CN1281304C - 放热或吸热多相反应的反应器 - Google Patents
放热或吸热多相反应的反应器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种用于进行放热或吸热多相反应的反应器(1),包括一个基本上圆柱形的外壳(2)和至少一个嵌入在支撑到所述外壳(2)中的催化层(10)中的换热器(9),其特征在于该换热器(9)是板(14)式换热器。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种进行放热或吸热多相反应的等温反应器,其形状包括:
—基本上圆柱型的外壳;
—至少一个嵌入支撑在该外壳中的催化层中的一个换热器。
发明背景
在下面的说明书和后面的权利要求中,术语“等温反应器”是指用于这种化学反应的反应器,其中在一个或多个发生反应的催化层内部的温度实质上是通过除去或供应热来控制的。这种反应既可以是放热反应又可以是吸热反应。另外,术语“绝热反应器”是指用于化学反应的反应器,其中在一个或多个发生反应的催化层内部,与外界环境没有热交换。
众所周知,在放热或吸热多相反应中,越来越需要实现大容量的等温反应器,一方面要容易建造,安全可靠,投资和维修费用低,另一方面,应当能够在高的转化率、小的压降、低的能耗和在反应剂和热交换流体之间具有高的热交换效率下操作。
为了满足上述需求,曾有人提议了一种等温反应器,它具有被反应物垂直通过反应器轴的催化层,在该催化层的内部包括一个热交换器,该热交换器是由若干除去或供应热的管组成。在下面的说明中,这种层将被称作径向催化层。
这种反应器的一个实例公开在DE-A-3318098中。
在该专利文献中,换热器是由螺旋通过收集器的管组成,其中收集器沿着反应器轴延伸,用于收集反应气体产物。
特别是,可以预见,换热器是由支撑在位于外壳端部的相对管板之间的一束螺旋管组成。
应当知道,上述设计的换热器在具有沿着被反应气体轴向通过的催化层的反应器中也是已知的。
例如,参见US-A-4339413和US-A-4636365。
尽管有某些方面的优点,但是带有DE-A-3318098中公开的换热器的反应器也具有许多缺点,下文将进行描述。
首先,鉴于下述事实,即当相对于螺旋管的排列横向流过的反应物气体和反应产物通过催化层时,与不同温度的不同管接触,其中管与管之间的换热效率是不同的。
换句话说,对于放热反应,当气体反应物径向通过催化层时逐渐增加它们的温度。为此,在螺旋管束外层的管受到相对冷的流体的撞击,而内部的管受到更热的气体的撞击,从中它们吸收不断增加的热量。
结果,每个螺旋管,根据它们在催化层中的位置,吸收不同的热量,因此必需承担不同的热负荷。
举例说明,由水组成的换热器流体转变为蒸汽,在DE-A-3318098中提议的螺旋管束换热器的排列中,没有哪两个管产生相同量的蒸汽。
此外,换热器效率的检测到的实质性降低也是由于下述事实,即与低温气体反应物接触的上述排列的管承担低的热载荷,这暗示了水的低度汽化,随着而来的是产生低的流出速度,由此产生水的高质量流速。
相反,与高温气体反应物接触的螺旋管承担高的热载荷,这暗示了水的高度汽化,随之而来的是产生高的流出速度,由此产生水的低质量流速。
现有技术反应器的另一个缺点是由管束的螺旋设计而产生的高的构造和制备复杂性,这需要高的投资和维修费用。应当注意的是,有时,这种结构复杂性甚至可能造成不可能进行维修的后果。
正是由于这些缺点,尽管该领域日益需要大容量的反应器,但是上述类型的放热或吸热多相合成的等温反应器极少被实际应用。
这些缺点对于不是上述螺旋管束型而是垂直管束型的等温反应器来说,情况甚至更糟。
发明内容
发明的简述
本发明面临的技术问题是提供一种用于进行放热或吸热多相反应的等温反应器,它能够满足上述要求,同时克服现有技术中的所有上述缺点。
根据本发明,通过上述类型的反应器解决了该问题,所述反应器的特征在于:
—所述热交换器是板式换热器。
本文中所用术语“板式换热器”是指带有板的换热器,其中所述板含有换热流体在其内部流过的专用管。特别是,这种板包括壁,优选有波纹的壁,这些壁相互平行和并列,壁之间具有用于循环换热流体的上述管。
该板式换热器嵌入被气体反应物通过的催化层中,与催化剂接触,在放热反应中反应和产生热。产生的热由同时通过上述板的反应过的气体释放到在这些管中流动的冷却剂中。
根据本发明,有可能以简单有效的方式有利地提供一种高的热交换程度下的等温反应器,它能够最佳地控制温度,实现提高转化率和降低能耗的所有优点。
实际上,根据本发明,所述板之间限定的每个单个管分别能够在两个不同方向延伸。
如果反应物流动方向是沿着该轴(轴向流动),第一个方向平行于反应器轴,因此平行于外壳的母线,另外,如果反应物流动方向沿着垂直于反应器轴(径向流动),第二个方向垂直于反应器轴。
此时,有利地是,该管一般基本上平行于含有反应物和反应产物的气体流的方向。
这说明,根据本发明的板式换热器中的每单根管是与相同部分的反应物接触,因此,有利地随动于通过反应而产生或吸收的热的所有变化;因此,有可能在反应实际中得到预定的温度分布图。
此外,当本发明的多根管被排列在一个或多个催化层中时,所有这些管都有利地承担相同的热载荷。举例说明,当以热水或沸水作冷却剂的放热反应中,所有的管都产生相同量的蒸汽(管内均匀分布水和蒸汽)。
根据本发明的反应器内部的换热效率越高,就能够允许反应物流和加热或冷却流体之间的温度差越小的情况下回收或提供热。该优点暗示了两个相邻板之间的催化层内部的温度梯度更小,由此在催化层内部实现更均匀的温度分布,这样相对于现有技术的反应器增加了转化率。或者,转化率相同的情况下,热交换效率的增加降低了催化剂的用量,随着而来的是节约了空间和投资费用。
本发明的另一个优点在于,当多个管排列在催化层内部时,这些管可以由相同的供应源供应,这是由于所有的管都承担相同的热载荷,不存在供应和除去冷却/加热流体的控制问题。
此外,由于换热器的结构简单化,可以用特别简单经济有效的方法进行维修。
附图的简要说明
现在,将参考作为说明性而非限定性实施例的附图,对本发明进行进一步的描述。
图1是根据本发明的反应器的部分透视图;
图2是图1中反应器的细节的透视图和放大图;
图3是图1中反应器的替代实施方式的部分透视图;
图4是根据本发明又一个实施方式的反应器的部分透视图;
图5是图4中的反应器的细节的透视图和放大图;
图6是图4中的反应器的替代实施方式的部分透视图。
优选实施方式的详细描述
参考上述附图,将本发明的设备描述如下。
图1是用于进行放热或吸热多相反应的带有外壳2的等温反应器。
该外壳2具有分别在其底部(上底部2a和下底部2b)封闭的圆柱形结构,底部上分别带有窗孔3和4以及窗孔7。
用作进行反应的气体产物入口的圆形窗孔4位于外壳2的上底部2a的顶端。该窗孔4直接面向外壳的内部。
窗孔3位于外壳2的上底部2a上的窗孔4的旁边,它也面向外壳的内部。
在外壳2的底部2b的端部有一窗孔7,它直接面向外壳2的内部。
这些窗孔是在构筑的过程中形成的:窗孔3是用于定期察看反应器内部,也称作人孔,窗孔4和7分别用于气体的入口和出口。
外壳2的内部,由安装在外壳2内部的一个或多个支撑梁5支撑多个换热器9。
由于外壳2承受的高压和机械应力,形成了面向外界的带有有限和严格必要量窗孔的高度抵抗结构。
换热器9的喂入是通过管道6保证的,该管道6是通过在外壳的外壁的上半部分形成的窗孔8引入外壳2的;这种管道6与换热器9液连接。
即,多个所述换热器(9)被支撑在所述外壳(2)的内部,并且热交换流体的喂入导管(6)与所述换热器(9)液连接。
通过管道6引入的换热器流体流入下述板14中,该板包括在每个换热器9中。
这种换热器9被嵌入图1中以点划线简单表示的催化层10中。
该催化层10侧面以外壳2的内表面为界,下部分以没有表示出的惰性颗粒物质层为界,该颗粒物质层填满了下底部2b,并承载催化层10。
举例说明,如果反应是放热反应,那么,使用这种排列的换热器,由于气体反应物通过催化层10而在其内部发生反应产生的热被有效地带走,这将在下面进行描述。
参考图2,详细地表示了板式换热器14,该换热器用于反应器中,反应物基本上平行于反应器轴的方向(轴向流动)流过该换热器。
板14包括壁14′和14″,它们相互并列并且彼此平行,它们内部有多个管14a,该管中,换热器流体平行于反应器轴流过。
在图2的实施例中,管14a是通过形成在板14上的壁14′和壁14″的焊接线16彼此分开的。正是为了使该图更容易理解,板14的侧端敞开,以使各个管14a的内部可以看到。从板14的侧端也可清楚地看出,具有固定装置例如焊接线16。
包括在板14中的这些管14a与排列在换热器9顶端的导管12液连接。这些管12垂直进入导管17,从导管17分出导管17a,导管17a通过分配管17b独立地连接到导管14a上。
通过导管11a和11b与导管14a液连接,收集器11在板14和相关的导管14a的基础上排列。
导管15与收集器11液连接并垂直进入其中,终止于窗孔13。在本文中描述的实施例中,窗孔13与催化层10以上的外壳2的内部空间液连接。
换热器9的一端或两端可以有固定装置。为了有利地保证操作过程中的稳定性,同时保证维修过程中易于拆卸,举例说明,这种装置包括座架18和19,它们能够将换热器9可移动地固定在支撑梁5和相邻的换热器9上。
参考图3,表示了用于图1反应器的另一种实施方式,在外壳2的内部,多个重叠的催化层彼此成一系列地排列。在每个催化层10上,有利地提供了上述多个板式换热器9;这种换热器通过各自的支撑梁5支撑。
反过来,每个催化层10通过图3中没有示出的适当支撑装置支撑,例如,通过各自的惰性颗粒物质层或通过各自的气体可透过的底部支撑。
根据图3的反应器的另一种实施方式(没有表示),在外壳2的内部提供了一个催化层,其中嵌入了通过支撑梁5支撑的换热器9。
在外壳2的下底部2b,提供了惰性颗粒物质层用于支撑催化剂。
不管是在图1的实施例还是在图3的实施例中,与导管14a的底座液连接的导管15还能够与适当的收集器(没有表示)连接,用于从反应器中收集和排出换热器流体。
参考图4,表示了本发明的又一个实施方式,其中换热器9的导管14a垂直于反应器1的轴,并相应地垂直于外壳2的壁。此时,反应物基本上垂直于反应器轴(径向)通过反应器1,并且换热器9也径向排列。
该图中,在结构和操作上等价于上面图中的那些反应器特征将用相同的参考标记表示,并且不再额外进行描述。
板14相互并列并且分别彼此平行,内部包括多个导管14a,换热器流体在导管14a中垂直于反应器1的轴流过。
导管14a通过导管12和环形导管23与提供换热器流体的导管6液连接。导管6通过在反应器下半部分的窗孔21终止于外壳2的内部。
此外,导管14a还通过导管15和环形导管27与换热器流体的出口导管22液连接。导管22通过反应器上半部分的窗孔8离开外壳2。
参考图5,详细地表示了图4中用于反应器内部的板14换热器9。
板14包括相互并列并且彼此平行的壁14′和壁14″,其内部包括多个导管14,导管14内部垂直于反应器轴流过换热器流体。
导管14a通过形成在板14上的焊接管16在侧面彼此分开。仅仅是为了使图更加清楚,板14的上端部敞开,以使各个管14a的内部能够看到。显然,在该板14的上端部还提供了封闭装置例如焊接管16。
导管14a在板14的侧端部分别终止于导管17a和11a。反过来,导管17a通过连接导管17与排列在换热器9底座上的导管12液连接。相反,导管11a通过收集器11与排列在换热器9顶端的导管15液连接。
在板式换热器9的一端或两端,也提供了用于锚定上面图2中换热器的座架18和19。
参考图6,表示了图4中反应器1的另一种实施方式,其特征在于,整个外壳2的上半部分为法兰型的窗孔,用平盖2c封闭。此时,用作反应物气体入口的没有表示出的窗孔在外壳2的上半部分得到。
参考图1,用于反应的气体反应物通过窗孔4进入到外壳2的内部,并到达含有催化剂的催化层10中,在反应的同时通过该层,并在外壳2的下端2b收集起来,然后由窗孔7排出。
当气体反应物通过催化层10时,与催化剂接触发生反应,如果该反应是放热反应,就产生了热。
该热通过间接热交换驱散开,也就是说,通过与嵌入在催化层10中的换热器9的板14中的反应和未反应的气体混合物接触而驱散开。
实际上,根据具体情况,在这种板14内部流过的冷却流体可能是冷的反应物、透热流体、熔融盐或水。参考图2,这种流体在低于反应和未反应的气体混合物的温度下,通过导管12流入,并通过导管12流过导管17,并流入板14内部限定的导管14a中。
通过板14后,一旦发生间接热交换,这种大大过热了的流体就被收集器11收集,并通过导管15排出换热器9。
具体地说,在图1的实施例中,冷却流体含有反应物气体流,该气体在换热器9内部被适当地加热,通过排列在覆盖在催化层10的面积上的导管15的窗孔13排出换热器9,然后与通过窗孔4进入反应器内部的气体反应物混合。
换句话说,开口端13特别是在气体反应物本身被用作冷却流体时而提供的;然后这种气体反应物通过窗孔4喂入,并且也部分地通过导管6喂入。
在图3的实施例中,气体反应物顺序通过多个催化层10。有利地是,通过各自的换热器9分别独立地控制每个催化层10中的反应温度。这样作是为了能够调整催化层10内部的温度,以优化总转化率。
参考图4和6,分别通过箭头F1和F2,简要地表示了气体反应物和换热器流体在反应器1内部的路线。
气体反应物通过外壳2的窗孔4喂入,在外壳2的内侧表面和可透过气体的壁28之间限定的环形气缝24中流动。通过壁28,气体反应物到达含有催化剂的催化层10。关于这方面,催化层10在其上半部分通过没有表示出的常规型环形盖封闭。
气体反应物基本上以垂直于反应器轴的方向(径向)通过催化层10,并发生反应。它们通过多孔壁25流出催化层10,并收集在与外壳2同心放置的收集器29中,在其上半部分以盖26为界,并通过窗孔7排出反应器1。
或者,催化层10在其上半部分侧面开口,或者具有可透过气体的环形格栅(没有表示),这样反应物气体以轴向—径向移动通过该格栅。
当通过该催化层10时,反应物气体与催化剂的接触使反应进行,如果该反应是放热反应,就产生了热。
这种热通过间接热交换被驱散开,也就是说,通过与嵌入在催化层10中的换热器9中的板14中的反应和未反应的气体混合物接触而驱散开。
实际上,参考图4和5,上述冷却流体在低于反应和未反应的气体混合物温度下通过导管6流入该板14,从导管6通过导管23,然后进入导管12,在此,被导管17a分配后,流入板14的导管14a。
通过板14后,一旦发生间接热交换,这种大大过热的流体被导管11a收集,通过收集器11、导管15和27,通过导管22排出外壳2。
由于被通过催化层的气体反应物冲击的板14提供了延伸表面,因此该板式换热器9能够提供有效的热交换,因此根据本发明可以有效地利用板式换热器9。
事实上,对于放热反应的实施例,可取的是,过量地驱散气体反应物通过催化层10过程中产生的热。
这样作是为了,可以将催化层10中的温度保持在特定范围,以得到高的产量,并且还可以防止催化剂在达到更高的温度时承受过量的热应力。
此外,鉴于以结构简单为其特征,这种换热器易于制造、易于安装,总重要的是易于维修。
根据一种实施方式,这种换热器的特征还在于,这种尺寸的截面能够允许将其从人孔3或窗孔4插入。
对于例如图1、3和4中表示的那些反应器,也就是含有直径比外壳2直径小的入口窗孔的反应器,为了进行换热器9的维修,该特征是特别有利的。
此外,在下述条件下,情况是这样的,换热器9的这种特征截面在为了得到更重要的有利效果时是特别有用的。
这样实现的第一个有利效果是,在下面将详细描述的特定条件下,通过维修已有的不用的反应器能够得到完全可以操作的反应器。
为了满足该要求,应当考虑到,通用反应器的外壳是利用对压力、温度、和操作过程中内部化学侵蚀有足够抵抗力的技术和材料制成的。
事实上,为了进行这些操作,可能利用高的操作压力、高的温度和反应非常具有腐蚀性或有害的物质。
结果,用于制造外壳的技术难点是相应的,其费用也高。
随之而来的是,对于上述阻力特征,即使不再使用含有换热器和催化层的更多的结构精细的内部设备,外壳应当是具有能够长时间使用的结构。
这种情况存在于当是例如图1中所示外壳时,但是由于其内部是废旧的设备,尽管外壳可能最终还能够使用很长时间,但是包括反应器在内的整个结构就不能再被利用。
此时,然后有利的是通过窗孔3或窗孔4安装与上述换热器9内部废旧设备。
除了通过修复废弃反应器得到的有利效果之外,第二个有利效果在于,不管是对于绝热的还是等温的原始反应器来说,都得到了更新的高效率等温反应器。
该有利效果(其重要性并不亚于上面那个)既保证了放热催化反应又保证了吸热催化反应最佳地进行,而众所周知,这种反应在等温型反应器中比在绝热型反应器中更有效地进行。
因此,当反应器是绝热型时,这种更新不但保证了特别适用于上述特定反应的等温反应器中不用的反应器的回收利用,而且还保证了不用的反应器的改变。
上述回收利用是反应器内部的彻底更新,这种更新不需要外壳2的任何改变,而这种外壳的改变(特别是在高温下操作的反应中)是不利的。
需要重复的是,正如被深入描述的那样,这种换热器不但适用于放热和吸热催化反应的反应器的结构外翻新(ex-novo),而且适用于更新具有上述特征的已有反应器,特别是具有带有直径比外壳直径小的入口的上底部的反应器类型。
最后,根据具体情况,上述类型的换热器9有利地通过人孔(窗孔3)引入已有反应器中,或者通过用于反应物气体入口(窗孔4)引入已有反应器中。此外,外壳2中,已有的侧面窗孔(例如窗孔8)被开发用于引入反应器加料导管,或者任选地用于排出换热流体。
上面,与新的反应器有关的所有列出的优点通过翻新已有结构也能得到,这节约了相关费用。
Claims (11)
1.用于进行放热或吸热多相反应的反应器(1),包括:
—基本上为圆柱形的外壳(2),其两端各自用底部(2a,2b)封闭,所述底部上设有直径小于外壳(2)的直径的至少一个窗孔(3,4,7);
—至少一个嵌入在支撑到所述外壳(2)中的催化层(10)中的换热器(9);
其特征在于:
—所述换热器(9)是板(14)式换热器,其横截面的尺寸使其可以通过所述窗孔(3,4,7)插入。
2.根据权利要求1的反应器(1),其特征在于所述换热器(9)的板(14)含有平行于所述外壳(2)的轴延伸的导管(14a)。
3.根据权利要求2的反应器(1),其特征在于所述换热器(9)的所述板(14)含有分别相互并列的壁(14′,14″),其间限定了平行于所述外壳(2)的轴延伸的所述导管(14a)。
4.根据权利要求2的反应器(1),其特征在于多个所述换热器(9)被支撑在所述外壳(2)的内部,并且热交换流体的喂入导管(6)与所述换热器(9)液连接。
5.根据权利要求2的反应器(1),其特征在于它含有至少一个所述换热器(9)的座架(18,19)。
6.根据权利要求1的反应器(1),其特征在于所述换热器(9)的所述板(14)含有垂直于所述外壳(2)的轴延伸的导管(14a)。
7.根据权利要求6的反应器(1),其特征在于所述换热器(9)的所述板(14)含有分别相互并列的壁(14′,14″),其间限定了垂直于所述外壳(2)的轴延伸的所述导管(14a)。
8.根据权利要求6的反应器(1),其特征在于多个所述换热器(9)被支撑在所述外壳(2)的内部,并且热交换流体的喂入导管(6)与所述换热器(9)液连接。
9.根据权利要求6的反应器(1),其特征在于所述换热器(9)是径向排列在所述催化层(10)中。
10.根据权利要求6的反应器(1),其特征在于它含有至少一个所述换热器(9)的座架(18,19)。
11.制备上述权利要求中任一项的用于进行放热或吸热多相反应的反应器(1)的方法,包括如下步骤:
—回收基本上圆柱形的已有反应器的外壳,其两端各自用底部封闭,所述底部上设有直径小于外壳的直径的至少一个窗孔;
—在所述回收的外壳中安排至少一个催化层(10);
—在所述至少一个催化层(10)中安排至少一个的板式换热器(9),其横截面的尺寸使其可以通过所述至少一个窗孔插入。
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EP00109968A EP1153653A1 (en) | 2000-05-11 | 2000-05-11 | Reactor for exothermic or endothermic heterogeneous reactions |
EP00109968.8 | 2000-05-11 |
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CN1281304C true CN1281304C (zh) | 2006-10-25 |
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US (2) | US6982066B2 (zh) |
EP (4) | EP1153653A1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1281304C (zh) |
AR (1) | AR033532A1 (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE368511T1 (zh) |
AU (2) | AU6591701A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0110625B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2407907C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60129686T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK1284813T3 (zh) |
GC (1) | GC0000361A (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA02011102A (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2265480C2 (zh) |
UA (1) | UA74376C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2001085331A1 (zh) |
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- 2000-05-11 EP EP00109968A patent/EP1153653A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2001
- 2001-05-09 GC GCP20011354 patent/GC0000361A/en active
- 2001-05-10 CN CNB018092861A patent/CN1281304C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2001-05-10 EP EP06024989A patent/EP1757360A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-05-10 US US10/275,772 patent/US6982066B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-05-10 RU RU2002133093/12A patent/RU2265480C2/ru active
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- 2001-05-10 DK DK01943305T patent/DK1284813T3/da active
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN106922132A (zh) * | 2014-10-31 | 2017-07-04 | 赛贝克环球科技公司 | 用于使反应的蜡产物与轻质气体产物分离的反应器 |
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MXPA02011102A (es) | 2003-06-25 |
ATE368511T1 (de) | 2007-08-15 |
EP1854535A3 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
CN1427741A (zh) | 2003-07-02 |
CA2407907A1 (en) | 2001-11-15 |
US6982066B2 (en) | 2006-01-03 |
US20020018740A1 (en) | 2002-02-14 |
EP1284813A1 (en) | 2003-02-26 |
EP1854535A2 (en) | 2007-11-14 |
EP1757360A3 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
AU6591701A (en) | 2001-11-20 |
BR0110625B1 (pt) | 2011-09-06 |
WO2001085331A1 (en) | 2001-11-15 |
EP1757360A2 (en) | 2007-02-28 |
EP1153653A1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
DE60129686D1 (de) | 2007-09-13 |
CA2407907C (en) | 2009-01-13 |
EP1284813B1 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
US20030175184A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
US6916453B2 (en) | 2005-07-12 |
GC0000361A (en) | 2007-03-31 |
BR0110625A (pt) | 2003-04-29 |
AR033532A1 (es) | 2003-12-26 |
DE60129686T2 (de) | 2008-04-30 |
RU2265480C2 (ru) | 2005-12-10 |
UA74376C2 (uk) | 2005-12-15 |
DK1284813T3 (da) | 2007-12-17 |
AU2001265917B2 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
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