CN117682568A - 一种球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000004729 solvothermal method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229940082328 manganese acetate tetrahydrate Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- CESXSDZNZGSWSP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O CESXSDZNZGSWSP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229940078487 nickel acetate tetrahydrate Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- OINIXPNQKAZCRL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);diacetate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OINIXPNQKAZCRL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- JEMDLNFQNCQAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel;oxomanganese Chemical compound [Ni].[Mn]=O JEMDLNFQNCQAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229940045136 urea Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 21
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 fluoride ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 102000020897 Formins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091022623 Formins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000005536 Jahn Teller effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法及应用,首先按照预设比例将四水合乙酸锰、四水合乙酸镍、尿素和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵进行混合,搅拌均匀后进行溶剂热反应得到绿色粉末状前驱体;将前驱体在马弗炉中烧结后得到黑色的锰镍氧化物;再与KF混合均匀后在O2/N2混合气氛中烧结后得到球形的K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料。本发明制备的正极材料中球形结构不仅可以缓解K+嵌入和脱嵌过程中的体积变化,稳定结构,而且可以增大与电解质的接触面积,加速K+的传输动力学。此外,引入的F−可以抑制高活性Ni4+的出现,减少副反应的发生。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于钾离子电池正极材料的制备及应用技术领域,具体涉及一种球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法及应用。
背景技术
储能技术的研究与发展是能源革命的重大推力。锂离子电池由于长循环寿命、高功率和能量密度已经被成功商业应用于各种便携式电子设备和电动汽车。然而,锂资源在地壳中含量低且地理分布不均匀(主要集中在南美洲),随着能源市场的快速发展,其价格持续走高。同族的钠、钾资源丰富、分布广泛且价格低廉,最重要的是与锂具有相似的物理化学性质。因此,以钠离子电池和钾离子电池为代表的低成本二次电池受到了普遍关注。尽管K+的离子半径大于Na+,但是K+溶剂化半径却比Li+和Na+都小,表明它拥有较高的动力学特性。另外,石墨作为一种负极材料在锂离子电池中广泛应用,我国控制着全球约70%的石墨产量。研究表明酯类电解液中Na+由于热力学原因无法与石墨形成稳定的插层化合物,而K+可以像Li+一样在石墨中进行可逆脱嵌从而有效储能。基于上述优势,钾离子电池在大规模储能领域的应用前景广阔。
高性能正极材料的短缺是钾离子电池目前面临的重要障碍之一。与其它正极材料相比,含K+的层状过渡金属氧化物(KxTMO2;TM=Mn、Co、Fe、Ni、Mg、Ti等)由于高的理论容量、合适的电压平台和方便的合成工艺而具有极大的吸引力。特别是绿色廉价的锰基层状氧化物在钾离子电池中的应用得到了广泛的探索。
锰基层状氧化物作为钾离子电池正极材料存在的问题主要包括:(1)结构稳定性差,原因包括Mn3+引起的Jahn-Teller效应以及在充放电过程中层的滑移引发相变;(2)发生副反应,高压下高活性过渡金属易脱离溶解到电解液中引发不可逆的副反应;(3)材料表现出较差的空气稳定性。晶体结构调控是解决上述技术问题最有效的策略之一,例如:过渡金属层掺杂、钾含量优化、形貌设计、涂层技术等。这些方法虽然有一定的效果,但对生产工艺要求较高,生产成本相对较高,难以实现大规模生产,仍然需要进一步开发新的改善策略。
发明内容
本发明针对目前锰基层状氧化物结构稳定性差、循环寿命短的问题,提供了一种球形正极材料制备方法,该方法通过简单的溶剂热以及高温煅烧法成功引入氟离子制备了非金属氟掺杂的球形层状过渡金属氧化物钾离子电池正极材料,其优势在于:(1)球形结构不仅可以缓解/>嵌入和脱嵌过程中的体积变化,稳定结构,而且可以增大与电解质的接触面积,加速/>的传输动力学;(2)引入的/>可以抑制高活性/>的出现,有效减少副反应的发生。因此,制备得到的正极材料显示出更高的循环稳定性,更快的钾离子迁移动力学,因而能够较好地用作钾离子电池正极材料。
本发明为解决上述技术问题采用如下技术方案,一种球形正极材料制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤为:
步骤S1:将四水合乙酸锰、四水合乙酸镍和尿素加入到反应容器中,再加入高纯水进行搅拌,待混合物溶解后再加入十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和丙三醇,继续搅拌使其充分溶解,然后将所得溶液转移至反应釜中进行溶剂热反应,反应结束后冷却至室温,将得到的产物分别用去离子水和乙醇离心洗涤,再经过烘干后得到粉末状前驱体;
步骤S2:将步骤S1得到的粉末状前驱体于400~500℃煅烧3~5h,再自然冷却后得到锰镍氧化物微球前驱体;
步骤S3:将步骤S2得到的锰镍氧化物微球前驱体加入到KF溶液中,加热搅拌蒸发溶剂得到均匀混合物;
步骤S4:将步骤S3得到的均匀混合物转移至瓷舟中,在混合气氛中于750~850℃煅烧8~10h得到球形的/>正极材料。进一步限定,步骤S1中四水合乙酸锰、四水合乙酸镍和尿素的投料配比为2mmol:1mmol:500mg。
进一步限定,步骤S1中溶剂热反应温度为170~190℃,反应时间为10~12h。
进一步限定,步骤S1中烘干温度为80~100℃。
进一步限定,步骤S3中KF溶液的摩尔浓度为0.5~1mol L-1,该KF溶液与锰镍氧化物微球前驱体的投料配比为5mL:400mg,加热搅拌的温度为80~100℃。
进一步限定,步骤S4中混合气氛为/>体积百分浓度为30%的/>混合气氛。
本发明制备得到的球形正极材料用于钾离子电池正极材料。
本发明与现有技术相比具有以下优点和有益效果:
1.本发明利用溶剂热法制备的层状过渡金属氧化物为球形形貌,所构建的球形颗粒不仅可以缩短扩散路径,还可以承受内部应变,防止活性物质的开裂和失活,进一步提高钾离子电池的倍率性能和循环稳定性。
2.本发明中使用氟化钾作为反应物,不仅得到了层状氧化物正极材料,并且实现氟元素掺杂。
3.本发明中氟阴离子的掺杂,限制了高活性的出现,减少了副反应的发生,同时增强正极材料的结构稳定性。
4.本发明正极材料的制备原料来源丰富,合成方法简便、安全、绿色,不需要复杂的处理过程和高端仪器、成本较低,具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的球形正极材料的扫描电镜图;
图2为实施例1制备的球形正极材料的XRD精修图;
图3为实施例1制备的球形正极材料的EDS图;
图4为对比例1制备的未掺杂氟的球形正极材料的扫描电镜图;
图5为对比例2制备的无规则形正极材料的扫描电镜图;
图6为实施例1制备的球形正极材料的循环伏安图;
图7为对比例1制备的未掺杂氟的球形正极材料的循环伏安图;
图8为实施例1制备的球形正极材料的充放电曲线;
图9为对比例1制备的未掺杂氟的球形正极材料的充放电曲线;
图10为实施例1和对比例1、对比例2制备的正极材料组装的钾离子电池在/>电流密度下的循环性能图;
图11为实施例1和对比例1、对比例2制备的正极材料组装的钾离子电池在不同电流密度下的倍率性能图。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例对本发明的上述内容做进一步详细说明,但不应该将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下的实施例,凡基于本发明上述内容实现的技术均属于本发明的范围。
实施例1
球形正极材料的制备:
(1)首先称取2mmol四水合乙酸锰、1mmol四水合乙酸镍和500mg尿素转移至烧杯中,再加入8mL高纯水搅拌混合均匀,待混合物溶解后加入250mg十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和25mL丙三醇,继续搅拌2h使其充分溶解,随后将所得溶液转移至反应釜中于180℃进行溶剂热反应12h,反应结束后冷却至室温,将得到的产物分别用去离子水和乙醇离心洗涤,再于100℃烘干后得到绿色粉末状前驱体;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的粉末状前驱体置于马弗炉中于450℃煅烧4h,再自然冷却后得到黑色粉末状中间产物;
(3)称取步骤(2)得到的粉末状中间产物400mg加入到5mL摩尔浓度为0.7mol L-1的KF溶液中,再于100℃加热搅拌蒸发溶剂得到均匀混合物;4)将步骤(3)得到的均匀混合物转移至瓷舟中,在O2体积百分浓度为30%的O2/N2混合气氛中以2℃ min−1的升温速率升温至850℃保持10h,煅烧结束后,自然冷却至200℃时转移至充满氩气的手套箱中即获得球形正极材料。
材料的表征:
图1为本实施例制备的球形正极材料的SEM图,图1显示制备的正极材料为均匀的球形结构;图2为本实施例制备的球形/>正极材料的XRD光谱图,由图表明该正极材料是P3相的层状金属氧化物,空间群为R3m;图3为本实施例制备的球形/>正极材料的EDS谱图,由图显示K、Mn、Ni、O和F元素的存在且含量与化学式基本一致。
电化学性能测试:
以N-甲基吡咯烷酮作为溶剂,将本实施例制得的球形正极材料与super-p、聚偏二氟乙烯以70:20:10的质量比研磨混合均匀,再将所得的均匀浆体涂抹在Al箔上并将其于80℃真空干燥12h。使用摩尔浓度为0.8mol L−1KPF6的碳酸二乙酯(DEC)溶液作为钾离子电池电解液,玻璃纤维和金属钾分别作为钾离子电池隔膜和对电极。电化学性能的测试采用CR2032电池,电池组装在充满氩气气氛的手套箱中进行,水和氧浓度均小于0.1ppm。电池的恒电流充放电测试在室温下进行,用蓝电CT2001A多通道电池测试系统,在1.5~4.0V(vs. K+/K)固定电压范围内进行,具体的性能见图6-图11。
对比例1
未掺杂氟的球形正极材料的制备:
(1)称取2mmol四水合乙酸锰、1mmol四水合乙酸镍和500mg尿素至烧杯中,加入8mL高纯水搅拌混合均匀,待混合物溶解后再加入250mg十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和25mL丙三醇,继续搅拌2h使其充分溶解;将所得到的绿色均匀溶液转移至反应釜中进行溶剂热反应,溶剂热反应温度设定为180℃,溶剂热反应时间设定为12h,反应结束后冷却至室温,将得到的产物分别用去离子水、乙醇离心三次,将其中杂质洗出后再于100℃烘干后得到绿色粉末状前驱体;
(2)将步骤(1)所得粉末状前驱体置于马弗炉中于450℃煅烧4h,再自然冷却后得到黑色粉末状中间产物;
(3)称取步骤(2)得到的粉末状中间产物400mg加入到5mL摩尔浓度为0.7mol L-1的KOH溶液中,再于100℃加热搅拌蒸发溶剂得到均匀混合物;
(4)将步骤(3)得到的均匀混合物转移至瓷舟中,在体积百分浓度为30%的混合气氛中以/>的升温速率升温至850℃后保持10h,煅烧结束后,自然冷却至200℃时转移至充满氩气的手套箱中即获得未掺杂氟的球形/>正极材料,缩写为S-KMNO。
按照与实施例1相同的方法对所制得的未掺杂氟的球形正极材料进行结构表征与电化学性能测试,其形貌如图4所示,其电化学性能测试结果见表1。
对比例2
无规则形极材料的制备:
(1)按照化合物的化学计量比分别称取原料K2CO3、MnO2、NiO、KF,将称取的原料混合均匀后,以丙酮为溶剂将混合粉末湿磨6h,转速为500r/min;
(2)球磨后,再将得到的粉末使用20MPa的压力压制成0.6~0.8g的圆片后置于管式炉中,在体积百分浓度为30%的/>混合气氛中以/>的升温速率升温至850℃后保持10h,煅烧结束后,自然冷却至200℃时转移至充满氩气的手套箱中即获得无规则形正极材料,缩写为L-KMNOF。
采用固相法所制得的无规则形正极材料进行结构表征与电化学性能测试,其形貌如图5所示,其呈现出层状堆叠而成的颗粒,与实施例1和对比例1相比,该对比例制备的正极材料是无规则的片状颗粒,其电化学性能测试结果见表1。
图6和图7分别是电极在电压区间,扫描速率为0.1mV s−1时前三圈的循环伏安曲线。由图可知实施例1制备的球形/>正极材料有4对氧化还原峰(图6),而对比例1制备的未掺杂氟的球形/>正极材料却有5对(图7)。多出的3.85/3.68V对应于/>的氧化还原,由此可见F−的掺杂抑制了Ni3+向Ni4+的氧化还原;图8和图9分别为实施例1制备的球形/>正极材料和对比例1制备的未掺杂氟的球形/>正极材料在1.5~4.0 V(vs. K+/K)电压区间的充/放电曲线图,电流密度为20mA g−1,球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料首次放电比容量为89.7 mAh g−1,此后循环的库伦效率维持在98%以上(图8),而未掺杂氟的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O2正极材料由于高活性Ni4+的出现库伦效率逐渐降低(图9);图10为实施例1与对比例1、对比例2制备的K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O2正极材料组装的钾离子电池在20mA g−1电流密度下的循环性能图,由图可以看出,实施例1制备的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料循环100圈后容量保持率达83%,远高于对比例1、对比例2制备的K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料。图11为实施例1与对比例1、对比例2制备的K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料组装的钾离子电池在不同电流密度下的倍率性能,由图可知即使在500mA g−1的高电流密度下,实施例1制备的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料的容量仍能达到52mAh g−1,明显优于对比例1、对比例2制备的K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料。
表1电化学性能数据
对比实施例1、对比例1和对比例2制备的K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料组装的钾离子电池的电化学性能,通过对比可知实施例1中掺杂氟离子制得的球形层状氧化物,球形结构不仅可以缓解K+嵌入和脱嵌过程中的体积变化,稳定结构,而且可以增大与电解质的接触面积,加速K+的传输动力学;此外,引入的F−可以抑制高活性Ni4+的出现,减少副反应的发生;两者协同作用能够有效提升锰基层状金属氧化物正极材料的储钾性能。
以上实施例描述了本发明的基本原理、主要特征及优点,本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明原理的范围下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进均落入本发明保护的范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤为:
步骤S1:将四水合乙酸锰、四水合乙酸镍和尿素加入到反应容器中,再加入高纯水进行搅拌,待混合物溶解后再加入十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和丙三醇,继续搅拌使其充分溶解,然后将所得溶液转移至反应釜中进行溶剂热反应,反应结束后冷却至室温,将得到的产物分别用去离子水和乙醇离心洗涤,再经过烘干后得到粉末状前驱体;
步骤S2:将步骤S1得到的粉末状前驱体于400~500℃煅烧3~5h,再自然冷却后得到锰镍氧化物微球前驱体;
步骤S3:将步骤S2得到的锰镍氧化物微球前驱体加入到KF溶液中,加热搅拌蒸发溶剂得到均匀混合物;
步骤S4:将步骤S3得到的均匀混合物转移至瓷舟中,在O2/N2混合气氛中于750~850℃煅烧8~10h得到球形的K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法,其特征在于:步骤S1中四水合乙酸锰、四水合乙酸镍和尿素的投料配比为2mmol:1mmol:500mg。
3.根据权利要求1所述的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法,其特征在于:步骤S1中溶剂热反应温度为170~190℃,反应时间为10~12h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法,其特征在于:步骤S1中烘干温度为80~100℃。
5.根据权利要求1所述的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法,其特征在于:步骤S3中KF溶液的摩尔浓度为0.5~1mol L-1,该KF溶液与锰镍氧化物微球前驱体的投料配比为5mL:400mg,加热搅拌的温度为80~100℃。
6.根据权利要求1所述的球形K0.44Mn0.78Ni0.22O1.8F0.2正极材料制备方法,其特征在于:步骤S4中O2/N2混合气氛为O2体积百分浓度为30%的O2/N2混合气氛。
7.根据权利要求1~6中任意一项所述的方法制备得到的球形正极材料用于钾离子电池正极材料。
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