CN1297568A - 制造含有染料的光生伏打电池的方法 - Google Patents
制造含有染料的光生伏打电池的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
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- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
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- H10K85/344—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising ruthenium
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制造光生伏打电池(PV)的方法,所述光生伏打电池至少包含下列顺序的下列各层:第一电极层,透明宽能带间隙半导体层,所述半导体层提供有与所述光敏染料或颜料结合的光敏染料或颜料,所述光敏染料或颜料具有把光生(photogenerated)电子与其正的反电荷在空间上分开的能力,电解质层、催化剂层、以及第二电极层。该方法特征在于所述第一电极层和所述半导体层和/或所述第二电极层和催化剂层沉积在后来除去的柔性临时基板上。沉积在临时基板上的电极是透明的。本发明可以成卷地制造所述光生伏打电池并在选择加工条件方面提供很大自由度。
Description
本发明涉及一种制造光生伏打电池(PV)的方法,所述光生伏打电池至少包含下列各层:第一个电极层,一个透明宽能带间隙(优选的是高表面积)半导体层,提供(单)层与所述半导体层结合的光敏染料或颜料,所述光敏染料或颜料具有把光生(photogenerated)电子与其正的反电荷在空间上分开的能力,电解质层、催化剂层、以及第二个电极层,其中,至少一个电极层是透明的。假设(例如)太阳光能用于产生电能,那么这样的光生伏打电池形成一种有意义的代用能源,一种比矿物燃料或核能清洁得多的能源。
制造所探讨的光生伏打电池的方法在该领域中是熟知的,例如,WO91/16719。该国际专利申请描述了(见例如结合图1的实施例34)一种光生伏打电池,包含沉积在玻璃板或透明聚合物板上的作为电极层的透光导电层(通常称为透明导电氧化物或TCO)。在所述TCO上部,沉积几个载有染料的TiO2层。最后一个TiO2层用电解质、催化剂层以及也可以是TCO的反电极或背电极(back-electrode)覆盖。
为了使至少一个TCO具有要求的性能(尤其是透明性)和结构,它应该优选在至少400℃的温度形成。而且,通常基本由二氧化钛组成的半导体层优选在类似的温度焙烧,在许多实施方案中,所述催化剂层经受超过350℃的温度。由于这个原因,在制造这种类型的光生伏打电池中,适用于向其上施用这些层的透明基板尤其局限于玻璃基板或具有耐高温性能的透明聚合物板。这些材料是刚性的或相当昂贵的。
为了使所探讨的PV电池变成重要的并且经济上有吸引力的代用品,它们需要以合适的形式(较小刚性和松散)提供并用较低成本的方法、使用较便宜的原料制造。因此,需要一种方法使得如第一段落中所述卷装地(roll-to-roll)制造光生伏打电池。同时,可以使用任何所要求的透明导体材料、沉积方法和烧结方法,而不是用昂贵的或刚性材料作为必需的透明基板。本发明的方法满足了这些要求和其它预期的目标。
本发明涉及一种制造有机光生伏打电池的方法,其中,第一电极层和半导体层沉积在以后去除的柔性临时基板上,和/或第二电极层和催化剂层沉积在以后去除的柔性临时基板上,其中,沉积在临时基板上的电极是透明的。
这些步骤及其顺序基本使得所探讨的PV电池有可能以柔性的箔状形式卷装地生产,而对于大多数实施方案,仍然保留至少部分所要求顺序的制造过程,这种制造过程是在玻璃基板上生产的类似PV电池情况下常用的。在按照本发明的方法时,可以选择临时基板使得可以进行任何进一步的工艺步骤(如第一或第二透明导体层的高温施用、半导体层的烧结、以及催化剂层的形成)而不用考虑其(即基板)的透明性或最终的PV箔运行所需要的其它性能(柔韧性、耐久性等)。
已经注意到日本公开专利申请1980-143706描述了基板表面上形成透明导电(TCO)层,在导电层上形成聚合物产物(如薄膜或透镜),并除去基板。因此,可以自由选择TCO层及其沉积方法(用温度和持续时间表示)。该参考资料涉及一个与所探讨的领域不同的技术领域(形成聚合物产品而不是有机光生伏打电池),并说明应该在除去临时基板之前而不是之后把透明聚合物施用到TCO上。因此,技术人员不会把该公开与WO91/16719结合在一起,即使技术人员这样做,也不会产生根据本发明思路的方法。
Kishi等人的“超轻型柔性无定形硅太阳能电池及其在飞机中的应用”,国际PVSEC-5技术文摘,京都,日本,1990,第645-648页,公开了一种在透明塑料薄膜上沉积各个层制造的太阳能电池。既没有提到也没有暗示临时基板。WO 97/15959描述了一种包含在柔性聚合物基板上提供的工作电极和反电极的电化学电池。所述工作电极包含一种以糊状形式沉积、然后在低于200℃的温度干燥并焙烧的半导体薄膜。没有公开临时基板的使用。
日本公开专利申请89-119072描述了一种生产PV电池的方法,包括下列步骤:在临时基板表面上形成一种耐热、柔性、电绝缘透明塑料层,然后在其上沉积TCO、半导体层、背电极和载体。然后除去临时基板。这种方法不同于本发明的方法,在本发明的方法中,TCO涂布在临时基板上而不是透明塑料层上。其优点是在根据本发明的方法中,任选在除去临时基板后施用到TCO上的透明层不必抵抗在TCO和其它层的施用过程中常用的条件。
在已经施用第一电极层和半导体之后,除去在第一电极层侧面上的临时基板。优选在除去临时基板之前还至少施用染料和电解质。
在除去基板之前,通过把所有基本层层压在一起可以提供额外的机械强度。优选通过在催化剂层和半导体层的界面上把两个单独制造的组件(一个组件至少包括第一电极层、半导体层、以及染料,另一个组件至少包括第二电极层和催化剂层)点结合(spotbond)在一起做到这一点。在这种情况下,电解质充满半导体层和催化剂层之间的空间。
进一步优选在除去(最后的)临时基板之前施用载体层,这是为了在尽可能多的工艺步骤中支持薄PV箔,并且确保所述的箔表现出足够的强度和弯曲刚度(优选适于预期的最终产品)。在除去(最后的)临时基板之后,优选提供给裸露电极载体层或透明层,这进一步增强PV箔和/或最终产品的机械性能和阻挡性能。当然提供两个电极载体层不是目的。至少一个电极应该提供给透明层或保持裸露。优选提供透明层来提高产品的耐久性能。
为了进行有效的密封,在第一电极层侧面上的载体层或透明层和在第二电极层侧面的载体层或透明层在至少两个相对的侧面延伸到电池的内层之外。因此,电池可以通过把所述延伸的边缘焊接或粘结在一起容易地密封,当然确保电极不会短路,从而解决了在带有染料的PV电池中遇到的最常见问题之一。
已经发现在(第一)透明导电层基本上冷却之前(即仍然温热)在其上涂布半导体层是有利的,因为这将增强层之间的接触并将导致更小的污染和更有利的机械和电光性能。
本领域的技术人员可以选择临时基板本身和除去它的方法(合适地通过溶解或刻蚀)而没有很大困难。因此,临时基板可以是“阳性(positive)”光刻胶,即一受到辐射经历从抗溶剂转变成可溶剂萃取的光敏材料,例如,交联聚酰亚胺。为了达到使用低成本材料的目的,这些不是优选选择的基板。在这方面,使用能通过等离子体刻蚀(例如,O2等离子体或例如聚硅氧烷聚合物、SF6等离子体体)除去的聚合物是更有利的。虽然基本上任何聚合物都是合适的,根据上述说明,优选的当然是使用能承受较高温度(250℃,更优选400℃以上)的聚合物。
优选根据本发明的临时基板是金属或金属合金箔。其主要原因是这样的箔在进一步加工过程中通常能承受最高的温度,实际上没有挥发性成分放出,并且能使用已知的刻蚀技术相对容易地除去。选择金属(特别是铝或铜)的另一个原因是PV箔最终应该含有“侧面”电极(形成用于与任何辅助设备或网连接的接头,即实际上使用PV箔作为能源)。通过使部分临时基板保持在原位(例如作为侧边缘或条纹),这些接头不需要单独施用。
合适的金属包括钢、铝、铜、铁、镍、银、锌、钼、铬、钒、镁、及其合金或多层。尤其由于经济方面的原因,优选使用Fe、Al、Cu、或其合金。考虑到性能(结合成本)的原因,铝、电沉积铁和电沉积铜是最优选的。合适的刻蚀技术是已知的(虽对于所选的每种金属是不同的),可以由本领域的技术人员用适当技术进行选择。优选的刻蚀剂包括酸(Lewis酸以及Bronstedt酸),例如,在铜作为金属箔的情况下,优选使用FeCl3、硝酸或硫酸。铝可以用例如苛性钠(NaOH)有效去除。
从可去除性考虑,临时基板优选尽可能薄。当然,它仍然应该允许向其上施用其它层,并把这些层保持在一起,但是这一般不要求500微米以上的厚度。厚度优选为1-200微米。根据弹性模量,大多数材料要求最小厚度为5微米,在这种情况下,优选的厚度范围为5-150微米,优选25-100微米。
临时基板也可以是电沉积(即电镀)金属层。希望选择铜作为电沉积金属箔。但是,由于铜可能具有通过PV层扩散的趋势,优选提供给铜箔(电镀)非还原性扩散隔板,例如防腐蚀层,尤其是氧化锌,或者选择能防止所述扩散的透明导体,例如,TiO2、Al2O3、SnO2或ZnO。例如,可以通过物理气相沉积(PVD)或化学气相沉积(CVD)用电镀法施用防扩散层。
代替带有防扩散层的铜箔(该防扩散层一般与临时基板一起除去),提供给铜箔(或者所选择的任何其它临时基板)合适种类的玻璃层也是可能的。这种玻璃层基本是透明的,因此可以是永久的,作为透明导体层的防护窗。由于经济方面的原因,并且为了进行成卷的加工,玻璃层优选非常薄,例如,10-1000纳米,优选100-200纳米厚。这样的层的合适的施用方法例如是SiH4和N2O(等离子体体氧化物)的PECVD(等离子体体增强化学气相沉积),并加入合适的添加剂,如B2H6,形成具有有利的透明度的硼硅酸盐玻璃。优选施用APCVD硅氧化物。
可以用熟知的方法,例如,用金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)、溅镀、大气压化学气相沉积(APCVD)、PECVD、喷雾热解、蒸发(物理气相沉积)、电沉积、丝网印刷、溶胶-凝胶加工等沉积TCO。优选在高于180℃,优选高于400℃或甚至500℃的温度施用透明导体层,从而使得有可能获得具有有利性能和/或结构的透明导体层。
适合用作透明导体层的材料实例是铟锡氧化物、氧化锌、氟-、铝-或硼-掺杂的氧化锌、硫化镉、锡酸镉、氧化镉、锡氧化物以及最优选锑-或者特别是氟-掺杂的锡氧化物。该最后的透明电极材料是优选的,因为如果在适当高于400℃,优选500-600℃的温度施用,它能形成预期的柱形的、光散射结构的晶体表面。特别是用这种电极材料,很大程度地表现出选择临时基板(允许所述高温),更特别地选择有织构的电沉积金属基板的优点。此外,所述材料具有耐所用的最优选刻蚀剂,以及具有比铟锡氧化物更好的抗化学刻蚀性和更好的光电性能的优点。此外,它还便宜得多。
如上所述,半导体,例如二氧化钛,在(第一)TCO沉积之前或之后施用并烧结。特别地,可以以连续(成卷)方式进行用于施用纳米晶体薄膜的浸涂、丝网印刷和喷涂过程。如果半导体通过喷雾热解或CVD直接沉积在透明导电层上,那么需要较少的工艺步骤,改善与TCO的接触,层的气孔率是优异的。
在二氧化钛情况下,把TiCl3和H2O的微滴喷到预热表面上(即临时基板或TCO)。当它们接近热表面时,TiCl3微滴蒸发。在所述表面上,发生化学气相反应,在所述表面上产生钛氧化物的多孔层和气态氢氯酸。
例如,通过浸在溶液中、口模式涂布、真空蒸发、Langmuir Blodgett涂布等施用光敏染料。尤其在WO 91/16719中公开了合适的染料。特别优选的是含有钌的染料。此外,优选选择染料,使得其最低未占据分子轨道(或LUMO)高于半导体的导带边缘。
例如,通过浸渍、刷涂、浇铸等施用电解质。尤其在WO 91/16719中还公开了合适的电解质。特别优选的电解质是含有碘/碘化物氧化还原电对的碳酸亚乙酯和碳酸亚丙酯的混合物,以及含有碘/碘化物氧化还原电对的熔盐。聚合物和陶瓷电解质也是非常合适的。
催化剂层优选包含铂或碳颗粒,但是绝不排除其它催化剂。应该注意,在许多实施方案中,催化剂层不由连续薄膜组成,而是由许多离散的颗粒组成。
不透明的电极层可以用任何合适的材料制成,优选铝、银或者二者的层的组合。这些金属层可以通过(真空中)物理气相沉积(蒸发)或溅射施用(优选在相对低温度下,例如低于250℃),任选使用防护罩或使用屏蔽线以防止在条纹需要刻蚀的位置上的沉积。在银的情况下,优选的是先施用粘合促进层,为此,例如,TiO2和ZnO是合适的材料,如果以合适的厚度施用(例如约80纳米),它们具有额外反射性的优点。
上述载体不必是透明的并且最终形成真正的基板(在工艺过程中表示为“临时基板”的层实际上是“上基板(superstrate)”,因为它放在箔的最终正面或顶部)。这种载体层合适的材料包括聚合物箔,如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚(2,6-萘二羧酸乙烯酯)、聚氯乙烯或高性能聚合物箔,如芳族聚酰胺或聚酰亚胺箔,但是也可以是例如带有绝缘(介电)顶层的金属箔、平板玻璃、或者包含环氧树脂和玻璃的复合材料。优选的是包含软化点低于载体本身的热塑性粘合层的聚合物“共挤出”箔。任选地,提供给共挤出箔防扩散层(例如聚酯(PET)、共聚酯、或铝)。载体的厚度应该优选在50微米-10毫米范围内。更优选的范围是75微米-6毫米,100微米-1毫米,和150-300微米。弯曲刚度(在本发明的框架内定义为材料的弹性模量(“E”,用牛顿/平方毫米表示)乘以载体厚度(“t”,用毫米表示)的立方:E×t3优选大于16×10-2Nmm,通常小于15×106Nmm。
载体(最后的基板)本身可以已经是,或者含有,预期用途所要求的结构。因此,载体可以是例如一种砖或一套砖、屋顶砖、木瓦、轿车顶、大篷车顶等。但是,一般优选临时基板和/或载体是柔性的。
上述透明层一般是具有高透光度的聚合物薄膜,如无定形(全)氟化聚合物、聚碳酸酯(或盐)、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、或任何可获得的透明涂层,例如在汽车工业中所用的那些涂层。透明箔的厚度应优选至少为25微米,优选至少50微米。如果需要,可以施用额外的防反射、防扩散或防污染层。
进一步优选的是,在最后工艺步骤之后,箔的弯曲刚度(其弯曲刚度通常较大部分由载体和顶部涂层确定)大于任何一种中间产物的弯曲刚度。
根据本发明的PV电池可以容易地用外部装置(即不结合在密封体积内的装置)串联连接。但是,本领域的技术人员在所述密封体积内提供单独串联连接的子单元(sub-unit)没有困难。
术语“透明”定义为表现出透过至少40%,优选至少60%的入射光,该入射光可以通过PV电池转变为电流。
应该注意,TCO也是宽能带带隙的半导体。但是,在本发明的框架中,术语“透明宽能带带隙半导体”用于表示带有染料的层。
现在通过非限制性实施例说明本发明。
实施例
在下面的实施例中,通过在带有SnO2薄膜(即第一电极)的柔性铝基板上喷涂胶体制造TiO2的纳米晶体薄膜。根据M.K.Nazeeruddin等人的“通过纳米晶体TiO2电极上的顺-X2双(2,2’-联吡啶-4,4’-二羧酸酯)钌(Ⅱ)电荷传递Sensotizer(X=Cl-、Bt-、I-、ON-、和SCN-)进行的光电转换”,美国化学学报(J.Am.Chem.Soc.),1993,115卷,6382-6390页制备胶体。然后把基板和薄膜在450℃烘箱中焙烧15分钟。焙烧后,把薄膜和基板浸在染料溶液中,即0,5mM Ru(Ⅱ)-顺-二(异氰硫基(isothiocyanato))二(2,2’-联吡啶-4,4’-二羧酸酯)在乙腈中的溶液,如M.Nazeeruddin等人所述。这在纳米晶体薄膜上产生了近似一个单层的表面吸附染料。
实施例1
所得的Al/SnO2/纳米晶体TiO2-染料薄膜用Al/ITO反(或第二)电极覆盖。Al/ITO电极已经预先用少量六氯铂酸(hexachloroplatinic acid)(0,1mM在异丙醇中)处理,用Pt颗粒(即催化剂)覆盖其,并在380℃退火15分钟。
然后使用由碳酸亚乙酯和碳酸亚丙酯的50∶50混合物与0.5M KI和0.05M I2组成的液体电解质充填纳米晶体网络,即通过毛细管力引入所述网络的孔中。把柔性的Al/SnO2/纳米晶体TiO2-染料多层堆积物展开在Al/ITO/Pt板上,使电解质均匀施用在装置的整个区域上。
随后除去在第二电极侧面的铝。
实施例2
按实施例1所说明的过程制造。但是,在装置的该实施方案中,在连接阴极和阳极载体并密封后,把第一电极侧面的铝刻蚀掉,使SnO2裸露。SnO2随后用聚合物密封剂保护。
实施例3
按实施例1所说明的过程制造,反电极(阴极)由与用于阳极相同的Al/SnO2箔制造。如实施例A一样先用六氯铂酸处理该Al/SnO2阴极。然后结合Al/SnO2/纳米晶体TiO2-染料阳极和Al/SnO2/Pt阴极箔,同时用如实施例1中的液体电解质充填纳米晶体TiO2-染料层的孔和两层箔之间的小空隙。
在连接阴极和阳极载体并密封后,把阴极或阳极上的铝刻蚀掉,使一个SnO2层暴露于表面。然后可以用聚合物密封剂保护该SnO2层。
上述每个装置的电流/电压曲线表明一暴露于光就产生电能。
Claims (12)
1.一种制造光生伏打电池的方法,所述光生伏打电池至少包含如下顺序的下列各层:第一电极层,透明宽能带间隙半导体层,该半导体层提供有一层与所述半导体层结合的光敏染料或颜料,所述光敏染料或颜料具有把光生(photogenerated)电子与其正的反电荷在空间上分开的能力,电解质层、催化剂层、以及第二电极层,该方法特征在于第一电极层和半导体层沉积在后来除去的柔性临时基板上和/或第二电极层和催化剂层沉积在后来除去的柔性临时基板上,沉积在临时基板上的电极是透明的。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中,所述顺序的层在除去临时基板之前层压在一起。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其中,所述顺序的层在催化剂层和半导体层界面上点结合在一起。
4.根据权利要求1-3的任一项的方法,其中,第一电极层在远离(facing away from)半导体层的侧面上提供有载体层或透明层。
5.根据权利要求1-4的任一项的方法,其中,第二电极层在远离(facing away from)催化剂层的侧面上提供有载体层或透明层,条件是至少如果第一电极层提供有载体层,第二电极层提供有透明层,反之亦然。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中,在第一电极层上的载体层或透明层和在第二电极层上的载体层或透明层在至少两个相对侧面上延伸到电池的内层之外并密封在一起。
7.根据前面的权利要求的任一项的方法,其中,半导体层包含二氧化钛。
8.根据前面的权利要求的任一项的方法,其中,在第一电极层(仍然)温热时把半导体层施用在所述第一电极层上。
9.根据前面的权利要求的任一项的方法,其中,半导体层通过CVD或喷雾热解直接沉积在第一电极层上。
10.根据前面的权利要求的任一项的方法,其中,至少在光生伏打电池正面的电极层在高于400℃的温度沉积。
11.根据前面的权利要求的任一项的方法,其中,用成卷的工艺进行电极层在柔性临时基板上的沉积。
12.根据权利要求11的方法,其中,用成卷的工艺制备PV电池。
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EP98200940A EP0948004A1 (en) | 1998-03-26 | 1998-03-26 | Method for making a photovoltaic cell containing a dye |
EP98200940.9 | 1998-03-26 |
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EP (2) | EP0948004A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2002508573A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100588184B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1235295C (zh) |
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CA (1) | CA2325729C (zh) |
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CN1856850B (zh) * | 2003-08-22 | 2013-10-16 | Itm动力(研究)有限公司 | 光电池 |
CN103201856A (zh) * | 2010-08-20 | 2013-07-10 | 集成光伏公司 | 光伏电池 |
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JP2002508573A (ja) | 2002-03-19 |
DE69910751D1 (de) | 2003-10-02 |
US6613598B1 (en) | 2003-09-02 |
CA2325729A1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
CA2325729C (en) | 2008-06-03 |
AU741400B2 (en) | 2001-11-29 |
CN1235295C (zh) | 2006-01-04 |
DE69910751T2 (de) | 2004-07-08 |
PT1066642E (pt) | 2004-01-30 |
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AU2934799A (en) | 1999-10-18 |
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WO1999049483A1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
KR100588184B1 (ko) | 2006-06-08 |
ATE248429T1 (de) | 2003-09-15 |
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