CN1249730A - 具有至少一含气凝胶层和至少一其它层的多层复合材料、其制法和应用 - Google Patents
具有至少一含气凝胶层和至少一其它层的多层复合材料、其制法和应用 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1249730A CN1249730A CN98803191A CN98803191A CN1249730A CN 1249730 A CN1249730 A CN 1249730A CN 98803191 A CN98803191 A CN 98803191A CN 98803191 A CN98803191 A CN 98803191A CN 1249730 A CN1249730 A CN 1249730A
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及多层复合材料,其具有至少一含气凝胶层和至少一其它层,其中至少一含气凝胶层还包含至少一种粘合剂,还涉及其制备方法和应用。
Description
本发明涉及一种新型的具有非常高的绝热性能和/或消减固体声和冲击声性能的随意成形的多层复合材料、其制备方法和应用。
常规的基于聚苯乙烯、聚烯烃和聚氨酯的绝热材料和消减固体声和冲击声的材料是在使用发泡剂例如FCKW、CO2和戊烷的条件下制备的。封闭在泡沫材料结构中的发泡剂使该泡沫材料获得高的绝缘性能。然而这种发泡剂因为缓慢地释放在大气中,从而增加环境负荷。
其它的基于矿物纤维绒毛和玻璃纤维绒毛的消减固体声和冲击声的材料在其制备、安装和拆卸以及使用期间释放出纤维和/或纤维碎屑。这导致环境和接触这些材料的人的负荷增加。
气凝胶,特别是孔隙率高于60%和密度低于0.6克/立方厘米的气凝胶,根据其制备方法是透明的、半透明的或不透明的,并且具有特别低的导热能力。因此它可以作为绝热材料使用,正如在EP-A-0 171722中描述的一样。
在广义上,即“以空气作为分散剂的凝胶”的意义上,气凝胶是通过干燥合适的凝胶制备的。在此意义上,术语“气凝胶”包括狭义的气凝胶、干凝胶和冷凝胶。因此,当凝胶中的液体在临界温度以上的温度下和由高于临界压力的压力开始基本上被脱除时,干燥的凝胶是狭义上的气凝胶。相反,如果凝胶液体在亚临界例如在形成液-气-界面相的条件下被除去,则形成的凝胶被称为干凝胶。
本申请中使用的术语气凝胶是广义上的气凝胶,即以空气作为分散剂的凝胶。
通过超临界和亚临界干燥制备气凝胶的不同方法公开在例如EP-A-0 396 076、WO 92/03378、WO 94/25149、WO 92/20623和EP-A-0 658 513中。
通过超临界干燥获得的气凝胶通常是亲水的或短时疏水的,而通过亚临界干燥获得的气凝胶由于其制备方法(一般在干燥之前甲硅烷基化)具有长期疏水性。
此外,气凝胶基本上可以划分为无机和有机气凝胶,其中从1931年以来就已经公开了无机气凝胶(S.S.Kistler,《自然》(Nature)1931,127,741),而近几年才公开了由各种不同的原材料例如蜜胺甲醛制备的有机气凝胶(R.W.Pekala,《材料科学杂志》(J.Mater.Sci.),1989,24,3221)。
此外,含气凝胶的复合材料原则上分为不透明和透明/半透明复合材料。首先基于其低的导热性它可以作为绝热材料使用。
不透明的含气凝胶的复合材料例如公开在EP-A-0 340 707、EP-A-0 667 370、WO96/12683、WO96/15997和WO96/15998中。这些复合材料尽管包括部分透明气凝胶颗粒,然而其附加的组分是不透明的,因此该体系整体上是不透明的。
透明的含气凝胶的复合材料描述在德国专利申请P 196 34 109.4中。其中在作为粘结剂的透明的和/或半透明塑料的帮助下气凝胶颗粒被粘结成随意的成型体。
此外,透明气凝胶-复合材料公开在DE-A-44 30 642和DE-A-4430 669中。这样的复合材料例如以垫的形式存在,其包含气凝胶和分布在其中的纤维,其中气凝胶碎屑通过纤维连接。虽然使用这样的透明材料可以获得好的性能,但是仍然存在价格方面的缺陷以及在一个工艺步骤中制备该体系的必要性。
例如在德国专利申请195 07 732.6中公开了具有至少二个平行布置的由透明材料制成的垫的透明构件,其中中间空隙中是纤维增强的气凝胶板或垫。通过这种措施可以显著地提高该体系的稳定性,然而仍然存在制造复杂和价格方面的问题。
在CA-C-1 288 313、EP-A-018 955和DE-A-41 06 192中描述了另一种含气凝胶的复合材料。根据这些文献,在玻璃垫之间引入气凝胶单片,以便通过气凝胶的低导热性改善绝热性和/或改善该垫的吸音作用。
虽然以这种方式可以获得几乎象玻璃的透明的垫,然而由于气凝胶具有低的机械稳定性,制备相对大单片的费用过高,以致于这样的玻璃垫不能在较大的范围中使用。此外已知使用气凝胶填充的真空板体系,例如其公开在EP-A-0 468 124、EP-A-0 114 687和DE-A-33 47619中。然而该真空板体系的缺陷在于,事后在其使用位置上不能再改变其形状和尺寸。
文献公开的上述含气凝胶的复合材料虽然具有低的导热性,然而气凝胶颗粒含量必须非常高才能获得小于50mW/mK的导热率。因此这样的体系几乎无抗机械负荷的能力,从而限制了其应用。此外,由于与气凝胶有关的成本高,所以其是非常昂贵的。另外该复合材料的表面和其性能主要由气凝胶决定,因为气凝胶或多或少均匀地分布在整个体系中。因此,通常必须覆盖该复合材料,以便保证在相应的应用范围中与其它组分容易加工。然而一般兼有附加的制备步骤。
因此,本发明任务是研制出一种含气凝胶的绝热的复合材料,该复合材料可以简单地、以随意的形状和尺寸制备,并且无现有技术中已知体系的上述缺陷。
此外,本发明的任务是研制出研制含气凝胶的复合材料,其与常规的复合体系相比,在相同气凝胶含量下具有改善的绝热性,即低的导热性,和在低的气凝胶含量下具有可比的绝热性。
本发明的其它任务是提供含气凝胶的绝热复合材料,其此外还具有消减固体声和/或冲击声的性能。
在本发明的范围中,术语固体声是在固体物质中传播的声音。术语冲击声是,例如在覆盖物上面行走或移动椅子时作为固体声产生的声音和部分作为空气声反射的声音(Firmenschrift der RhunilithDmmstoffe GmbH;Technische Informationen;In 150 Bauphysik6/96;以及Reichardt,W.;Grundlagen der technischen Akustik;Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft,Leipzig;1968)。
上述任务是通过多层复合材料解决的,其中该复合材料具有至少一含气凝胶层和至少一其它层,该含气凝胶层包含至少一种粘合剂。
本发明的多层复合材料至少具有二层,优选至少具有三层。
特别优选的是具有三层,特别是夹心结构的复合材料,其中含气凝胶层布置在二个其它层之间。
在至少一含气凝胶层中气凝胶颗粒的含量通常是5至97体积%。
在至少一含气凝胶层中气凝胶颗粒的含量明显低于5体积%时,由于复合材料中气凝胶颗粒的含量低,其有利的性质将大幅度丧失。这样的复合材料将不再具有低密度和导热性。
气凝胶颗粒的含量明显高于97体积%时,粘合剂的含量将低于3体积%。在这种情况下,该含量太低而不足以使气凝胶颗粒相互粘结和保证机械抗压强度和抗弯强度。在至少一含气凝胶层中气凝胶颗粒的含量优选是40至95体积%,特别优选是60至95体积%。
在复合材料的至少一含气凝胶层中特别高的气凝胶颗粒含量可以通过采用粒度的双模态分布达到。在复合材料的至少一含气凝胶层中获得特别高气凝胶颗粒含量的其它可能性是使用具有粒度的对数正则分布的气凝胶颗粒。
此外为了获得尽可能高的填充等级,与含气凝胶层的总厚度相比小的气凝胶颗粒同样是有利的。
在复合材料的至少一含气凝胶层中气凝胶颗粒的粒径优选是250微米至10毫米,特别优选是250微米至5毫米,最优选是250微米至2毫米。粒径是指单个气凝胶微粒的平均直径,因为气凝胶微粒受制备的影响例如通过研磨,因而不是必须具有大体上呈球形的形状。
通常适用于本发明复合材料的气凝胶是基于适合用于溶胶-凝胶-工业的金属氧化物的气凝胶(例如参见C.J.Brinker,G.W.Scherer,《溶胶-凝胶科学》(Sol-Gel-Science),1990,2和3章),例如Si或Al化合物,或者是基于适合用于溶胶-凝胶-工业的有机物的气凝胶,例如蜜胺甲醛缩合物(US-A-5086085)或者间苯二酚甲醛缩合物(US-A-4873218)。该复合材料也可以基于上述材料的混合物。优选使用含Si化合物的气凝胶,特别是SiO2气凝胶。
为了降低辐射对导热性的影响,气凝胶可以含红外遮光剂,例如碳黑、二氧化钛、氧化铁、二氧化锆或者它们的混合物。
在一个优选的实施方案中,气凝胶颗粒具有持久疏水的表面基团,适合于持久疏水化的基团例如是通式-Si(R)n的甲硅烷基基团,其中n=1、2或3,优选三取代的甲硅烷基,其中基团R通常相同或不同,相互独立地表示氢或一个线性、分支、环状、芳族或杂芳族有机非活性基团,优选C1-C18-烷基或C6-C14-芳基,特别优选C1-C6-烷基、环己基或苯基,特别是甲基或乙基。特别优选使用三甲基甲硅烷基来使气凝胶持久地疏水。这些基团的引入可以如WO94/25149或德国专利申请P19648798.6中所述那样进行,或者通过使气凝胶与例如一种活化的三烷基硅烷衍生物如一种氯代三烷基硅烷或一种六烷基二硅氮烷进行气相反应(参见R.ller,《硅石化学》(Chemistry of Silica),Wiley&Sons,1979)。与OH基团相比,这样制得的疏水表面基团进一步降低了介电损耗因子和介电常数。
具有亲水表面基团的气凝胶颗粒可以根据空气湿度吸附水,使得介电常数和介电损耗因子可以随空气湿度改变。但这是电子应用所不希望的。使用具有疏水表面基团的气凝胶颗粒可以抑制这种改变,原因是不吸附水。此外,由典型的应用温度来决定基团的选择。
如果使用具有疏水表面基团的气凝胶颗粒与疏水粘合剂结合使用,即可获得一种疏水的复合材料。
此外,气凝胶的导热性随孔隙率的提高和密度的降低而降低。因此优选孔隙率高于60%和密度低于0.6克/立方厘米的气凝胶。特别优选密度低于0.2克/立方厘米的气凝胶,最优选密度是0.16至0.10克/立方厘米的气凝胶。
在至少一含气凝胶层中粘合剂形成一种基质,它粘结或者包裹气凝胶颗粒,在整个至少一含气凝胶层中作为连续相,以及必要时在整个复合材料中作为连续相。
基本上所有公知的粘合剂均适合于制备本发明的复合材料。但优选有低导热性的粘合剂。其中粘合剂是否以无定形、半结晶和/或结晶形式存在不太重要。粘合剂可以以液体形式也即作为液体、熔体、溶液、分散液或者悬浮液使用或者作为固体粉末使用。
本发明意义上的粘合剂例如既可以是物理凝固也可以是化学固化的单组分粘合剂以及化学固化的双组分粘合剂。这样的粘合剂的实例例如是熔体粘合剂、分散液粘合剂、溶剂粘合剂、塑性溶胶、热固化的环氧树脂、活性熔体粘合剂如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和聚酰胺、甲醛缩合物、聚酰亚胺、聚苯并咪唑、氰基丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚乙烯蜡、厌氧粘合剂、湿固化硅氧烷以及光固化和紫外线固化体系、甲基丙烯酸酯、双组分硅氧烷、冷固化环氧树脂和冷固化聚氨酯。
另外,在本发明意义上粘合剂还可以是例如透明或半透明的塑料,例如聚甲基丙烯酸酯(PMMA,如Degalan、Plexiglas)、环烯共聚物(COC,例如Topas)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(例如Mowital)、聚碳酸酯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET,例如Hostaglas),其中优选聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚乙烯醇和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
此外,本发明意义上的粘合剂也可以是纤维状的例如双组分纤维。
另外粘合剂也可以发泡的形式存在。
在至少一含气凝胶层中粘合剂的使用量一般是复合材料的3至95体积%,优选是3至60体积%,特别优选是3至40体积%,最优选是3至20体积%。粘合剂的选择按照复合材料所需的机械和热性质进行。此外优选选择具有低导热性的粘合剂。
选择粘合剂时,还优选那些基本上不渗入多孔性气凝胶颗粒内部的产物。除粘合剂的选择外,通过调节温度以及加工时间也可以影响粘合剂对气凝胶颗粒内部的渗入。
另外,复合材料的至少含气凝胶层还可以含有最多50体积%的填料,例如木粉、石棉和优选纤维素,例如用来改进机械性能,填料的含量优选是0至20体积%。
另外,复合材料的至少一含气凝胶层还可以含有至少一种纤维材料。添加纤维对于热应用和在裂纹形成和断裂强度方面是有利的。优选的纤维材料是专业人员已知的用于该目的的纤维以及在德国专利申请19533564.3中描述的。在该专利申请中还描述了与气凝胶复合时的性能、特性和比例。
与仅仅含气凝胶颗粒的经其表面通过粘合剂粘结或者嵌入粘合剂基质的材料相比,在粘合剂体积含量不变的情况下,令人惊奇地,极低体积含量的纤维即可大大提高机械增强,因为它们承担负荷的主要部分。如果使用高体积含量的纤维和少量粘合剂,那么获得一种多孔材料,其中由至少一种粘合剂粘结的纤维形成一种机械稳定的骨架,气凝胶颗粒嵌入该骨架中。这样形成的气孔导致高的孔隙率和更好的隔音性能。
通过至少一种粘合剂可以使纤维和气凝胶相互粘结,也可以用至少一种粘合剂作为纤维和气凝胶颗粒嵌入的基质材料。
另外,复合材料的至少一含气凝胶层中还可以含有少量润滑剂例如硬脂酸锌、颜料例如二氧化钛、增塑剂如甘油和邻-、对-甲苯磺酰胺和/或酸性和酸分解的固化促进剂。
还可以使用所谓的“偶合剂”。它可以使粘合剂和气凝胶颗粒表面的接触更好,此外还可以得到与气凝胶颗粒以及粘合剂的坚固结合。
复合材料的至少一其它层不含气凝胶或者含有明显低于至少一含气凝胶层的气凝胶。气凝胶颗粒的含量优选是0至40体积%。如果至少一其它层含有气凝胶颗粒,那么其构成优选同至少一含气凝胶层,但是相应地改变气凝胶颗粒和粘合剂的比例。在此每一层可以由其它材料构成或者具有其它比例。
一般优选能够确保与至少一含气凝胶层很好和机械稳定粘结的材料。此外这些层由具有低导热性的材料组成。
如果该其它层不含气凝胶,那么它似乎可以由任何能与至少一含气凝胶层粘结的材料组成。对此可以使用专业人员已知的所有方法。优选首先是同样可以在至少含气凝胶层中作为粘合剂的材料以及泡沫。可以使用使用已知的泡沫。优选基于聚氨酯、聚烯烃和聚苯乙烯的泡沫,如在EP-A-0 667 370和EP-A-0 489 319中公开的。同样也可以是随意的泡沫混合物。
此外,优选在车辆、房屋、住宅和/或办公楼建设中用于内部装修的材料,例如毛毡、楼面板、镶木地板、墙壁裱糊纸、PVC、塑料、磁砖和砖。
多层复合体系的机械强度可以通过在板表面上叠置筛网、箔或硬质纤维板来改进。这些筛网、箔或硬质纤维板既可以后补放置,也可以在制备复合材料时放置。后者是优选的,并且例如可以在一个加工步骤中通过将筛网、箔或硬质纤维板放置在一个压制模型中并放置在待压制的含气凝胶的挤压物料上,接着在压力和温度下压制成为一种含气凝胶的复合板。
至少一其它层的厚度一般总计是大于100微米,优选至少是500微米,特别优选至少是1毫米。然而,虽然该层是薄的,尤其是与至少一含气凝胶层相比,复合材料的总的导热性还是尽可能低的。
为了降低辐射对导热性的影响,复合材料可以含红外遮光剂,例如碳黑、二氧化钛、氧化铁、二氧化锆或者它们的混合物,它们特别对在高温下的应用是有利的。
如果复合材料由于使用的材料和粘合剂和/或由于使用亲水气凝胶颗粒而成为亲水的,必要时可以进行一种后处理,赋予复合材料疏水性。为此,适合的是可以赋予复合材料疏水表面的专业人员熟知的用于这一目的的所有已知物质,例如漆、膜、甲硅烷基化剂、硅树脂、无机和/或有机粘合剂。
本发明的多层复合材料的密度优选是低于0.6克/立方厘米。导热性优选低于100mW/mk。特别优选导热性低于50mW/mk,特别是15至40mW/mk。
干燥后获得的复合材料的防火级别由气凝胶和/或其它组分的防火级别确定。为了达到复合材料尽可能高的防火级别(难燃或者不可燃),优选使用难燃的材料。对此例如脲-和蜜胺甲醛树脂、硅树脂粘合剂、聚酰亚胺和聚苯并咪唑树脂和不可燃的纤维材料例如矿物纤维、玻璃纤维或SiC纤维。
此外,为了获得尽可能有利的防火级别,可以使用专业人员已知的材料和方法,例如防火涂料、防火油漆、箔和衬里。
为了制备本发明的多层复合材料可以采用专业人员已知的所有方式方法。
优选至少一含气凝胶层和至少一其它层或者在一个工艺步骤中同时制备并相互粘结,或者分开制备,随后相互粘结。因此粘结可以借助于至少一种单独的粘合剂进行或者通过至少一种在至少一层中使用的粘合剂进行。
在至少一含气凝胶层中,借助于至少一种粘合剂使气凝胶颗粒相互粘结。单个颗粒的相互粘结可以以点连接形式进行。可以例如通过用粘合剂对气凝胶颗粒喷雾实现这样的表面涂覆。然后将涂覆的颗粒例如装填在一个模型中,并在模型中固化。
在一个优选的实施方案中,还要用粘合剂部分或者完全填充单个颗粒之间的空隙。这种组合物例如可以通过使气凝胶颗粒和必要时的纤维与粘合剂混合而获得。
混合可以以各种可以想象的方式进行。一方面,可以将至少二种组分同时加入到混合装置中,另一方面,也可以预先放入一种组分,然后添加其它组分。
混合所需的混合装置不受任何限制。可以使用专业人员熟知的用于该用途的混合装置。
混合过程一直进行到气凝胶颗粒在组合物中接近均匀分布。其中可以通过混合时间,也可以通过例如混合装置的速度来调节混合过程。
然后成型并使混合物在模型中固化,其中固化按照粘合剂的类型通过加热和/或蒸发所使用的溶剂和/或分散剂,或者在使用熔体粘合剂的情况下通过冷却到粘合剂的熔点以下进行。
在一个优选的实施方案中,压制混合物。其中专业人员根据应用目的可以选择适合的挤压机和适合的挤压工具。由于含气凝胶的挤压物料具有较高的空气含量,优选使用真空挤压机。在一个优选的实施方案中,将含气凝胶的压制物料挤压成板。至少一其它层可以直接一起挤压。
为了避免压制物料粘结在冲模上,可以使用一个分离纸使待挤压混合物与冲模隔开。复合材料的机械强度可以通过在板表面上叠置筛网、纤维网或纸来改进。这些筛网、纤维网或纸既可以后补放在含板上,其中,这些筛网、纤维网或纸可以先例如用蜜胺树脂浸渍,然后在一个可加热的挤压机中与板表面加压粘结,也可以在一个优选的实施方案中,在一个加工步骤通过将必要时事先用蜜胺树脂浸渍过的筛网、纤维网或纸放置在一个压制模型中并放置在待挤压的挤压物料上,接着在压力和温度下压制成为复合板。
压制根据使用的粘合剂,在任意模型中进行,压制压力通常为1至1000巴,温度为0至300℃。
当该其它层使用相同的粘合剂时,按照含气凝胶层的制备方法制备该层。如果该层是发泡的或者含除含气凝胶层外的其它材料,可以按照专业人员已知的方法制备。
本发明的含有特别高体积含量的气凝胶颗粒和其导热性相当低的复合材料还可以借助于适合的辐射源制成板。例如在聚乙烯缩丁醛的情况下如果使用微波粘结所用的粘合剂,那么优选该辐射源。
由于导热性低,本发明的复合材料在固化之后适合作为隔热材料。
另外,该复合材料适合作为隔音材料,优选用于消减固体声或冲击声。
下面借助于实施例进一步说明本发明,但并无任何限制作用。
类似于DE-A-4342548公开的方法得到疏水气凝胶。
气凝胶颗粒的导热性借助于灯丝法(参见例如O.Nielsson,G.Rueschenpoehler,J.Gross,J.Fricke,《高温高压》(HighTemperatures-High Pressures),第21期,267至274(1989))测定。
成型体的导热性按照DIN52612测定。
按照DIN52210测定冲击声的改善程度作为改善隔固体声和冲击声的尺度。
实施例1
由气凝胶和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛组成的成型体
使80体积%的疏水气凝胶颗粒和20体积%的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)密切混合。疏水气凝胶颗粒的粒度小于500微米,松散密度是75千克/立方米,BET表面积是640平方米/克,导热性是11mW/mk。
压制模型的底面面积是30厘米×30厘米,并且在其底和盖上铺有一层分隔纸。将许多聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)分布在底板上,以致于通过随后的压制形成2毫米厚的密实聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。将含气凝胶的压制物料均匀地分布在其上,并且再一次在其上铺大量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F),以致于在压制之后在上面形成2毫米厚的密实的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。随后在220℃下用30分钟压制成为18毫米的厚度。
获得的成型体的密度是380千克/立方米,导热性是33mW/mk。冲击声的改善程度总计18dB。
实施例2
由气凝胶和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛组成的成型体
使90体积%的实施例1的疏水气凝胶颗粒和10体积%的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)密切混合。
压制模型的底面面积是30厘米×30厘米,并且在其底和盖上铺有一层分隔纸。将许多聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)分布在底板上,以致于通过随后的压制形成2毫米厚的密实聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。将含气凝胶的压制物料均匀地分布在其上,并且再一次在其上铺设大量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F),以致于在压制之后在上面形成2毫米厚的密实聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。随后在220℃下用30分钟压制成为18毫米的厚度。
获得的成型体的密度是335千克/立方米,导热性是26mW/mk。冲击声的改善程度总计20dB。
实施例3
由气凝胶和聚乙烯醇缩丁醛组成的成型体
使95体积%的实施例1的疏水气凝胶颗粒和5体积%的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)密切混合。
压制模型的底面面积是30厘米×30厘米,并且在其底和盖上铺有一层分隔纸。将许多聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)分布在底板上,以致于通过随后的压制形成2毫米厚的密实聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。将含气凝胶的压制物料均匀地分布在其上,并且再一次在其上铺设大量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F),以致于在压制之后在上面形成2毫米厚的密实聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。随后在220℃下用30分钟压制成为18毫米的厚度。
获得的成型体的密度是266千克/立方米,导热性是21mW/mk。冲击声的改善程度总计22dB。
实施例4
由气凝胶、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛和纤维组成的成型体
使90体积%的实施例1的疏水气凝胶颗粒、8体积%的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)和2体积%的Trevira高强度纤维密切混合。
压制模型的底面面积是30厘米×30厘米,并且在其底和盖上铺有一层分隔纸。将许多聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F)分布在底板上,以致于通过随后的压制形成2毫米厚的密实聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。将含气凝胶的压制物料均匀地分布在其上,并且再一次在其上铺设大量的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粉末Mowital(聚合物F),以致于在压制之后在上面形成2毫米厚的密实聚乙烯醇缩丁醛层。随后在220℃下用30分钟压制成为18毫米的厚度。
获得的成型体的密度是301千克/立方米,导热性是22mW/mk。冲击声的改善程度总计24dB。
Claims (16)
1、多层复合材料,其具有至少一含气凝胶层和至少一其它层,其中至少一含气凝胶层还包含至少一种粘合剂。
2、根据权利要求1的复合材料,其特征在于,其至少具有三层。
3、根据权利要求1或2的复合材料,其特征在于,其具有夹心结构,其中含气凝胶层布置在二个其它层之间。
4、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,在至少含气凝胶层中气凝胶颗的含量是5至97体积%。
5、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,气凝胶颗粒的粒度是250微米至10毫米。
6、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,使用的气凝胶颗粒为含Si化合物的气凝胶颗粒,优选SiO2气凝胶。
7、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,气凝胶颗粒具有持久疏水的表面基团。
8、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,气凝胶颗粒的孔隙率高于60%和密度低于0.6克/立方厘米。
9、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,至少含气凝胶层中粘合剂的含量是3至95体积%。
10、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,所用粘合剂是物理凝固单组分粘合剂、化学固化单组分粘合剂和/或化学固化双组分或多组分粘合剂。
11、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,至少一含气凝胶层还包含至少一纤维材料。
12、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,至少一含气凝胶层包含至多达50体积%的填料。
13、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,至少一其它层附加地包含气凝胶颗粒和/或至少一种粘合剂。
14、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,复合材料和/或气凝胶颗粒包含红外遮光剂。
15、根据上述权利要求至少之一的复合材料,其特征在于,其导热性小于100mW/mk。
16、根据权利要求1至15至少之一的复合材料的用途,其用于隔热和/或隔音。
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- 1998-01-22 CN CNB988031914A patent/CN1253309C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-22 US US09/355,045 patent/US7468205B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-22 DE DE59814144T patent/DE59814144D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-01-22 JP JP53157698A patent/JP4562210B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20020025427A1 (en) | 2002-02-28 |
JP4562210B2 (ja) | 2010-10-13 |
US7468205B2 (en) | 2008-12-23 |
KR20000070452A (ko) | 2000-11-25 |
DE19702240A1 (de) | 1998-07-30 |
CN1253309C (zh) | 2006-04-26 |
EP0963358B1 (de) | 2007-12-19 |
EP0963358A1 (de) | 1999-12-15 |
WO1998032709A1 (de) | 1998-07-30 |
DE59814144D1 (de) | 2008-01-31 |
JP2001509097A (ja) | 2001-07-10 |
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