CN116210538A - Method for improving fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities - Google Patents
Method for improving fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
- A01G9/1407—Greenhouses of flexible synthetic material
- A01G9/1415—Greenhouses of flexible synthetic material with double or multiple walls
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
- A01G9/246—Air-conditioning systems
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated by spring sowing and early maturing facilities, and belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation. The invention provides a method for improving the fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated in a spring sowing early maturing facility, which is characterized in that the base fertilizer is reasonably prepared by setting a greenhouse, selecting the base fertilizer and regulating and controlling the light temperature, so that the quality and quantity of female flowers and male flowers of the watermelon are effectively improved, and the fruit setting rate and quality of the watermelon cultivated in the spring sowing early maturing facility are obviously improved. The watermelon cultivated by the method has high fruit setting rate, good fruit quality and attractive appearance, and the fruit contains seeds which are naturally developed and mature through normal fertilization, and the quantity of the seeds is large, so that the method can be applied to improving the fruit setting rate and the fruit quality of the watermelon cultivated by the spring sowing early maturing facility, and is also applicable to carrying out the generation-added breeding of the parents and the hybrid seeds of the watermelon cultivated by the spring sowing early maturing facility, thereby greatly improving the breeding quality and the yield of the improved variety of the watermelon cultivated by the spring sowing early maturing facility in the multi-overcast and weak-illumination area in the south.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated in a spring sowing facility.
Background
The watermelon is an important economic crop in China, the annual cultivation area reaches more than 2500 ten thousand mu, and the first place in the world. The cultivation and production of watermelons become the prop industry for increasing income and enriching peasants in China. At present, the cultivation modes of watermelons in China are mainly divided into open field and facilities, wherein the area of the facility cultivation watermelons occupies more than 2/3 of the total area, and the cultivation area is still enlarged year by year due to early marketing of the facility cultivation watermelons, excellent quality and obvious economic benefit.
The Shanghai Zhejiang area is one of main producing areas of watermelons cultivated by spring sowing early maturing facilities in China, and the whole growing period of the watermelons cultivated in the spring sowing early maturing greenhouse usually encounters the influence of continuous low temperature and strong overcast and weak light abnormal weather because of strong overcast and strong rains and weak light in the spring sowing early maturing areas, when watermelon plants are in the low temperature and weak light abnormal weather conditions for a long time, the plants are poor in nutrition growth, and only female flowers and male flowers are not produced due to the low temperature and weak light conditions for a long time; or even if male flowers are generated, the female flowers are pollinated due to poor pollen development and low vigor, the female flowers cannot normally bear fruits due to poor fertilization, the fruit bearing rate of plants is greatly reduced, and large-area Chinese starry stems can appear on serious people, so that the yield of the watermelons cultivated in the spring sowing early maturing greenhouse is greatly influenced. At present, in the production of early-maturing watermelons in spring sowing greenhouse in various places, in order to ensure that watermelons come into the market early, and prevent great yield reduction caused by the phenomenon of hollow rattan, fruit setting is mostly adopted to promote parthenocarpy and fruit expansion of watermelons, so that early-maturing spring sowing cultivation is carried out on the watermelons, no normally developed seeds (white seed watermelons) are arranged in the fruits, the pulp is hard and poor in taste, white ribs and hard blocks are often distributed in the pulp, the quality of the watermelons cultivated in spring sowing early-maturing facilities is greatly influenced, and a method capable of improving the fruit setting rate and quality of the watermelons cultivated in spring sowing early-maturing facilities is needed to solve the problem.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for improving the fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated by a spring sowing early maturing facility, which effectively improves the generation quality and quantity of female flowers and male flowers of the watermelon and obviously improves the fruit setting rate and quality of the watermelon cultivated by the spring sowing early maturing facility.
The invention provides a method for improving fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities, which comprises the following steps: (1) Respectively building a watermelon production greenhouse and a watermelon pollination greenhouse, wherein the total area ratio of the watermelon production greenhouse to the watermelon pollination greenhouse is (15-20): (1-1.5);
(2) In a watermelon production greenhouse, the base fertilizer applied per mu comprises: 800-1000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 12-15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 5-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer;
in a watermelon pollination greenhouse, the base fertilizer applied per mu comprises: 1200-1500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 5-8 kg of boric fertilizer;
(3) After the field planting of the watermelon seedlings in the watermelon production greenhouse and the watermelon pollination greenhouse is finished, adjusting the temperature in the white greenhouse of the watermelon production greenhouse to be 25-30 ℃ and the temperature in the greenhouse at night to be not lower than 15 ℃;
the temperature in the greenhouse for pollination of watermelons is adjusted to be more than 30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse at night is not lower than 20 ℃;
(4) And after the flowers are opened, collecting male flowers in the watermelon pollination greenhouse to pollinate female flowers in the watermelon production greenhouse.
Preferably, in the step (1), the greenhouse length of the watermelon production greenhouse is 30-40 meters, and the greenhouse width is 6-8 meters;
the greenhouse length of the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 40-60 meters, and the greenhouse width is 8 meters.
Preferably, the watermelon seedling in the step (3) is a watermelon seedling with 3 rd true leaves.
Preferably, the density of the field planting in the step (3) is determined according to the variety type;
the field planting density of the small-sized watermelons in the watermelon production greenhouse is 800-900 plants/mu, and the field planting density of the small-sized watermelons in the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 1600-2000 plants/mu;
the field planting density of the medium-fruit type watermelons in the watermelon production greenhouse is 550-600 plants/mu, and the field planting density of the medium-fruit type watermelons in the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 1200-1500 plants/mu.
Preferably, after the planting in the step (3), the method further comprises removing a small arch shed in the watermelon production greenhouse every day;
the watermelon pollination greenhouse is characterized in that a double-layer transparent film is covered in the greenhouse, namely a small arch greenhouse with the height of 1 meter is built above the pollination plants, a layer of transparent film is covered on the greenhouse, a middle greenhouse with the height of 2 meters is built above the small arch greenhouse, the middle greenhouse covers the whole small arch greenhouse, and a layer of transparent film is covered above the middle greenhouse 。 。
Preferably, after the planting in the step (3), pruning is carried out on watermelon plants in a watermelon production greenhouse;
the pruning method is determined according to the variety types:
the small-sized watermelons keep a main vine, all side vines are removed or the main vine is picked, and two robust side vines at the root base are selected and remained;
the middle-fruit type watermelon retains a main vine and a side vine.
Preferably, the watermelon plants in the watermelon pollination greenhouse are not pruned, and the phosphate fertilizer, the potash fertilizer and the boron fertilizer are applied once every 3-5 days after the watermelon seedlings are planted.
Preferably, the pollination in step (4) comprises artificial supplementary pollination, which comprises: and after the second female flowers of the watermelon plants in the watermelon production greenhouse are opened, collecting the male flowers of the watermelon plants in the watermelon pollination greenhouse, which are opened on the same day, at 9:00-11:30 of the morning, and carrying out artificial supplementary pollination on the female flowers of the watermelon plants in the watermelon production greenhouse.
The invention also provides application of the method in improving fruit setting rate and fruit quality of the watermelon cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities.
The invention also provides application of the method in improving the breeding quality and the yield of improved varieties of the watermelons cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities.
The beneficial effects are that: according to the light temperature sensitivity and the water fertilizer sensitivity characteristics of watermelons, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the base fertilizer is reasonably regulated by setting a greenhouse, selecting the base fertilizer and regulating the light temperature, and a proper amount of phosphate fertilizer and boron fertilizer are added, so that the generation quality and quantity of female flowers and male flowers of watermelons are effectively improved, and the fruit setting rate and quality of watermelons cultivated by the spring sowing early ripening facilities are remarkably improved. In the method, the female flowers of the watermelons are stimulated to generate by regulating and controlling the relative low-temperature and strong-illumination climatic conditions in the production greenhouse, and the male flowers of the watermelons are promoted to generate by regulating and controlling the relative high-temperature and weak-illumination climatic conditions in the pollination greenhouse; the method has the advantages that the sufficient phosphorus element is given to watermelon plants in a watermelon production greenhouse, so that the differentiation of the flower buds of the female flowers of the watermelons is promoted, and the proportion of the female flowers is increased; and sufficient boron elements are given to pollinated plants in the pollinated greenhouse, so that the male flower pollen of the watermelons is promoted to develop well, and the pollination fruit setting rate of the watermelons is improved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the spring sowing greenhouse super-early maturing cultivation production of the small fruit type watermelon variety 'Heijun';
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the spring sowing greenhouse early-maturing cultivation production of the small fruit type watermelon variety 'Huangjing';
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the spring sowing greenhouse early maturing cultivation production of the medium fruit type watermelon variety 'early good';
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the breeding production of the new variety 'Heijin' hybrid of the small fruit type watermelon.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for improving fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities, which comprises the following steps: (1) Respectively building a watermelon production greenhouse and a watermelon pollination greenhouse, wherein the total area ratio of the watermelon production greenhouse to the watermelon pollination greenhouse is (15-20): (1-1.5);
(2) In a watermelon production greenhouse, the base fertilizer applied per mu comprises: 800-1000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 12-15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 5-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer;
in a watermelon pollination greenhouse, the base fertilizer applied per mu comprises: 1200-1500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 5-8 kg of boric fertilizer;
(3) After the field planting of the watermelon seedlings is finished in the watermelon production greenhouse and the watermelon pollination greenhouse, regulating the temperature in the daytime greenhouse of the watermelon production greenhouse to be 25-30 ℃ and controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be not lower than 15 ℃ at night;
regulating the temperature in the greenhouse for pollination of watermelons to be more than 30 ℃ in daytime and not lower than 20 ℃ in nighttime;
(4) And after the flowers are opened, collecting male flowers in the watermelon pollination greenhouse to pollinate female flowers in the watermelon production greenhouse.
The invention respectively builds the watermelon production greenhouse and the watermelon pollination greenhouse, and the total area ratio of the watermelon production greenhouse to the watermelon pollination greenhouse is (15-20): (1-1.5). The invention respectively builds the special greenhouse for the watermelons with different purposes, and the building land of the special greenhouse preferably comprises a paddy field with high and dry topography, smooth drainage and irrigation of the peripheral water system and no planting of the melons, fruits and vegetables. When specifically constructing the greenhouse, the area for planting the watermelons (or hybrid seed production female parent) is preferably planned according to the base, and the greenhouse is produced according to the watermelons: watermelon pollination greenhouse= (15-20): the total area ratio of (1-1.5) is planned, and more preferable total area ratio is 15:1 or 20:1.5. the greenhouse length of the watermelon production greenhouse is preferably 30-40 m, and the greenhouse width is preferably 6-8 m. The greenhouse length of the watermelon pollination greenhouse is preferably 40-60 meters, and the greenhouse width is preferably 8 meters.
After two special greenhouses are built, base fertilizers are respectively applied, and the base fertilizers are preferably deeply ploughed into soil after being mixed and spread on a field at one time. The base fertilizer applied to the watermelon production greenhouse preferably comprises the following components: 800-1000 kg/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer, 12-15 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium=15%: 15%) and 5-10 kg/mu of phosphate fertilizer. The base fertilizer applied to the watermelon pollination greenhouse preferably comprises: 1200-1500 kg/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer and 5-8 kg/mu of boric fertilizer.
According to the invention, after the watermelon seedling field planting is finished in the watermelon production greenhouse and the watermelon pollination greenhouse, wen Guangguan is carried out, and the watermelon seedling field planting preferably comprises the field planting of watermelon seedlings growing on the 3 rd true leaves. The density of the field planting is preferably determined according to the variety type; if the planting density of the small-sized watermelons in the watermelon production greenhouse is 800-900 plants/mu, and the planting density of the small-sized watermelons in the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 1600-2000 plants/mu; the field planting density of the medium-fruit type watermelons in the watermelon production greenhouse is 550-600 plants/mu, and the field planting density of the medium-fruit type watermelons in the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 1200-1500 plants/mu. The seedling source for field planting is not particularly limited, and preferably comprises self-culturing seedlings or commercial seedlings, for example, in the embodiment, the seedlings of the watermelons are timely planted in the Shanghai Anhui region in 1 month, 10 days to 2 months and 5 days each year, an electric heating hotbed or factory seedling is adopted, the seedling age is controlled to be 25-30 days, and the seedlings are timely planted in a greenhouse after 3 rd true leaves of the seedlings of the watermelons grow out.
According to the invention, after the field planting of the watermelon seedlings is finished, the watermelon seedlings enter Wen Guangguan, the temperature and the light management of two special sheds are different, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 25-30 ℃ for the watermelon production greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse at night is not lower than 15 ℃, and the small arch sheds in the watermelon production greenhouse are removed in the daytime on sunny days or cloudy days, so that stronger illumination is maintained, and photosynthesis is enhanced. For the watermelon pollination greenhouse, a small arch greenhouse with the height of 1 meter is constructed above pollination plants in the greenhouse, a layer of transparent film is covered on the greenhouse, a middle greenhouse with the height of 2 meters is constructed above the small arch greenhouse, the middle greenhouse covers the small arch greenhouse completely, and a layer of transparent film is covered above the middle greenhouse. In the whole plant growing process, the temperature in the daytime shed is controlled to be more than 30 ℃, and the temperature in the nighttime shed is controlled to be not lower than 20 ℃.
After the flowers on the watermelon plants are opened, the male flowers collected in the watermelon pollination greenhouse are utilized to pollinate the female flowers in the watermelon production greenhouse. After the field planting of the watermelon seedlings, the method preferably further comprises pruning watermelon plants in a watermelon production greenhouse; the pruning preferably includes: the small-sized watermelons keep a main vine, all side vines or main vines are removed, the heart is picked, and two healthy side vines at the root base are selected to be remained for growing fruit; the middle-fruit type watermelon retains a main vine and a side vine growing fruit. Under the condition of relatively high greenhouse temperature management, the invention accelerates the generation of more lateral branches of the watermelon plants, and sprays monopotassium phosphate (3-5% by mass) and boron fertilizer (2-4% by mass of pure boron element) on leaf surfaces every 3-5 days so as to promote the plants to produce more male flowers and pollen.
In the invention, preferably, when the second female flowers on the watermelon production greenhouse plant are opened, the male flowers opened on the same day on the watermelon pollination greenhouse watermelon plant are collected at 9:00-11:30 a day, artificial supplementary pollination is carried out on the female flowers on the watermelon production greenhouse plant, and generally, one male flower can meet the artificial supplementary pollination of 3-5 female flowers, and the pollination time is 15 a day afternoon: and closing the greenhouse at about 00 deg.f to maintain relatively high greenhouse temperature and promote fruit expansion.
The invention also provides application of the method in improving the quality of watermelon fruits.
The watermelon cultivated by the method has good quality: the cross section of the fruit has no abnormal phenomena of white seeds, white ribs, hard lumps and the like, the pulp is crisp and juicy, and the taste quality is good; the appearance is beautiful: the peel has clear stripes, smooth surface, no edges, no abnormal phenomena of large umbilicus, coarse fruit stalks and the like. The fruit has seeds which are naturally developed and mature through normal fertilization, and the seeds have a large quantity and high germination rate. The method of the invention can therefore be applied to improve fruit quality.
The invention also provides application of the method in improving the breeding quality and the yield of improved varieties of the watermelons cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities.
The watermelon product produced by the invention has normal mature seeds in fruits, and has a large number of seeds and high germination rate. Therefore, the invention is also suitable for carrying out the generation-added breeding of the parents and the hybrid seeds of the watermelon cultivated by the spring sowing early maturing facility, thereby greatly improving the breeding quality and the yield of the fine seeds of the watermelon cultivated by the spring sowing early maturing facility in the region with more overcast and rainy and weak illumination in the south.
For further explanation of the present invention, a method for improving fruit setting rate and quality of watermelon cultivated in spring sowing premature facilities provided by the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.
Example 1
Spring sowing greenhouse special early maturing cultivation production of a new small fruit type watermelon variety 'Heijin' is carried out according to the flow shown in figure 1:
the first step: building a 'Heijin' watermelon production greenhouse and a pollination greenhouse: in the Shanghai river and Anhui region of Zhejiang, a paddy field with high dry land form, smooth drainage and irrigation of the surrounding water system and no planting of melons, fruits and vegetables is selected as a production base of the 'Heijin' watermelon. Planting the total area of 'Heijun' watermelons according to the current-year plan of the base, and producing the greenhouse area according to 'Heijun': 'black body' pollinating greenhouse area = 15:1, respectively constructing a watermelon production greenhouse and a watermelon pollination greenhouse (if 15 mu of commodity 'Heijun' watermelons are planned to be planted, the special pollination 'Heijun' watermelon plants of about 1 mu are required to be planted in a matched mode). The greenhouse length of the 'Heijin' watermelon production greenhouse is controlled to be 30 meters, and the greenhouse width is controlled to be 6 meters. The greenhouse length of the greenhouse special for pollination of the 'Heijin' watermelon is controlled to be 40 meters, and the greenhouse width is 8 meters.
Step two: preparing land and applying base fertilizer: leveling greenhouse land according to a conventional watermelon production mode. The base fertilizer application ratio in the greenhouse for producing the 'Heijun' watermelons is as follows: 800 kg/mu of decomposed commodity organic fertilizer (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium=15%: 15%) 13 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer and 5 kg/mu of phosphate fertilizer are mixed and spread on the surface of field soil at a time, soil is deeply ploughed, and the middle of greenhouse soil is ditched according to a planting mode to make 2 planting small high ridges.
The base fertilizer application ratio of the 'Heijin' watermelon pollination greenhouse is as follows: the decomposed commercial organic fertilizer is 1200 kg/mu and the boron fertilizer is 5 kg/mu, and the soil is deeply ploughed after the fertilizer is mixed and spread on the field.
Step three: timely seedling raising and timely field planting: in the Shanghai region of Zhejiang, the seedlings of the 'Heijun' watermelons are timely grown in the beginning of 1 to 2 months in the last middle of each year, and the seedling age is controlled to be about 25 days by adopting an electric heating hotbed or industrial seedling. And (3) when the 3 rd true leaves of the 'Heijin' watermelon seedlings grow out, timely planting the seedlings in a greenhouse.
The planting density of the 'Heijin' watermelon production greenhouse is determined according to the pruning mode, if a double-vine pruning mode of 'one main side' is adopted, the planting density is controlled to be 800 plants/mu, if a single-vine pruning mode is adopted, the planting density is controlled to be 900 plants/mu, and the planting density is controlled to be 20-22 cm.
The field planting density of 'Heijin' watermelon seedlings in the watermelon pollination greenhouse is controlled at 2000 plants/mu, the field planting plant spacing is 10-12 cm, and the whole growth period of the plants is not pruned.
Step four: greenhouse temperature light management: wen Guangguan management mode of 'Heijun' watermelon production greenhouse: the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse is not lower than 15 ℃ at night. In the daytime, the small arch shed in the 'Heijun' watermelon production greenhouse is uncovered to keep stronger illumination no matter in sunny days or in cloudy days.
Wen Guangguan management mode of 'Heijun' watermelon pollination greenhouse: in the whole growth process of the 'Heijin' watermelon plants, a small arch shed with the height of 1 meter is constructed above pollinated plants in a greenhouse, a layer of transparent film is covered on the shed, a middle shed with the height of 2 meters is constructed above the small arch shed, the middle shed covers the whole small arch shed, a layer of transparent film is covered above the middle shed, the temperature in the pollinated shed in daytime is controlled to be above 30 ℃, and the temperature in the greenhouse at night is not lower than 20 ℃.
Step five: pruning and fruit setting technology: plants in the greenhouse for producing the 'Heijin' watermelons can adopt a 'one main side' double-vine pruning mode of reserving one main vine and one side vine, or a single-vine pruning mode of removing all the side vines and reserving only one main vine for growing fruit.
All 'Heijun' watermelon plants in the watermelon pollination greenhouse are not pruned, the temperature and soil humidity of the greenhouse are improved as much as possible, and lateral branches of the plants are accelerated. Meanwhile, 5% of monopotassium phosphate and 2% of boron fertilizer (pure boron element) are sprayed on the leaf surface every 3 days, so that the plant can be promoted to produce more male flowers and pollen.
Step six: artificial supplementary pollination when the second female flowers on the plants in the 'Heijin' watermelon production greenhouse are open, collecting the male flowers on the 9:00-11:00 am of the watermelon pollination greenhouse on the same day, and performing artificial supplementary pollination on the female flowers on the 'Heijin' watermelon production greenhouse plants, wherein generally one male flower can meet the artificial supplementary pollination of 3 female flowers, and the pollination is 15 pm: and closing the greenhouse at about 00 deg.f to maintain relatively high greenhouse temperature and promote fruit expansion.
The results of the comparison test of the fruit setting rate, the quality, the yield and the like of the 'black jin' watermelon obtained in the example 1 and the performances of the fruit setting rate, the quality, the yield and the like of the special early-maturing cultivation of the 'black jin' watermelon obtained in the example 1 are shown in the table 1, wherein the conventional technology (Qiao Hongxi, li Jie and the like) is disclosed, the greenhouse watermelon is the four-film coverage early-maturing efficient cultivation technology [ J ] of the greenhouse watermelon, 2022, (6) is 110-112, ma Shucheng and Liang Ligong, and the plastic greenhouse watermelon is the early-maturing high-yield cultivation technology [ J ] of the Jilin vegetables, 2007, (3) is shown in the table.
TABLE 1 fruit setting and quality yield performance obtained by planting "Heijun" watermelon in example 1 and conventional technique
As can be seen from the comparison test results of Table 1, the fruit setting rate of the 'Heijun' watermelons planted by the conventional technology is about 75%, the fruit profile is white and hard, the fruit quality is hard, the stripes on the surface of the peel are fuzzy, the uneven edges are formed, the number of seeds which develop normally in the fruits is 30-40, and the average yield of the 'Heijun' watermelons is about 1020 kg/mu.
The fruit setting rate of the 'Heijin' watermelons planted by the technology is about 96%, the fruit profile is white, the ribs and the hard lumps are few through fruit sampling detection, the fruit quality is crisp, the surface stripes of the fruit peel are clear, the surface of the fruit peel is smooth and has no edges, the number of seeds which develop normally in the fruit reaches 150-200, and the average yield of the harvested 'Heijin' watermelons reaches 1530 kg/mu.
Example 2
The process of the spring sowing greenhouse early ripening cultivation production of the small fruit type watermelon variety 'Huangjing' is shown in figure 2:
the first step: building a 'Huang Jing' watermelon production greenhouse and a special pollination greenhouse: in the Shanghai river and Anhui region of Zhejiang, a paddy field with high dry land form, smooth drainage and irrigation of surrounding water systems and no planting of melons, fruits and vegetables is selected as a production base of the 'Huang Jing' watermelon. Planting the total area of the 'Huang Jing' watermelons according to the current year plan of the base, and producing the greenhouse area according to the 'Huang Jing': 'yellow crystal' pollination greenhouse area = 18:1, respectively constructing a watermelon production greenhouse and a watermelon pollination greenhouse (if 18 mu commodity 'Huang Jing' watermelons are planned to be planted, the special pollination 'Huang Jing' watermelon plants of about 1 mu are required to be planted in a matched mode). The greenhouse length of the 'Huangjing' watermelon production greenhouse is controlled to be 40 meters, and the greenhouse width is 8 meters. The greenhouse length of the 'Huangjing' watermelon pollination greenhouse is controlled to be 40 meters, and the greenhouse width is 8 meters.
Step two: preparing land and applying base fertilizer: leveling greenhouse land according to a conventional production mode of 'Huang Jing' watermelons. The base fertilizer application ratio in the 'Huangjing' watermelon production greenhouse is as follows: 900 kg/mu (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium=15%: 15%) of decomposed commercial organic fertilizer, 14 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer and 6 kg/mu of phosphate fertilizer are mixed and spread on the surface of field soil at a time, soil is deeply ploughed, and the middle of greenhouse soil is ditched according to a planting mode to make 2 planting small high ridges.
The base fertilizer application ratio of the 'Huangjing' watermelon pollination greenhouse is as follows: 1300 kg/mu of decomposed commercial organic fertilizer and 6 kg/mu of boron fertilizer are mixed and spread on a field at a time, and then deep ploughed into soil.
Step three: timely seedling raising and timely field planting: in the Shanghai region of Zhejiang, the seedlings of the 'Huang Jing' watermelons are timely grown in 1 month to 1 month and 25 days each year, and the seedling age is controlled to be about 28 days by adopting an electric heating hotbed or industrial seedling. And (5) when the 3 rd true leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out, timely planting the seedlings in a greenhouse.
The planting density of the 'Huangjingjing' watermelon production greenhouse is determined according to the pruning mode, the variety is best prepared by adopting a main vine pinching mode, selecting and reserving a parallel growing fruit setting mode of two robust side vines at the base part, controlling the planting spacing to be 24-25 cm, and controlling the planting density to be 750 plants/mu.
The field planting density of the 'Huang Jing' watermelon seedlings in the pollination greenhouse is controlled to be 1800 plants/mu.
Step four: greenhouse temperature light management: wen Guangguan management mode of 'Huangjing' watermelon production greenhouse: the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 28-29 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse is not lower than 15 ℃ at night. In the daytime, the small arch shed in the 'Huangjing' watermelon production greenhouse is uncovered to keep stronger illumination no matter in sunny days or in cloudy days.
Wen Guangguan management mode of 'Huangjing' watermelon pollination greenhouse: the whole growth process of 'Huangjing' watermelon plants is to cover double-layer transparent films in a greenhouse (namely, a small arch shed with the height of 1 meter is built above pollinated plants, a layer of transparent film is covered on the shed, a middle shed with the height of 2 meters is built above the small arch shed, the middle shed covers the whole small arch shed, a layer of transparent film is covered above the middle shed), the daytime air temperature in the shed is controlled to be above 30 ℃, and the nighttime indoor temperature is controlled to be not lower than 20 ℃.
Step five: pruning and fruit setting technology: all plants in the 'Huangjingjing' watermelon production greenhouse adopt a double-vine pruning fruit-retaining mode, namely, the center is plucked when the 5 th true leaf of the 'Huangjingjingjing' watermelon seedling grows out, and two robust side vines are selected and retained for parallel growth fruit setting when the side vines of the root base of the plant grow out.
All watermelon plants in the 'Huangjing' watermelon pollination greenhouse are not pruned, the greenhouse temperature and soil humidity are improved as much as possible, and lateral branches of the plants are accelerated. Every 4 days, 3% monopotassium phosphate and 3% boron fertilizer (pure boron element) are sprayed on the leaf surface to promote the 'yellow crystal' watermelon plant to produce more male flowers and pollen.
Step six: artificial supplementary pollination: when the second female flowers on the side vines of the plants in the 'yellow-grain' watermelon production greenhouse are open, collecting male flowers which are open on the day of the 'yellow-grain' watermelon plants in the pollination greenhouse at 9:30-11:30 a day, and carrying out artificial supplementary pollination on the female flowers on the 'yellow-grain' watermelon production greenhouse plants, wherein generally one male flower can meet the artificial supplementary pollination of 4 female flowers, and the pollination is carried out at 15 a day afternoon: and closing the greenhouse at about 00 deg.f to maintain relatively high greenhouse temperature and promote the expansion of 'Huang Jing' watermelon fruit.
The results of the comparative tests of the fruit setting rate, the fruit quality, the yield and the like of the 'Huangjing' watermelon greenhouse super-early-maturing cultivation obtained in the example 2 and the performances of the fruit setting rate, the quality yield and the like of the 'Huangjing' watermelon obtained in the published conventional technology (Qiao Hongxi, li Jie and the like; greenhouse watermelon 'four-film coverage' early-maturing high-efficiency cultivation technology [ J ]. Shanxi science, 2022, (6): 110-112; ma Shucheng, liang Ligong; plastic greenhouse watermelon early-maturing high-yield cultivation technology [ J ]. Jilin vegetables, 2007, (3): 12) are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 fruit setting and quality yield performance obtained by planting "Huang Jing" watermelon in accordance with example 2 and conventional technique
As can be seen from the comparison test results in Table 1, the yield of the 'Huang Jing' watermelon planted by the conventional technique is about 78%, the cross section of the watermelon is white and hard, the texture of the watermelon is hard, the surface of the peel is blurred, the watermelon has uneven edges, the number of seeds growing normally in the watermelon is 20-30, and the average yield of the watermelon is about 1130 kg/mu.
The fruit setting rate of the 'Huang Jing' watermelons planted by the technology is about 95%, the fruit profile is white, the ribs and the hard lumps are few through fruit sampling detection, the fruit quality is crisp, the surface stripes of the fruit peel are clear, the surface of the fruit peel is smooth and has no edges, the number of seeds which develop normally in the fruit reaches 120-180 grains, and the average yield of the harvested 'Huang Jing' watermelons reaches 1720 kg/mu.
Example 3
The process of the spring sowing greenhouse early ripening cultivation production of the new variety 'early good' of the medium fruit type watermelon is shown in figure 3:
the first step: building a 'early-harvest' watermelon production greenhouse and a special pollination greenhouse: in the Shanghai river and Anhui area of Zhejiang, a paddy field with high dry land, smooth drainage and irrigation of the surrounding water system and no planting of melons, fruits and vegetables is selected as a production base of the 'early-harvest' watermelon. Planting the total area of the 'early-harvest' watermelons according to the current-year plan of the base, and producing the greenhouse area according to the 'early-harvest': 'early good' pollination greenhouse area = 20:1.5, respectively constructing a watermelon production greenhouse and a special greenhouse for pollination of the watermelons (if 20 mu of commodity 'early good' watermelons are planned to be planted, the pollination 'early good' watermelon plants of about 1.5 mu are required to be planted in a matched mode). The greenhouse length of the 'early-harvest' watermelon production greenhouse is controlled to be 35 meters, and the greenhouse width is controlled to be 6 meters. The greenhouse length of the 'early-harvest' watermelon pollination greenhouse is controlled to be 40 meters, and the greenhouse width is 8 meters.
Step two: preparing land and applying base fertilizer: leveling greenhouse land according to a conventional early-harvest watermelon production mode. The base fertilizer application ratio in the 'early-harvest' watermelon production greenhouse is as follows: 1000 kg/mu of decomposed commercial organic fertilizer (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium=15%: 15%) ternary compound fertilizer 15 kg/mu and phosphate fertilizer 8 kg/mu are mixed and spread on the surface of field soil at a time, soil is deeply ploughed, and the middle of greenhouse soil is ditched according to a planting mode to make 2 planting small high ridges.
The base fertilizer application proportion of the 'early-harvest' watermelon pollination greenhouse is as follows: the decomposed commercial organic fertilizer is 1500 kg/mu and the boron fertilizer is 8 kg/mu, and the soil is deeply ploughed after the fertilizer is mixed and spread on the field at a time.
Step three: timely seedling raising and timely field planting: in the Shanghai region of Zhejiang, the seedlings of the 'early good' watermelons are timely grown in 2-1-2-5 days per year, an electric heating hotbed or industrial seedling is adopted, and the seedling age is controlled to be about 30 days. And (5) when the 3 rd true leaves of the watermelon seedlings grow out, timely planting the seedlings in a greenhouse.
The planting density of the 'early-harvest' watermelon production greenhouse is determined according to the pruning mode, the variety is preferably a main-side double-vine pruning mode, namely, main vine growth is reserved, a robust side vine growth is reserved on a root base part, planting plant spacing is controlled to be 28-30 cm, and planting density is controlled to be 600 plants/mu. The field planting density of the 'early good' watermelon seedlings in the pollination greenhouse is controlled at 1500 plants/mu.
Step four: greenhouse temperature light management: wen Guangguan management mode of 'early good' watermelon production greenhouse: the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 29-30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse is not lower than 15 ℃ at night. In the daytime, the small arch shed in the early-maturing watermelon production greenhouse is uncovered and stronger illumination is kept no matter in sunny days or in cloudy days.
Wen Guangguan management mode of 'early-harvest' watermelon pollination greenhouse: the whole growth process of 'early good' watermelon plants is to cover double-layer transparent films in a greenhouse, namely, a small arch shed with the height of 1 meter is built above pollinated plants, a layer of transparent film is covered on the shed, a middle shed with the height of 2 meters is built above the small arch shed, the middle shed covers the whole small arch shed, a layer of transparent film is covered above the middle shed, the daytime air temperature in the shed is controlled to be more than 30 ℃, and the nighttime indoor temperature is controlled to be not lower than 20 ℃.
Step five: pruning and fruit setting technology: all plants in the 'early-harvest' watermelon production greenhouse adopt a double-vine pruning and fruit retaining mode, namely the main vines of the 'early-harvest' watermelon plants are kept to grow normally, and when the root base side vines of the plants grow out, a robust side vine is selected and kept as a nutrition branch to grow.
All watermelon plants in the 'early-harvest' watermelon pollination greenhouse are not pruned, the greenhouse temperature and soil humidity are improved as much as possible, and lateral branches of the plants are accelerated. Every 5 days, 5% monopotassium phosphate and 2% boron fertilizer (pure boron element) are sprayed on leaf surfaces to promote 'early-harvest' watermelon plants to produce more male flowers and pollen.
Step six: artificial supplementary pollination when the second female flowers on the main vines of the plants in the 'early-best' watermelon production greenhouse are open, collecting male flowers which are open on the same day on the 'early-best' watermelon plants in the pollination greenhouse at 9:30-11:30 a day, and performing artificial supplementary pollination on the female flowers on the 'early-best' watermelon production greenhouse plants, wherein generally one male flower can meet the artificial supplementary pollination of 3 female flowers, and the pollination is performed at 15 a day afternoon: and closing the greenhouse at about 00 deg.f to maintain relatively high greenhouse temperature and promote the expansion of early-maturing watermelon fruit.
The results of the comparison test of the fruit setting rate, the fruit quality, the yield and the like of the 'early-maturing' watermelon greenhouse super-maturing cultivation obtained in the embodiment 3 and the performances of the fruit setting rate, the quality yield and the like of the 'early-maturing' watermelon obtained in the embodiment 3 are shown in Table 3, wherein the performances of the fruit setting rate, the quality yield and the like of the 'early-maturing' watermelon obtained in the embodiment 3 are shown in the conventional technology (Qiao Hongxi, li Jie and the like, the greenhouse watermelon 'four-film coverage' early-maturing high-efficiency cultivation technology [ J ]. Shaanxi science, 2022, (6): 110-112; ma Shucheng, liang Ligong, and the plastic greenhouse watermelon early-maturing high-yield cultivation technology [ J ]. Jilin vegetables, 2007, (3): 12).
TABLE 3 fruit setting and quality yield performance obtained by planting "early good" watermelons in this example 3 and conventional techniques
As can be seen from the comparison test results of Table 3, the yield of the early-maturing watermelon planted by the conventional technology is about 70%, the cross section of the watermelon is white and hard, the texture of the watermelon is hard, the surface of the peel is blurred, the watermelon has uneven edges, the number of seeds which develop normally in the watermelon is 50-60, and the average yield of the watermelon is about 1530 kg/mu.
The early-maturing watermelon planted by the technology has the plant fruit setting rate of about 93 percent, white ribs and hard lumps on the cross section of the fruit are less through fruit sampling detection, the fruit quality is crisp, the surface stripes of the fruit peel are clear, the surface of the fruit peel is smooth and has no edges, the number of seeds which develop normally in the fruit reaches 130 to 190, and the average yield of the harvested early-maturing watermelon fruit reaches 2280 kg/mu.
Example 4
The breeding and production of the new variety 'Heijin' hybrid of the small fruit type watermelon are carried out according to the flow shown in figure 4:
the first step: building a 'Heijin' watermelon female parent planting greenhouse and a male parent planting greenhouse (hybridization pollination): in the Shanghai river and Anhui region of Zhejiang, a paddy field with high dry land form, smooth drainage and irrigation of the surrounding water system and no planting of melons, fruits and vegetables is selected as a production base of the 'Heijin' watermelon. According to the current year plan of the breeding base, the yield of the hybrid seeds of the 'Heijin' watermelons is bred, and according to the area of the greenhouse for planting the 'Heijin' watermelons female parent: 'black body' male parent planting greenhouse (pollination) area=15: 2, respectively constructing a greenhouse for planting 'black body' watermelon female parent and a greenhouse for planting 'black body' watermelon male parent (hybrid pollination) (if 15 mu of 'black body' watermelon female parent is planned to be planted, 2 mu of 'black body' watermelon male parent plants (hybrid pollination) are required to be planted in a matched mode, the greenhouse length of the greenhouse for planting 'black body' watermelon female parent is controlled to be 30 meters, the greenhouse width is 6 meters, the greenhouse length of the greenhouse special for 'black body' watermelon male parent (hybrid pollination) is controlled to be 40 meters, and the greenhouse width is 8 meters.
Step two: preparing land and applying base fertilizer: leveling greenhouse land according to a conventional watermelon production mode. The base fertilizer application ratio in the 'Heijin' watermelon female parent planting greenhouse is as follows: 800 kg/mu of decomposed commercial organic fertilizer (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium=15%: 15%) 13 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer and 5 kg/mu of phosphate fertilizer are mixed and spread on a field at a time, after deep ploughing into soil, ditching is carried out in the middle of greenhouse soil, and 2 planting small high ridges are made.
The base fertilizer application ratio of the 'Heijun' watermelon male parent (hybrid pollination) planting greenhouse is as follows: the decomposed commercial organic fertilizer is 1200 kg/mu and the boron fertilizer is 5 kg/mu, and the soil is deeply ploughed after the fertilizer is mixed and spread on the field.
Step three: timely seedling raising and timely field planting: in the Shanghai and Anhui region of Zhejiang, the seedling of the female parent and the male parent of the 'Heijin' watermelon is timely carried out in the last ten days of 2 months of the year, and the male parent of the 'Heijin' watermelon is 7-10 days earlier than the female parent. Can adopt an electric heating temperature bed or industrialized seedling, and the seedling age is controlled to be about 25 days. And (3) when the 3 rd true leaves of the seedlings of the male parent and the female parent of the 'Heijin' watermelon grow out, timely planting the seedlings in a specific greenhouse.
The planting distance of the 'Heijin' watermelon female parent planting greenhouse is controlled to be 20-22 cm, the planting density is controlled to be 900 plants/mu, and a single-vine pruning and fruit retaining mode is adopted.
The field planting density of the watermelon seedlings in the greenhouse (for hybridization pollination) of the male parent of the 'Heijin' watermelon is controlled at 2000 plants/mu, the field planting plant spacing is 10-12 cm, and the whole growing period of the plants is not pruned.
Step four: greenhouse temperature light management: wen Guangguan management mode of 'Heijun' watermelon female parent planting greenhouse: the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse is not lower than 15 ℃ at night. In the daytime, the small arch shed in the 'Heijin' watermelon female parent planting greenhouse is uncovered to keep stronger illumination no matter in sunny days or in cloudy days.
Wen Guangguan management mode of 'Heijun' watermelon male parent (hybrid pollination) greenhouse: in the whole growth process of the 'Heijin' watermelon male parent plant, a small arch shed with the height of 1 meter is constructed above pollinated plants in a greenhouse, a layer of transparent film is covered on the shed, a middle shed with the height of 2 meters is constructed above the small arch shed, the middle shed is covered with the whole small arch shed, a layer of transparent film is covered above the middle shed, the temperature in the pollinated shed in daytime is controlled to be higher than 30 ℃, and the temperature in the greenhouse in night is controlled to be not lower than 20 ℃.
Step five: pruning and fruit setting technology: plants in the 'Heijin' watermelon female parent planting greenhouse should be removed all lateral vines, and only one single vine pruning and fruit retaining mode for growing fruit on the main vines is reserved.
All 'Heijun' watermelon male parent plants of the watermelon pollination greenhouse are not pruned, the greenhouse temperature and soil humidity are improved as much as possible, and lateral branches of the plants are accelerated to occur. Meanwhile, 5% of monopotassium phosphate and 2% of boron fertilizer (pure boron element) are sprayed on the leaf surface every 3 days, so that the plant can be promoted to produce more male flowers and pollen.
Step six: artificial hybridization pollination when the second female flowers on the greenhouse plants are opened, collecting the male flowers opened on the day of the male parent plants of the 'Heijin' watermelons in the greenhouse at 9:00-11:00 am, and performing artificial hybridization pollination on the female flowers on the greenhouse plants planted by the 'Heijin' watermelons, wherein generally one male flower can meet the requirement of the artificial hybridization pollination of 2 female flowers. All male flowers on female parent plants are removed before artificial hybridization pollination is carried out every morning, the female parent plants are put into a sealed fresh-keeping bag, and both hands are sterilized by alcohol cotton and then hybridization pollination is carried out. Hybridization pollination was completed 15 pm: and closing the greenhouse at about 00 deg.f to maintain relatively high greenhouse temperature and promote fruit expansion.
The fruit setting rate and seed yield of the mother plant of the 'Heijin' watermelon obtained in this example 4 were compared with those of the conventional techniques disclosed (Qiao Hongxi, li Jie, etc.. Greenhouse watermelon "four-film coverage" early-maturing high-efficiency cultivation technique [ J ]. Shanxi science, 2022, (6): 110-112; ma Shucheng, liang Ligong. Plastic greenhouse watermelon early-maturing high-yield cultivation technique [ J ]. Jilin vegetables, 2007, (3): 12), and the results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 fruit setting rate and seed yield performance of "Heijun" watermelon planted in this example 4 and conventional technique
As can be seen from the comparison test results of Table 4, the fruit setting rate of the female parent plant of the 'Heijin' watermelon planted by the conventional technology is about 75%, the number of seeds which develop normally in the fruit is 30-40 by sampling detection, and the yield of the hybrid seed of the 'Heijin' watermelon is about 0.95 kg/mu.
The fruit setting rate of the female parent of the 'Heijin' watermelon planted by the technique is about 98 percent, the number of seeds which develop normally in the fruit reaches 180 to 200 by fruit sampling detection, and the yield of the harvested hybrid seeds of the 'Heijin' watermelon can reach 5.55 kg/mu.
Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some, but not all, embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be devised in accordance with the present embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The method for improving the fruit setting rate and the quality of the watermelon cultivated by the spring sowing premature facility is characterized by comprising the following steps of: (1) Respectively building a watermelon production greenhouse and a watermelon pollination greenhouse, wherein the total area ratio of the watermelon production greenhouse to the watermelon pollination greenhouse is (15-20): (1-1.5);
(2) In a watermelon production greenhouse, the base fertilizer applied per mu comprises: 800-1000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 12-15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 5-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer;
in a watermelon pollination greenhouse, the base fertilizer applied per mu comprises: 1200-1500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 5-8 kg of boric fertilizer;
(3) After the field planting of the watermelon seedlings in the watermelon production greenhouse and the watermelon pollination greenhouse is finished, adjusting the temperature in the white greenhouse of the watermelon production greenhouse to be 25-30 ℃ and the temperature in the greenhouse at night to be not lower than 15 ℃;
the temperature in the greenhouse for pollination of watermelons is adjusted to be more than 30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse at night is not lower than 20 ℃;
(4) And after the flowers are opened, collecting male flowers in the watermelon pollination greenhouse to pollinate female flowers in the watermelon production greenhouse.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the greenhouse length of the watermelon production greenhouse is 30-40 m, and the greenhouse width is 6-8 m;
the greenhouse length of the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 40-60 meters, and the greenhouse width is 8 meters.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the watermelon seedling of step (3) is a watermelon seedling from true leaf 3.
4. A method according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the density of the colonization of step (3) is determined according to the type of breed;
the field planting density of the small-sized watermelons in the watermelon production greenhouse is 800-900 plants/mu, and the field planting density of the small-sized watermelons in the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 1600-2000 plants/mu;
the field planting density of the medium-fruit type watermelons in the watermelon production greenhouse is 550-600 plants/mu, and the field planting density of the medium-fruit type watermelons in the watermelon pollination greenhouse is 1200-1500 plants/mu.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing small sheds from the watermelon production facility daily after said planting in step (3);
and (5) covering the watermelon pollination greenhouse with a double-layer transparent film.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising pruning watermelon plants in a watermelon production greenhouse after said planting of step (3);
the pruning method is determined according to the variety types:
the small-sized watermelons keep a main vine, all side vines are removed or the main vine is picked, and two robust side vines at the root base are selected and remained;
the middle-fruit type watermelon retains a main vine and a side vine.
7. The method of claim 1 or 6, wherein watermelon plants in said watermelon pollination booth are not pruned, and said plants are applied with phosphate, potash and boric fertilizers every 3-5 days after planting.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pollination in step (4) comprises artificial supplementary pollination, which comprises: and after the second female flowers of the watermelon plants in the watermelon production greenhouse are opened, collecting the male flowers of the watermelon plants in the watermelon pollination greenhouse, which are opened on the same day, at 9:00-11:30 of the morning, and carrying out artificial supplementary pollination on the female flowers of the watermelon plants in the watermelon production greenhouse.
9. Use of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 for increasing the fruit setting rate and fruit quality of watermelons.
10. Use of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 for improving the quality of reproduction and yield of improved varieties of watermelons cultivated in spring sowing and early maturing facilities.
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