Polar Lipids;PEG-DSPE来自Syngena。
质粒pLF的改造
用XbaI切割pGL3-C(Promega)并使用大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶的Klenow片段进行平端连接。然后用HindIII切割,凝胶纯化携带荧光素酶基因的1689bp片段。用SmaI和HindIII切割pGFP-N1质粒(Clontech),凝胶中分离的4.7kb片段与荧光素酶片段连接。JM109大肠杆菌细胞转化,选择20个集落;它们中大约一半显示了存在插入片段;用BamHI和XhoI切割含插入片段的8个克隆进一步证实荧光素酶基因的存在;它们中七个是阳性。
放射性标记的质粒pLF由在3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷-5’-三磷酸酯或32p无机磷酸盐(5mCi)(Dupont/NEN,Boston,Mass.)中培养大肠杆菌产生并使用如上述的标准技术纯化。
DLS测量
使用Coulter N4M光线散射仪,在90°角,设置200秒的运转时间,使用4至25微秒样品时间。使用塑料比色杯,20℃和0.01泊粘度下获得1ml样品体积中的颗粒大小分布的扫描。
在一个方面,该发明提供了捕获DNA进入脂质的方法,该方法增加每体积单位质粒的含量,降低用于捕获质粒或寡核苷酸DNA的阳离子脂质的毒性。DNA变得隐藏在最终复合体的内膜双层中。此外,赋予了基因传递复合体在体液中长期循环时间和优选渗出到实体肿瘤和它们的转移灶和结中。在静脉内注射携带基因的载体后,通过人或动物身体多数部位中它们的脉管系统发生渗出。这是由于它们的尺寸小(100-160nm),它们在其外膜双层中的中性至略带负电荷脂质的含量,以及它们被PEG包裹而发生的。这些基因传递载体到达细胞外肿瘤间隙后能够通过细胞膜屏障,因为存在与亲核肽缀合的促融合肽。推测载体在脂质膜上某一预先确定的方向,其正末端朝向DNA和其疏水尾埋藏在疏水脂质双层内侧。内吞后,易变的NLS-促融合肽键被切割,与质粒DNA结合的剩余NLS肽协助它的细胞核摄取。这特别发生在导向不分裂细胞时,如肝、脾或骨髓细胞,它们代表了这些载体而不是实体肿瘤渗出和集中的主要部位。
有机溶剂
从期望的脂质成分中制备微胶粒的合适溶剂是乙醇、甲醇或其它脂肪醇如丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、叔丁醇、异丁醇、戊醇和己醇。两种或多种溶剂的混合物可以用于实施本发明。也应理解可与乙醇溶液混溶的,甚至是少量混溶的任何溶剂可用于提高微胶粒形成及其随后转变为脂质体,包括氯仿、二氯甲烷、二乙基醚、环己烷、环戊烷、苯和甲苯。
阳离子脂质
在另外的实施方案中,这里描述的包囊DNA的脂质体进一步包含有效量的阳离子脂质。阳离子脂质已经广泛用于基因传递;大量临床试验(到1997年12月为止220项RAC许可总方案中有34项)使用阳离子脂质。尽管许多细胞培养研究已经在文献中记载,用阳离子脂质在体内进行全身基因传递一直非常有限。所有临床方案都使用皮下、真皮内和肿瘤内和颅内注射以及鼻内、胸膜内或气雾剂给予,而不是I.V.传递,因为阳离子脂质和DOPE的毒性(见Martin和Boulikas,1998)。由DOPE和基于二酰基三甲基铵丙烷(分别是二油酰,二肉豆蔻酰,二棕榈酰,二硬脂酰-三甲基铵丙烷或DOTAP,DMTAP,DPTAP,DSTAP)的阳离子脂质或DDAB配制的脂质体在体外与吞噬细胞(巨噬细胞和U937细胞)培养,但不接近非吞噬T淋巴细胞时,具有轻微毒性。毒性等级顺序是DOPE/DDAB>DOPE/DOTAP>DOPE/DMTAP>DOPE/DPTAP>DOPE/DSTAP;毒性由阳离子脂质体对一氧化氮(NO)和巨噬细胞激活产生的TNF-α合成的作用确定。
进行I.V.注射前的另一个待考虑的方面是负电荷血清蛋白可相互作用并使阳离子脂质体失活(Yang和Huang,1997)。发现用于质粒传递的凝聚剂包括聚赖氨酸,转铁蛋白-聚赖氨酸,第五代聚(氨基胺)(PAMAM)树状聚合物(dendrimer),聚(乙烯亚胺)和几种阳离子脂质(DOTAP,DC-Chol/DOPE,DOGS/DOPE和DOTMA/DOPE)可不同程度地激活补体系统。用长链聚赖氨酸,树状聚合物(dendrimer),聚(乙烯亚胺)和DOGS看到了强烈的补体激活。用聚乙二醇修饰预先形成的DNA复合体表面(Plank等人,1996)可大大降低补体激活。
阳离子脂质通过使生物膜,包括原生质、内体和溶酶体膜失去稳定性而增加转染效率。分离的溶酶体与低浓度DOTAP培养使β-半乳糖苷酶的自由活性显著增加,甚至使酶释放到培养基中。这证明脂质可强烈地使溶酶体膜失去稳定性。认为失稳机制包括阳离子脂质体和溶酶体膜的阴离子脂质之间的相互作用,因此允许脂质双层间融合。这个过程在pH5时没有在pH7.4时明显,阴离子两亲脂质能够部分阻碍这种膜的失稳(Wattiaux等人,1997)。
与在pH7.4下100%带电荷的DOTAP和DMRIE相比,用pH敏感性荧光团监测DC-CHOL仅大约50%带电荷。这个差异降低了脂质体外表面上的电荷,提出促进含DC-CHOL的双层较早从质粒DNA解离,增加DNA-脂质复合体从内体释放到胞质(Zuidam and Barenholz,1997)。
尽管阳离子脂质已经广泛用于基因传递,但是极少研究使用全身I.V.注射阳离子脂质体-质粒复合体。这是由于动物模型,而不是人中脂质成分的毒性。I.V.注射给予两种类型结构类似的阳离子脂质,DOTMA和DOTAP,显示转染效率主要由阳离子脂质的结构和阳离子脂质与DNA的比例决定;荧光素酶和GFP基因在不同器官的表达是短暂的,高峰水平在4和24小时之间,到第4天降至低于高峰水平的1%(Song等人,1997)。
脂质体传递基因或寡核苷酸后可导向体内很多不同器官。通过小鼠尾静脉静脉内注射阳离子脂质体-质粒复合体,主要导向肺,较少程度上导向肝、脾、心脏、肾和其它器官(Zhu等人,1993)。给i.p.接种了包含K-ras点突变的AsPC-1胰腺癌细胞的裸鼠腹膜内注射表达反义K-ras RNA的质粒-脂质体复合体和PCR分析表明注射的DNA传递到除了脑之外的各种器官中(Aoki等人,1995)。
发现DOTAP:胆固醇/DNA复合体制备的许多因素包括DNA:脂质体比例,适度超声处理,加热和挤出对于提高全身传递很重要;当使用大小在200-450nm之间的DNA:脂质体复合体的同源群体时,得到最高基因表达。低温电子显微镜显示在这些制剂中,DNA在凹入的脂质体内部两层脂质双层间凝聚,这是被认为有助于体内高转染效率和广泛组织分布的因素(Templeton等人,1997)。
提高脂质体介导的基因传递到体细胞的步骤包括质粒在血液循环中的存留,进入入口和转运通过细胞膜,从内体隔室释放到细胞质中,细胞核通过细胞核被膜的孔复合体停靠而引入,由适当启动子/增强子调控元件驱动的表达,和质粒在细胞核中长期持续存在(Boulikas,1998a)。
质粒与精胺凝聚
在另外的实施方案中,这里描述的脂质体包封的DNA与精胺和/或亚精胺凝聚。DNA可作为与聚阳离子如聚赖氨酸,或碱性蛋白如鱼精蛋白,总组蛋白或特定的组蛋白组分的复合体呈递给培养物中的细胞(Boulikas and Martin,1997)。质粒DNA与硫酸鱼精蛋白之间的相互作用,随后添加DOTAP阳离子脂质体,为质粒DNA抗酶促消化提供更好的保护。与DOTAP/DNA复合体相比,通过尾静脉注射该方法使在小鼠中的基因表达水平始终较高。每只小鼠50μg荧光素酶-质粒得到了每mg肺中提取的组织蛋白含20ng荧光素酶蛋白,这早在注射后1小时检测到,在6小时达到高峰,之后下降。与I.V.注射相比,门脉内注射鱼精蛋白/DOTAP/DNA导致肺中基因表达降低大约100倍。内皮细胞是lacZ转基因表达的主要部位(Li and Huang,1997)。使用单价阳离子脂质体制剂(DC-Chol和脂质转染物),硫酸鱼精蛋白增强质粒传递到几种不同类型的体外细胞中。在多价阳离子脂质体制剂lipofectamine中,这种作用不太明显(Sorgi等人,1997),
在细胞培养和动物研究中发现精胺增强DNA-阳离子脂质体复合体的转染效率。这种源于生物的聚胺在高浓度下引起脂质体融合,最可能是由一分子的精胺(四个正电荷氨基)与两个或多个分子的脂质的极性头部基团之间同时相互作用而促进的。在低浓度(0.03-0.1mM)下,它促进脂质体-DNA复合体固定到细胞表面并显著增强转染效率(Boulikas,未出版)。
聚阳离子聚凝胺,鱼精蛋白,DEAE-葡聚糖和聚-L-赖氨酸显著增加在细胞培养物中腺病毒介导的基因传递的效率。认为这是通过中和了降低腺病毒介导的基因传递效率的膜糖蛋白所带负电荷而起作用的(Arcasoy等人,1997)。
寡核苷酸传递
在另外的实施方案中,脂质体包封寡核苷酸DNA。寡核苷酸包封到脂质体中增加它们的治疗指数,防止在培养细胞中和在人血清中降解,和降低对细胞的毒性(Thierry and Dritschilo,1992;Capaccioli等人,1993;Lewis等人,1996)。然而,多数研究已经在细胞培养物中进行,很少在动物体内进行。在这些方法能够进展到临床研究前仍需要大量改进。
Zelphati and Szoka(1997)已经发现荧光标记的寡核苷酸与DOTAP脂质体的复合体,使用主要涉及未包被囊泡的细胞内途径进入细胞。寡核苷酸从点状细胞质区域重新分布到细胞核中。这一过程不依赖于内体囊泡的酸化。寡核苷酸的细胞核摄取依赖于几个因素,如颗粒的电荷,其中正电荷复合体是增加细胞核摄取所需的。DOTAP使特异性抗荧光素酶寡核苷酸的反义活性增加超过100倍。不同阳离子脂质组分的寡核苷酸-脂质体复合体的物理化学研究表明细胞膜中其它脂质上的磷脂酰乙醇胺或负电荷是与阳离子脂质体-寡核苷酸复合体有效融合从而促进进入细胞所需的。
Lappalainen等人(1997)报道了类似的结果。与聚阳离子DOSPA和单阳离子DDAB(DOPE作为辅助脂质)复合的地高辛标记的寡脱氧核苷酸(ODNs)被培养物中CaSki细胞通过内吞接纳。发现细胞核膜形成对抗细胞核引入在核周区域蓄积的ODNs的屏障。尽管DOSPA/DOPE脂质体可将ODNs传递到胞质溶胶中,但是它们不能介导细胞核引入ODNs。相反,含净正电荷的寡核苷酸-DOSPA/DOPE复合体从囊泡释放到细胞质中。确定DOSPA/DOPE介导细胞核引入寡核苷酸。
插入在带DOTAP的阳离子脂质颗粒的DOPE-血红素(三铁原卟啉IX)缀合物保护寡核糖核苷酸不被人血清降解和增加寡核糖核苷酸被2.2.15人肝细胞瘤细胞摄取。只有在颗粒中净负电荷时,血红素的增强作用才明显(Takle等人,1997)。在I..V.尾注射后,111In标记的和由DC-Chol和DOPE组成的脂质体最初被肝摄取,有一些蓄积在脾和皮肤中,很少量在肺中。阳离子脂质体与寡核苷酸硫代磷酸酯预先温育促使脂质在肺中戏剧性但短暂地蓄积,逐渐重新分布到肝中。肺摄取的机制包括在注射后15分钟通过栓塞,肺毛细管内包埋寡核苷酸大聚集体。注射后24小时,标记的寡核苷酸最初位于Kupffer细胞的吞噬泡中。在体内没有观察到细胞核摄取寡核苷酸(Litzinger等人,1996)。
聚乙二醇(PEG)包裹的脂质体
在另外的实施方案中,这里描述的包封DNA的脂质体进一步包括用PEG包裹步骤2(图1)中的最终复合体。通常期望脂质与提供半衰期延长的聚合物,如聚乙二醇(PEG)缀合。使用的衍生脂质包括PEG修饰的DSPE或PEG-神经酰胺。添加PEG成分防止复合体聚集,增加颗粒(脂质体、蛋白、其它复合体、药物)的循环持续时间并增加脂质-核酸复合体传递到靶组织中。参见Maxfield等人,Polymer 16:505-509(1975);Bailey,F.E.等人,in:Nonionic Surfactants,Schick,M.J.,ed.,pp.794-821(1967);Abuchowski,A.等人,J.Biol.Chem.252:3582-3586(1977);Abuchowski,A.等人,Cancer Biochem.Biophys.7:175-186(1984);Katre,N.V.等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 84:14871491(1987);Goodson,R.等人Bio Technology 8:343-346(1990)。
报道了与PEG的缀合使免疫原性和毒性降低。参见Abuchowski等人,J.Biol.Chem.252:3578-3581(1977)。美国专利5,013,556中描述了通过用PEG包裹,脂质体血液循环时间增加的程度。典型地,复合体中PEG修饰的磷脂,或PEG-神经酰胺的浓度将是大约1-7%。在具体的优选实施方案中,PEG修饰的脂质是PEG-DSPE。
设计惰性材料包裹脂质体表面从而掩饰脂质体避开身体的宿主防御系统,显示显著增加了脂质体的血浆寿命。这个“表面修饰的”亚支的生物学范例是红细胞-被密集的一层碳水化合物基团包裹和负责逃避免疫系统检测并循环几个月(在被负责清除脂质体的同一类型细胞清除前)的细胞。
1987年产生了第一次突破,那时鉴定了糖脂(脑组织衍生的神经节苷脂GM1),当掺入脂质间质内部时,允许脂质体在血流中循环很多小时(Allen and Chonn,1987)。也发现了第二个糖脂-磷脂酰肌醇可使脂质体在血浆中长期存留并且,由于它是从大豆,而不是脑组织中提取的,据信是药物更可接受的赋形剂(Gabizon等人,1989)。
表面修饰的亚支的主要进展是开发了聚合物包裹的脂质体(Allen等人1991)。聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰已经使用多年来延长生物蛋白(如酶和生长因子)的半衰期和降低其免疫原性(例如Beauchamp等人,1983)。在1990s早期报道了PEG包裹的脂质体在静脉内给药后循环明显长的时间。在小鼠和大鼠中见到大约24小时左右的半衰期,在狗中超过30小时。由于其躲避免疫系统拦截的能力,将术语“秘密”用于这些脂质体。PEG亲水聚合物形成密集的“构象云”防止其它大分子与表面的相互作用,甚至在保护性聚合物浓度低时(Gabizon andPapahadjopoulos,1988;Papahadjopoulos等人,1991;reviewed byTorchilin,1998)。用两亲PEG5000包裹后,脂质体亲水性增加导致网状内皮系统非特异性摄取降低。
然而被PEG包裹的抗肌球蛋白免疫脂质体的半衰期是40分钟,在静脉内注射给兔后,它们增加其半衰期至1000分钟(Torchilin等人,1992)。
微胶粒、表面活性剂和小单层囊泡
在另外的实施方案中,这里描述的脂质体包封的DNA进一步包括阳离子脂质和凝聚的质粒或寡核苷酸DNA之间在乙醇溶液中形成微胶粒的最初步骤。微胶粒是由某些类型的脂质分子,洗涤剂或表面活性剂在浓度、溶剂和温度限定的条件下形成的小两亲型胶体颗粒。它们由单一脂质层组成。微胶粒可具有装配使得其疏水尾部接触溶剂(例如在30-60%含水乙醇溶液)的亲水头部基团,或可逆转它们的结构使得它们的极性头部接触溶剂如使乙醇浓度降至低于10%(反微胶粒)。微胶粒系统处于与溶剂分子和环境的热力学平衡。这导致恒定的位相改变,特别是当接触生物材料,如引入细胞培养物中,注射给动物,稀释,接触蛋白或其它大分子时。这些改变引起微胶粒快速分解或絮凝。这与脂质体双层高得多的稳定性形成对照。
单链表面活性剂能够形成微胶粒(见下表1)。这些表面活性剂包括阴离子(十二烷基硫酸钠,胆酸盐或油酸盐)或阳离子(十六烷基-三甲基溴化铵,CTAB)表面活性剂。CTAB,CTAC和DOIC微胶粒比含中性脂质和CTAB(1∶1)的相应SUV颗粒产生更大的溶解间隙(胶体悬浮DNA浓度较低)(Lasic,1997)。
表1:能够形成微胶粒的分子
分子 | 参考文献 |
CTAB,CTAC,DOIC | Lasic,1997 |
洗涤剂/磷脂微胶粒 | Lusa等人,1998 |
十二烷基甜菜碱(两亲型表面活性剂) | de la Maza等人,1998 |
十二烷基卵磷脂胆酸盐 | Lasic,1997 |
缀合甘氨酸的胆汁盐(阴离子类固醇洗涤剂样分子) | Leonard and Cohen,1998 |
脂质-十二烷基麦芽糖苷微胶粒 | Lambert等人,1998 |
混合的微胶粒(Triton X-100和卵磷脂) | Lopez等人,1998 |
辛基糖苷(非离子直链洗涤剂) | Leonard and Cohen,1998 |
油酸盐 | Lasic,1997 |
PEG-二烷基磷脂酸(双十六烷基磷脂酰(DHP)-PEG2000) | Tirosh等人,1998 |
卵磷脂(中性两性离子) | Schroeder等人,1990 |
聚乙二醇(MW 5000)-二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(PEG-DSPE) | Weissig等人,1998 |
十二烷基硫酸钠(阴离子直链洗涤剂) | Leonard and Cohen,1998 |
牛磺梭链孢酸钠(缀合真菌胆汁盐类似物) | Leonard and Cohen,1998 |
缀合牛磺酸的胆汁盐(阴离子类固醇洗涤剂样分子) | Leonard and Cohen,1998 |
Triton X-100表面活性剂 | Lasic,1997 |
层至微胶粒转变发生时存在临界的洗涤剂/磷脂比例。例如,对于含大单层脂质体的十二烷基麦芽糖苷观察到囊泡-微胶粒转变。十二烷基麦芽糖苷造成的溶解过程的惊人特征是发现了一个新相,由含长丝线样微胶粒,长度超过1至2微米的非常粘的“凝胶样”结构组成。
长循环复合体需要少许阴离子。因此,用于微胶粒转变为脂质体的脂质体含有双极性脂质(PC,PE)和1-30%负电荷脂质(DPPG)。有毒性的阳离子脂质隐藏在内部脂质体膜双层中。那些到达实体肿瘤的脂质将发挥它们引起编程性细胞死亡的毒性作用。编程性细胞死亡会由将毒性药物或抗肿瘤基因或寡核苷酸传递给癌症细胞而引起,也可以由阳离子脂质(与质粒DNA一起)细胞核定位到细胞核中引起。实际上,大量研究提示质粒DNA被引入核;其易位停驻在静电附着于DNA上的阳离子脂质分子上。这些阳离子脂质分子通过干扰核小体和引起局部失稳的染色质的域结构而发挥其毒性。这种失调或异常染色质重新组织会在质粒DNA附着进行转录,自主复制或通过重组而整合的细胞核间质水平上而产生。
已经发现表面活性剂在制剂如乳剂(包括微乳状液)和脂质体中的广泛应用。很多不同类型表面活性剂,天然和合成的,性能分类和分级最普通的方法是通过使用亲水/亲脂平衡(HLB)。已经综述了表面活性剂在药物产品、制剂和乳剂中的应用(Rieger,n:PharmaceuticalDosage Forms,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1988,p.285)。
发现非离子表面活性剂在药物和化妆品产品中广泛应用并可在广范围的pH值下使用。通常,根据它们的结构,它们的HLB值范围从2至大约18。非离子表面活性剂包括,非离子酯如乙二醇酯,丙二醇酯,甘油酯,聚甘油酯,脱水山梨醇酯,蔗糖酯和乙氧基化酯。非离子链烷醇酰胺和酯,如脂肪醇乙氧基化物,丙氧基化醇和乙氧基/丙氧基化的,嵌段聚合物也包括在这类中。聚氧乙烯表面活性剂是非离子表面活性剂类的最普遍成员。
阴离子表面活性剂包括羧化物如皂类,酰基乳酸盐,氨基酸的酰胺,硫酸的酯如烷基硫酸酯和乙氧基化烷基硫酸酯,磺酸盐如烷基苯磺酸盐,酰基羟乙基磺酸盐,酰基牛磺酸盐和磺基琥珀酸盐和磷酸盐。阴离子表面活性剂类的最重要成员是烷基硫酸酯和皂类。
阳离子表面活性剂包括季铵盐和乙氧基化胺。季铵盐是这类中最常用的成员。如果表面活性剂分子具有携带正或负电荷的能力,该表面活性剂分类为两性的。两性表面活性剂包括丙烯酸衍生物,取代烷基酰胺,N-烷基甜菜碱和磷脂。
经典的微胶粒可能不能有效作为基因传递载体,但是可作为包封药物或核酸的脂质体复合体形成的重要中间体。单链表面活性剂-DNA-胶体系统的稳定性低于含中性脂质和CTAB(1∶1)的SUV颗粒。然而,第二代微胶粒能够导向体内肿瘤。Weissig and coworkers(1998)使用大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(STI)作为模型蛋白导向肿瘤。STI用N-戊二酰-磷脂酰-乙醇胺(NGPE)的疏水残基修饰并掺入聚乙二醇(分子量5000)-二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(PEG-DSPE)微胶粒(<20nm)和PEG-DSPE修饰的长循环脂质体(约100nm)。如使用111In蛋白标记通过蛋白粘连二亚乙基三胺五醋酸,DTPA与大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂连接而确定,在尾静脉注射后,PEG-脂质微胶粒比固定在长循环PEG-脂质体中的相同蛋白在小鼠皮下建立的Lewis肺癌中蓄积更好。
装填有两亲药物的脂质体分散体可能使相转变为微胶粒溶液。将乳白色外观的脂质体分散体(颗粒大小200nm)转变成接近透明的微胶粒(颗粒大小低于25nm)来完成从高比例的磷脂与药物的转变(从2∶1至1∶1向下)。参见Schutze and Muller-Goymann(1998)。
促融合肽
在另外的实施方案中,这里描述的脂质体包封的DNA进一步包括有效量的促融合肽。促融合肽属于特征为沿长螺旋轴呈疏水性梯度的螺旋两亲肽类。这个疏水性梯度引起肽在膜中倾斜插入,因此使脂质核心失去稳定性,由此增强膜融合(Decout等人,1999)。
血细胞凝聚素(HA)是流感病毒的均三聚表面糖蛋白。在感染时,它促使低pH下病毒和内体膜之间的膜融合。每个单体由受体结合HA1域和膜相互作用HA2域组成。HA2域的NH2末端区域(氨基酸1至127),所谓的“融合肽”插入目标膜中并在触发病毒和内体膜之间融合中起决定性作用。基于用胱氨酸置换区域5-14的8个氨基酸和旋转标记电子顺磁共振,得到结论该肽形成α螺旋,从膜水平面倾斜近25度,从磷酸基的最大深度15埃(Macosko等人,1997)。使用来自流感病毒血细胞凝聚素HA-2的促融合肽大大增加了细胞摄取转铁蛋白-聚赖氨酸-DNA复合体的效率。该肽与聚赖氨酸连接,复合体通过转铁蛋白受体介导的内吞而传递(Boulikas,1998a综述)。这个肽具有序列:GLFEAIAGFIENGWEGMIDG GGYC(SEQ ID NO:9)并能够促使荧光染料钙黄绿素从卵黄卵磷脂制备的脂质体中释放,在酸性pH更强。在0.1-1mM浓度下,使用在培养物中的CEM-SS淋巴细胞这个肽也能够使反义寡核苷酸的抗HIV潜能增加到高达10倍。这个肽在内体轻微较酸环境下改变构象,失稳并打破了内体膜(Boulikas,1998a综述)。
膜中存在负电荷脂质对于证明有些肽的促融合性能很重要,但对其它性能不重要。而肽的促融合活性,代表推定的ferrilin-参与精子-卵融合的精子表面蛋白的融合域,依赖于负电荷脂质的存在,HIV2肽的促融合活性不是这样(Martin and Ruysschaert,1997)。
例如,为了分析流感病毒血细胞凝聚素HA的促融合肽上的两个结构域,设计HA的细胞质尾和/或跨膜结构域被仙台病毒相应的促融合糖蛋白F的结构域取代的HA-嵌合体。制备细胞质尾被人神经元颗粒蛋白1型(NF1)(残基1441至1518)或c-Raf-1(残基51至131)的肽取代的HA构建体,并使用牛痘病毒T7聚合酶瞬时表达系统在CV-1细胞中表达。亲本或嵌合HA蛋白介导的CV-1细胞和结合人红细胞(RBCs)间的膜融合显示,pH降低后,发生了含水荧光团钙黄绿素从预先承载RBCs流向表达蛋白的CV-1细胞的细胞质中。这表明膜融合包括脂质双层的两个小叶并导致水融合孔形成(Schroth-Diaz等人,1998)。
显著的发现是HIV的TAT蛋白能够穿过细胞膜(Green andLoewenstein,1998)和TAT的36个氨基酸的结构域,当与异源蛋白化学交联时,赋予了转导到细胞中的能力。TAT的11个氨基酸促融合肽(YGRKKRRQRRR(SEQ ID NO:10))是核仁定位信号(参见Boulikas,1998b)。
另一个HIV蛋白,糖蛋白gp41,含有促融合肽。源自gp41胞外域的膜最近区的线性肽具有作为抗HIV剂和通过采取螺旋构象而抑制传染性的潜在应用(Judice等人,1997)。23个氨基酸残基,HIV-1 gp41的N末端肽具有使负电荷大单层囊泡失稳的能力。缺乏阳离子时,主要结构是成孔α螺旋,而在Ca2+存在下,构象转变成促融合的,主要是延伸的β型结构。HIV(ala)(含R22→A置换)的融合活性降低70%,而当包括第二个置换(V2-E)时,促融合性完全丧失,争辩是主动失稳含胆固醇的电中性膜的HIV-1融合肽采取的不是α螺旋,而是延伸的结构(Pereira等人,1997)。
朊病毒蛋白(PrP)是功能未知的糖蛋白,通常在神经元和神经胶质细胞表面发现。它参与疾病如牛海绵状脑病,和人Creutzfeldt-Jakob病,其中PrP转变为改变形式(术语称PrPSc)。根据计算机模拟化计算,PrP的120至133和118至135结构域是倾斜方式插入脂质双层的倾斜脂质关联肽并能与脂质体相互作用促使包封钙黄绿素泄露(Pillot等人,1997b)。
Alzheimer淀粉样肽的C末端片段(氨基酸29-40和29-42)具有与促使体外脂质体融合的病毒蛋白的融合肽相关的性能。这些特性可介导淀粉样肽与细胞膜的直接相互作用并解释淀粉样肽的部分细胞毒性。考虑到早老性痴呆的病理学和载脂蛋白E(apo E)多态性之间的流行病学和生物化学关联,三个普通apoE同种型和淀粉样肽C末端片段之间的潜在相互作用的研究显示只有apoE2和apoE3,不是apoE4,是淀粉样肽促融合和聚集性能的有力抑制剂。认为apoE抗淀粉样聚集体形成的保护性作用是由形成稳定的apoE/淀粉样肽复合体介导的(Pillot等人,1997a;Lins等人,1999)。
当11个氨基酸残基组成的两亲净负电荷肽(WAE 11)固定于脂质体膜时,强烈提高该肽的促融合性能。该肽的融合活性看来不依赖于pH和膜合并,和目标膜需要通过掺入赖氨酸耦联磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE-K)的提供的正电荷。而耦联肽可使囊泡通过与PE-K的非特异性静电相互作用而聚集,游离肽不能促使PE-K囊泡聚集(Pecheur等人,1997)。
大量研究提示肽在插入细胞或脂质体膜的脂质双层后,其α螺旋二级结构的稳定性负责肽的膜融合性能。Zn2+,增强肽的促融合活性,因为它稳定α螺旋结构。例如,唾液抗微生物肽的HEXXH(SEQ ID NO:11)结构域,位于histatin-5的C末端功能域,识别的锌结合基元是螺旋构象(Martin等人,1999;Melino等人,1999;Curtain等人,1999)。
融合肽已经与DNA质粒配制以产生基于肽的基因传递系统。用于将质粒凝聚成40至200nm的纳米颗粒的YKAKnWK(SEQ ID NO:12)肽与设计利于质粒从内体释放的pH敏感性溶解剂GLFEALLELLESLWELLLEA(SEQ ID NO:13)两亲肽组合,增强含β-半乳糖苷酶报道基因的表达系统(Duguid等人,1998)。见下表2。
表2促融合肽
促融合肽 | 蛋白来源 | 性能 | 参考文献 |
GLFEAIAGFIENGWEGMIDGGGYC(SEQ ID NO:9) | 流感病毒血细胞凝聚素HA-2 | 赋予了膜融合性能 | Bongartz等人,1994 |
YGRKKRRQRRR(SEQ ID NO:5) | HIV的TAT | 赋予了膜融合性能 | Green and Loewenstein,1988 |
23个残基的促融合N末端肽 | HIV-1跨膜糖蛋白gp41 | 能够作为α螺旋插入到中性磷脂双层 | Curtain等人,1999 |
70个残基肽(SV-117) | 仙台病毒的促融合肽和N末端七元重复单位 | 促进卵磷脂-磷脂酰甘油(PC/PG)大分子单层囊泡(LUVs)的脂质混合 | Ghosh and Shai,1999 |
氨基末端区的23个疏水氨基酸 | 乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的S蛋白 | 与来自其它病毒的已知促融合肽具有高度相似性 | Rodriguez-Crespo等人,1994 |
MSGTFGGILAGLIGLL(SEQ ID NO:6) | 鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)的S蛋白的N末端区 | 插入到脂质双层的疏水核心并促使内部含水内容物从中性和负电荷脂质体中泄露出来 | Rodriguez-Crespo等人,1999 |
MSPSSLLGLLAGLQVV(SEQ ID NO:14) | 土拨鼠乙型肝炎病毒(WHV)的S蛋白 | 插入到脂质双层的疏水核心并促使内部含水内容物从中性和负电荷脂质体中泄露出来 | Rodriguez-Crespo等人,1999 |
Nef的N末端 | 人免疫缺陷1型(HIV-1)的Nef蛋白 | 人工膜的打乱膜和促融合活性;引起大肠杆菌和酵母细胞杀伤 | Macreadie等人,1997 |
F1多肽的氨基末端序列 | 麻疹病毒(MV)的F1多肽 | 可用作CTL表位的载体系统 | Partidos等人,1996 |
19-27个氨基酸序列段 | 牛白血病病毒的糖蛋白gp51 | 采取两亲结构和在牛白血病病毒诱导的融合事件中起着关键作用 | Voneche等人,1992 |
120-133和118-135结构域 | 朊病毒蛋白 | 倾斜的脂质关联肽;与脂质体相互作用促进包封钙黄绿素泄露 | Pillot等人,1997b |
29-42个残基的片段 | Alzheimer’s β淀粉样肽 | 赋予了与病毒融合蛋白的倾斜片段类似的能力 | Lins等人,1999 |
非聚集淀粉样β肽(1-40) | Alzheimer’s β淀粉样肽 | 促进神经元细胞编程性细胞死亡 | Pillot等人,1999 |
LCAT 56-68螺旋片段 | 卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶(LCAT) | 在脂质中形成稳定的β片层 | Peelman等人,1999;Decout等人,1999 |
肽序列B18 | 膜关联海胆精子蛋白结合 | 引发脂质囊泡之间融合;富含结合锌的组氨酸基元是促融合功能所需的 | Ulrich等人,1999 |
53-70(C末端螺旋) | 载脂蛋白(apo)AII | 促进单层脂质囊泡融合和从HDL和r-HDL中替换apo AI | Lambert等人,1998 |
残基90-111 | PH-30α(在精子-卵融合中起作用的蛋白) | 对酸性磷脂双层的膜-促融合活性 | Niidome等人,1997 |
酪蛋白信号肽 | αs2和β酪蛋白 | 与二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰甘油和二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱脂质体相互作用;显示出溶解和促融合活性 | Creuzenet等人,1997 |
Pardaxin | 两亲多肽,从Red Sea Moses鲽鱼比目鱼Pardachirus marmoratus的腺体分泌纯化 | 形成电压门控阳离子选择性孔;介导由磷脂酰丝氨酸组成而不是卵磷脂组成的脂质体聚集 | Lelkes and Lazarovici,1988 |
Histatin-5 | 唾液抗微生物肽 | 在Zn2+存在下聚集和融合负电荷小单层囊泡 | Melino等人,1999 |
短杆菌肽(线性疏水多肽) | 抗生素 | 促进囊泡的聚集和融合 | Massari and Colonna,1986:Tournois等人,1990 |
11个残基组成的两亲负电荷肽(WAE) | 合成的 | 形成插入和固定在膜(最好在37℃)的方向几乎与脂质酰基链平行的α螺旋;促进大单层脂质体(LUV)融合 | Martin等人,1999 |
部分被组氨酰残基置换的聚赖氨酸(平均190)的聚合体 | 合成的 | 在pH6.0以下咪唑间质子化,组氨酰残基变为阳离子型;破坏内体膜 | Midoux and Monsigny,1999 |
GLFEALLELLESLWELLLEA(SEQ ID NO:4) | 合成的 | 两亲肽;利于质粒从内体释放的pH敏感性溶解剂 | Duguid等人,1998 |
(LKKL)4(SEQ ID NO:15) | 合成的 | 两亲促融合肽,能够与四分子DMPC相互作用 | Gupta and Kothekar,1997 |
Ac-(Leu-Ala-Arg-Leu)3-NHCH3(SEQ IDNO:16) | 合成的;碱性两亲肽 | 引起卵黄卵磷脂和卵黄磷脂酸(3:1)组成的小单层囊泡内容物的泄露 | Suenaga等人,1989;Lee等人,1992 |
两亲阴离子肽E5和E5L | 合成的 | 可模拟流感血细胞凝聚素(HA)的促融合活性 | Murata等人,1991 |
含主要重复单位Glu-Ala-Leu-Ala(GALA)7(SEQ ID NO:17)的30个氨基酸肽 | 合成的;设计成模拟病毒融合蛋白的促融合序列的行为 | 当pH降至5.0时,变为两亲α螺旋;GALA诱导卵磷脂小单层囊泡融合需要肽长度超过16个氨基酸 | Parente等人,1988 |
聚Glu-Aib-Leu-Aib(SEQ ID NO:18)Aib代表2-氨基异丁酸 | 合成的 | α螺旋形成时的两亲结构;引起EYPC脂质体和二棕榈酰卵磷脂脂质体融合,随pH不断下降更强烈 | Kono等人,1993 |
促融合脂质
DOPE是促融合脂质;弹性蛋白酶切割N-甲氧基-琥珀酰-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-DOPE(SEQ ID NO:19)将此衍生物转变为DOPE(总的正电荷)而将包封的荧光探针,钙黄绿素传递到细胞质中(Pak等人,1999)。与β-内啡肽mRNA区域互补的30个碱基的寡脱氧核苷酸序列,在其包封到含赋予促融合活性的二棕榈酰-DL-α-磷脂酰-L-丝氨酸的小单层囊泡(50nm)中后,引起细胞培养物中β-内啡肽产生的浓度依赖性抑制。
细胞核定位信号(NLS)
在另外的实施方案中,这里描述的脂质体包封的质粒或寡核苷酸DNA进一步包括有效量的细胞核定位信号(NLS)肽。细胞核蛋白通过核孔复合体从它们在细胞质中的合成部位到细胞核中的功能部位的流通由待引入细胞核中的蛋白上的NLSs介导(表3-10,在下面)。蛋白从细胞质运输到核质包括:(i)karyopherinα与NLS-蛋白形成复合体;(ii)karyopherin β的随后结合;(iii)在核孔蛋白上复合体与FXFG肽重复序列的结合;(iv)通过p10,Ran-GDP停驻在核孔蛋白和karyopherin杂二聚体上;(v)核孔蛋白上大量结合-解离反应,使引入底物停驻在核质侧,伴发GDP-GTP交换反应,该反应将Ran-GDP转变为Ran-GTP并由karyopherinα催化;和(vi)Ran-GTP使得karyopherinα/NLS-蛋白与karyopherin β解离并释放到核质中。
在多数一级结构已经检测的非膜丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶中发现亲核和酸性簇(表6)。这些亲核簇可能介导激酶分子固定到转运蛋白上进行它们受调节的细胞核引入和可能构成细胞核定位信号。与仅位于细胞核中的具有由在侧接脯氨酸和甘氨酸螺旋打断子的六肽内的至少四个精氨酸(R)和赖氨酸(K)组成的强力亲核肽的蛋白转录因子相比,蛋白激酶通常含有一个组氨酸和三个K+R残基(Boulikas,1996)。提出这是指定弱NLS结构,引起细胞核引入总细胞质激酶的成分,以及它们微弱停留在不同的离子强度细胞核环境中。蛋白激酶中推定的NLS肽可能也含有提出进一步减少它们发挥强NLS作用的能力的疏水性或庞大的芳香氨基酸。
参与DNA修复途径的多数哺乳动物蛋白看来具有在六个氨基酸的序列段中含至少四个R+K的强亲核簇(表7)。
预计未知蛋白细胞核定位的规则
已经提出从其氨基酸序列预计功能未知的蛋白细胞核定位的几个简单规则:
(i)NLS被定义为在六肽内的四个精氨酸(R)加赖氨酸(K);在亲核六肽的四元组中存在一个或多个组氨酸(H),常常在具有细胞质和细胞核功能的蛋白激酶中发现,可能指定功能可能受磷酸化调节的弱NLS或可能指定在细胞质和细胞核中都起作用的蛋白(Boulikas,1996);
(ii)K/R簇由α螺旋打断子G和P侧接,由此将NLS置于螺旋-转角-螺旋或α螺旋末端。负电荷氨基酸(D,E)常常在NLS侧翼发现,在一些情况下可能打断负电荷NLS簇;
(iii)庞大的氨基酸(W,F,Y)不存在于NLS六肽中;
(iv)NLS信号可能不由长段疏水氨基酸(如五个)侧接;带电荷和疏水氨基酸的混合物起线粒体导向信号作用;
(v)NLSs数量越多,分子越容易引入细胞核(Dworetzky等人,1988)。甚至小蛋白,例如组蛋白(10-22kDa),需要主动引入来增加它们与小分子通过孔扩散的慢速度相比的引入速度;
(vi)信号肽是比NLSs更强的蛋白流通量的决定因素。信号肽指导蛋白到内质网腔进行分泌或插入细胞膜(跨膜域存在)(Boulikas,1994);
(vii)线粒体引入蛋白的信号(疏水和亲核氨基酸的混合物)可能对抗细胞核引入信号,具有两种类型信号的蛋白可能易位到线粒体和细胞核;
(Viii)蛋白与大细胞质结构(膜蛋白,中间丝状体)的强烈结合使得这种蛋白不能引入,尽管它们具有NLS样肽(Boulikas,1994);
(ix)转录因子和其它细胞核蛋白具有大量不同的推定的NLS段。十六个可能形式的推定NLS结构中,最丰富的类型是θθxθθ,θθθxθ,θθθθ和θθxθxθ,其中θ是R或K,总计占在转录因子上全部亲核簇的大约70%(Boulikas,1994);
(x)少量细胞核蛋白看来缺乏典型的亲核NLS。非亲核肽既不起它们细胞核引入的作用,因为这种分子具有二分NLSs,引入也不绝对依赖于这些缺少NLS的蛋白在细胞质中与待引入的细胞核蛋白伙伴的强烈复合作用(Boulikas,1994)。这个机制可能确保细胞核中两种分子的某一化学计算比,且可能具有生理意义;和
(xi)大量蛋白可能通过其它机制被引入,不依赖于经典的NLS。
已经发现很多过程受细胞核引入的调节,包括转录因子NF-κB,rNFIL-6,ISGF3,SRF,c-Fos,GR以及人细胞周期蛋白A和B1,酪蛋白激酶II,cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶II,蛋白激酶C,ERK1和ERK2的细胞核易位。细胞不能将特定蛋白引入细胞核可导致癌发生。例如,BRCA1主要位于乳房和卵巢癌细胞的细胞质中,而在正常细胞中蛋白位于细胞核中。mRNA通过与具有细胞核输出信号(NES)的细胞核蛋白的复合体相同的途径输出。大量含NES的蛋白是结合并护送RNAs到细胞质的RNA结合蛋白。然而,其它含NES的蛋白在输出蛋白中起作用;与其它蛋白上的NES序列结合并与细胞核孔复合体相互作用的CRM1是真核细胞中NES依赖性细胞核输出蛋白的必需中介物。细胞核定位和输出信号(NLS和NES)在很多重要分子中发现,包括p53,v-Rel,转录因子NF-Atc,c-Ab1非受体酪氨酸激酶,和脆弱的X综合症精神迟缓基因产物。它们正常引入/输出流通的解控是人类疾病的重要暗示。细胞核引入和输出过程可受蛋白与NLS或NES肽缀合的操纵。基因治疗过程中,外来DNA需要进入细胞核进行转录。提出途径包括质粒和寡核苷酸与开始存在的具有NLSs的细胞核蛋白的复合作用作为它们细胞核引入的必要条件。(Boulikas,1998b)提出NLS肽与寡核苷酸和质粒的共价连接或质粒与具有多个NLS肽的蛋白形成复合体可增加它们的引入速度和基因表达效率。预计癌细胞与最终分化的细胞相比,可更有效地将外来DNA引入细胞核,因为它们增殖和蛋白引入的速度增加。
抗肿瘤药物
在另外的实施方案中,这里描述的脂质体包封的质粒或寡核苷酸DNA进一步包括其与包封或游离抗肿瘤剂组合用于降低肿瘤大小或限制其生长。优选抗肿瘤剂是:(i)具有双-(2-氯乙基)-胺基的烷基化剂,如氮芥,苯丁酸氮芥,苯丙氨酸氮芥,嘧啶苯芥,甘露醇氮芥,extramustinephosphat,氧氮芥,环磷酰胺,异环磷酰胺,或trifosfamide;(ii)具有取代环乙亚胺基的烷基化剂,例如三铵嗪,噻替派,三亚胺苯醌或丝裂霉素;(iii)甲磺酸酯型的烷基化剂如白消安;(iv)烷基化N-烷基-N-亚硝基脲衍生物,例如卡莫司汀,罗氮芥,司莫司汀,或链脲霉素;(v)二溴甘露醇,达卡巴嗪或丙卡巴肼型的烷基化剂;(vi)络合剂如顺铂;(vii)叶酸型抗代谢药,例如氨甲喋呤;(viii)嘌呤衍生物如巯基嘌呤,硫鸟嘌呤,硫唑嘌呤,硫米嘌呤,阿糖腺苷,或嘌呤霉素和嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制剂;(ix)嘧啶衍生物,例如氟尿嘧啶,氟尿苷,呋氟尿嘧啶,阿糖胞苷,碘苷,氟胞嘧啶;(x)抗生素如更生霉素,柔红霉素,阿霉素,普卡霉素,博莱霉素或依托泊苷;(xi)长春碱;(xii)蛋白在癌细胞中过度表达的抑制剂如端粒酶抑制剂,谷胱苷肽抑制剂,蛋白酶体抑制剂;(xiii)信号传导途径调节物或抑制剂如磷酸酶抑制剂,蛋白激酶C抑制剂,酪蛋白激酶抑制剂,胰岛素样生长因子-1受体抑制剂,fas抑制剂,ras-GAP抑制剂,蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂;(xiv)肿瘤血管生成抑制剂如制管张素,制瘤素,内皮他丁,沙利度胺;(xv)免疫反应调节物和细胞因子,如干扰素,白介素,TNF-α;(xvi)胞外间质调节物如介质金属蛋白酶抑制剂,stromelysin抑制剂,纤溶酶原激活抑制剂;(xvii)激素依赖性癌症的激素调节物(乳腺癌,前列腺癌),如抗雄激素,雌激素;(xviii)编程性细胞死亡调节物;(xix)bFGF抑制剂;(xx)多药物耐受性基因抑制剂;(xxi)对抗在癌症细胞中过度表达的抗原的单克隆抗体或抗体片段(对于乳腺癌的抗Her2/neu);(xxii)表达将引起编程性细胞死亡,终止细胞周期,诱发对抗癌细胞的免疫反应,抑制肿瘤血管生成,即血管系统形成的抗癌基因,肿瘤抑制基因(p53,RB,BRCA1,E1A,bcl-2,MDR-1,p21,p16,bax,bcl-xs,E2F,IGF-I VEGF,制管张素,制瘤素,内皮他丁,GM-CSF,IL-12,IL-2,IL-4,IL-7,IFN-γ和TNF-α);和(xxiii)反义寡核苷酸(反义c-fos,c-myc,K-fas)。任选这些药物与chlormethamine,强地松龙,强的松,或丙卡巴肼组合或与放疗联合给药。添加到厂中的未来的新抗癌药物可望是核酶,形成三联体的寡核苷酸,基因灭活寡核苷酸,针对控制细胞增殖或信号传导途径的基因的很多新基因,和阻断信号传导的化合物。
抗癌药物包括:阿西维辛,阿柔比星,盐酸阿考达唑,阿克罗宁,阿多来新,阿霉素,aldesleukin,六甲蜜胺,安波霉素,阿美蒽醌甲地孕酮,氨鲁米特,安丫啶,anastrozole,安曲霉素,天冬酰胺酶,曲林菌素,氮胞苷,阿扎替派,含氮霉素,巴马司他,苯佐替派,bicalutamide,盐酸比生群,bisnafide dimesylate,bizelesin,博莱霉素硫酸盐,brequinar sodium,溴匹立明,白消安,放线菌素C,7β17α二甲睾酮,卡醋胺,卡贝替姆,卡铂,卡莫司汀,盐酸洋红霉素,carzelesin,cedefingol,苯丁酸氮芥,西罗霉素,顺铂,克拉立平,crisnatolmesylate,环磷酰胺,阿糖胞苷,达卡巴嗪,更生霉素,盐酸柔红霉素,decitabine,dexormaplatin,地扎呱宁,dezaguaninemesylate,地吖醌,docetaxel,阿霉素,盐酸阿霉素,屈洛昔芬,屈洛昔芬citrate,丙酸甲雄烷酮,偶氮霉素,edatrexate,盐酸依氟鸟氨酸,elsamitrucin,enloplatin,恩普氨酯,双环氧派啶,盐酸表柔比星,erbulozole,盐酸依索比星,雌二醇氮芥,雌二醇氮芥磷酸钠,依他硝唑,依托泊苷,磷酸依托泊苷,氯苯乙嘧胺,盐酸法唑,法扎拉滨,芬维A胺,氟尿苷,磷酸氟达拉滨,氟尿嘧啶,氟环胞苷,fosquidone,磷曲星sodium,gemcitabine,gemcitabine hydrochloride,羟基脲,盐酸伊达比星,异环磷酰胺,伊莫福斯,干扰素α-2a,干扰素α-2b,干扰素α-nl,干扰素α-n3,干扰素β-ia,干扰素γ-ib,异丙铂,irinotecan hydrochloride,lanreotide acetate,letrozole,醋酸亮丙瑞林,liarozole hydrochloride,lometrexol sodium,罗氮芥,losoxantrone hydrochloride,马索丙考,美坦素,盐酸氮芥,醋酸甲地孕酮,醋酸美仑孕酮,美法仑,美诺立尔,巯基嘌呤,氨甲喋呤,氨甲喋呤钠,氯苯氨啶,美妥替派,米丁度胺,mitocarcin,丝裂红素,米托菌素,米托马星,丝裂霉素,米托司培,米托坦,盐酸米托蒽醌,霉酚酸,诺考达唑,诺加霉素,ormaplatin,奥昔舒仑,紫杉醇,天门冬酰胺酶,佩里霉素,溴新斯的明,硫酸培洛霉素,过磷酰胺,哌泊溴烷,哌泊舒凡,piroxantrone hydrochloride,普卡霉素,plomestane,卟菲尔钠sodium,泊非霉素,泼尼莫斯汀,泼尼松,盐酸丙卡巴肼,嘌呤霉素,盐酸嘌呤霉素,吡唑霉素,利波腺苷,洛太米特,safingol,safingol hydrochloride,司莫司汀,辛曲秦,sparfosate sodium,司帕霉素,盐酸螺旋锗,螺莫司汀,螺铂,链黑霉素,链脲霉素,sulofenur,他利霉素,紫杉酚,tecogalan sodium,呋氟尿嘧啶,teloxantrone hydrochloride,temoporfin,替尼泊苷,替罗昔隆,睾内酯,硫咪嘌呤,硫鸟嘌呤,噻替派,噻唑呋林,tirapazamine,盐酸托泊替堪,托瑞米芬citrate,醋酸曲托龙,曲西立滨phosphate,三甲曲沙,曲美沙特glucuronate,曲普瑞林,盐酸妥布氯唑,尿嘧啶芥末,乌瑞替哌,vapreotide,verteporfin,硫酸长春碱,硫酸长春新碱,长春地辛,硫酸长春地辛,硫酸长春匹定,硫酸长春甘酯,硫酸环氧长春碱,长春瑞宾tartrate,硫酸异长春碱,硫酸长春利定,伏罗唑,折尼拉汀,净司他丁,盐酸佐柔比星。
其它抗癌药物包括:20-表-1,25二羟基维生素D3,5-ethynyluracil,abiraterone,阿柔比星,acylfulvene,adecypenol,阿多来新,aldesleukin,ALL-TK拮抗剂,六甲蜜胺,安巴司丁,amidox,氨磷汀,aminolevulinic acid,amrubicin,安丫啶,阿那格雷,anastrozole,穿心莲内酯,血管生成抑制剂,拮抗剂D,拮抗剂G,安雷利克斯,anti-dorsalizing形态发生蛋白-1,抗雄激素,抗雌激素,抗瘤酮,反义寡核苷酸,甘氨酸阿飞迪霉素,编程性细胞死亡基因调节物,编程性细胞死亡调节物,脱嘌呤核酸,ara-CDP-DL-PTBA,精氨酸脱氨酶,asulacrine,阿他美坦,阿曲氮芥,axinastatin 1,axinastatin 2,axinastatin 3,阿扎西隆,azatoxin,azatyrosine,浆果赤霉素III衍生物,balanol,巴马司他,BCR/ABL拮抗剂,benzochlorins,benzoylstaurosporine,β内酰胺衍生物,beta-alethine,betaclamycin B,桦木酸,bFGF抑制剂,bicalutamide,比生群,bisaziridinylspermine,bisnafide,bistratene A,bizelesin,breflate,溴匹立明,布多替钛,buthionine sulfoximine,钙泊三醇,calphostin C,喜树碱衍生物,canarypox IL-2,capecitabine,carboxamide-氨基-三唑,carboxyamidotriazole,CaRest M3,CARN 700,来自软骨的衍生物,carzelesin,酪蛋白激酶抑制剂(ICOS),粟精胺,杀菌肽B,西曲瑞利克斯,chlorlns,chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide,西卡前列素,顺卟啉,克拉立平,氯米芬类似物,克霉唑,collismycin A,collismycin B,combretastatin A4,combretastatin类似物,conagenin,crambescidin 816,crisnatol,cryptophycin 8,cryptophycin A衍生物,curacin A,cyclopentanthraquinones,cycloplatam,cypemycin,阿糖胞苷ocfosfate,细胞溶解因子,磷酸己烷雌酚,dacliximab,decitabine,dehydrodidemnin B,deslorelin,dexifosfamide,地拉佐生,dexverapamil,地吖醌,didemnin B,didox,diethylnorspermine,二氢-5-氮胞苷,dihydrotaxol,9-dioxamycin,diphenyl spiromustine,二十二醇,dolasetron,去氧氟尿苷,屈洛昔芬,屈大麻酚,duocarmycin SA,依布硒啉,ecomustine,edelfosine,edrecolomab,依氟鸟氨酸,榄香烯,emitefur,表柔比星,epristeride,雌二醇氮芥类似物,雌激素激动剂,雌激素拮抗剂,依他硝唑,磷酸依托泊苷,依西美坦,法唑,法扎拉滨,芬维A胺,非尔司亭,finasteride,flavopiridol,flezelastine,fluasterone,氟达拉滨,fluorodaunorunicinhydrochloride,福酚美克,福麦斯坦,磷曲星,福莫司汀,gadolinium,枸橼酸镓texaphyrin,galocitabine,ganirelix,明胶酶抑制剂,gemcitabine,谷胱苷肽抑制剂,hepsulfam,heregulin,环己烷bisacetamide,金丝桃素,ibandronic acid,伊达比星,idoxifene,idramantone,伊莫福新,ilomastat,imidazoacridones,imiquimod,免疫刺激肽,胰岛素样生长因子1受体,抑制剂,干扰素激动剂,干扰素,白介素,碘苄胍,碘阿霉素,ipomeanol,4-,irinotecan,iroplact,伊索格拉定,isobengazole,isohomohalicondrin B,itasetron,jasplakinolide,kahalalide F,lamellarin-Ntriacetate,lanreotide,leinamycin,来诺拉提,硫酸香菇多糖,leptolstatin,letrozole,白血病抑制因子,白细胞α干扰素,leuprolide+雌激素+孕激素,亮丙瑞林,左旋咪唑,liarozole,线性聚胺类似物,亲脂二糖肽,亲脂铂化合物,lissoclinamide 7,lobaplatin,蚯蚓磷脂,lometrexol,氯尼达明,losoxantrone,洛伐他汀,罗唑利宾,lurtotecan,lutetium texaphyrin,lysofylline,溶解肽,美坦新,mannostatin A,marimastat,马索丙考,maspin,matrilysin抑制剂,间质金属蛋白酶抑制剂,美诺立尔,merbarone,meterelin,methioninase,胃复安,MIF抑制剂,米非司酮,米尔佛森,mirimostim,错配双链RNA,米托胍腙,二溴卫矛醇,丝裂霉素类似物,米托萘胺,mitotoxin成纤维细胞生长因子-saporin,米托蒽醌,mofarotene,莫拉司丁,单克隆抗体,人绒毛膜促性腺激素,单磷脂酰脂质A十分枝杆菌细胞壁sk,单哌潘生丁,多药物耐性基因抑制剂,基于多肿瘤抑制剂1的治疗,芥末抗癌剂,mycaperoxide B,分枝杆菌细胞壁提取物,myriaporone,Nacetyldinaline,N-取代苯甲酰胺,那法瑞林,nagrestip,纳洛酮+镇痛新,napavin,naphterpin,nartograstim,nedaplatin,nemorubicin,neridronic acid,中性内肽酶,尼鲁米特,nisamycin,一氧化氮调节物,硝基氧抗氧化剂,nitrullyn,06-benzylguanine,奥曲肽,okicenone,寡核苷酸,onapristone,奥丹亚龙,奥丹亚龙,oracin,口服细胞因子诱导剂,ormaplatin,osaterone,奥沙利铂,oxaunomycin,紫杉醇类似物,紫杉醇衍生物,palauamine,palmitoylrhizoxin,pamidronic acid,panaxytriol,panomifene,parabactin,帕折普汀,天门冬酰胺酶,peldesine,戊聚糖聚硫酸钠,喷司他丁,pentrozole,perflubron,过磷酰胺,perillyl alcohol,phenazinomycin,乙酸苯酯,磷酸酶抑制剂,溶链菌,盐酸毛果芸香碱,吡柔比星,吡曲克辛,placetin A,placetin B,纤溶酶原激活抑制剂,铂复合体,铂化合物,铂三胺复合体,卟菲尔钠sodium,甲基丝裂霉素,丙基双丫啶酮,前列腺素J2,蛋白酶体抑制剂,基于蛋白A的免疫调节物,蛋白激酶C抑制剂,microalgal.,蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂,嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制剂,红紫素,pyrazoloacridine,吡醇羟乙酯血红蛋白聚氧化乙烯缀合物,raf拮抗剂,raltitrexed,ramosetron,ras法尼蛋白转移酶抑制剂,ras抑制剂,ras-GAP抑制剂,脱甲基retelliptine,铼Re 186羟乙磷酸盐,rhizoxin,核酶,RII retinamide,洛太米特,rohitukine,罗莫肽,罗喹美克,rubiginone B1,ruboxyl,safingol,saintopin,SarCNU,sarcophytol A,沙莫司亭,Sdi 1模拟物,司莫司汀,变老衍生抑制剂1,正义寡核苷酸,信号传导抑制剂,信号传导调节物,单链抗原结合蛋白,西佐喃,sobuzoxane,sodiumborocaptate,乙酸苯酯钠,solverol,促生长因子结合蛋白,sonermin,sparfosicacid,spicamycin D,螺莫司汀,splenopentin,spongistatin 1,squalamine,干细胞抑制剂,干细胞分裂抑制剂,stipiamide,stromelysin抑制剂,sulfinosine,超活性血管肠肽拮抗剂,suradista,苏拉明,八氢吲嗪三醇,合成糖胺聚糖,tallimustine,甲碘化三苯氧胺,牛磺莫司汀,tazarotene,tecogalan sodium,呋氟尿嘧啶,tellurapyrylium,端粒酶抑制剂,temoporfin,替莫唑胺,替尼泊苷,tetrachlorodecaoxide,tetrazomine,thaliblastine,沙利度胺,thiocoraline,thrombopoietin,thrombopoietin模拟物,thymalfasin,胸腺生成素受体激动剂,thymotrinan,甲状腺刺激激素,tin ethyletiopurpurin,tirapazamine,二氯环戊二烯钛,托泊替堪,topsentin,托瑞米芬,totipotent干细胞因子,翻译抑制剂,维A酸,三乙酰尿苷,曲西立滨,三甲曲沙,曲普瑞林,托比色创,turosteride,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,tyrphostins,UBC抑制剂,乌苯美司,泌尿生殖窦衍生生长抑制因子,尿激酶受体拮抗剂,vapreotide,variolin B,velaresol,veramine,verdins,verteporfin,长春瑞宾,vinxaltine,vitaxin,伏罗唑,zanoterone,折尼拉汀,zilascorb,净司他丁stimalamer。
pH敏感性肽-DNA复合体
在本发明的另外的实施方案中,提出质粒DNA中的基因与促融合肽/NLS缀合物相互作用。在另外的实施方案中,NLS部分是在大约5至6的pH时能够呈现净正电荷和在pH7以上时显示降低或完全释放这个电荷的一段组氨酰残基。这些正电荷肽与负电荷质粒DNA分子间在pH5-6建立的静电相互作用,在生理pH时变弱(pH敏感性肽-DNA复合体)。
本发明的第一步包括带组氨酰/促融合肽缀合物的质粒或寡核苷酸DNA和脂质成分之间在10-90%乙醇中,pH5.0至6.0形成复合体。条件应该是组氨酰残基具有净正电荷和可建立与质粒,寡核苷酸或负电荷药物间的静电相互作用。同时,正电荷脂质分子存在可促进微胶粒形成。第二步中,用水稀释并与预先制备的脂质体或脂质在pH5-6混合使得微胶粒转换到脂质体中。之后在pH7下透析并通过膜挤出,包入和包封质粒或寡核苷酸到高产量。
然而,第一步中肽和阳离子脂质的成分提供了内双层的脂质,添加到第2步中的脂质体或脂质类型提供了最终脂质体制剂的外包被层(图1)。肽制剂的实例包括:HHHHHSPSL16(SEQ ID NO:623)和HHHHHSPS(LAI)5(SEQ ID NO:624)。
以1∶0.5∶0.5摩尔比(DNA上的负电荷:阳离子脂质体:组氨酸肽)添加。肽以α螺旋构象插入脂质双层内侧且不仅进行DNA凝聚,也赋予复合体膜融合性能以改善通过细胞膜的入口。肽链中疏水氨基酸的类型(例如,芳香氨基酸的含量)非常重要如同肽链长度确保复合体的整体性和刚性。用与脂质缀合的聚乙二醇、透明质酸和其它聚合物包裹复合体的外表面使得颗粒具有在体液中长时间循环的性能和在静脉内注射后导向实体肿瘤和它们的转移灶的能力,以及穿过肿瘤细胞膜能力的颗粒。
肽中NLS和促融合部分之间的蛋白酶敏感性连接
微胶粒转换到脂质体中
本发明一个重要的问题是在乙醇存在下,DNA和阳离子脂质间形成的微胶粒转换到脂质体中。这是将微胶粒复合体直接添加到预先形成的脂质体含水溶液中完成的。脂质体具有80-160nm的平均大小或反之亦然,使得最终乙醇溶液浓度低于10%。适合药物用途和注射给人和动物的制剂将需要脂质体是PEG包裹的中性成分(如胆固醇,PE,PC)。
然而,另一个重要的方面是本发明的研究应用,如转染培养物中的细胞。脂质体含水溶液的成分是含阳离子脂质和因此适合转染培养物中的细胞的任何类型脂质体,如DDAB:DOPE 1∶1。这些脂质体是预先形成的且用超声处理或挤出通过膜小型化至直径80-160nm。乙醇微胶粒制剂接着添加到脂质体含水溶液中,伴随乙醇溶液稀释到低于10%。这一步将使DNA进一步凝聚或DNA上的负电荷磷酸基与脂质上的正电荷基团间的相互作用。必须注意应只有部分DNA上的负电荷被微胶粒中的脂质所中和。剩余的DNA电荷中和由在第二步中预先形成的脂质体的阳离子成分来提供。
调控DNA和细胞核间质附着的DNA
本发明另外的实施方案中,质粒DNA中的基因由使用鸟枪选择方法从细胞核间质附着的DNA中分离的调控DNA序列来驱动。
染色质的致密结构组织和各个染色体在细胞内的适当空间取向部分是由细胞核间质提供的。细胞核间质由DNA,RNA和蛋白组成,是细胞核中DNA复制,基因转录,DNA修复和染色体附着的部位。已经发现多样的DNA序列组与细胞核间质关联并称作间质附着区域或MARs。MARs执行很多功能,作为基因转录的激活剂,基因表达的沉默子,转录活性的隔离物,细胞核保留信号和DNA复制起点。当前的研究表明在不同组织类型中发现不同亚组MARs并可能协助调节细胞的特殊功能。间质中这种结构和调控分子的复合体分类的存在,以及DNA复制和转录复合体原位定位在间质中强烈表明细胞核间质在细胞核过程中起着基础的独特的作用。基因组结构化为结构域具有功能意义。基因传递载体中包括特殊MAR元件在很多实验和基因治疗应用中可具有实用性。很多基因治疗应用需要一个或多个基因在目的细胞类型中特异性表达延长的一段时间。载体内的MARs可增强导入的转基因的转录,延长那个序列在细胞核内的保留或将那个转基因的表达与共同转导的基因表达相隔离(综述见Boulikas,1995;Bode et al,1996)。
已经使用各种生物化学步骤鉴定基因内的调控区域。传统地,调控DNA序列的鉴定和选择依赖于冗长步骤如体外或体内转录因子足迹法,或从报道基因上游的较大基因组DNA序列亚克隆较小片段。这些方法最初已经用于鉴定最接近基因5’末端的区域。然而,在很多情况下,发现调控区域在与基因最接近的5’末端有相当大距离的地方,并提供细胞类型或发育阶段的特异性。例如,Grosveld和Engel(Lakshmanan等人,1999)组的研究表明GATA-3基因位周围的625kb以上的基因组序列是转基因小鼠中基因正确发育表达所需要的。发现基因上游5-20kb距离的延伸DNA序列段负责表达的中枢神经系统特异性。基因上游20至130kb间的区域含有GATA-3泌尿生殖系特异性表达的调控区域,而基因下游90-180kb的序列提供心内特异性表达。
目前公开的方法具有快速鉴定调控区域的潜力。在细胞中,染色质环形成,不同的附着区域用于不同的细胞类型或发育阶段以调节基因表达。目前公开的基于它们与细胞核间质的附着而分离调控区域的方法可鉴定调控区域而不考虑它们与基因的距离。尽管人类基因组计划预期到2000年基本完成,但不能得到有关估计的500,000个调控区域的绝大多数的位置和性质的信息。
实施例1
质粒DNA与各种试剂,以及各种阳离子脂质体制剂凝聚。凝聚影响转染K562人红白血病细胞培养物后β-半乳糖苷酶报道基因的表达水平。脂质体成分在下表和图2中显示。所有脂质来自Avanti PolarLipids(700 Industrial Park Drive,Alabaster,AL 35007)。脂质与DNA的最佳比例是7nmol总脂质/μg DNA。将转染试剂(10μgDNA与70nmol总脂质混合)转移到小培养瓶中,随后添加10ml K562细胞培养物(总细胞大约2百万);在DNA与脂质体混合后5-10分钟,细胞与转染试剂混合。在转染后1-30天,检测几次细胞的β-半乳糖苷酶活性。转染细胞作为正常细胞培养物维持在细胞培养物中。
当用于转染的细胞数量低,不接近融合时,得到最好结果。在所有实验中,在血清和抗生素存在下,不去除转染试剂或洗涤细胞,直接加入转染材料。这简化了转染步骤并适合淋巴样细胞和不贴附平皿但在悬液中生长的其它类型细胞培养物。所有DNA凝聚剂购自Sigma。它们以0.1mg/ml悬浮于水中。质粒pCMVβ购自Clontech并使用Althea Technologies的Anaconda试剂盒(San Diego,CA)纯化。聚K是聚赖氨酸,分子量9400。聚R是聚精氨酸。聚H是聚组氨酸。
向100μl质粒溶液(10μg总质粒DNA)中加入20μl或50μl聚K,聚R,聚H;用水将体积调节到250μl,随后加入大约70μl脂质体(7nmol/μg DNA)。在20℃温育10分钟至1小时后,使转染混合物接触细胞培养物。与普及的聚赖氨酸相比,最好的DNA凝聚剂是聚组氨酸。最好的阳离子脂质是DC-胆固醇(DC-CHOL:3β[N-(N’,N’-二甲基氨基乙烷)甲氨酰]胆固醇)。SFV是表达β-半乳糖苷酶的赛姆利基森林病毒。结果在图2中显示。
脂质体 | 分子量 | 成分 | 制剂 |
L2 | DDAB分子量631DOPE分子量744 | DDAB4.2μmoles/mlDOPE 4.2μmoles/ml | 15mg DDAB+0.88ml 20mg/ml DOPE |
L3 | DOGS-NTA分子量1015.4 | DOGS-NTA1μmole/ml DOPE1μmole/ml | 5mg DOGS0.185ml DOPE |
L4 | DC-Chol(分子量537)DOPE(分子量744) | DC-Chol 1μmole/mlDOPE 1μmole/ml | 0.106ml DC-Chol(25mg/ml)+0.185ml DOPE(20mg/ml) |
L5 | DOTAP(分子量698)DOPE(分子量744) | DOTAP 1.4μmole/mlDOPE 1.3μmole/ml | O.5ml 10mg/ml DOTAP+0.25ml DOPE(20mg/ml) |
L6 | DODAP(分子量648) | DODAP 1.54μmoles/mlDOPE 1.3μmole/ml | 0.5ml 10mg/mlDODAP=5mg=7.72μmoles+0.25ml DOPE(20mg/ml) |
实施例2
使用基因载体(Lipogenes)将基因导向肿瘤
如图3所示,将人MCF-7乳腺癌细胞,在两个部位皮下植入SCID(严重组合免疫缺陷)小鼠。在接种后大约30天,允许细胞发育到大的可测量的实体肿瘤。每只携带细菌β-半乳糖苷酶报道基因的小鼠腹膜内注射0.2mg质粒pCMVβDNA(质粒大小是~4kb)。质粒DNA(200μg,2.0mg/ml,0.1ml)与200μl由40%胆固醇,20%二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DOPE),12%棕榈酰油酰卵磷脂(POPC),10%氢化大豆卵磷脂(HSPC),10%二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE),5%鞘磷脂(SM)和3%衍生的形成囊泡的脂质M-PEG-DSPE组成的中性脂质体温育5分钟。
在这个阶段,质粒DNA与中性(两性离子)脂质体发生弱复合。这确保了添加阳离子脂质体的随后步骤中,质粒DNA均匀分布到脂质体中。质粒DNA与两性离子脂质体复合后,加入50μl阳离子脂质体(DC-Chol 1μmole/ml:DOPE 1.4μmole/ml)并在室温温育10分钟。在这个阶段,存在混合脂质体群体,最可能是形成了一种类型含来自两性离子和阳离子脂质的脂质的脂质体-DNA复合体。将材料注射(0.35ml总体积)到动物的腹膜内腔。注射后5天,杀死动物,去除皮肤,尸体在X-gal染色溶液中37℃温育大约30分钟。动物在定影液X-gal染色溶液中温育大约30分钟(100μl浓缩的戊二醛添加到30ml X-gal染色溶液中)并在染色溶液中继续温育。在温育期间经过一定的时间照像显示β-半乳糖苷酶表达发生的优选器官。
由于图3E显示了肿瘤血管系统导向,所以数据暗示制管张素,内皮他丁或制瘤素基因转移到肿瘤(它们的基因产物限制血管生长和抑制给肿瘤供血)可望成为癌症治疗的合理方法。而且,使用抗癌lipogenes与包封的药物装入导向肿瘤的脂质体的组合治疗看来是合理的癌症疗法。
应该理解的是尽管已经结合上面的实施方案描述了本发明,但是前述说明书和下列实施例旨在阐述而非限制本发明的范围。本发明范围内的其它方面,优点和改进对本发明所属领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。
表3简单NLS
SASKRRRLE(SEQ ID NO:45) | 非洲爪蟾核纤层蛋白A。从其与人核纤层蛋白A NLS的相似性推断出的NLS。 |
TKGKRKRID(SEQ ID NO:46) | 非洲爪蟾核纤层蛋白LI。从其与人核纤层蛋白A NLS的序列相似性推断出的NLS。 |
CVRTTKGKRKRIDV(SEQ ID NO:47) | 非洲爪蟾核纤层蛋白LI。这个合成肽与小鸡牛白蛋白交联并显微注射给HeLa细胞,引起细胞核定位。 |
ACIDKRVKLD(SEQ ID NO:48) | 人c-myc癌蛋白。这个合成肽与小鸡牛白蛋白交联并显微注射给HeLa细胞,引起细胞核定位。 |
ACIDKRVKLD(SEQ ID NO:49)(M1,全效NLS)RQRRNELKRSP(SEQ ID NO:50)(M2,中效NLS) | 人c-myc癌蛋白。M1肽与人血清白蛋白缀合并显微注射给Vero细胞给出完整细胞核蓄积。M2给出较慢和仅部分的细胞核定位。 |
SALIKKKKKMAP(SEQ ID NO:51) | 小鼠c-abl(IV)基因产物。p160gag/V-abl具有细胞质和质膜定位,而小鼠IVc-abl型蛋白主要在细胞核中。 |
PPKKRMRRRIE(SEQ ID NO:52)PKKKKKRP(SEQ ID NO:53) | 在感染的细胞核中发现的并参与病毒复制和早期和晚期基因表达的腺病毒5DBP(DNA结合蛋白)。两种NLS都需要,任何一个位点的破坏损害529个氨基酸的蛋白的细胞核定位。 |
YRKCLQAGMNLEARKTKKKIKGIQQATA(497-524个氨基酸)(SEQ ID NO:54) | 通过与β-半乳糖苷酶(116kD)融合确定的大鼠GR,糖皮质激素受体(795个氨基酸)NLS1。NIS1在人、小鼠和大鼠GR中100%保守。而GR的407-615氨基酸片段指定了细胞核定位,在缺乏激素下,407-740氨基酸片段位于细胞质中,表明序列615-740可能抑制细胞核定位活性。第二个(NLS2)位于延伸的256个氨基酸C末端结构域。对于活性来说,NLS 2需要激素结合。 |
RKDRRGGRML KHKRQRDDGEGRGEVGSAGDMRAMINOACIDNLWPSPLMI KRSKK(氨基酸256-303)(SEQ ID NO:55) | 人ER(雌激素受体,595个氨基酸)NLS。NLS在激素结合和DNA结合区域之间;ER,与GR相反,缺乏第二个NLS。可指导与β-半乳糖苷酶融合的产物到细胞核。 |
RKFKKFNK(SEQ ID NO:56) | 兔PG(孕酮受体)。在人中是100%的同源性。在小鸡中,F→L改变。当这个序列被删除后,受体变成细胞质中的,但添加激素,能转移到核中;在这种情况下,激素调节突变体PG与野生型PG分子的二聚化。 |
表4“二分”或“断裂”NLS
信号寡肽 | 蛋白质和特征 |
C末端 | 非洲爪蟾核质蛋白。缺失分析证明负责细胞核定位的信号的存在。 |
TKKAGQAKKK(SEQIDNO:87) | 非洲爪蟾核质蛋白 |
TKKAGQAKKKKLD(SEQ ID NO:88) | 非洲爪蟾核质蛋白。尽管这17个氨基酸具有NLS活性;17个氨基酸序列的较短型不能使丙酮酸激酶位于细胞核中。 |
TKKAGQAKKK(KLD)(SEQ IDNO:89) | 非洲爪蟾核质蛋白。这个14个氨基酸的片段鉴定为最小的细胞核定位序列,但不能使丙酮酸激酶位于细胞核中;在任何一个末端需要三个更多的氨基酸(显示在圆括号中)。 |
CGQAKKKKLD(SEQ ID NO:90) | 非洲爪蟾核质蛋白衍生的合成肽;与小鸡血清白蛋白交联并显微注射给HeLa细胞指定了细胞核定位。这提示核质蛋白可能具有简单NLS。 |
KRPAMINO ACID TKKAGQA KKKK(SEQ ID NO:91) | 非洲爪蟾核质蛋白二分NLS。被10个氨基酸分开的两簇碱性氨基酸(下划线)是一半NLS成分。 |
HRKYEAPRH26PRKR(SEQ IDNO:92) | 酵母L3核糖体蛋白(387个氨基酸)N末端21个氨基酸。可能的二分NLS。(核糖体蛋白转运到细胞核与新生的rRNA装配)。与β-半乳糖苷酶融合基因用于转化酵母细胞,随后用β-ga1抗体荧光染色。与β-半乳糖苷酶融合的L3的373个氨基酸不能定位到细胞核,除非含脯氨酸的8个氨基酸桥插在L3和β-半乳糖苷酶之间。 |
NKKKRKLSRGSSQKTKGTSASAKARHKRRNRSSRS(一条序列)(SEQ ID NO:93) | SV40 Vp3结构蛋白。(C末端35个氨基酸)DEAE-葡聚糖介导的用突变构建体转染TC7细胞。 |
RVTIRTVRVRRPPKGKHRK(SEQID NO:94) | 猿肉瘤病毒v-sis基因产物(p28sis)。细胞副本c-sis基因编码PDGF B链(血小板衍生的生长因子)的前体。NLS在v-sis基因产物和PDGF之间100%保守。这个蛋白正常转运通过ER;将带电荷氨基酸引入疏水信号肽导致转运进入细胞核的突变蛋白。丙酮酸激酶-NLS融合产物比细胞质v-sis突变蛋白转运到细胞核的效率低。 |
KRKIEEPEPEPKKAK(SEQ IDNO:95) | 推定的X。laevis蛋白因子xnf7的二分NLS。由与核质蛋白的二分NLS的相似性推断出。由于高度磷酸化,在卵母细胞成熟期间,xnf7位于细胞质中,直到中-囊胚-原肠胚期。部分去磷酸化导致在细胞核中蓄积。 |
表5缺乏精氨酸/赖氨酸簇的“非正NLS”
信号寡肽 | 蛋白质和特征 |
O LVWMACNSAMINO ACIDFEDLRVLSFIRGTKVSPRG 327-356(SEQ ID NO:105) | 流感病毒核蛋白(NP)。下划线区域(327-345)当与黑猩猩a1-珠蛋白在cDNA水平融合并显微注射给非洲爪蟾卵母细胞时,指定了细胞核定位。 |
MN KIPIKDLLNPQ(NLS1在N末端)(SEQ ID NO:106)VRILESWFAKNIENPYLDT(NLS2在氨基酸141-159,发育同源结构域的一部分)(SEQ ID NO:107) | 酵母MATa2阻遏蛋白,含有发育同源结构域。这两个NLS是不同的,每个能够使β-半乳糖苷酶定位在细胞核。然而,NLS2缺失导致a2在核孔中蓄积。NLS1和2可能在定位途径中不同步骤中起作用。发育同源结构域的一部分调节细胞核定位,除了调节DNA结合外。提示含脯氨酸和另外两个疏水氨基酸(两侧有赖氨酸或精氨酸(下划线))的核心五肽是一种的NLS核心。 |
Rx7Kx15KIPRx3HFYEERLSWYSDNED(SEQ ID NO:108)152-206(C末端片断) | 与异染色质结合并参与基因沉默的果蝇HP1(206个氨基酸)。通过P-元件介导转化果蝇胚胎而导入的β-半乳糖苷酶/HP1融合蛋白鉴定到的NLS。 |
FVx7-20MxSLxYMx4MF | 腺病毒5 E1A型内部的发育调节的NLS。这个NLS在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞而不是体细胞中发挥功能。这个NLS可利用至早期神经胚期。 |
表6核仁定位信号(NoLS)
表7非膜蛋白激酶上的亲核簇
亲核肽 | 非膜蛋白激酶 | 种类 | 特征 |
73 FVVHKRCHE(SEQ ID NO:117)96DDPRSKHKFKIH(SEQ ID NO:118)577 TKHPGKRLG(SEQ ID NO:119) | 蛋白激酶C(673个氨基酸) | 牛,人β型 | 已知促细胞分裂剂处理细胞后,转移到细胞核 |
71 FVVHRRCHEF(SEQ ID NO:120)95 DDPRNKHKFRLH(SEQ ID NO:121)591 TKHPAKRLG(SEQ ID NO:122) | 蛋白激酶C(697个氨基酸) | 牛,人γ型 | |
72 FVVHKRCHE(SEQ ID NO:123)96 DDPRSKHKFKIH(SEQ ID NO:124)577 TKHPGKRLG(SEQ ID NO:125) | 蛋白激酶C(673个氨基酸) | 兔α和β型 | |
71 FVVHRRCHE(SEQ ID NO:126)95 DDPRNKHKFRLH(SEQ ID NO:127)594 TKHPGKRLG(SEQ ID NO:128) | PKC-I(701个氨基酸) | 大鼠脑 | |
22 GENKMKSRLRKG(不保守)(SEQID NO:129)80SYVVHKRCHEYVT(保守)(SEQ ID NO:130)211PDDKDQSKKKTR(不保守)(SEQID NO:131)614PPFKPKIKHRKMCP(不保守)(SEQ ID NO:132) | 蛋白激酶C(639个氨基酸,75kDa) | 果蝇 | 14个外显子,20kb;在成体果蝇中有3个转录本;在0-3小时果蝇胚胎中不表达;VVHKRCHE(SEQ ID NO:133)基元(或VVHRRCHE(SEQ ID NO:134))在所有已知PKC中保守。 |
148KKVLQDKRFK NRELQIMRKLD(SEQ ID NO:135) | 糖原合成酶激酶3GSK-3α(483个氨基酸)GSK-3β(420个氨基酸) | 大鼠脑 | 磷酸化糖原合成酶,c-Jun,c-Myb;离散的基因编码的两个同种型;在脑中高度表达;α和β形式都是胞质的,但也与质膜相连,与它们在来自细胞表面的信号传导中的作用一致。 |
LQDRRFKNRELQ(SEQ ID NO:136) | Zw3zeste-white 3 | 果蝇 | 片段极性基因zw3的产物;编码的蛋白与cdc2具有34%的同源性;zw3突变得到缺乏大部分腹侧牙(来自每个片段的最前区的分化结构)的胚胎。 |
289ECLKKFNARRKL KGAIL(SEQ IDNO:137) | Ca2+/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶II(CaM激酶II)β亚单位(542个氨基酸,60.3kDa) | 大鼠脑 | 由九个50kDa的α亚单位和三个60kDa的β亚单位组成;都是催化性的;钙调蛋白结合域和ATP结合域;在前脑神经元中高度表达;在突触后密集富集;起Ca2+触发转换的作用并能参与突触长期持久的改变。 |
290LKKFNARRKLKGAILTTM(SEQ IDNO:138)450EETRVWHRRDGK(SEQID NO:139) | CaM激酶II(478个氨基酸,54kDa)α亚单位 | 大鼠脑 | 这个特定的同种型仅在脑中表达;在特殊脑区域中酶水平高;可能参与对短暂刺激的短期和长期反应。 |
185 GFAKRVKGRT WTLGG(SEQ IDNO:140) | CADPK催化亚单位(349个氨基酸,40.6kDa) | 牛(心肌) | 通过Edman降解蛋白片段而得到;调节cAMP的活动并被它激活;由两个调节性(R)亚单位和两个催化(C)亚单位组杨;cAMP从非激活R2C2 cADPK释放C亚单位;克隆编码小鼠cADPK催化亚单位的两个同种型的cDNAs。 |
186 GFAKRVKGRTW TLCG(SEQ IDNO:141) | CADPK(催化亚单位)(350介氨基酸) | 牛 | 筛选牛垂体cDNA文库分离cDNA;与已知牛cADPK具有93%序列相似性;代表cADPK催化亚单位的第二个基因。 |
29 EEEIQELKRKLH KCQSVLP(SEQID NO:142)389 KILKKRHIVDTR(SEQ ID NO:143) | CGDPK(SEQID NO:144)(670个氨基酸,76.3kDa) | 牛肺 | 通过蛋白测序确定;由结合cGMP以变构方式激活而不是如在cADPK中分解催化亚单位而激活的两个等同亚单位组成;序列与cADPK相似。 |
117KTLKKHTIVK(SEQ ID NO:145) | TPK3(398个氨基酸)cADPK | 啤酒糖酵母 | cAMP-DPK是含两个催化和两个调节亚单位的四聚体蛋白;cAMP通过从四聚体中分解催化亚单位而激活激酶;所有三个TPK 1,2,3是催化亚单位。 |
16S2H13GHG2166EYCHRHKIVHRDLKP(SEQ IDNO:146)495PLVTKKSKTRWHFG(SEQ ID NO:147) | SNF1(633个氨基酸,72kDa) | 啤酒糖酵母 | 丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶;自动磷酸化;在酵母中葡萄糖可抑制基因表达所需的碳分解代谢物抑制中起重要作用;区域60-250显示与cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶(cADPK)的高度序列相似性。 |
70 PVKKKKIKREIK(SEQ ID NO:148)269DILQRHSRKRW ERF(SEQIDNO:149)146 PKSSRHHHTDG(SEQ ID NO:150) | 酪蛋白激酶II(α亚单位,催化)(336个氨基酸)CKII(β亚单位,调节)(215个氨基酸) | 黑猩猩果蝇黑猩猩果蝇 | CKII由α2β2130-150kDa蛋白中α和β亚单位组成;α亚单位是催化的,β是自动磷酸化。 |
142PKSSRHHHTDG(SEQ ID NO:151) | CKII(β亚单位,调节)(209个氨基酸,24.2kDa) | 牛(肺) | |
108PKQRHRKSLG(SEQ IDNO:152)129 GSMCKVKLAK HRYTNE(SEQ IDNO:153)506DRKHAKIRNQ(SEQ IDNO:154)638 GNIFRKLSQRR KKTIEQ(SEQ IDNO:155)773 PPLNVAKGRKLHP(SEQ ID NO:156) | KIN1(1064个氨基酸,117kDa) | 啤酒糖酵母 | 激酶结构域中,与牛cADPK具有30%的氨基酸相似性和与v-src具有27%(KIN1)或25%(KIN2)的氨基酸相似性;KIN1和KIN2的催化域接近N末端,是带有酪氨酸和丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶特征的结构嵌合体。 |
87 ELRQFHRRSLG(SEQ IDNO:157)111GKVKLVKHRQ TKE(SEQ ID NO:158)217 GSLKEHHARKF | KIN 2(1152个氨基酸,126kDa) | 啤酒糖酵母 |
ARG(SEQ ID NO:159)807 LSVPKGRKLHP(SEQ ID NO:160) | |||
60FLRRGIKKKLTLD(SEQ ID NO:161)472PSKDDKFRHWCRKIKSKIKEDKRIKRE(SEQ ID NO:162) | STE7(515个氨基酸) | 啤酒糖酵母 | 包含在酵母的三种细胞类型(a,α和a/α)调控中;其中a和α细胞是单倍体并专门用于交配而a/α细胞是二倍体,专门用于减数分裂和孢子形成;除了配对类型位点MAT,所有细胞含有相同的DNA序列。STE7基因使得对由酵母交配激素α因子诱导的细胞分裂停止不敏感。 |
722 QRRVKKLPSTTL(SEQ ID NO:163)QRRVKKLPSITL(SEQ ID NO:164) | S6KIIα(733个氨基酸)S6KII β | 非洲爪蟾非洲爪蟾 | |
742 QRVKKLPSTTL(SEQ ID NO:165) | S6KII(752个氨基酸) | 小鸡 | |
713QRRVRKLPSTTL(SEQ ID NO:166) | S6KII(724个氨基酸) | 小鼠 | |
16GVVYKGRHKTTG(SEQ ID NO:167)120 FCHSRRVLHRD LKP(SEQ IDNO:168) | CDC2Hs(297个氨基酸)p34cdc2 | 人 | 在粟酒裂殖糖酵母中表达人cDNA文库并筛选补充cdc2酵母基因中突变的克隆而分离;人CDC2基因可补充啤酒糖酵母CDC28和粟酒裂殖糖酵母的cdc2突变体的无效等位基因的无活力;CDC2mRNA出现在CDK2的之后。 |
GVVYKARHKLSGR(SEQ ID NO:169) | cdc2(297个氨基酸) | 粟酒裂殖糖酵母 | 与啤酒糖酵母CDC28具有高度同源性。 |
119HSHRVLHRDLKP(SEQ ID NO:170) | CDK2(细胞分裂激酶2)(298个氨基酸) | 人 | 人CDK2蛋白与人p34cdc2具有65%序列等同性;与非洲爪蟾Eg1激酶具有89%的序列等同性;人CDK2能够补充啤酒糖酵母CDC28的无效等位基因的无活力, |
但是不能补充粟酒裂殖糖酵母的cdc2突变体的无活力。CDK2mRNA出现在G1晚期/S早期。 | |||
109 FCHSHRVLHRD LKP(SEQ IDNO:171) | Eg1(297个氨基酸) | 非洲爪蟾 | Cdk2相关 |
125 GIAYCHSHRILH RDLKP(SEQ ID NO:172) | CDC28(298个氨基酸) | 啤酒糖酵母 | 粟酒裂殖糖酵母Cdc2的同系物 |
119 HSHRVIHRDLKP(SEQ ID NO:173) | cdk3(305个氨基酸) | 人 | |
56 KELKHKNIVR(SEQ ID NO:174) | PSSALRE(291个氨基酸)(SEQ ID No:175) | 人 | cdc2相关激酶。 |
1MDRMKKIKRQ(N末端)(SEQ IDNO:176)141DKPLSRRLRRV(SEQ ID NO:177) | PCTAIRE-1(496个氨基酸) | 人 | cdc2相关激酶。 |
1 MKKFKRR(SEQ ID NO:178)129 RNRIHRRIS(SEQ ID NO:179)172 SRRSRRAS(SEQ ID NO:180)304 HRRKVLHR(SEQ ID NO:181)512 GHGKNRRQSMLF(SEQ ID NO:182) | PCTAIRE-2(523个氨基酸) | 人 | cdc2相关激酶。 |
163 HTRKILHR(SEQ ID NO:183)369 PGRGKNRRQSIF(SEQ ID NO:184) | PCTAIRE-3(380个氨基酸) | 人 | cdc2相关激酶。 |
69 EVFRRKRRLH(SEQ ID NO:185)302 DKPTRKTLRKSRKHH(SEQ IDNO:186) | KKIALRE(358个氨基酸)(SEQID No:187) | 人 | cdc2相关激酶。 |
1MVKRHKNT(SEQ ID NO:188)87DGELFHYIRKHGP(SEQ ID NO:189)114DAVAHCHRFRFRHRD (SEQ IDNO:190)295KKSSSKKVVRRLQQRDD(SEQ ID NO:191) | nim1+基因产物(有丝分裂的新诱导剂);蛋白激酶(370个氨基酸) | 粟酒裂殖糖酵母 | |
194PAQKLRKKNNFI(SEQ ID NO:192)388KQHRPRKNTNFTPLPP(SEQ IDNO:193)592KYAVKKLKVKFSGP(SEQ ID NO:194) | Wee1+基因产物(877个氨基酸) | 粟酒裂殖糖酵母 | Wee1+基因发挥延迟有丝分裂开始直到酵母细胞达到某一大小的剂量依赖性抑制剂的作用;Wee1具有可能调节cdc2激酶的蛋白激酶共有序列。 |
266PNETRRIKRANRAG(SEQ ID NO:195) | CDC7(497个氨基酸) | 啤酒糖酵母 | 有丝分裂DNA复制所需,但不是减数分裂DNA复制所需,推测磷酸化特殊复制蛋白因子;涉及DNA修复和减数分裂重组中;与CDC28和癌基因蛋白激酶具有一些同源性,但在磷酸化受体域内大量区域不同。 |
48YDHVRKTRVAIKK(SEQ ID NO:196) | ERK1(MAP激酶)(367个氨基酸;42kDa) | 大鼠 | 已知它们在T-190和Y-192(在ERK2中为T-183,Y-185)被磷酸化而激活后转移到细胞核。 |
59ILKHFKHE(SEQ ID NO:197) | FUS3(353个氨基酸) | 啤酒糖酵母 | MAP-(ERK1)-相关。 |
252QIKSKRAKEY(SEQ ID NO:198) | KSS1(368个氨基酸) | 啤酒糖酵母 | MAP-(ERK1)-相关。 |
ELVKHLVKHGSN(SEQ ID NO:199)GKAKKIRSQLL(SEQ ID NO:200) | SWI6(803个氨基酸,90kDa) | 啤酒糖酵母 | CACGA盒激活剂,与cdc10具有序列相似性;细胞周期的开始所需。 |
EQRLKRHRIDVSDED(SEQ ID NO:201)SNIKSKCRRVV | cdc10 | 粟酒裂殖糖酵母 |
(SEQ ID N0:202) | |||
37 PPKRIRTD(作者建议)(SEQ IDNO:203)492KLARKQKRP(SEQ ID NO:204) | CTD激酶(528个氨基酸)58kDa亚单位(催化) | 啤酒糖酵母 | 由58,38,32 kDa的3个亚单位组成;破坏58kDa基因得到缺乏CTD激酶,生长缓慢,对寒冷敏感,但具有RNA pol II的不同的磷酸化形式的细胞。 |
29GVSSVVRRCIHKP(SEQ ID NO:205) | 磷酸化酶激酶(催化亚单位)(386个氨基酸) | 兔(骨骼肌) | |
489KKYMARRKWQKTGHV(SEQ IDNO:206) | 肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)(669个氨基酸) | 小鸡砂囊 | Ca2+/钙调蛋白激活,被cADPK磷酸化;首次描述的负责特殊类肌球蛋白轻链的磷酸化;平滑肌收缩起始所需。 |
314PWLNNLAEKAKRCNRRLKSQ(SEQ ID NO:207)334ILLKKYLMKRRWKKNFIAVS(SEQ ID NO:208) | 肌球蛋白轻链激酶(部分368羧基端氨基酸序列) | 兔(骨骼肌) | 通过蛋白测序的。 |
28GVSSVVRRCIHKP(SEQ ID NO:209) | 磷酸化酶激酶(PhK)(催化γ亚单位)(389个氨基酸) | 小鼠(肌肉) | 糖原分解调节酶;经历复杂的调节;由含等摩尔比例α,β,γ和δ亚单位的16个亚单位组成;在骨骼肌中水平高;心肌和肝脏中有同种型;在小鼠中,cDNA探针不与X染色体杂交,因此与引起糖原贮存病变的隐性phk缺陷突变体不同。 |
表8 DNA修复蛋白上的细胞核定位信号
推定的NLS | 基因产物 | 其它种中的等同蛋白 | 特征 |
高等真核生物 | |||
无(N末端)MDPGKDKEGvpqpsgppaRKKF(二分NLS)(SEQ ID NO:210) | ERCC1 | RAD10 | 297个氨基酸;DBD;与ERCC4(XPF)强烈相互作用形成切除内切核酸酶;除非KDKx11RKK是二分NLS,它可能依赖于其与ERCC4的结合进行细胞核引入。 |
无681DKRFARGDKRGKLPR(接近C末端)(七肽片段上四个正电荷,一个负电荷)(SEQ ID NO:211) | ERCC2(XPD) | RAD3(啤酒糖酵母) | 760个氨基酸;TFIIH的DNA解旋酶成分,对细胞活力很重要;含有一个核苷酸结合结构域,一个DNA结合结构域和七个解旋酶的特征结构域;在氨基酸水平与啤酒糖酵母RAD3有52%的等同性。 |
8DRDKKKSRKRHYEDEE(SEQ IDNO:212)522YVAIKTKKRILLYTM(SEQ IDNO:213)(如果在全部疏水环境中则为弱NLS)769PSKHVHPLFKRFRK(SEQ ID NO:214) | ERCC3(XPB) | SSL2(啤酒糖酵母)Haywire(果蝇) | 782个氨基酸;解旋酶,对细胞活力很重要的TFIIH成分;螺旋-转角-螺旋,DNA-BD和解旋酶结构域 |
84KKQTLVKRRQRKD(SEQ IDNO:215)210EFTKRRRTL(SEQ ID NO:216)390DESMIKDRKDRLP(SEQID NO:217)1170GKKRRKLRRARGRKRKT(SEQ ID NO:218) | ERCC5(XPG) | RAD2;Rad 13 | 人中1186个氨基酸,X.laevis中1196个;3′内切核酸酶;参与同源重组;强烈定位于细胞核 |
253PQKQE KKPRKIMLNEASG(SEQID NO:219) | ERCC6CS-B | RAD26 | 1493个氨基酸;参与活性基因的优先修复;对细胞活力不重要。 |
314PNKKARVLSKKEE RLKKHIKKL QKR(SEQ ID NO:220)406PLPKGG KRQKKVP(SEQ ID NO:221)455DGDEDYY KQRLRRWNKLRLQD KEKRLKLEDDSEESD(SEQ ID NO:222)1028DVQTPKCHLKRRIQPX8P KRKKFP(SEQ ID NO:223)1180KHKSKTKHHSVAEEETLEKHLRPKQKPKX15PHLVKKRRY(SEQ ID NO:224)1324PAGKKSRFGKKRN(SEQ ID NO:225) | |||
21PASVRASI ERKRQRALMLRGAR(SEQ ID NO:226)160PPLKFI VKKNPHHSQWGD(弱)(SEQ ID NO:227)210NREKMK QKKFDKKVKE(由于F而弱)(SEQ ID NO:228) | XPA | RAD14 | 273个氨基酸;锌指结构域;参与损害识别 |
72 YLRRAMKRFN(弱)(SEQ IDNO:229)262PSAKGKRNKGGRKKRSKPSSSEEDEGPG(SEQ ID NO:230)297QRRPHGRERR(弱)(SEQ IDNO:231)368 RTHRGSHRKDP(弱)(SEQID NO:232)384SSSSSSSKRGKKMCSDG | XPC | RAD4(23%等同性,44%相似性) | 823个氨基酸,92.9kDa;非常亲水的蛋白质;可能参与损害识别,因为XPC细胞(全部XP例子的40%)可修复基因组的活性部分,而不修复活性基因的无活性和未转录链。 |
(SEQ ID NO:233)531ALKRHLLKYE(弱)(SEQ ID NO:234)594 SNRARKARLAEP(SEQ ID NO:235)660 PNLHRVARKLD(弱)(SEQ ID NO:236)716 ERKEKEKKEKR(SEQ ID NO:237)740 IRERLKRRYG(SEQ ID NO:238)801 GGPKKTKRERK(SEQ ID NO:239) | |||
20KSKAKSKARREEEEED(SEQ IDNO:240)54 GKRKRG(SEQ IDNO:241)69GPAKKKVAKVTVK(SEQ IDNO:242)103PSDLKKAHHLKRG(SEQ IDNO:243) | XPC | 940个氨基酸;Legerski and Peterson,(1992)XPC序列(见上)中缺乏前117个氨基酸;后面823个氨基酸是等同的。 | |
82EIDRRKKRPLENDGPVKKKVKKVQQKE(SEQID NO:244)375KENVRDKKKG(SEQ ID NO:245)571FGRRKLKKWVT(SEQ ID NO:246)710PLIKKRKDEIQG(SEQ IDNO:247)1091KELEGLINTKRKRLKYFAKLW(SEQ ID NO:248) | Rep-3(小鼠)Duc-1(HeLa) | Swi4(粟酒裂殖糖酵母) | 1137个氨基酸;错配修复蛋白;Rep-3在DHFP基因(89bp)5’侧区中部,但由反链转录;双向启动子用于两个转录本。 |
422 EKHEGKHQKLL(弱)(SEQID NO:249) | hMSH2 | MSH2(啤酒糖酵母) | 人错配修复蛋白;与啤酒糖酵母MSH2具有同源性;与染色体2p16上的遗传性非息肉病结肠癌基因相关。 |
397PDIRRLTKKLNKRG(SEQ IDNO:250)547DAKELRKHKKYIE(SEQ IDNO:251)869VKMAKRKANE(SEQ ID NO:252) | MSH2(啤酒糖酵母) | ||
95GELAKRSERRAEAE(SEQ IDNO:253)354KRKEPEPKGSTKKKAKTG(SEQ ID NO:254)394 GKFKRGK(SEQ ID NO:255) | 人Rad2 | Rad2(粟酒裂殖糖酵母) | 400个氨基酸;有丝分裂时染色体分离的逼真度所需;与RAD2(ssDNA核酸酶),rad13和XPG(ERCC5)具有有限的相似性。 |
无 | 小鼠RAD51 | 339个氨基酸;重组修复蛋白;与啤酒糖酵母RAD51具有83%同源性,与大肠杆菌RecA具有55%同源性。 | |
无 | HHR23B/p58 | RAD23 | XPC的亚单位(125kDa) |
无 | HHR23A | RAD23 | XPC的亚单位(125kDa) |
32PSQAEKKSRARAQ(SEQ IDNO:256) | RPA(34kDa亚单位) | RPA(70,34和14kDa亚单位)可能稳定损害周围的解旋酶解链的DNA;抗RPA 32kDa亚单位的抗体抑制DNA复制。 | |
GAKKRKIDDA(SEQ ID NO:257) | ATPase Q1 | RecQ(大肠杆菌) | 649个氨基酸;XPC细胞中改变;在修复中的作用未确定 |
PKKPRGKM(SEQ ID NO:258)EHKKKHP(SEQ ID NO:259)ETKKKFKDP(SEQ ID NO:260)EKSKKKK(E/D)41(SEQ ID NO:261) | HMG-1 | 小牛胸腺HMG1(259个氨基酸);参与顺铂损害的识别。 |
E3G2KKKKKFAK(SEQ IDNO:262) | |||
512RDE KKRKQLKKAKAKMAKD RKS RKKP(SEQ ID NO:263)619GESSKRDKSKKKKKVKVKMEKK(SEQ ID NO:264)674GENKSKKKRRRSEDSEEEE(SEQ ID NO:265) | SSRP1 | ABF(啤酒糖酵母) | 709个氨基酸,81kDa,结构特异性识别蛋白1;参与顺铂诱导的损害的识别;也参与Ig基因重组;一个HMG盒,与SRY,MTFII,LEF-1,TCF-1a和ABF2具有相似性。 |
1 MPKRGKKG(SEQ ID NO:266) | Ref-1(HAP1) | 来自HeLa细胞的Redox因子1;37kDa,318个氨基酸;DNA修复的脱嘌呤/脱嘧啶(AP)内切核酸酶,也具有刺激Jun/Fos DNA结合的氧化还原活性。 | |
1 MPKRGKKG(SEQ ID NO:267) | HAP1(牛) | ExoIII(大肠杆菌)ExoA(肺炎链球菌) | 323个氨基酸;脱嘌呤/脱嘧啶(AP)内切核酸酶 |
果蝇 | |||
1MGPPKKSRKDRSGGDKFGKKRRGQDE(SEQ ID NO:268)EMSYSRKRQRFLVNQG(弱)(SEQID NO:269)YYEHRKKNIGSVHPLFKKFRG(二分)(SEQ ID NO:270) | Haywire | ERCC3(XPB)SSL2(啤酒糖酵母) | 与人ERCC3具有66%等同性的解旋酶;表达低水平Haywire的果蝇显示运动缺陷和寿命降低 |
77 ARGKKKQPK(SEQ ID NO:271)98 KPKGRAKKA(SEQ ID NO:272)157 QAKGRKKKELP(SEQ IDNO:273)179 EPPKQRARKE(SEQ ID NO: | Rrp1 | HAP1 | 重组修复蛋白1;679个氨基酸,252个氨基酸的C末端域与AP内切核酸酶同源,而1-426个氨基酸域带电荷很多,携带所有推定的NLSs。 |
274)241PPKAASKRAKKGK(SEQ IDNO:275)282PKKRAKKTT(SEQ ID NO:276)317EPAPGKKQKKSAD(SEQIDNO:277)336EEEAKPSTETKPAKGRKKAP(SEQ ID NO:278)372KPARGRKKA(SEQ IDNO:279)394 GSKTTKKAKKAE(SEQ ID NO:280) | |||
啤酒糖酵母EYISIAE | |||
200IEKRRKLYISGG(SEQ IDNO:281)515NKKRGVRQVLLN(SEQ IDNO:282)565KEQVTTKRRRTRG(在Rad16中保守)(SEQ ID NO:283)1024NLRKKIKSFNKLQ(SEQ IDNO:284) | RAD1 | ERCC4(XPF)Rad16 | 1100个氨基酸;与Rad16具有30%序列等同性;RAD1与RAD10剧烈相互作用。 |
89RQRKERRQGKRE(SEQ ID NO:285)907ENKFEKDLRKKLVNNE(SEQID NO:286)984RDVNKRKKKGKQKRI(SEQ IDNO:287)1017KRISTATGKLKKRKM(SEQID NO:288) | RAD2 | XPGC Rad13 | 1031个氨基酸,117.8kDa;ssDNA内切核酸酶;rad突变体在切割时有缺陷。 |
672GKDDYGVMVLADRRFSRKRSQLP(含有大量F)(SEQ ID NO:289) | RAD3(啤酒糖酵母) | ERCC2或XPD;Rad15或Rhp3 | 778个氨基酸,779 Da;与rad16具有30%序列等同性;ATP依赖性DNA解旋酶;单链DNA依赖性ATP酶。 |
26PLSRRRRVRRKNQPLPDAKKKFKTG(SEQ ID NO:290)134NEERKRRKYFHMLYL(SEQ IDNO:291)160EWINSKRLSRKLSNL(弱)(SEQ ID NO:292)254EMSANNKRKFKTLKRSD弱(SEQ ID NO:293)382WMNSKVRKRRITKDDFGEK(SEQ ID NO:294)403RKVITALHHRKRTKIDDYED(SEQ ID NO:295)504KTGSRCKKVIKRTVGRP(SEQID NO:296) | RAD4 | XPC | 754个氨基酸;灭活RAD4切割修复功能的RAD4中的突变产生失去RAD4的C末端三分之一的截短蛋白。 |
150 FHPKRRRIYGFR(SEQ IDNO:297)215DSRGRKKASM(SEQ ID NO:298)297DGESLMKRRRTEGGNKREK(SEQ ID NO:299)1152DEDERRKRRIEE(SEQ IDNO:300) | RAD5 | 1169个氨基酸;参与复制后修复的解旋酶(RAD6上位性组);DNA与七个解旋酶基元和锌指结合;增加酵母基因组中聚(GT)重复的不稳定性。 | |
1MSTPA RRRLMRDFKRMKEDAPP(SEQ ID NO:301) | RAD6 | RAD6调节H2A和H2B组蛋白的遍在蛋白化。 | |
15GVAKLRKEKSGAD(SEQ IDNO:302)76DDYNRKRPFRSTRPGK(SEQ ID | RAD10 | ERCC1 | 210个氨基酸;与RAD1形成内切核酸酶;提示碱性和富含酪氨酸的中心域通过离子相互作用和酪氨酸插入而结合DNA。 |
NO:303) | |||
172EGKAHRREKKYE(SEQ IDNO:304)200NRLREKKHGKAIHH(SEQ IDNO:305) | RAD14 | XPAC | 247个氨基酸,29.3kDa;两个锌指;参与损害识别;与人XPA具有27%序列等同性和54%序列相似性(如果保守残基分组到一起);RAD14基因缺失产生高UV敏感性。 |
345ERRKQLKKQGPKRP(SEQ IDNO:306)479ETYKKRIKEWESCYPDE(SEQID NO:307) | Ixrl(啤酒糖酵母) | 591个氨基酸;两个连续HMG盒,参与识别1,2-链内d(GpG)和d(ApG)顺铂交联。 | |
无 | RAD23 | HHR23 | |
483LTCKKLTHNRIILSG弱(SEQID NO:308)934NALRKSRKKITKQYEIGTPX9GEIRKRDP(SEQ ID NO:309) | RAD26(酵母ERCC6) | ERCC6CS-B(人) | 1075个氨基酸;RAD26基因破坏得到不能优先修复主动转录链的有活力酵母细胞;奇怪的是,与人CS-B细胞相比,酵母中RAD26的破坏不引起对UV,顺铂或X线的敏感性。 |
634KPTS KPKRVRTATKKKIP(SEQID NO:310)408FYKKRSPVTRSKKSG(SEQ IDNO:311) | MRE11 | Rad32(粟酒裂殖糖酵母) | 减数分裂重组蛋白;与RAD51以相同的途径发挥作用。 |
无;361 GFKKGKGCQR(SEQ ID NO:312) | RAD51 | RecA(大肠杆菌) | 402个氨基酸,对DSBs和重组修复很重要;与RAD52高度相关;自身关联;RAD51或RAD52都不具有典型的简单NLS。 |
无;328GFKKGKGCQR(SEQ ID NO:313) | RAD51(乳克鲁维氏酵母) | 364个氨基酸 | |
无;155ERAKKSAVTDALKRSLRGFGX8DKDFLAKIDKVKFDPPD(三分)(SEQ ID NO:314) | RAD52 | Rad22 | 504个氨基酸;rad52突变体在电离辐射,有丝分裂重组,配对型转换和DSDs修复中有缺陷。 |
1MARRRLPDRPP(SEQ ID NO: | RAD54 | 898个氨基酸;重组修复蛋白;ATP结合基元; |
315)65GG RSLRKRSA(SEQ ID NO:316)99 QL TKRRKD(SEQ ID NO:317) | 解旋酶域;与MOT1和SNF2在相同的解旋酶亚族。 | ||
269DETVFVKSKRVKASSS(如果在所有NLS时,非常弱)(SEQID NO:318)317GEDRKREGRNLKR(SEQ IDNO:319) | RAD55 | 与RecA具有相似性,与RAD51,RAD57和DMC1具有较低的相似性。 | |
371PISRQSKKRKFDYRVPRAD(SEQ ID NO:320) | RAD57 | 460个氨基酸;核苷酸结合域;与RAD51具有有限的相似性。 | |
62GLKKPRKKTKSSRH(SEQ IDNO:321)688GRILRAKRRNDEG(SEQ IDNO:322)784GRGSNGHKRFKS(弱)(SEQID NO:323) | SSL2 | ERCC3(XPB) | 843个氨基酸;看来在修复以及去除mRNA5’未翻译区中的二级结构以允许核糖体结合和扫描中起作用的推定的解旋酶。 |
50 TRRHLCKIKGLSE(弱)(SEQID NO:324)277DGRKPIGGHX12RKGRGDER(二分)(SEQ ID NO:325) | DMC1 | RecA | 334个氨基酸;RecA的酵母同系物,减数分裂特异性的;dmc1突变体在相互重组和蓄积DSBs中有缺陷。 |
11ETEKRCKQKEQRY(SEQ IDNO:326) | PMS1 | 904个氨基酸,103kDa;错配修复蛋白;MutL(沙门氏菌)和HexB(链球菌)同系物 | |
无1MDLRVGRKFRIGRKIG(SEQ IDNO:327)139GRRGX8GLSKKYRDFNTHRHIP(二分弱NLS)(SEQ ID NO:328) | HRR25 | Hhp1,Hhp1(粟酒裂殖糖酵母)CKI(哺乳动物) | HRR25丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶中突变使得在DNA修复中产生缺陷和细胞循环阻滞。 |
96HELTKRSSRRVETEK(SEQ IDNO:329) | YKL510 | 383个氨基酸;结构特异性内切核酸酶;大约100个氨基酸的两个结构域,与RAD2的N和C末端区具有序列相似性。 | |
200MLAMARRKKMSAK(SEQ IDNO:330)6 17EHYKVKHTEK(弱NLS)(SEQID NO:331)670 LHPEKKRSISE(弱NLS)(SEQ ID NO:332) | MOT1 | 转录1的调节物;1867个氨基酸;活性所需的啤酒糖酵母的DNA解旋酶;增加在缺乏STE12时,几种但不是所有的外激素反应基因的基因表达;1257至1825氨基酸区(568个氨基酸残基)与SNF2和RAD54具有同源性。 | |
粟酒裂殖糖酵母 | |||
60 SSIDEx5SIKRKRRI(SEQ IDNO:333) | Swi4 | Duc-1Rep-3 | 113kDa;KCII位点位于NLS的上游,如同在SV40大T中;同源性的原核MutS和HexA缺乏NLS。 |
96GELAKRVARHQKARE(弱NLS)(SEQ ID NO:334)362 GSAKRKRDS(SEQ ID NO:335)372 KGGESKKKKR(SEQ ID NO:336) | Rad2 | 380个氨基酸 | |
无 | Rad9 | 427个氨基酸;与其它DNA修复蛋白没有同源性;rad9分裂酵母突变体对UV和电离辐射敏感;可能参与重组修复。 | |
无681DKRYGRSDKRTKLPK(SEQ IDNO:337) | Rhp3或rad15 | ERCC2 RAD3 | 772个氨基酸;DNA解旋酶;与RAD3有65%等同性和与ERCC2有55%等同性;对活力很重要。 |
464PPSKRRRVRGG(SEQ ID NO:338) | Rad16 | RAD1 | 在修复UV造成的环丁烷二聚体和(6-4)光产物损害起作用;Rad16与Swi1Q相互作用。 |
431DFKQAILRKRKNESPEEVEP(SEQ ID NO:339) | Rad21 | 628个氨基酸,67.8kDa,酸性蛋白;突变rad21-45中单一碱基置换,将Ile变为Thr,负责g-辐射后低效率修复DSBs,尽管能够终止在G2。 |
490 DKKAKKG(SEQ ID NO:340) | Rad22 | RAD52 | 496个氨基酸;在重组修复和配对型转换中起作用。 |
394DVVQFYLKKYTRSKRNDG(由于Y而弱)(SEQ ID NO:341)575PSPALLKKTNKRRELP(SEQID NO:342) | Rad32 | MRE11(啤酒糖酵母) | 648个氨基酸;减数分裂重组蛋白;rad32突变体对g辐射和UV辐射敏感;与Rhp51(RAD51)以相同的途轻起作用。 |
Rad51 | 重组修复 | ||
GLAKKYRDHKTHLHIP(弱NLS,由于Y和H)(SEQ ID NO:343) | Hhp1 | CKI(哺乳动物)HRR25(啤酒糖酵母) | 丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶;这个基因中突变引起修复缺陷。 |
无GLAKKYRDKTHVHIP(Hhp1中的H被Hhp2中的F取代)(SEQ ID NO:344) | Hhp2 | CKI(哺乳动物)HRR25(啤酒糖酵母) | 丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶;这个基因中突变引起修复缺陷。 |
表9转录因子中的NLS
NLS和侧翼 | 蛋白因子和特征 |
高度碱性 | |
HR4QRK7R(SEQ ID NO:345)LRRKSRP(SEQ ID NO:346)SRRTKRRQ(SEQ ID NO:347) | 人GCF(GC因子) |
GRKRKKRT(SEQ ID NO:348) | 来自小鼠细胞的Oct-6蛋白转录因子 |
GRRRKKRT(SEQ ID NO:349) | 小鼠Oct-2蛋白转录因子(Oct-2.1是Oct-2.6的同种型) |
ARKRKRT(SEQ ID NO:350)NRRQKGKRS(SEQ IDNO:351) | 来自小鼠P19胚胎癌细胞的Oct-3 |
ECRRKKKE(SEQ ID NO:352) | 人ATF-1。在碱性区/亮氨酸拉链。 |
ERKKRRRE(SEQ ID NO:353)AKCRNKKKEKT(SEQ IDNO:354) | 人ATF-3(在结合DNA的碱性区) |
SKKKIRL(SEQ ID NO:355)QKGNRKKM(SEQ ID NO:356)VKKVKKKL(SEQ ID NO:357) | 小鼠Pu.1(Friend红白血病细胞)。与ets癌基因相关。 |
VKRKKI(SEQ ID NO:358)CRNRYRKLE(SEQ ID NO:359)IRKRRKMK(SEQ ID NO:360)PKKKRLRL(SEQ ID NO:361) | 与IFN-β基因启动子结合的人PRDII-BF1。(已知最大的DNA结合蛋白,298kD)。 |
GKKKKRKREKL(在HMG盒内)(SEQIDNO:362) | 小鼠LEF-1(397个氨基酸)。带有类HMG1盒并且是淋巴特异性的。NLS与人TCF-1α的等同。 |
GKKKKRKREKL(在HMG盒内)(SEQ IDNO:363) | 人TCF-1α(399个氨基酸)(激活T细胞受体Cα的T细胞特异性转录因子)。含有HMG盒。NLS核心与小鼠LEF-1的等同。 |
GKKKRRSREKH(在HMG盒内)(SEQ IDNO:364)PKKCRARF(SEQ ID NO:365) | 人TCF-1(单一的T细胞特异性的)。含HMG盒。 |
FKQRRIKL(SEQ ID NO:366)NRRRKKRT(SEQ ID NO:367) | X.laevis Oct-1(在POU域内) |
NRRQKEKRI(SEQ ID NO:368) | |
DKRSRKRKRSK(SEQ ID NO:369)RLRIDRKRN(SEQ ID NO:370)AKRSRRS(SEQ ID NO:371) | 参与花斑位置效应的果蝇Suvar(3)7基因产物(932个氨基酸)。五个间隔较大的锌指可帮助染色质丝凝聚。 |
IRKRRKMKSVGD2E2(SEQ ID NO:372)(作者建议这不是NLS;在第一个和第二个锌指之间)PPKKKRLRLAE(作者建议这是NLS;就在第二个锌指前)(SEQ ID NO:373)CRNRYRKLE(第一个锌指内)(SEQ ID NO:374) | 人MBP-1(结合蛋白1的I类MHC增强子)分子量200kD。在Jurkat T细胞中受佛波酯和促细胞分裂剂诱导。 |
PRRKRRV(SEQ ID NO:375)HRYKMKRQ(SEQ ID NO:376) | 大鼠TTF-1(与甲状腺特异性基因启动子结合的甲状腺细胞核因子)。发育同源结构域蛋白。 |
DGKRKRKN(SEQ ID NO:377)DDSKRVAKRKL(SEQ ID NO:378)NRERRRKEE(SEQ ID NO:379)WKQRRKF(SEQ ID NO:380) | 人甲状腺激素受体α(c-erbA-1基因)。属于疏水配体(如类固醇,VitD,视黄酸,甲状腺激素)的受体的细胞质蛋白家族。配体结合可能使NLS暴露进行受体-配体复合体的细胞核引入。 |
NRRKRKRS(SEQ ID NO:381)PKKKKL(SEQ ID NO:382) | 果蝇gc1(无生殖细胞)基因产物(569个氨基酸,65kD),位于细胞核中,生殖系形成所需。 |
ARRKRRRL(SEQ ID NO:383)LKFKKVRD(SEQ ID NO:384)FKKFRKF(SEQ ID NO:385)GKQKRRF(SEQ ID NO:386)ERLKR DKEKREKE(SEQ ID NO:387)TRGRPKKVKE(SEQ ID NO:388)SKKRGRRRKKT(SEQ ID NO:389)TRRQKRAKV(SEQ ID NO:390)SRKSKKRLRA(SEQ ID NO:391) | 美丽小杆线虫Sdc-3蛋白(性别决定蛋白)(2150个氨基酸)。锌指蛋白。 |
LKKIRRKIKNKI(SEQ ID NO:392)ESRRKKKE(SEQ ID NO:393) | 果蝇BBF-2(与CREB/ATF相关) |
θθθθ组 | |
DRNKKKKE(SEQ ID NO:394)ARRRRP(SEQ ID NO:395) | 非洲爪蟾RAR(视黄酸受体) |
GRRRRA(SEQ ID NO:396)DEKRRKV(SEQ ID NO:397)CRQKRKV(SEQ ID NO:398) | 人ATF-2(第二个和第三个NLS位于结合DNA的碱性区) |
ERKRRD(SEQ ID NO:399)SRKKLRME(SEQ ID NO:400) | Myn(Max的小鼠同系物)。通过螺旋-环-螺旋/亮氨酸拉链与c-Myc癌蛋白形成特异性DNA结合复合体。 |
EEKRKRTYE(SEQ ID NO:401) | 人NFκB p65(550个氨基酸)。不结合DNA;与结合DNA的p50复合。NFκB p50也含有NLS(表3b)。 |
GRRRRA(SEQ ID NO:402)DEKRRKF(SEQ ID NO:403)SRCRQKRKV(SEQ ID NO:404) | 人HB16,cAMP反应元件结合蛋白 |
SKKKKTKV(SEQ ID NO:405)NRPDKKKI(SEQ ID NO:406)QRRKKP(SEQ ID NO:407)QKKRRFKT(SEQ ID NO:408) | 人TFIIE-β(通用转录起始蛋白因子;与TFIIE-α形成四聚体α2β2)。 |
SRKRKM(SEQ ID NO:409) | 人Kup转录激活因子(433个氨基酸)。两个远隔的锌指。在造血细胞和睾丸中表达。 |
ERKRLRNRLA(SEQ ID NO:410)ATKCRKRKL(SEQ IDNO:411)(19个氨基酸的一段) | 与鸟肉瘤病毒17癌基因v-jun产物同系的小鼠Jun-B。一个区域与酵母GCN4和Fos类似。 |
DKRx6ERKRRD(N-末端)(SEQIDNO:412)QSRKKLRME(C-末端)(SEQ ID NO:413) | Max(特异性关联c-Myc,N-Myc,L-Myc)。Max-Myc复合体结合DNA;Max或Myc单独不显示可觉察的DNA结合。 |
D KEKKIXLEEDE(在酸性区域内)(SEQ ID NO:414)IKKAKKV(SEQ ID NO:415)TRRKKN(SEQ ID NO:416) | 小鸡VBP(卵黄生成素基因结合蛋白)。亮氨酸拉链。与大鼠DBP相关。 |
TRDDKRRA(SEQ ID NO:417)EVERRRRDK(SEQ ID NO:418) | 北非爪蟾B1因子。与哺乳动物USF密切相关。与TFIIIA启动子中CACGTG结合以发育性调节其表达。 |
TRDEKRRA(SEQ ID NO:419)EVERRRRDK(SEQ ID NO:420) | 激活主要晚期腺病毒启动子的人USF(上游刺激因子) |
YRRYPRRRG(SEQ ID NO:421)QRRPYRRRRF(SEQ ID NO:422)YRPRFRRG(SEQ ID NO:423)QRRYRRN(SEQ ID NO:424)YRRRRP(SEQ ID NO:425) | YB-1,结合MHC II类Y盒的蛋白。YB-1是负调节物。 |
A KERQKKD(SEQ ID NO:426)ERRRRF(SEQ ID NO:427) | 结合IgH增强子的人TFEB。 |
L KERQKKD(SEQ ID NO:428)IERRRRFN(SEQ ID NO:429)YFRRRRLEKD(SEQ ID NO:430) | 人TFE3(536个氨基酸)。结合IgH基因的μE3增强子。 |
KTVALKRRKASSRL(SEQ ID NO:431) | 人Dr1(176个氨基酸,19kD)。与TBP(TATA结合蛋白)相互作用,因此抑制TFIIA和/或TFIIB与TBP关联。TBP-Dr1关联受Dr1磷酸化抑制激活和基础转录的影响。 |
1 LRRRGRQTY(SEQ ID NO:432)27 LTRRRRIEM(SEQ ID NO:433)51 QNRRMKLKKEI(SEQ ID NO:434) | 超双胸果蝇蛋白(仅来自保守的61个氨基酸的发育同源结构域片段)。在触角足(antenappedia)发育同源结构域蛋白中保守。 |
SNRRRPDHR(SEQ ID NO:435)VYRGRRRVRRE(SEQ ID NO:436)P7AP2RRRRSADNKID2(SEQ ID NO:437)PKKPRHQF(SEQ ID NO:438) | 美丽小杆线虫性别决定Tra-1蛋白。锌指。高峰在第二个幼虫期。 |
EKRKKERN(SEQ ID NO:439)LLRRLKKEVE(SEQ ID NO:440)EPLGRIRQKKRVY2D2(SEQ ID NO:441)(EDAIKKRREARERRRLRQ(SEQ IDNO:442)DKETTASRSKRRSSRKKRT(SEQ ID NO:443)ESKKKKPKL(SEQ ID NO:444)KKTAAKKTKTKS(SEQ ID NO:445) | 参与G2期细胞生长控制的酵母NPS1转录蛋白因子(1359个氨基酸)。具有蛋白激酶的催化域。 |
QRKRQKL(SEQ ID NO:446)KAKKQK(SEQ ID NO:447)LRRKRQK(SEQ ID NO:448) | 人243转录激活剂(968个氨基酸),T细胞中有丝分裂剂诱导。N末端一半与癌蛋白Re1和参与发育的果蝇背蛋白同源。C末端一半含有参与酵母细胞周期控制和果蝇组织分化的蛋白中发现的重复。 |
RDIRRRGKNKV(SEQ ID NO:449)QNCRKRKLE(SEQ ID NO:450) | 小鼠NF-E2(45kD),来自小鼠红白血病(MEL)细胞的红细胞转录因子。参与殊蛋白基因调节。结合AP-1样位点。在碱性区/亮氨酸拉链中与JunB,GCN4,Fos,ATF1和CREB同源(见图2)。 |
θθθxθθ组 | |
DKIRRKN(SEQ ID NO:451)ARKTKKKI(SEQ ID NO:452) | 人糖皮质激素受体 |
473 DKIRRKNCP(SEQ ID NO:453)EARKTKKKIKGIQ(SEQ ID NO:454) | 小鼠和人GR(糖皮质激素受体) |
θθθxθ组 | |
Y RVRRERN(SEQ ID NO:455)VRKSRDKA(SEQ ID NO:456)DRLRKRVE(SEQ ID NO:457) | C/EBP(CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白)。在肝特异性基因表达中起作用。 |
DKIRRKN(SEQ ID NO:458)ARKSKKL(SEQ ID NO:459) | 人盐皮质激素受体 |
DKIRRKN(SEQ ID NO:460)GRKFKKF(SEQ ID NO:461) | 人PR(孕酮受体) |
EEVQRKRQKLMP(SEQ ID NO:462) | 人和小鼠NFκB p50 105KD前体(968个氨基酸)(第一个R在361位)。 |
EEVQRKRQKL(SEQ ID NO:463) | 人NF-κB p50(DNA结合亚单位)。等同于蛋白KBF1,与re1癌基因产物同源。NF-κB p65也含有NLS(表3a)。 |
GKTRTRKQ(SEQ ID NO:464)ARRKSKD(SEQ ID NO:465) | 人TEF-1(SV40转录增强子因子1)。426个氨基酸。 |
Q RKERKSKS(SKS(SEQ ID NO:466)TKSKTKRKL(SEQ ID NO:467) | 大鼠、小鼠、人IRF-1(干扰素调节因子1)。淋巴瘤T细胞中由垂体肽激素催乳素诱导。调节生长抑制的干扰素基因。 |
GKCKKKN(SEQ ID NO:468) | 艾氏腹水S-II转录因子。作用于延伸步骤的通用因子。 |
ERSKKRSRE(SEQ ID NO:469)E RELKREKRKQ(SEQ ID NO:470)ARRSRLRKQ(SEQ ID NO:471) | 烟草TAF-1转录激活剂 |
YKLDHMRRRIETDE(SEQ ID NO:472) | 果蝇TFIIEα(433个氨基酸),RNA聚合酶II的通用转录因子。由亚单位α和β组成。 |
DKNRRKS(SEQ ID NO:473)I RKDRRG(SEQ ID NO:474)IKRSKKN(SEQ ID NO:475) | 人ER(雌激素受体);595个氨基酸。 |
EQRRRHRIE(SEQ ID NO:476)TTRAEKKRLL(SEQ ID NO:477)IDKKRSKEAKE(SEQ ID NO:478) | 酵母ADA2(434个氨基酸),某些酸性激活结构域功能所需的潜在转录连接物(adaptor)。 |
EAALRRKIRTISK(SEQ ID NO:479) | 酵母GCN5基因产物(439个氨基酸), GCN4转录激活剂功能所需和 HAP2-3-4复合体活性所需。 |
θθxθθ组 | |
NKKMRRNRF(SEQ ID NO:480)NRRKx4RQK(SEQ ID NO:481) | 小鼠LFB3 |
TKKGRRNRF(SEQ ID NO:482)NRRKx4RHK(SEQ ID NO:483) | 小鼠LFB1 |
NKKMRRNRFK(SEQ ID NO:484) | 大鼠vHNF1-A |
NKKMRRNR(SEQ ID NO:485) | 小鼠HNF-1β |
TKKGRRNRF(SEQ ID NO:486) | 小鼠HNF-1 |
NKKMRRNRF(SEQ ID NO:487) | 人vHNF1 |
TKKGRRNRF(SEQ ID NO:488) | 大鼠肝HNF1 |
LRRQKRFK(SEQ ID NO:489)QQH3SH4Q(SEQ ID NO:490) | 大鼠HNF-3β |
LRRQKRFK(SEQ ID NO:491) | 大鼠HNF-3γ |
LRRQKRFK(SEQ ID NO:492) | 大鼠HNF-3α |
LKEKERKA(SEQ ID NO:493)MKKARKV(SEQ ID NO:494) | 大鼠DBP,与白蛋白基因启动子D位点结合的蛋白因子 |
PRRERRY(SEQ ID NO:495) | 大鼠AT-BP1。高度酸性域。两个锌指。与α1抗胰蛋白酶基因启动子的B结构域和MHC基因增强子NF-κB位点结合。 |
DRRVRKGKV(SEQ ID NO:496) | 与异染色质相连的黑猩猩果蝇的19kD非组蛋白 |
SKHGRRARRLDP(SEQ ID NO:497) | 591个氨基酸的小鼠EBF(早期B细胞因子)。调节前B和B淋巴细胞特异性mb-1基因。在前B和B细胞系中表达,但不在浆细胞瘤,T细胞和非淋巴细胞系中表达。 |
GRRTRRE(SEQ ID NO:498) | 人Sp1 |
DEQ KRAEKKAKE(SEQ ID NO:499)IRRIHKVIRP(SEQ ID NO:500)LLRRLKKDVE(SEQ ID NO:501) | 酵母SNF2,很多基因的转录调节物。 |
θxθθxθ组 | |
AKAKAKKA(SEQ ID NO:502)YKMRRERN(SEQ ID NO:503)VRKSRDKA(SEQ ID NO:504) | 小鼠AGP/EBP(与C/EBP有87%相似性),遍在表达 |
AKAKAKKA(SEQ ID NO:505)Y KMRRERN(SEQ ID NO:506)V RKSRDKA(SEQ ID NO:507) | 大鼠LAP,32kD的肝富含转录激活剂,也存在于肺,与C/EBP有71%的序列相似性。亮氨酸拉链。出生期蓄积到最高水平。 |
YRQRRER(SEQ ID NO:508)VKKSRLKSKQK(SEQ ID NO:509) | Ig/EBP-1(免疫球蛋白基因增强子结合蛋白)。与C/ESP形成异源二聚体。 |
EDPE KEKRIKELE(SEQ ID NO:510)MRRKV(SEQ ID NO:511) | 小鼠c-Myb |
DYYKVKRPKID(SEQ ID NO:512)GRARGRRHQ(SEQ ID NO:513)FRYRKIKDIY(SEQ ID NO:514) | 果蝇无眼蛋白(760个氨基酸),在早期发育中防止程序性细胞死亡并允许产生眼的事件进行中起作用的细胞核蛋白。突变引起眼祖细胞程序性细胞死亡。 |
θxθxθθ组 | |
AKAKAKKA(SEQ ID NO:515) | 与白介素-6反应元件相互作用的大鼠IL-6DBP。具有亮氨酸拉链域。 |
DKRQRNRC(SEQ ID NO:516)FkrtirkD | 小鼠H-2RIIBP (MHCI类基因H-2区II结合蛋白)。细胞核激素受体超家族的成员。 |
FkrtirkDDKRQRNRC(SEQ ID NO:517) | 小鸡RXR,与RAR(视黄酸受体)相关,来自甲状腺/类固醇激素受体家族的细胞核蛋白因子。 |
VKSKAKKT(SEQ ID NO:518)Y KIRRERN(SEQ ID NO:519)V RKSRDKA(SEQ ID NO:520) | 人NF-IL6(345个氨基酸)。特异性结合IL-6基因中IL1反应元件。亮氨酸拉链。与C/EBP同源。 |
QKKNRNKC(SEQ ID NO:521) | 小鼠PPAR(过氧化物酶增生激活受体) |
θθθxxθθ组 | |
EQIRKLVKKHG(SEQ ID NO:522) | 酵母RAP1。它结合酵母交配型沉默子的调节位点。 |
FRRSMKRKA(SEQ ID NO:523) | 人维生素D受体(427个氨基酸) |
θθxxθθ组 | |
LKRHQRRH(SEQ ID NO:524) | 小鼠WT1(人肾胚细胞瘤易感基因WT1的小鼠同系物) |
LKRHQRRH(SEQ ID NO:525) | 人WT33(肾胚细胞瘤易感) |
θθθxxθ组 | |
LK ESKRKYDE(SEQ ID NO:526) | 酵母SWI3(99KD),高度酸性蛋白。全局转录激活剂。 |
EVLKVQKRRIYD(SEQ ID NO:527) | 人RBAP-1(成视网膜细胞瘤关联蛋白1)因子(412个氨基酸)。与成视网膜细胞瘤(RB)蛋白的袋(功能域)结合参与抑制细胞生长的蛋白(肿瘤抑制子)。转录因子E2F(涉及细胞生长)与RB的相同袋结合。 |
表10其它细胞核蛋白中的NLS
推定的NLS | 蛋白质 |
YKSKKKA(SEQ ID NO:528)TKKLPRKT(SEQ ID NO:529) | 酵母L3 |
TRKKGGRRGRRL(SEQ ID NO:530)C末端 | 酵母59核糖体蛋白 |
ARATRRKRCKG(SEQ ID NO:531) | 酵母L16核糖体蛋白 |
GKGKYRNRRW(SEQ ID NO:532) | 酵母L2核糖体蛋白(与非洲爪蟾L1同源)。由无内含子基因编码。 |
GKGKMRNRRRIQRRG(SEQ ID NO:533)NKKV KRRELKKN(SEQ ID NO:534)AKTARRKA(SEQ ID NO:535)I KAKEKKP(SEQ ID NO:536)GKPKAKKP(SEQ ID NO:537)AKAKKRQ(SEQ ID NO:538) | X.laevis L1核糖体蛋白(与酵母L2同源)。由无内含子基因编码。 |
ERKRKS(SEQ ID NO:539)GKRPRTKA(SEQ ID NO:540)HKRRRI(SEQ ID NO:541)LKKQRTKKNKE(SEQ ID NO:542) | 人S6核糖体蛋白(与酵母S10同源) |
PKMRRRTYR(SEQ ID NO:543)KKKISQKKLKK(SEQ ID NO:544) | 大鼠L17核糖体蛋白(184个氨基酸) |
YMRRRTYRA(SEQ ID NO:545)EVKKVSKKKL(SEQ ID NO:546) | 与大鼠L17高度同源的介穗水母(Podocoryne carnea)(水螅虫纲,腔肠动物门)L17核糖体蛋白(184个氨基酸) |
ER NRKDKDAKFR(SEQ ID NO:547) | 人,大鼠核糖体S13蛋白 |
ERKRKS(SEQ ID NO:548)QRLQRKRH(SEQ ID NO:549) | 酵母S10核糖体蛋白(与人S6同源) |
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Claims (42)
1制备含包入治疗剂的微胶粒的方法,包括:
(a)有效量负电荷治疗剂与有效量阳离子脂质在大约20%至大约80%乙醇中,按大约30%至大约90%负电荷原子被脂质分子上的正电荷中和而形成静电微胶粒复合体的比例组合;和
(b)步骤a)的微胶粒复合体与有效量促融合-亲核肽缀合物按大约0.0至大约0.3的比例范围组合,由此制备含包入治疗剂的微胶粒。
2权利要求1的方法,其中负电荷治疗剂是选自多核苷酸和负电荷药物的治疗剂。
3权利要求2的方法,其中多核苷酸是DNA多核苷酸或RNA多核苷酸。
4权利要求2的方法,其中多核苷酸是DNA多核苷酸。
5权利要求4的方法,其中DNA多核苷酸包括质粒DNA。
6权利要求1的方法,进一步包括在步骤a)中组合有效量的阴离子脂质。
7权利要求6的方法,其中阴离子脂质是二棕榈酰磷脂酰甘油(DDPG)或其衍生物。
8权利要求4的方法,进一步包括组合有效量的选自精胺、亚精胺、聚赖氨酸、聚精氨酸、聚组氨酸、聚鸟氨酸和镁或二价金属离子的DNA凝聚剂。
9权利要求5的方法,其中质粒DNA包括编码p53,HSV-tk,p21,Bax,Bad,IL-2,IL-12,GM-CSF,制管张素,内皮他丁和制瘤素的序列。
10权利要求1的方法,其中阳离子脂质选自3β-(N-(N’,N’-二甲基氨基乙烷)甲氨酰)胆固醇,二甲基双十八烷基溴化铵(DDAB),N-[1-(2,3-二肉豆蔻氧基)丙基]-N,N二甲基-N-(2-羟乙基)溴化铵(DMRIE),1,2-二肉豆蔻酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷(DMTAP),双十八烷基氨基甘氨酰精胺(DOGS),N-(1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基)-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵(DOTMA),1,2-二棕榈酰-3-三甲基铵丙烷(DPTAP),1,2-二硬脂酰基-3-三甲基铵丙烷(DSTAP)。
11权利要求10的方法,其中阳离子脂质与促融合脂质DOPE以从约1∶1至约2∶1的摩尔比例组合。
12权利要求11的方法,其中阳离子脂质与促融合脂质DOPE以1∶1的摩尔比例组合。
13权利要求1的方法,其中促融合-亲核肽是NLS肽。
14权利要求13的方法,其中NLS肽是选自Seq.ID Nos.20-622的肽。
15权利要求1的方法,其中促融合-亲核肽缀合物是单独促融合肽。
16权利要求1的方法,其中促融合-亲核肽缀合物的NLS肽成分是选自Seq.ID Nos.20-622的NLS肽。
17权利要求1的方法,其中促融合/NLS肽缀合物包括选自(KAWLKAF)3(SEQ ID NO:1),GLFKAAAKLLKSLWKLLLKA(SEQ ID NO:2),LLLKAFAKLLKSLWKLLLKA(SEQ ID NO:3)以及原型(疏水3亲核1疏水2亲核1)2-3的所有衍生物的氨基酸序列,其中疏水是A,I,L,V,P,G,W,F中任何一个和亲核是K,R或H中的任何一个,每第三个或第四个氨基酸含有正电荷残基,形成α螺旋并使净正电荷指向螺旋的相同方向。
18权利要求1的方法,其中促融合/NLS肽缀合物包括选自来自流感病毒血细胞凝聚素HA-2的GLFKAIAGFIKNGWKGMIDGGGYC(SEQ IDNO:4)和来自HIV的TAT的YGRKKRRQRRR(SEQ ID NO:5)的氨基酸序列。
19权利要求1的方法,其中促融合/NLS肽缀合物包括选自下列一组的氨基酸序列:MSGTFGGILAGLIGLL(K/R/H)1-6(SEQ ID NO:6),衍生于鸭乙型肝炎病毒S蛋白的N末端区但添加了一至六个正电荷赖氨酸,精氨酸或组氨酸残基,和这些的组合,GAAIGLAWIPYFGPAA(SEQID NO:7),衍生于埃博拉病毒跨膜蛋白的促融合肽;载脂蛋白(apo)AII肽的残基53-70(C末端螺旋),HIV-1跨膜糖蛋白gp41的23个残基的促融合N末端肽,来自Alzheimer’s β-淀粉样肽的29-42个残基的片段,仙台病毒的融合肽和N末端七元重复序列,卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶的56-68个螺旋片段。
20权利要求13至19任一项的方法,其中促融合/NLS肽缀合物的NLS肽成分是含上述NLS,但通过在该肽的中心部分添加了K,R,H残基或在N或C末端添加了P或G而得到进一步修饰的合成肽。
21权利要求13的方法,其中促融合/NLS肽缀合物通过提供内源性蛋白酶切割位点的短氨基酸序列段彼此连接。
22权利要求1的方法,其中优选的用于本发明的原型促融合/NLS肽缀合物的结构是:PKKRRGPSP(L/A/I)12-20(SEQ ID NO:8),其中(L/A/I)12-20是12-20个含A,L,I,Y,W,F的疏水氨基酸和其它疏水氨基酸的序列段。
23权利要求1的方法,其中促融合/NLS肽缀合物添加到DNA/阳离子脂质混合物中并掺入到微胶粒中。
24权利要求1的方法,进一步包括向步骤b)中组合有效量的包封脂质溶液。
25权利要求24的方法,其中包封脂质是包括胆固醇(40%),二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DOPE)(20%),棕榈酰油酰卵磷脂(POPC)(12%),氢化大豆卵磷脂(HSPC)(10%),二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE)(10%),鞘磷脂(SM)(5%)和衍生的形成囊泡的脂质M-PEG-DSPE胆固醇(3%)的脂质。
26权利要求24的方法,其中包封脂质是脂质体。
27权利要求26的方法,其中脂质体包括形成囊泡的脂质和约1至约7摩尔百分比间的与有效量聚乙二醇衍生的二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(DSPE)。
28权利要求27的方法,其中脂质体具有大约80至大约160nm的选定的平均大小。
29权利要求27的方法,其中聚乙二醇具有大约1000至5000道尔顿的分子量。
30用权利要求1的方法制备的含包入治疗剂的微胶粒。
31用权利要求24的方法制备的包封治疗剂的脂质体。
32用权利要求31的方法,其中治疗剂进一步包括用肝、脾或骨髓调控DNA序列进行的调节。
33权利要求32的方法,其中调控DNA序列是分离自肝、脾或骨髓细胞的细胞核间质DNA。
34体内传递治疗剂的方法,包括给予受治疗者有效量的权利要求30的微胶粒。
35权利要求34的方法,其中治疗剂进一步包括用肿瘤特异性调控DNA序列进行的调节。
36权利要求35的方法,其中肿瘤特异性调控序列是分离自特定肿瘤细胞的细胞核间质DNA。
37体内传递治疗剂的方法,包括给予受治疗者有效量的权利要求31的有效量包封治疗剂的脂质体。
38权利要求34或37的方法,其中给药是静脉内给药或通过注射。
39用权利要求9的方法制备的含包入DNA多核苷酸的微胶粒。
40降低受治疗者肿瘤大小的方法,包括给予受治疗者有效量的权利要求39的微胶粒。
41权利要求40的方法,进一步包括给予有效量的第二种治疗剂,其中治疗剂选自9-[1,3-二羟-2-丙氧甲基]鸟嘌呤,5-氟胞嘧啶,反义寡核苷酸,核酶和针对控制细胞周期或信号途径的基因的形成三联体的寡核苷酸。
42权利要求41的方法,进一步包括给予有效量的第二种治疗剂,其中第二种治疗剂选自阿霉素,制管张素,硫唑嘌呤,博莱霉素,busulfane,喜树碱,卡铂,卡莫司汀,chlorambucile,chlormethamine,chloroquinoxaline磺胺,顺铂,环磷酰胺,cycloplatam,阿糖胞苷,达卡巴嗪,更生霉素,柔红霉素,didox,阿霉素,内皮他丁,enloplatin,雌二醇氮芥,依托泊苷,extramustinephosphat,氟胞嘧啶,fluorodeoxyuridine,氟尿嘧啶,硝酸镓,羟基脲,碘苷,干扰素,白介素,leuprolide,lobaplatin,罗氮芥,甘露醇氮芥,氮芥,mechlorethaminoxide,美法仑,巯基嘌呤,氨甲喋呤,普卡霉素,mitobronitole,丝裂霉素,霉酚酸,nocodazole,制瘤素,oxaliplatin,紫杉醇,溴新斯的明,铂-三胺复合体,普卡霉素,强地松龙,强的松,丙卡巴肼,蛋白激酶C抑制剂,puromycine,司莫司汀,信号传导抑制剂,螺铂,streptozotocine,stromelysin抑制剂,紫杉酚,呋氟尿嘧啶,端粒酶抑制剂,替尼泊苷,沙利度胺,硫咪嘌呤,thioguanine,噻替派,tiamiprine,三铵嗪,三亚胺苯醌,trifosfamide,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,乌拉莫斯汀,阿糖腺苷,长春碱,vinca alcaloids,长春新碱,长春地辛,vorozole,折尼拉汀,zeniplatin和新制癌菌素。
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US5635487A (en) * | 1994-12-29 | 1997-06-03 | Wolff; Jon A. | Amphipathic, micellar delivery systems for biologically active polyions |
US6120794A (en) * | 1995-09-26 | 2000-09-19 | University Of Pittsburgh | Emulsion and micellar formulations for the delivery of biologically active substances to cells |
FR2754272B1 (fr) * | 1996-10-08 | 1998-11-13 | Rhone Poulenc Rorer Sa | Procede de preparation de compositions pour le transfert d'acides nucleiques |
AR018528A1 (es) * | 1997-12-12 | 2001-11-28 | Expression Genetics Inc | Mezcla polimerica biodegradable de micelas para transferencia genetica |
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- 2001-06-08 CN CNA2006100678072A patent/CN1981873A/zh active Pending
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CN1981873A (zh) | 2007-06-20 |
AU2001275423B2 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
CN1254234C (zh) | 2006-05-03 |
WO2001093836A2 (en) | 2001-12-13 |
EP1292284A2 (en) | 2003-03-19 |
JP2003535832A (ja) | 2003-12-02 |
CA2411542A1 (en) | 2001-12-13 |
AU7542301A (en) | 2001-12-17 |
WO2001093836A3 (en) | 2002-10-03 |
MXPA02012198A (es) | 2004-08-19 |
TWI292324B (en) | 2008-01-11 |
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