CN1260310C - 保护涂膜处理剂,具有保护涂膜的金属材料和保护涂膜的形成方法 - Google Patents
保护涂膜处理剂,具有保护涂膜的金属材料和保护涂膜的形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种在水中配合了式M2O·nSiO2(式中,n表示2~9的数,M为Na、K、Li和NR4(式中各R独立地表示氢原子或烷基)中的至少1种)表示的硅酸盐的保护涂膜处理剂。通过在该保护涂膜处理剂中配合润滑成分,可赋予涂膜优异的自润滑性能。本发明的保护涂膜处理剂附着在金属材料表面上后,用干燥的简便方法便可形成具有与化学转化法一样或更佳的优异耐烧结性、优异防锈性的涂膜。本发明进一步涉及具有用该保护涂膜处理剂形成的保护涂膜的金属材料,和采用该保护涂膜处理剂的保护涂膜形成方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及保护涂膜处理剂,具有保护涂膜的金属材料和保护涂膜的形成方法。更详细地,本发明涉及在需要冷塑性加工的金属材料表面上形成加工性、耐烧结性、进一步对加工热的耐热性、防锈性优异的保护涂膜用的处理剂,具有保护涂膜的金属材料和保护涂膜的形成方法,通过在涂膜表面涂布润滑成分,或者使涂膜中含有润滑成分,可获得加工所需的润滑性。
背景技术
在以锻造、拉丝、管的拉伸加工等为代表的金属材料冷塑性加工中,为防止被加工材料和工具烧结在一起,在被加工材料的表面上形成保护涂膜。该保护涂膜起到的主要功能为避免被加工材料和工具之间发生直接的金属接触,其中金属材料表面和保护涂膜之间牢固的密合性,以及塑性加工时对表面积扩大的追随性特别重要。而且,通过在保护涂膜上涂布润滑成分或者使保护涂膜含有润滑成分,可降低与工具表面的摩擦系数,缓和对涂膜层本身的负载和加工热的产生等,由此来降低加工能量。
作为形成这种保护涂膜的现有技术,迄今已作了各种研究,主要采用的方法有:直接形成以油膜、皂膜、金属皂膜、蜡膜等为主要润滑成分的涂膜,或者在金属表面上形成磷酸盐或草酸盐涂膜层等的反应性化学转化涂层,然后形成润滑剂成分涂膜的方法。作为前者,通过在被加工材料表面上单独地涂布润滑成分或者根据需要将润滑成分与粘合剂成分一起涂布在被加工材料表面上,并进行干燥得到涂膜,因此存在处理工序少、液体管理简便的优点。但是由于在该方法中涂膜与被加工材料表面之间的密合性不足,特别在强加工领域中保护涂膜对材料表面面积扩大的追随性不佳,产生极薄的薄膜部或膜断裂部,经常产生不能确保保护涂膜功能的情况。
另一方面,后者对被加工材料表面形成致密的反应性化学转化涂层,故该涂层与材料表面有牢固的密合性,即使对于强加工时表面积扩大的情形,也显示出足够的追随性。而且通过金属与化学转化涂层的表层部发生反应形成金属皂层,该金属皂层的表面粗度确保了与作为最上层润滑成分的钠皂层的密合性和保持性,因此也实现了大幅度降低加工能量的效果。但是由于化学转化处理涂层是由化学反应形成的,需要复杂的处理液管理或者多步工序,而且还包含废水处理和设备投资,需要较大成本。此外由于产生较多化学污泥等的工业废弃物,因此对地球环境的负荷也较大。而且,由于化学反应性根据对象材料有较大不同,其缺陷是:特别对于缺乏化学反应性而难以化学转化的材料难以适用该方法。
为解决该问题,研究人员努力地将根据前者方法形成的保护涂膜的性能提高到与化学转化处理一样的程度。作为该努力的结果,已提出了使用油性润滑剂或水性润滑剂的方法。作为油性润滑剂,在特公平4-1798号公报中公开了“向氯化石蜡、磷酸酯等的极压添加剂、异丁烯·正丁烯共聚物与动植物油等配合而成的润滑油中配合金属皂和固体润滑剂而形成的冷加工用润滑剂”。但是,尽管这些是高性能润滑剂,但与化学转化涂层处理后进行反应皂润滑处理的润滑法相比加工性稍难,而且由于使用了耐高压添加剂,其缺陷是在加工时产生臭气,在需要清洁的加工操作场所等的职场环境中,其成为产生油性污染物的原因。
此外,作为最近的水性润滑剂技术,已经公开了一种这样的金属材料塑性加工用润滑剂组合物,其中以特定比例含有合成树脂和水溶性无机盐(特开2000-63880)。其中通过在被加工材料表面均匀地沉积合成树脂和水溶性无机盐而形成涂膜,由此可避免与工具发生直接的金属接触,并且通过在涂膜中以任意比例含有润滑成分等,可获得与在磷酸盐涂膜上形成润滑成分层时一样的或更高的性能。
但是,由于这些涂膜单一而且同时承担着耐烧结性和润滑性两种功能,因此在实用时,由于通常需要保护加工前和加工后材料表面不被腐蚀的阻挡层效果,特别在加工后材料的残存膜量极少,因此与磷酸盐涂膜与润滑成分层的组合相比较,其现状是防锈性能大幅度变劣。
发明的公开
本发明是用于解决上述现有技术中存在的问题的发明。即,本发明的目的是提供一种这样的保护涂膜处理剂,其为水性,同时可大幅度减少复杂的处理液管理和减少由工序多、废水处理和工业废弃物等造成的负荷,并且通过采用浸渍法或喷涂法等使其附着后,用干燥的简便方法便可以获得具有与化学转化处理方法一样或更好的优异耐烧结性、优异防锈性的涂膜,此外通过在该保护涂膜上涂布润滑成分或者使润滑成分包含在涂膜中,可使所得的涂膜具有优异的自润滑性能,另外,本发明还提供具有保护涂膜的金属材料和保护涂膜的形成方法。
本发明者等为解决上述问题进行了专门研究,结果发现通过在金属材料上涂布在水中配合特定硅酸盐(ケイ酸アルカリ)而形成的保护涂膜处理剂,并使其干燥的简便方法,可获得具有与化学转化处理方法一样或更加优异的耐烧结性、优异的防锈性的涂膜。而且还发现通过在该保护涂膜上涂布润滑成分,或者使润滑成分包含在涂膜中,可使所得的涂膜具有优异的自润滑性能,由此完成本发明。
即,本发明涉及在水中配合式M2O·nSiO2(式中,n表示2~9的数,M为Na、K、Li和NR4(式中各R独立地表示氢原子或烷基)中的至少1种)表示的硅酸盐而形成的保护涂膜处理剂。由该处理剂得到的涂膜作为由油、皂、金属皂、蜡等形成的现有润滑膜的基底,显示出优异的耐烧结性和优异的防锈性。此外,为形成具有自润滑性的保护涂膜,进一步配合从油、皂、金属皂、蜡和聚四氟乙烯中选出的至少1种润滑成分,并以硅酸盐和润滑成分的总质量为基准配合1~90质量%(此时硅酸盐的配合量为10~99质量%)。此外,本发明还涉及一种具有保护涂膜的金属材料,其特征为形成由上述保护涂膜处理剂构成的保护涂膜。通过在金属材料上涂布上述保护涂膜处理剂并使其干燥而获得该具有保护涂膜的金属材料时,优选保护涂膜附着质量为0.3~50g/m2。本发明进一步涉及保护涂膜的形成方法,其特征为在金属材料表面上涂布上述保护涂膜处理剂。
实施发明的最佳形式
用于本发明保护涂膜处理剂的由上述式表示的硅酸盐为本发明处理剂中必须的涂膜成分,通过在金属表面上形成牢固的连续涂膜,表现这样的功能:可避免被加工材料与工具之间发生直接的金属接触,使以润滑成分为主的其它配合成分保持在涂膜中等,同时还使赋予优异的防锈性。而且由于由硅酸盐构成的涂膜的熔融点大大高于冷塑性加工时材料的到达温度,因此以此作基底的润滑涂层不容易受到加工热的影响,可稳定地显示出上述功能。
在用上述式表示的硅酸盐中,优选R为氢原子或碳原子数为1~4的烷基,更优选氢原子、或者甲基或乙基。
在本发明保护涂膜处理剂中使用的硅酸盐通常以二氧化硅和碱金属氧化物构成的水溶液形式使用。这些硅酸盐可稳定地存在于溶液中这一事实,考虑是由于水和M+阻碍了带有OH的硅酸离子的缩合引起的,M2O越多,越容易溶解在水中,从而形成稳定的水溶液。但在本发明中,为了由硅酸盐形成玻璃状涂膜,需要使SiO2/M2O的摩尔比在2~9的范围内。当该值小于2时,不能获得足够强度的保护涂膜,而大于9时,水溶液的稳定性极端变差,因此难以制作水性保护涂膜处理剂。此外,上述SiO2/M2O的摩尔比不限于整数,只要在2~9的范围内,也可以是包括小数点以下的数字的数值。
作为本发明中所用硅酸盐的具体实例可举出SiO2/M2O的摩尔比为2~4的硅酸钠和硅酸钾、SiO2/M2O的摩尔比为3.5~8.5的硅酸锂、SiO2/M2O的摩尔比为3~9的硅酸铵等,考虑到水溶液的稳定性、造膜性等,特别优选硅酸钠和硅酸钾,更加优选SiO2/M2O的摩尔比为2~4。
本发明中所用的硅酸盐只要其作为整体满足上述SiO2/M2O的摩尔比,也可以单独使用上述硅酸盐或者将2种或更多种组合使用。
本发明的水性保护涂膜处理剂可根据需要含有润滑成分,通常优选使其包含在该处理剂中。作为该润滑成分,优选在水性液中稳定,而且不使涂膜强度降低的润滑剂,作为这种润滑剂可例举出皂、金属皂、蜡、聚四氟乙烯和油。作为具体的皂类,例如为硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钾等,作为金属皂,例如为硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸铝、硬脂酸钡、硬脂酸锂、硬脂酸锌等,作为蜡,例如为聚乙烯蜡、聚丙烯蜡、巴西棕榈蜡、黄蜡、石蜡等,作为聚四氟乙烯,可举出聚合度例如为100万~1000万左右的聚四氟乙烯。此外,作为油,可使用植物油、矿物油、合成油等,例如,作为植物油可举出棕榈油、蓖麻油、菜籽油等,作为矿物油,可举出机油、涡轮油、锭子油等,作为合成油,可举出酯油、硅酮油等。这些物质可以水分散液或水乳液的形式与其它成分混合而包含在本组合物中。润滑成分通常在本发明的水性保护涂膜处理剂中分散或乳化。
本发明中使用的润滑成分可单独使用,或者将2种或更多种组合使用。
当使润滑成分包含在本发明的水性保护涂膜处理剂中时,以硅酸盐和润滑成分的总质量为基准,润滑成分的配合量优选为1~90质量%(硅酸盐为10~99质量%),更优选为5~85质量%(硅酸盐为15~95质量%)。配合量不足1质量%时,涂膜的摩擦变大,作为自润滑涂膜单独使用时容易烧结,而超过90质量%时,涂膜的密合性和强度降低。但是,当施加由本发明的水性组合物构成的涂膜,而且涂布使用油或其它润滑剂等时,即使完全不含润滑剂也显示出良好的耐烧结性和耐腐蚀性。
另外,如上所述,硅酸盐通常优选以水溶液的形式使用,润滑成分通常以水分散液或水乳液的形式使用,但是在上述中,二者的配合量是以硅酸盐与润滑成分本身的值计算的,此时考虑将水排除在外。该情况对于后述粘度调节剂的配合量也是一样的。
为了将本发明的水性保护涂膜处理剂作为涂布性药剂使用,为提供涂布性,该处理剂中可含有粘度调节剂。粘度调节剂的配合量以硅酸盐与润滑成分的总质量(不含润滑成分时,为硅酸盐的质量)为基准,优选为1~30质量%,更优选为1~10质量%,进一步优选为2~5质量%。多于30质量%时,涂膜的强度显著下降,不足1质量%时,不能获得配合效果。
粘度调节剂除了仅用于提高本处理剂的粘度的以外,还可以使用赋予处理液触变性,促进形成均匀的涂膜的那些。具体地可使用羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸钠、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇等的有机高分子类增稠剂、微粉状二氧化硅、膨润土、高岭土、合成锂蒙脱石等无机增稠剂等。这些粘度调节剂可单独使用或者将2种或更多种组合使用。
为进一步提高加工性能,在本发明的保护涂膜处理剂中,可含有石墨、二硫化钼、氮化硼、氟化石墨、云母等的固体润滑剂,或者含有硫化烯烃、硫化酯、亚硫酸酯、硫代碳酸酯、氯化脂肪酸、磷酸酯、亚磷酸酯、二硫代氨基甲酸钼(MoDTC)、二硫代磷酸钼(MoDTP)、二硫代磷酸锌(ZnDTP)等的极压添加剂。
在本发明的保护涂膜处理剂中,对除了通常的水溶剂或分散介质以外的成分的总浓度没有特别限制,一般合适地为1~35质量%。
具有本发明保护涂膜的金属材料是在铁或钢、铜或铜合金、铝或铝合金、钛或钛合金等的金属材料表面上涂布上述水性保护涂膜处理剂并干燥得到的,本发明的保护涂膜可大大提高金属材料在冷塑性加工(拉丝、拉管、锻造等)时的加工性和耐烧结性,同时可使加工后的材料具有优异的防锈性。具有本发明保护涂膜的金属材料的形状不仅可以为棒状或块状等的原材料,而且还考虑到热锻造后的成形物(齿轮或轴)加工,因此对其没有特别限制。在涂布本发明水性保护涂膜处理剂之前,依次对待加工的金属材料进行脱脂(通常可使用碱性脱脂剂)、水洗、酸洗(为除去金属材料的氧化皮、提高涂膜的密合性,通过使用盐酸等实施)、水洗的前处理,由此洗净表面,可提高本发明保护涂膜的密合性,因此优选。在未附着氧化皮的情况下,也可以省去酸洗→水洗。这些前处理可由通常的方法实施。
本发明的保护涂膜处理剂可由浸渍、喷涂、流涂、静电涂布等的常用方法涂布在金属材料上。涂布时只要使水性保护涂膜处理剂充分覆盖金属表面即可,对涂布时间没有特别限制。涂布后,需要对水性保护涂膜处理剂进行干燥。干燥也可在常温下放置,但通常合适的是在60℃~150℃下干燥1~30分钟。从防烧结和赋予耐腐蚀性的观点出发,本发明保护涂膜在涂布和干燥后的涂膜质量优选为0.3g/m2或更高,而从成本出发,优选为50g/m2或更低。为了稳定地显示本发明效果,更优选涂膜质量为1~30g/m2。
在金属材料上涂布本发明的保护涂膜处理剂时,在该处理剂中含有润滑成分的情况下,除了可赋予金属表面优异的耐烧结性和优异的防锈性以外,还使其具有优异的润滑性。在金属材料上涂布本发明的保护涂膜处理剂时,在该处理剂不含润滑成分的情况下,可赋予金属材料表面优异的耐烧结性和优异的防锈性。涂膜干燥后,通过在干燥涂膜上涂布上述皂、金属皂、蜡、聚四氟乙烯和油中选出的至少1种润滑成分,可进一步赋予优异的润滑性。该润滑成分的涂布通常可在润滑成分熔融后,将其涂布在干燥涂膜上来实施。
实施例
通过例举出本发明的实施例和比较例,对本发明及其效果一同进行进一步的具体说明。
<追随性>
实施基于特开平5-7969号的发明的针刺试验加工,对加工后试验片的突起部上残存涂膜的追随程度进行目测评价。追随性好的试验片,可判断其对冷加工时表面积扩大的情况具有足够的耐烧结性。
试验片:供针刺实验的材料为市售的S45C球状化退火材料,试验片的形状为直径25mmφ,高度30mm。
评价基准:A:涂膜追随至突起部的上部
B:涂膜追随至突起部的中部
C:涂膜追随至突起部的下部
D:涂膜未追随至突起部
<防锈性>
用二乙醚对在上述实施了针刺试验加工的试验片表面上附着的油成分进行擦拭后,将试验片暴露在屋内6个月,对产生锈的程度进行目测评价。评价基准如下所示。
○:完全看不到锈的产生。
△:发现部分产生锈。
×:发现全部都产生锈。
<实施例1~7、比较例1~4>
实施以下的处理工序。
①脱脂:市售脱脂剂(注册商标ファインクリ-ナ-4360,日本帕卡濑精株式会社(パ一カライジング(株))制造),浓度为20g/L、温度为60℃、浸渍10分钟
②水洗:自来水、60℃、浸渍30秒
③表面处理:各处理剂、60℃、浸渍10秒
④干燥:80℃、3分
<比较例5>
实施以下的处理工序。
①脱脂:市售脱脂剂(注册商标ファインクリ-ナ-4360,日本帕卡濑精株式会社制造),浓度为20g/L、温度为60℃、浸渍10分钟
②水洗:自来水、室温、浸渍30秒
③化学转化处理:市售磷酸锌化学转化处理剂(注册商标バルボンド181X日本帕卡濑精株式会社制造),浓度为90g/L、温度为80℃、浸渍10分钟
※目标附着质量=5g/m2
④水洗:自来水、室温、浸渍30秒
⑤皂处理:市售的反应皂润滑剂(注册商标バル-ブ235日本帕卡濑精株式会社制造),浓度为70g/L、温度为80℃、浸渍5分钟
※附着质量=3g/m2
⑥干燥:80℃、3分
以上的实验结果示于表1。从表1中可知,采用本发明的保护涂膜形成用水性组合物的实施例1~7通过简单的工序便可显示出优异的加工追随性,因此可判断其具有良好的耐烧结性能,此外还具有良好的防腐蚀性。另一方面,SiO2/M2O的摩尔比在本发明范围以外的比较例1、和涂膜中硅酸盐的质量比在本发明范围以外的比较例2的加工追随性差,仅采用硅酸盐以外的无机盐的比较例3和4的防腐蚀性差。在比较例5的磷酸盐涂膜上进行了反应皂处理,显示出与本发明几乎一样的润滑性能,但是需要进行废水处理以及液体管理,不能使用简便的设备,而且反应还产生废弃物,因此对环境的负荷大,不能达到本发明的效果。
表1实施例1~7、比较例1~5
保护涂膜处理剂的组成 | 附着量(g/m2) | 评价结果 | ||||||||
硅酸盐 | SiO2/M2O*1 | 配比(%)*2 | 润滑成分 | 配比(%)*2 | 其它 | 配比(%)*7 | 加工追随性 | 防锈性 | ||
实施例1*3 | 硅酸钠 | 2 | 100 | - | 0 | - | - | 1 | B | ○ |
实施例2*3 | 3 | 95 | 硬脂酸钠 | 5 | - | - | 1 | A | ○ | |
实施例3 | 3 | 95 | 棕榈油 | 5 | HEC*5 | 3 | 3 | B | ○ | |
实施例4 | 4 | 74 | 石蜡 | 26 | CMC*4 | 5 | 40 | A | ○ | |
实施例5 | 硅酸钾 | 2 | 50 | 硬脂酸钡 | 50 | - | - | 15 | B | ○ |
实施例6 | 3 | 82 | 聚乙烯蜡 | 18 | HEC*5 | 2 | 20 | A | ○ | |
实施例7 | 硅酸锂 | 8 | 15 | PTFE*6 | 85 | HEC*5 | 2 | 7 | B | ○ |
比较例1 | 硅酸钠 | 1 | 50 | 硬脂酸钙 | 50 | - | - | 10 | C | △ |
比较例2 | 3 | 5 | 聚乙烯蜡 | 95 | CMC*4 | 5 | 15 | C | △ | |
比较例3*3 | 硫酸钾 | - | 95 | 硬脂酸钠 | 5 | HEC*5 | - | 2 | A | × |
比较例4 | 硼酸钠 | - | 71 | 聚乙烯蜡 | 29 | - | 2 | 20 | B | × |
比较例5 | 磷酸锌处理+反应性皂润滑处理 | 5+3 | A | △ |
*1表示摩尔比。
*2各组成量表示与涂膜中硅酸盐和润滑成分的质量比。
*3使日本帕卡濑精株式会社制造的油类润滑剂FL-4675的附着量为5g/m2,实施针刺试验。
*4羧甲基纤维素(粘度调节剂)
*5合成锂蒙脱石、Na+7(Si8Mg5.5Li0.3)O20(OH)4]-0.7(粘度调节剂)
*6聚四氟乙烯
*7设涂膜中“硅酸盐+润滑成分”的质量为100时的质量比
从以上说明可知,当本发明的水性保护涂膜处理剂附着在作为对象的金属表面上时,可通过干燥的简便方法使保护涂膜包覆在金属材料表面上。具有该保护涂膜的金属材料是实用的,其具有与现有磷酸盐处理钢材一样的耐烧结性和良好的防锈性。而且较少产生废弃物,工作环境良好,因此在产业上有极大的利用价值。
Claims (18)
1.用于未进行化学转化处理的金属材料的保护涂膜处理剂,其中在水中配合从SiO2/Na2O的摩尔比为2~4的硅酸钠和SiO2/K2O的摩尔比为2~4的硅酸钾中选出的硅酸碱金属盐。
2.如权利要求1所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中配合了从油、皂、金属皂、蜡和聚四氟乙烯中选出的至少1种润滑成分,并且以硅酸碱金属盐和润滑成分的总质量为基准,硅酸碱金属盐的配合量为10~99质量%,润滑成分的配合量为1~90质量%。
3.如权利要求1所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中配合了粘度调节剂,并且以硅酸碱金属盐为基准,粘度调节剂的配合量为1~30质量%。
4.如权利要求2所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中配合了粘度调节剂,并且以硅酸碱金属盐和润滑成分的总质量为基准,粘度调节剂的配合量为1~30质量%。
5.如权利要求2或4所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中油为从植物油、矿物油和合成油中选出的至少1种。
6.如权利要求2或4所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中皂为从硬脂酸钠和硬脂酸钾中选出的至少1种。
7.如权利要求2或4所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中金属皂为从硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸铝、硬脂酸钡、硬脂酸锂和硬脂酸锌中选出的至少1种。
8.如权利要求2或4所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中蜡为从聚乙烯蜡、聚丙烯蜡、巴西棕榈蜡、黄蜡和石蜡中选出的至少1种。
9.如权利要求3或4所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中粘度调节剂为从有机高分子类增稠剂和无机增稠剂中选出的至少1种。
10.如权利要求9所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中有机高分子类增稠剂为从羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸钠、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮和聚乙烯醇中选出的至少1种。
11.如权利要求9所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中无机增稠剂为从微粉状二氧化硅、膨润土、高岭土和合成锂蒙脱石中选出的至少1种。
12.如权利要求1~4的任一项所述的保护涂膜处理剂,其中配合了从固体润滑剂和极压添加剂中选出的至少1种。
13.未进行化学转化处理的金属材料,其中由权利要求1~4的任一项所述的保护涂膜处理剂形成的涂膜以干燥涂膜为0.3~50g/m2的量覆盖表面。
14.如权利要求13所述的金属材料,其中金属材料为从铁或钢、铜或铜合金、铝或铝合金、和钛或钛合金中选出的至少1种未进行镀的材料。
15.如权利要求13所述的金属材料,其中金属材料为铁或钢。
16.保护涂膜形成方法,其中在未进行化学转化处理的金属材料表面涂布权利要求1或3所述的保护涂膜处理剂后,将其干燥,然后涂布从油、皂、金属皂、蜡和聚四氟乙烯中选出的至少1种润滑成分。
17.如权利要求16所述的保护涂膜形成方法,其中金属材料为从铁或钢、铜或铜合金、铝或铝合金、和钛或钛合金中选出的至少1种未进行镀的材料。
18.如权利要求17所述的保护涂膜形成方法,其中金属材料为铁或钢。
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-
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Cited By (1)
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CN107614666A (zh) * | 2015-05-29 | 2018-01-19 | 日本帕卡濑精株式会社 | 含水润滑膜剂、表面处理金属材料、以及金属材料的含水润滑膜形成方法 |
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US7651556B2 (en) | 2010-01-26 |
KR20040030155A (ko) | 2004-04-08 |
US20040156995A1 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
JP2003055682A (ja) | 2003-02-26 |
CA2457984A1 (en) | 2003-04-03 |
KR100675537B1 (ko) | 2007-01-29 |
ES2463472T3 (es) | 2014-05-28 |
EP1454965A1 (en) | 2004-09-08 |
EP1454965A4 (en) | 2005-09-21 |
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CN1543489A (zh) | 2004-11-03 |
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