CN1351619A - 由聚氨酯分散体制备的聚氨酯薄膜 - Google Patents

由聚氨酯分散体制备的聚氨酯薄膜 Download PDF

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CN1351619A
CN1351619A CN00807903A CN00807903A CN1351619A CN 1351619 A CN1351619 A CN 1351619A CN 00807903 A CN00807903 A CN 00807903A CN 00807903 A CN00807903 A CN 00807903A CN 1351619 A CN1351619 A CN 1351619A
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W·A·孔策
F·E·帕克斯
D·巴哈塔查杰
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Abstract

本文公开了包括两步步骤的制备聚氨酯薄膜的方法。第一步包括制备非离子预聚物配制物,该预聚物配制物包含二异氰酸酯、含活泼氢材料以及一元醇。第二步包括在表面活性剂存在下制备预聚物的水性分散体。该两步骤都在基本上不存在有机溶剂的条件下进行的。本文还公开了聚氨酯薄膜和适用于制备这类薄膜的水性分散体。本发明具有高剪切稳定性的优点。本发明的分散体不会过早沉降或凝聚。而且,本发明薄膜没有象天然橡胶胶乳那样会对皮肤产生刺激性。因此,本发明的薄膜和分散体适于诸如医疗用途方面的各种用途。

Description

由聚氨酯分散体制备的聚氨酯薄膜
具体地说,本发明涉及由水性分散体制备的聚氨酯薄膜。
虽然多异氰酸酯聚合物与水有明显的反应性,但长期以来大家都知道多异氰酸酯聚合物可用来制备水性聚氨酯分散体。聚氨酯分散体通常是通过有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯与含有两个或两个以上活泼氢原子(如聚亚烷基醚二醇、聚(亚烷基醚—亚烷基硫醚)二醇、醇酸树脂、聚酯和聚酯酰胺)的反应产物的扩链而制备的,其中,常采用有机溶剂。二异氰酸酯的用量应超过化学计量,以致使反应产物(也称为聚氨酯/脲/硫脲预聚物)是以异氰酸酯封端的。聚氨酯预聚物制备的实例已公开在例如美国专利3178310、3919173、4442259、4444976及4742095中。
据报导,聚氨酯分散体可用来制备各种不同的材料:如美国专利4292226中介绍的涂料和粘合剂;美国专利4431763中介绍的适用广泛的溶剂防渗剂;美国专利4433095中介绍的粘合剂以及美国专利4501852中介绍的薄膜。薄膜,或者说得更确切一些制造薄膜的浸渍法,可以是制造许多制品的各种方法中的一部分。薄膜用途的实例包括实验用手套、器官用袋、避孕套、造瘘袋。虽然大家都知道,这类用途的制品可用聚氨酯分散体来制造,但常规聚氨酯分散体的物理性能或加工性能有时还不能满足制造这类用途制品的优选材料的要求。此外,溶剂的使用也会对某些用途产生不利的影响。
聚氨酯是多元醇与多异氰酸酯的反应产物。一般来说,已经用于制备聚氨酯分散体的多异氰酸酯是脂族异氰酸酯(如美国专利5494960中公开的)。芳族多异氰酸酯如甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和亚甲基二苯基二异氰酸酯(MDI)以及多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯也是已知适用的。
因此,以水分散体制备聚氨酯薄膜的技术来制备具有满足常规薄膜用途要求的物理和加工性能的薄膜是理想的。如果这种薄膜可由没有有机溶剂存在下制得的分散体来制备,就会更理想。特别理想的是制备具有高剪切稳定性的这类分散体。
一方面本发明是制备聚氨酯薄膜的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:制备包含二异氰酸酯、含活泼氢的物质和一元醇的非离子预聚物配制物;在表面活性剂存在下制备预聚物的水性分散体。这两个步骤基本上不使用有机溶剂。
第二方面,本发明是包括由含0.1-2(重量)%一元醇的配制物制备聚氨酯分散体的方法制成薄膜的聚氨酯薄膜。
第三方面,本发明是用来制备聚氨酯薄膜的水性聚氨酯分散体。该分散体包含由含二异氰酸酯、一种或多种二元醇和一元醇的预聚物配制物制备的非离子聚氨酯预聚物在水中的分散产物。该分散体是用两步法或多步法制成的,其中,第一步形成预聚物,第二步是在表面活性剂存在下形成预聚物的水性分散体。该两步骤都是在基本上没有有机溶剂存在下进行的。
本发明具有高剪切稳定性的优点。本发明的分散体不会过早沉降或凝聚。而且,本发明薄膜没有象天然橡胶胶乳那样会对皮肤产生刺激性。因此,本发明的薄膜和分散体适于诸如医疗用途方面的各种用途。
本发明的薄膜可由任何一种贮存足够稳定的,但不足以稳定到不会电沉积或凝聚的聚氨酯预聚物分散体制备。该分散体可通过任何一种能用于制备具有符合薄膜预期用途要求物理性能的薄膜的分散体的方法来制备。分散体可通过间歇法或连续法制备。如果以间歇法制备,则优选以反相法制备,其中首先将包含少量阴离子表面活性剂的少量水添加到连续的预聚物相中并混合,然后边混合边继续加水直到相转变。
当本发明分散体以连续法制备时,优选采用高内相比(HIPR)法制备。这类方法是众所周知的,并公开在例如Pate等人的美国专利5539021和Jakubowski等人的WO98/41552 A1中。当采用任何一种方法制备分散体时,所得分散体的颗粒尺寸应满足使分散体稳定的要求。本发明分散体的颗粒尺寸为0.9-0.05微米,优选为0.5-0.07微米,更优选为0.4-0.10微米。本发明分散体的最优选颗粒尺寸为0.15微米。
本发明的聚氨酯分散体是由非离子聚氨酯预聚物制备的。本发明的非离子聚氨酯预聚物是用脂族或芳族二异氰酸酯制备的。优选的是,二异氰酸酯是选自MDI、TDI及它们混合物的芳族二异氰酸酯。通常购得的不同异构体分布的TDI都可采用。通常购得的TDI异构体分布为80%2,4异构体和20%2,6异构体。对本发明目的来说,也可采用呈其它异构体分布的TDI,但常需相当高的成本。
当MDI用于本发明配制物时,对,对’异构体含量为99%-90%是优选的。当MDI用于本发明配制物时,对,对’异构体含量为98%-92%是更优选的。当MDI用于本发明配制物时,对,对’异构体含量为94%是最优选的。MDI工艺期间虽可通过蒸馏方法制备具有这种异构分布的MDI,但也可通过将通常可商购的产品如ISONATE 125M和ISONATE 500P混合而成(ISONATE125M和ISONATE 500P是The Dow Chemical Company的商品牌号)。
当采用TDI和MDI混合物制备本发明预聚物时,MDI与TDI可按99%MDI至80%MDI之比例相混合。更优选的是,当采用TDI与MDI混合物制备本发明预聚物时,MDI与TDI可按98%MDI至90%MDI之比例相混合。最优选的是,当采用TDI与MDI混合物制备本发明预聚物时,MDI与TDI可按96%MDI之比例相混合。优选的本发明预聚物是用MDI或MDI与TDI混合物制备的。还更优选的是,本发明的预聚物是用MDI作为唯一芳族二异氰酸酯制备的。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,本发明的预聚物是由包含活泼氢物质的配制物制备的。在本发明的优选实施方案中,含活泼氢物质是二元醇混合物。二元醇混合物中的一种成分是高分子量二元醇,而优选为0-25(重量)%环氧乙烷封端的高分子量聚氧丙烯二元醇。二元醇混合物的另一成分是低分子量二元醇。本发明配方中聚醚二元醇可通过技术熟练人员熟知的任何一种制备聚醚二元醇的方法来制备。优选的是在碱催化剂存在下,通过二官能引发剂的烷氧化作用来制备聚醚二元醇。例如,适用于本发明的聚醚是在催化剂KOH的存在下,乙二醇首先与环氧丙烷然后与环氧乙烷的二步烷氧基化作用而制得的产物。
本发明预聚物配制物中二元醇混合物中的高分子量聚醚二元醇组分是0-25(重量)%环氧乙烷封端的聚氧丙烯二元醇。优选的是,该二元醇组分的分子量为1000-4000,更优选为1200-2500,而最优选为1800-2200。如上所述,聚醚二元醇是以0-25%环氧乙烷封端的。优选的是,该高分子量二元醇是以5-25%环氧乙烷封端的,更优选以10-15%环氧乙烷封端。
本发明一些预聚物配制物中的低分子量二元醇组分也可以是二官能引发剂的烷氧基化的产物。优选的是,该组分也是聚氧丙烯二元醇,但也可以是混合的环氧乙烷环氧丙烷多元醇,只要使用的至少75%的烷氧化物是环氧丙烷(如果采用的话)。二元醇如丙二醇、二甘醇、一缩二丙二醇也可用在本发明配制物中。预聚物配制物中的低分子量二元醇组分(如果存在的话)的分子量为60-750,优选为62-600,而最优选为125-500。
本发明的预聚物可通过本领域技术熟练人员熟知的任何一种可用于制备聚氨酯预聚物的方法来制备。优选的是,将芳族二异氰酸酯与聚醚二元醇混合物混合在一起并在足以制备聚氨酯预聚物的反应条件下加热。本发明预聚物配制物中二异氰酸酯的化学计量比是过量的。优选的是,本发明预聚物中的异氰酸酯含量(也称作%NCO)为1-9(重量)%,更优选为2-8(重量)%,而最优选为3-7(重量)%。
当本发明预聚物配制物中的含活泼氢材料是低分子量二元醇和高分子量聚醚二元醇混合物时,本发明预聚物可任选地用二官能胺扩链剂进行扩链。当预聚物配制物中的含活泼氢材料是高分子量聚醚二元醇,而不包含低分子量二元醇时,该二官能胺扩链剂不是任选的而是必需的。优选的是,二官能胺扩链剂可存在于所用水中以便制成分散体。当采用扩链剂时,胺扩链剂可以是任何一种异氰酸酯反应性二胺或者具有另一种异氰酸酯反应性基团的胺且分子量为60-450,但是优选的为选自:胺化聚醚二元醇;哌嗪,胺乙基乙醇胺,乙醇胺,亚乙基二胺以及它们的混合物。优选的是,胺扩链剂可溶于所用水中以便制成分散体。
本发明预聚物是非离子型的。用于制备本发明薄膜的预聚物主链中没有引入离子基团,或者在预聚物主链上未连接有离子基团。用于制备本发明分散体的阴离子表面活性剂是外部稳定剂,不是连接在本发明薄膜聚合物主链中的。
本发明预聚物分散在含表面活性剂的水中的。优选的表面活性剂是阴离子型表面活性剂。在实施制备本发明分散体时,表面活性剂优选在预聚物被分散于其中之前先导入水中,但这并不超出表面活性剂与预聚物可同时导入水中的本发明范围。任何一种阴离子型表面活性剂都可用于本发明中,但优选的阴离子型表面活性剂选自磺酸盐、磷酸盐、羧酸盐。更优选的阴离子型表面活性剂是十二烷基苯磺酸钠、十二烷基磺酸钠、十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠、正癸基二苯醚二磺酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸异丙胺或己基二苯醚二磺酸钠,而最优选的阴离子表面活性剂是十二烷基苯磺酸钠。
本发明分散体的固含量为30(重量)%-60(重量)%。薄膜不必由具有这种固含量的分散体来制备。虽然分散体本身应在尽可能高的固含量下贮存和输送以缩小贮存体积和降低输送成本;但分散体在最终使用前可按需要进行稀释。分散体所需的固含量常常决定于要制备的薄膜的厚度和使聚合物凝聚在基体上的方法。当制备薄膜时,本发明分散体的固含量可为5-60(重量)%,优选为10-40(重量)%,而最优选当制备实验手套时为15-25(重量)%。对于其它用途来说,薄膜的厚度和相应的分散体的固含量是可随之改变的。
本发明聚氨酯分散体是由包含一元醇的预聚物配制物制备的。优选的一元醇是聚醚,更优选是聚氧乙烯聚醚一元醇。优选的一元醇的分子量为500-1500,更优选为800-1200。优选的是,预聚物配制物中所含一元醇的浓度为0.1-2.0(重量)%(以预聚物总重量计)。更优选的是预聚物中一元醇的浓度为0.2-1.5(重量)%,而最优选的浓度为0.3-0.99(重量)%。预聚物中含有太多的一元醇,会导致分散体不能用硝酸钙进行凝聚。优选的是,在二元醇混合物与二异氰酸酯进行预反应后再添加一元醇。
对众多的薄膜用途来说,所采用的聚合物具有与用于这些用途中的多数常规材料相似的物理性能是必要的。例如,对实验手套用途来说,本发明薄膜的拉伸变形低于5%。本发明的薄膜在应用方面如实验手套与天然乳胶相比的一个明显优点是,戴这种手套发生过敏反应的风险大大低于乳胶手套。
本发明薄膜的另一个优点是可制成具有自剥离特性的薄膜。对于制作实验手套技术领域中,这一特性称为“不含粉末”,这是由于这类手套偶尔在制造和销售时需要加一层滑石粉、玉米淀粉等润滑粉剂以防止聚合物本身相互粘附,从而使手套易于戴上。可通过在本发明预聚物配制物中掺入蜡来使本发明薄膜具有自剥离性。优选的蜡是巴西棕榈蜡。优选的蜡应选自与皮肤相接触时不会诱发皮肤过敏反应的那些蜡。因此,对于这种用途来说,食用级蜡是特别优选的。当采用蜡时,优选的是,该蜡能以0.1-2(重量)%的浓度加于用来分散预聚物配制物的水中。
除已提到的蜡外,本发明薄膜还可包含其它添加剂。技术熟练人员熟知的适用于由分散体制备薄膜的任何添加剂都可用于本发明薄膜中,只要它们的存在不会使薄膜性能降低到导致该薄膜不再适用于预定的目的。添加剂可以任何一种已知的适用方法掺混入薄膜中,其中包括(但不限于此)掺入预聚物配制物中和制备分散体所用的水中,例如,二氧化钛可用于使本发明薄膜着色。其它适用的添加剂包括碳酸钙、二氧化硅、消泡剂、抗微生物剂、碳微粒。
本发明的用途包括例如手套、避孕套、医药用袋、血管成形术囊、药箱、面罩、血压计胶管接头。本发明还有其它几方面用途涉及给药机构,包括导管、医用管子、密封垫及O型环。此外,本发明还有许多非医用方面的用途,例如非医用手套、游泳帽、工具手柄、工业用盖和塞子、汽车的风挡刮水器胶套、玩具气球、玩具、电器零件、外罩及垫圈。
实施例
下面实施例只是说明性的,而不是对本发明范围的限制。除非另有说明,所有百分比都是重量百分比。
下面实施例采用下列材料:
聚醚多元醇是分子量为2000的、以12.5%环氧乙烷封端的聚氧丙烯二元醇。
低分子量二元醇是分子量为425的聚氧丙烯二元醇。
一元醇是分子量为950的聚氧乙烯一元醇。
多异氰酸酯是4,4’异构体含量为98%、异氰酸酯当量为125的MDI。
表面活性剂为十二烷基苯磺酸钠。
二胺是分子量为230的聚氧丙烯二胺。
实施例1
制备聚氨酯预聚物:混合53.16份聚醚多元醇、0.25份一元醇和13.29份低分子量二元醇,然后将混合物加热至50℃,然后将该混合物与已温热至50℃的33.3份多异氰酸酯相混合。添加少量苯甲酰氯以中和多元醇中残余碱。然后将混合物加热至70℃保持4小时,然后试验测定NCO含量。NCO含量为6.1%。
聚氨酯分散体制备:采用每分钟2500转的高剪切混合器使38.7份已与少量水混合的预聚物和1.3份表面活性剂相混合,然后再缓慢地添加水直至观察到发生相转变,然后继续添加水以使总含水量达到60份。过滤分散体并放置过夜。
对分散体进行稳定性试验:将75克分散体置于8盎司大口容器中并以每分钟2000转的转速搅拌30分钟。将分散体凝聚点记录在表格中。
然后,用凝聚法制备薄膜:将钢板放入加热炉中加热至温度达到100-120°F(38-49℃),然后将钢板浸入20%硝酸钙在1∶1(重量)的水与甲醇溶液(还包含1(重量)%乙氧基化的辛基酚表面活性剂)中,然后将钢板放在230°F(110℃)加热炉中加热约15分钟以使钢板上形成极薄的硝酸钙膜,使钢板冷却105°F(40℃),再将钢板浸入已用去离子水稀释至固含量为30%的聚氨酯分散体中(总停留时间约20秒),然后取出,取出的钢板在室温下保持5分钟使薄膜产生足够的凝胶强度,随后浸入115°F(46℃)的水浴中保持10分钟,然后用115°F(40℃)水对钢板的两面喷雾2分钟。喷雾后将钢板加热到230°F(110℃)保持30分钟,然后冷却至室温。从基体上剥下聚氨酯薄膜,并以总长为1.5英寸、窄断面宽度为0.187英寸、标距为0.61英寸的拉伸试条进行试验。试验结果列于表中。
实施例2、3和对照实施例4
除配方和表中所列有改变外,预聚物、分散体和薄膜的制备及试验基本上与实施例1相同。试验结果列于表中。
    实施例     1     2       3       4    对照5
  聚醚多元醇   53.16   52.96     52.76     52.56    53
  低分子量二元醇   13.29   13.24     13.19     13.14    13.7
  多异氰酸酯   33.3   33.3     33.3     33.3    33.3
  一元醇   0.25   0.50     0.75     1.00    0.0
固化时间(秒) 505 845     不固化(>1800)     不固化(>1800) 350
抗拉强度(psi) 4373 4296 4883     经凝聚而始终未形成薄膜,不能测试 5392
  %断裂伸长率   554   508     535    547
  在100%时应力   468   542     598    529
  在200%时应力   742   901     951    880
  在500%时应力   3218   4043     3882    3912

Claims (17)

1.一种制备聚氨酯薄膜的方法,该方法包括下述步骤:
制备非离子预聚物配制物,该预聚物配制物包含二异氰酸酯、含活泼氢材料及一元醇;和
在表面活性剂存在下制备预聚物的水性分散体;
其中该两步骤都在基本上不存在有机溶剂条件下进行。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中二异氰酸酯是下列两者之一:
(1)脂族二异氰酸酯;或
(2)选自MDI、TDI以及它们混合物的芳族二异氰酸酯。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中含活泼氢材料是下列两者之一:
(a)高分子量二元醇和低分子量二元醇的混合物;或
(b)高分子量二元醇,其中当含活泼氢材料不包括低分子量二元醇时,预聚物分散在含有二官能胺扩链剂的水中。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中预聚物中一元醇的含量为0.1-2.0(重量)%。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中一元醇是聚醚。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中一元醇的分子量为500-1500。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其中一元醇是聚氧乙烯聚醚一元醇。
8.权利要求1的方法,还包括将分散体涂敷在基体上。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其中制得的薄膜形状为手套、避孕套、血管成形术囊、医药用袋或导管。
10.一种聚氨酯薄膜,包括通过一种包括由含0.1-2.0(重量)%一元醇的配制物制备聚氨酯分散体的方法制成的薄膜。
11.权利要求10的聚氨酯薄膜,其中一元醇的分子量为500-1500。
11.权利要求10的聚氨酯薄膜,其中一元醇是聚醚。
12.根据权利要求11的聚氨酯薄膜,其中一元醇是聚氧乙烯聚醚一元醇。
13.一种用来制备聚氨酯薄膜的水性聚氨酯分散体,该分散体包括含有二异氰酸酯、一种或多种二元醇和一元醇的预聚物配制物制备的非离子聚氨酯预聚物分散在水中所形成的产物,其中:分散体是以两步法或多步法形成的,其中,
(1)第一步是形成预聚物,接着的步骤是
(3)在表面活性剂存在下形成预聚物的水性分散体,该两步骤都在基本上不存在有机溶剂条件下进行的。
14.权利要求13的分散体,其中一元醇的用量为0.1-2.0(重量)%的一元醇。
15.权利要求13的分散体,其中一元醇是聚醚。
16.权利要求13的分散体,其中一元醇的分子量为500-1500。
CN00807903A 1999-04-14 2000-04-13 由聚氨酯分散体制备的聚氨酯薄膜 Pending CN1351619A (zh)

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US8324315B2 (en) 2004-12-28 2012-12-04 Industrial Technology Research Institute Aqueous aromatic polyurethane elastomeric articles and method of fabricating the same
CN102174252B (zh) * 2006-01-18 2013-03-27 因维斯塔技术有限公司 非纺织聚合物组合物和方法
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CN110279507A (zh) * 2018-03-19 2019-09-27 乐福思健康有限公司 聚氨酯避孕套
CN112079986A (zh) * 2020-09-21 2020-12-15 兰州科天健康科技股份有限公司 一种水性聚氨酯乳液及其制备方法和用途
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CN114699563A (zh) * 2022-02-22 2022-07-05 中国医科大学附属盛京医院 一种负载型聚醚型聚氨酯薄膜、制备方法及其应用
CN114699563B (zh) * 2022-02-22 2024-02-02 中国医科大学附属盛京医院 一种负载型聚醚型聚氨酯薄膜、制备方法及其应用

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EP1173493A2 (en) 2002-01-23
NO20001903D0 (no) 2000-04-12
NO20014965L (no) 2001-11-27
WO2000061653A2 (en) 2000-10-19
US6451908B1 (en) 2002-09-17
WO2000061653A9 (en) 2001-11-22
MXPA01010341A (es) 2002-03-27
KR20010108503A (ko) 2001-12-07
JP2002542321A (ja) 2002-12-10
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AU4239500A (en) 2000-11-14

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