CN1195730C - 硝基二苯基胺类的制备方法 - Google Patents

硝基二苯基胺类的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1195730C
CN1195730C CNB001269534A CN00126953A CN1195730C CN 1195730 C CN1195730 C CN 1195730C CN B001269534 A CNB001269534 A CN B001269534A CN 00126953 A CN00126953 A CN 00126953A CN 1195730 C CN1195730 C CN 1195730C
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chlorobenzene
alkali
palladium
aniline
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H·吉拉
W·朗格
T·波尔
A·西歇尼德尔
C·施尔德
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Abstract

本发明涉及制备硝基二苯基胺类的方法,包括硝基卤代苯类与芳香胺类在钯催化剂和碱的存在下反应,所述碱在使用前被研磨和/或干燥。

Description

硝基二苯基胺类的制备方法
本发明涉及通过硝基卤代苯类与芳香胺类在钯催化剂和碱的存在下反应制备硝基二苯基胺类,特别是4-硝基二苯基胺(4-NDPA)的方法。
通过相应的芳香胺类与对-硝基氯苯在酸接受体或中和剂的存在下及任选催化剂的存在下反应制备硝基二苯基胺类的方法是已知的并且被描述在例如DE-A3,246,151中。
上述方法的缺点除了损失产率外,经常选择性不够,一般在硝基二苯基胺类进一步被反应前,例如4-氨基二苯基胺类的氢化前,需要或多或少的昂贵的纯化步骤。
最近,在US-5,576,460中描述了通过胺类与芳香化合物,例如卤代硝基苯类,在钯催化剂和碱的存在下反应制备芳基胺类的方法。从EP-A846,676还知道,例如硝基卤代苯类与芳香胺类在钯催化剂,碱和卤化物作为催化剂的存在下反应。
WO99/01418公开了在水中与钯催化剂和水溶性膦的反应。在该方法中,通常20-50%的低产率是其缺点。
因此,需要提供一种制备4-硝基二苯基胺类的方法,该方法以芳香胺类为原料,通过与相应的对-硝基卤代苯类的反应以高产率和高纯度得到硝基二苯基胺类。
因此,本发明提供一种通过硝基卤代苯类与芳香胺类在碱和钯催化剂的存在下反应制备硝基二苯基胺类的方法,其中钯-膦配合物或其他钯配合物被用作催化剂;并且碱金属和/碱土金属碳酸盐,醇盐和/或氢氧化物被用作碱,在使用前碱被研磨和/或干燥。
优选使用的硝基卤代苯类是其中硝基在相对卤素基团的对位。可能的卤素基团是氟、氯、溴和碘,优选氯和溴。当然,硝基卤代苯类可以被其他基团,例如C1-C4烷基进一步取代。当然,硝基还可以在相对卤素基团的非对位的位置上,如在2-和3-位。
可以列举的硝基卤代苯类是,例如4-硝基-2-甲基氯苯,4-硝基-3-甲基-氯苯,4-硝基氯苯,3-硝基氯苯和2-硝基氯苯。4-硝基氯苯是特别优选的。
在本发明方法中可以使用的芳香胺类是已知用于这种反应的芳香胺类,例如,苯胺,邻-甲苯胺,间-甲苯胺,对-甲苯胺,4-乙基苯胺,4-丁基苯胺,4-异丙基苯胺,3,5-二甲基苯胺和2,4-二甲基苯胺。苯胺是优选的。当然,还可以使用芳香胺类的混合物形式,特别是异构体混合物形式。
在本发明方法中,一般每摩尔硝基卤代苯类使用1-10摩尔,优选1.5-6摩尔,更优选2-4摩尔的芳香胺类。
如上所述,特别适用于本发明方法的催化剂是钯-膦配合化合物,其中钯为0或II价,可能的膦配位体是,例如三苯膦,三-邻-甲苯酰基膦,三环己基膦,三-叔丁基膦,双二苯基膦-乙烷,双二苯基膦-丙烷,双二苯基膦丁烷,双二环己基膦乙烷,双二苯基膦二茂铁,5,5’-二氯-6,6’-二甲氧基-联苯基-2,2’-二基-双二苯基膦,双-4,4’-二苯并呋喃-3,3’-基-双二苯基膦,1,1’-双二苯基膦-二苯基醚和双二苯基膦联萘基,其中苯基可以被磺酸取代或者可以任选被一个或多个C1-C12烷基或C3-C10-环烷基取代。聚合物-结合的膦类还可以被用作配位体。优选三苯膦用作配位体。
非膦配位体也可以被用于本发明方法中,例如含氮或氧的配位体或者含有两个或多个不同杂原子的配位体。
可以列举的钯化合物是,例如下列化合物:Pd2dba3,Pd(acac)2,Pd(Oac)2,PdCl2,(CH3CN)2Pd(NO2)Cl以及其他钯卤化物,如溴化物和碘化物,乙酸盐,碳酸盐,酮酸盐,硝酸盐,丙酮酸盐或钯环化合物。异种或固定钯催化剂也可以被用于本发明方法中。这里可以适用事先已经制备的配合物或者从适当的Pd化合物和配位体就地形成的配合物。
在用于本发明的钯-膦配合物中,相应的配位体和钯的比例约为40∶1-1∶1,优选10∶1-2∶1,最优选8∶1-4∶1。
根据本发明,以所用的硝基卤代苯类为基础,一般使用钯-膦配合物或其他配合物的量为0.0001mol%-10mol%,优选0.001mol%-5mol%。
用于本发明方法中的碱是碱金属和/或碱土金属碳酸盐,醇盐和/或氢氧化物,特别是碳酸钾和/或碳酸钠,碳酸铯,甲醇钠和氢氧化钡。优选使用碳酸钾和/或碳酸钠。相对于硝基卤代苯类,可以使用的碱量可以少于化学计量或者过量至当量数量的10倍。基于硝基卤代苯类的量,最优选使用碱的量为0.3-2当量。
本发明方法可以在温度20-250℃范围内进行,但是优选在温度120-180℃范围内进行。这里反应温度特别取决于起始物质,催化剂和所用的碱的性质。
本发明方法可以在有或者没有适当溶剂的存在下进行。可能的溶剂是,例如惰性有机烃类,如二甲苯和甲苯。另外,所用的芳香胺类本身可以用作溶剂。
在所述方法中,反应形成的水可以任选用类似DE-A2,633,811和DE-A3,246,151所述方法除去,例如,借助适当共沸夹带试剂通过蒸馏除去,或者也可以省略该步骤。
通过适当简单预实验可以容易确定所用溶剂的量。
通过研磨和/或干燥预处理本发明方法中所使用的碱是必要的。
本发明方法中的研磨可以用,例如商售厨房用或球状研磨机进行。这里研磨措施具有显著增加表面积的效果,其导致转化率的显著增加。在许多情况中,通过研磨可以观察到比表面积增加10-20倍。在所述方法中,与可比反应条件比较,结果转化率约从5-45%增加至85-100%。通过研磨、沉淀或其他适当的措施可以获得比表面积的增加。
在本发明方法中,需要增加比表面积到0.1-10m2/g,优选0.2-1m2/g以获得更高的转化率。
形态学研究表明,为了通过研磨碱使转化率增加,初步结晶大小必须达到20μm及更小。
由于本发明方法中所用碱的显著吸湿性,这些碱趋向或多或少吸收大气中的成分,如水和二氧化碳。如果吸收大于30%重量时,可以检测到对获得的转化率的显著影响。
这里碱被干燥,例如通过在温度50-200℃,优选100-160℃及减压0.01-100mbar下干燥几小时。
本发明方法可以通过常规方法以连续或者不连续方式进行。
根据本发明方法,依据所用的催化剂的量,可以高选择性(>98%)和产率高达99%获得相应的硝基二苯基胺类。根据本发明方法制备的硝基二苯基胺类以特别高的纯度获得。可以提到的该方法比已知方法的优点是显著缩短反应时间约10分钟至2小时,因此,用本发明可以获得非常高的空间/时间比产率。
根据本发明方法制备的硝基二苯基胺类可以被转化为相应的硝基二苯基胺类,例如,通过氢化反应,例如4-硝基二苯基胺(4-ADPA),通过氢化4-硝基二苯基胺可以获得制备抗老化剂和橡胶和聚合物工业中的稳定剂的重要中间产物。
实施例
实施例1
碱的预处理:
作为实施例,将商品碳酸钾用厨房或球形研磨机研磨约5分钟。通过这种方法,在这种方式的Grussing处理的碳酸钾可以被增加比表面积从0.04m2/g至0.52m2/g并且得到初步结晶大小10μm或者更小。然后将碳酸钾在压力1mbar和温度150℃干燥5小时。如果使用其他碱,用类似的方法预处理那些碱。
实施例2
首先将186g(2mol)苯胺,152.5mg(0.5mmol)丙酮基丙酮酸钯和524mg(2mmol)三苯膦在氩气下装入三颈圆底烧瓶中然后在室温搅拌10分钟。加入78.5g(0.5mol)4-氯硝基苯并将该混合物在室温再搅拌10分钟。然后加入用实施例1所述方法已经进行预处理的96.6g(0.7mol)碳酸钾。将上述混合物在170℃及剧烈搅拌下加热1小时,当反应0.5小时后,气相色谱分析样品表明转化完成。
将混合物冷却至70℃并用750ml乙酸乙酯稀释然后用500ml水洗涤。用100g氯化钠和500ml水溶液萃取有机相,分离两相后,通过在70℃蒸馏除去苯胺和水。得到107g(理论值的100%)淡棕色固体,根据GC分析,纯度大于99%。
实施例3
首先将3.750mg(40mmol)苯胺,3.1mg(0.00336mmol)钯二亚苄基丙酮和7.0mg(0.027mmol)三苯膦在氩气下装入三颈圆底烧瓶中然后将混合物在室温搅拌10分钟。加入1.055g(6.72mmol)4-氯硝基苯并将该混合物在室温再搅拌10分钟。然后加入用实施例1所述方法已经进行预处理的1.298g(9.4mmol)碳酸钾。将上述混合物在170℃及剧烈搅拌下加热1小时,根据气相色谱分析,转化率为48%。
实施例4
首先将3.750g(40mmol)苯胺,3.1g(0.00336mmol)钯二亚苄基丙酮和7.0mg(0.027mmol)三苯膦在氢气下装入三颈圆底烧瓶中然后将混合物在室温搅拌10分钟。加入1.055g(6.72mmol)4-氯硝基苯并将该混合物在室温再搅拌10分钟。然后加入用实施例1所述方法已经进行预处理的1.298g(9.4mmol)碳酸钾。将上述混合物在170℃及剧烈搅拌下加热1小时,根据气相色谱分析,转化率为97%。
实施例5
首先将186g(2mol)苯胺,152.5mg(0.5mmol)丙酮基丙酮酸钯和524mg(2mmol)三苯膦在氩气下装入三颈圆底烧瓶中然后在室温搅拌10分钟。加入78.5g(0.5mol)4-氯硝基苯并将该混合物在室温再搅拌10分钟。然后加入用实施例1所述方法已经进行预处理的48.3g(0.35mol)碳酸钾。将上述混合物在170℃及剧烈搅拌下加热1小时,当反应0.5小时后,气相色谱分析样品表明转化完成。
将混合物冷却至70℃并用500ml乙酸乙酯稀释然后用500ml水洗涤。用100g氯化钠和500ml水溶液萃取有机相,分离两相后,通过在70℃蒸馏除去苯胺和水。得到106.55g(理论值的99%)淡棕色固体,根据GC分析,纯度大于99%。
实施例6
首先将186g(2mol)苯胺,152.5mg(0.5mmol)丙酮基丙酮酸钯和623mg(1mmol)2,2’-双-(二苯基膦)-1,1’-联萘在氩气下装入三颈圆底烧瓶中然后在室温搅拌10分钟。加入78.5g(0.5mol)4-氯硝基苯并将该混合物在室温再搅拌10分钟。然后加入用实施例1所述方法已经进行预处理的96.6g(0.70mol)碳酸钾.将上述混合物在170℃及剧烈搅拌下加热1小时,当反应0.5小时后,气相色谱分析样品表明转化完全。
实施例7
首先将18.6g(0.2mol)苯胺,15.3mg(0.05mmol)丙酮基丙酮酸钯和53.8mg(0.1mmol)双-(二苯基膦)-苯基醚在氩气下装入三颈圆底烧瓶中然后在室温搅拌10分钟。加入7.85g(0.05mol)4-氯硝基苯并将该混合物在室温再搅拌10分钟。然后加入用实施例1所述方法已经进行预处理的9.66g(0.07mol)碳酸钾。将上述混合物在170℃及剧烈搅拌下加热1小时,当反应0.5小时后,气相色谱分析样品表明转化率为99%。
实施例8
首先将9.376g(0.1mol)苯胺,7.6mg(0.0083mmol)钯亚苄基丙酮和17.6mg(0.067mmol)三苯膦在氩气下装入三颈圆底烧瓶中然后将混合物在室温搅拌10分钟。加入2.64g(0.0168mmol)4-氯硝基苯并将该混合物在室温再搅拌10分钟。然后加入用实施例1所述方法已经进行预处理的2.502g(0.0236mol)碳酸钾。将上述混合物在175℃及剧烈搅拌下加热1小时,根据气相色谱分析,转化率为74%。
尽管前面以说明性为目的详细地描述了本发明,但是并不能理解为这种详细描述仅仅为此目的,只要不背离本发明的精神和由权利要求书限定的发明范围,本领域技术人员可以作各种改变。

Claims (6)

1.一种制备硝基二苯基胺类的方法,包括硝基卤代苯类与芳香胺类在碱和钯催化剂存在下反应,其中所述钯催化剂是钯-膦配合物或其他钯配合物,所述碱是碱金属和/或碱土金属碳酸盐、醇盐和/或氢氧化物,其中所述碱在使用前被研磨和/或干燥,且其中比表面积增加至0.1-10m2/g以及初步结晶大小达到20μm或更小。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述硝基卤代苯类选自4-硝基-2-甲基氯苯,4-硝基-3-甲基氯苯,4-硝基氯苯,3-硝基氯苯和2-硝基氯苯。
3.根据权利要求2的方法,其中所述硝基卤代苯类是4-硝基氯苯。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述芳香胺类选自苯胺,邻-甲苯胺,间-甲苯胺,对-甲苯胺,4-乙基苯胺,4-丁基苯胺,4-异丙基苯胺,3,5-二甲基苯胺和2,4-二甲基苯胺。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其中所述芳香胺类是苯胺。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述硝基二苯基胺是4-硝基二苯基胺。
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