CN116034750A - Method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea - Google Patents
Method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea Download PDFInfo
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- CN116034750A CN116034750A CN202210450743.3A CN202210450743A CN116034750A CN 116034750 A CN116034750 A CN 116034750A CN 202210450743 A CN202210450743 A CN 202210450743A CN 116034750 A CN116034750 A CN 116034750A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of grafting of economic forest tree species, and discloses a method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea, which comprises the following steps: s1, determining grafting time and a grafting mode; s2, selecting a stock; s3, collecting and storing spike strips; s4.1, cutting off and cutting the anvil; s4.2, cutting ears; s4.3, cutting an anvil; s4.4 cutting; s4.5 binding; s4.6 bagging; s4.7 shading; s5.1, changing bags; s5.2, removing bags; s5.3, removing the shading material; s5.4, removing sprouts and pruning; s5.5 unbinding; s5.6, weeding and fertilizing; the invention solves the production problems of slow growth in the first year, large germination removal workload in the first two years, high cost, easy pile drying after grafting and the like of the traditional grafting technology, has the advantages of high grafting survival rate, fast growth in the earlier stage, early production, fast wound healing and the like, and provides an economic, simple and convenient high grafting and seed changing new technology with strong operability and better effect for the transformation of low-yield forest varieties of oil tea.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of grafting of economic forest tree species, in particular to a high-grafting and seed-changing method for oil tea.
Background
The Camellia oleifera (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is a evergreen shrub or small arbor of Camellia genus (Camellia L.) of Theaceae (Theaceae), is a characteristic woody oil tree species in our country, and has been cultivated and utilized for over 2300 years so far, and has been known as four woody oil plants in the world, with olive, oil palm, coconut. China is the country with the largest planting area of the camellia oleifera in the world, the camellia oleifera usually grows in low mountain and hilly areas, the camellia oleifera produced by using camellia oleifera seeds is a green pollution-free product, the unsaturated fatty acid content of the camellia oleifera reaches more than 90%, the oleic acid content and the vitamin content of the camellia oleifera are higher than those of the olive oleifera, and the camellia oleifera is known as 'Oriental olive oil', so that the camellia oleifera has high economic value and ecological value. The health-type high-grade edible vegetable oil which is promoted by the grain and agriculture organization (FAO) of the united nations is used as a key popularization, and the tea oil can be further processed into high-grade natural skin care products, so that the market prospect is very broad.
The low yield and low efficiency of the oil tea is a long-standing problem faced by the oil tea industry. By 2018, the area of the camellia oleifera planting area in China reaches 456.65 kilohms 2 However, about 70% of the adult forests are low-yield forests, and the average mu yield of tea oil is less than 5.0kg in China at present, and the annual yield difference between the tea oil and the high-standard tea-oil forests is ten times higher. At present, compared with actual propagation and ordinary grafting, the high grafting and the replacement of the main push varieties of the camellia oleifera are one of effective methods for improving the low-yield forest varieties of economic forest tree varieties, and the high grafting and the replacement can improve the quality of low-yield camellia oleifera plants and increaseThe method can recover the tree vigor in 2 years, fruit bearing in 3 years and high yield in 5 years.
At present, the peel grafting and the plug grafting are two high grafting and seed changing grafting modes which are widely applied. In recent years, most of the transformation of low-yield varieties of camellia oleifera in Hunan province uses peel-tearing grafting for seed changing, and although the survival rate is higher, as the peel-tearing grafting is carried out firstly and then is cut off, the nutrition supply of branches is insufficient, most of branches grow below 8cm in the current year after grafting, the branches are easily blown off by wind after tip extraction in the second year, the sprouting strips are more, and the management and protection cost is higher; therefore, how to obtain the grafting method of the bark grafting which can simultaneously meet the advantages of simple operation, high grafting survival rate, fast growth in early stage, early production, fast trunk wound healing and the like is a technical problem which needs to be solved in the technical field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-grafting seed changing method for oil tea, which solves the problems of insufficient nutrient supply of branches, slow growth of branches after grafting, more sprouting and higher management and protection cost caused by adopting a mode of grafting firstly and then cutting off the branches.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea comprises the following steps:
s1, determining grafting time and a mode: the grafting time is 5 months to 6 months, and the grafting method is a grafting method;
s2, selecting a stock: selecting low-yield plants with basically no fruiting or fruiting below 1kg in the whole year from the vigorous growth tea-oil tree forest as seed-changing tree bodies, and selecting 2-5 open main branches with branch angles of 100-150 degrees, straight and smooth trunk, strong production, no plant diseases and insect pests and stem diameters of 2-6 cm on each tea-oil tree plant as high-grafting seed-changing stock;
s3, collecting and storing spike strips: collecting spike branch lines, and selecting current annual semi-lignified branches with full development, full axillary buds, strong growth and no plant diseases and insect pests; collecting spike strips in the morning, bundling the spike strips according to varieties after collecting, hanging a label, wetting the spike strips with clear water, placing the wetted spike strips in a plastic bag, draining accumulated water in the plastic bag, placing wet cotton balls, and fastening a bag opening; the collected spike is stored in a shade and ventilated place in a sealing way or the root of the spike is inserted into moist soil under shade for storage;
s4, starting grafting:
s4.1, breaking and cutting the anvil: sawing off the selected main branches of the stock at a position 40-80 cm away from the ground, avoiding tearing of the cortex of the stock in the process of sawing the main branches of the stock, leaving a plurality of main branches on the tree body for supporting the sunshade net later, and completely removing other branches and ground sundry irrigated grass near the tree body except branches left as nutrition branches, thereby avoiding pile retention during pruning; cutting the saw cut section to be smooth and even when cutting the anvil;
s4.2, cutting ears: cutting the scion into 5-6 cm small sections, wherein each section ensures at least 1 lateral bud, and cutting off half of the leaves on the scion in order to reduce evaporation and maintain scion photosynthesis; when cutting the ear, cutting a long inclined plane with the length of 2-3 cm at the position 1cm below the other side of the bud, wherein the cutting depth is slightly smaller than the tangent plane of the xylem, the medulla is visible at the base part, and the cut surface is kept smooth; cutting a short inclined plane smaller than 1cm below one side of the bud; cutting off the scions above the buds, and keeping the scions as cut as possible and the scions are wet in the process of being used;
s4.3, cutting an anvil: according to the size and length of the scion, selecting a smooth part at the edge of the xylem of the cross section of the stock, cutting down a knife directly to the edge of the xylem, and then lifting and pulling the bark to the left;
s4.4, cutting: embedding the long cut surface of the scion into the pull Pi Cao by aiming at the stock, aligning the cambium on one side, enabling the cut surface of the scion to be higher than the section of the stock, and covering the skin lifted by the stock on the short cut surface of the scion;
s4.5, binding: binding the scions from bottom to top along the anticlockwise direction by using a PVC black adhesive tape with good elasticity, strong tension and width of 1.0-2.0 cm, and tensioning the membrane strips during binding to prevent the scions from moving;
s4.6, bagging: immediately sleeving a white transparent cover bag after the binding of the stock is completed, wherein the size of the cover bag is determined according to the thickness of the stock and the number of scions, the tiling size of the cover bag is 12-15 cm long and 6-9 cm wide, and the cover bag opening is bound well to play a role in heat preservation and moisture preservation;
s4.7, shading: in the place with strong sunlight, the grafted plant is subjected to shading maintenance, and the shading area is about 1.5m 2 The sun-shading height is more than 15cm away from the grafting bud;
s5, management after grafting:
s5.1, changing bags: observing whether the transparent plastic cover bag at the grafting part is damaged or not at any time after grafting, and if the cover bag is detected to be leaked, replacing in time;
s5.2, removing bags: when the plastic bags are filled with the scion buds with the length of more than 2cm, gradually removing the plastic bags in the cloudy day or the evening of the sunny day, and shading for 1-2 weeks after removing the bags, so that the germinated axillary buds gradually adapt to the natural environment; in the stage, the damage of pests such as aphids, leafhoppers and chafers to tender tips is required to be paid attention, and when the pests and diseases are found, the pesticide is sprayed in time;
s5.3, removing the shading material: removing shading materials in cloudy days or in the evening when axillary buds to be grafted grow to 9 months and the length of the grafting buds reaches more than 10 cm; simultaneously, all branches and bud strips except grafting are cut off, so that competition with grafting buds for water and fertilizer is prevented, continuous growth of the grafting buds in autumn is facilitated, and the growth amount is increased;
s5.4, removing sprouts and pruning: timely wiping off sprout strips on the grafted and survived oil tea tree stock, keeping sprout branches of the stock which is not grafted and survived, and removing nutrition branches kept before using pruning shears or saws before cooling in autumn and winter; in addition, the branches growing inwards after the cross branches are trimmed after the grafting and before the spring tips are pulled in the next year are trimmed, so that the crowns of the trees are uniformly developed to form reasonable tree shapes, pile heads are not reserved during germination and trimming, and the trimmed branches are trimmed from the base;
s5.5, unbinding: removing the binding band after the young shoots grow strong in winter in the current year or spring in the next year;
s5.6, weeding and fertilizing: the method comprises the steps of weeding, cultivating for 15-22 cm each year, carrying out cultivation fertilization in winter in the current year and spring in the second year, and applying 0.5kg of fertilizer special for tea-oil trees each time.
Further, in S3, the spike is generally used along with the use, the shady and cool ventilation place for sealed storage comprises a cellar or a shady and cool room, the storage time is 3-5 days, and if the air temperature is too high or the storage time is more than 5 days, the spike is placed into a refrigerating room for storage.
Further, in S4.1, 2-3 main branches are reserved as nutrition branches for transpiration and photosynthesis except for the open main branches reserved as the stock, and 1 main branch is reserved for supporting the sunshade net to realize shading; when cutting the anvil, the inner side of the side close to the main branch of the stock is required to be high, the outer edge is slightly low, and the inclination angle of the inner side and the outer side is 5-15 degrees.
Further, in S4.4, 1-3 scions are grafted by one stock, and the number of the scions is determined according to the diameter of the stems of the stocks.
Further, in S4.6, the cover bag is white transparent plastic, the cover bag opening is tied by a plastic rope in a loose mode, the binding cannot be too tight or loose, the sap outflow is facilitated after the cover bag is bound, meanwhile, the cover bag can be stably fixed, the shape of the plastic bag is adjusted when the cover bag is bound or after the cover bag is bound, and the scion growth is prevented from being influenced.
Further, in S4.7, the thickened black agricultural sunshade net is supported by using the cut thin bamboo poles and the upper trunk reserved in the middle of the tree body to realize shading; the bamboo poles are vertically inserted into the soil, so that the firmness of the sunshade net is ensured, the sunshade net is prevented from being overturned by wind and rain, and when the thickness of the single-layer sunshade net is thinner, the sunshade net is folded into two layers for use, so that the optimal shading effect is realized.
Further, in S5.1, pesticide is sprayed outside the transparent plastic cover bag to prevent insect pests such as plant hoppers and ants from biting the transparent plastic cover bag.
Further, in S5.5, when the growth condition of the young shoots is poor, the adhesive tape is firstly slightly scratched, unbinding is incomplete, and when the growth is more robust, the adhesive tape is completely released.
The technical scheme provided by the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the method for grafting the torn skin of the tea-oil tree is simple and easy to operate, has high grafting survival rate, and can be widely used for improving the quality of low-yield plants of the tea-oil tree, improving the yield of the tea-oil tree, prolonging the growth cycle of the tea-oil tree and shortening the breeding cycle;
2. the existing oil tea peel grafting recovers the tree vigor for 2 years, fruits are harvested for 3 years, and high yield is achieved for 5 years, and the oil tea peel grafting provided by the invention can realize flowering and fruiting for 2 years, achieves high yield for 3-4 years, and has the advantages that the time for obtaining the income is advanced by 1-2 years, and the economic benefit is higher;
3. the camellia oleifera provided by the invention has the advantages that plants grow vigorously after the camellia oleifera is inserted and connected, and the young shoot length, the basal thickness, the branch number and the tree crown width are obviously better than the existing camellia oleifera peel and connection effect;
4. the existing oil tea is large in number of sprouting strips to grow after tearing and grafting, and the later sprouting removal workload is large, and the oil tea after grafting of the inserted oil tea provided by the invention is small in sprouting strip to grow, so that the sprouting removal workload is small, the later management and protection cost is greatly saved, and the economical efficiency of the oil tea is further improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an effect diagram of cutting off an anvil in the step S4.1 of the method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the spike cutting effect of step S4.2 of the method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is an effect diagram of the steps S4.3 cutting stock and S4.4 cutting head of the method for high grafting and seed changing of the oil tea according to the invention;
FIG. 4 is an effect diagram of counterclockwise binding of PVC black adhesive tape in step S4.5 of the method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is an effect diagram of bagging by using a transparent plastic bag in the step S4.6 of the method for high grafting and seed changing of the oil tea according to the invention;
FIG. 6 is an effect diagram of the method for high grafting and seed changing of the oil tea according to the invention after bagging in step S4.6 and before building a black sunshade net in step S4.7;
FIG. 7 is a shading effect diagram of a black shading net constructed in the step S4.7 of the high grafting and seed changing method of the oil tea according to the invention;
FIG. 8 is a growth condition effect diagram after bag removal in the step S5.2 of the method for high grafting and seed changing of the oil tea according to the invention;
FIG. 9 is an effect diagram of the growing condition of 8 months in the current year of grafting by using the method for high grafting and seed changing of the camellia oleifera of the invention;
FIG. 10 is an effect diagram of the growing condition of 10 months in the current year of grafting by using the method for high grafting and seed changing of the camellia oleifera of the invention;
FIG. 11 is an effect diagram of the growth condition of 4 months of the next year of grafting by using the method for high grafting and seed changing of the camellia oleifera of the invention;
FIG. 12 is an effect diagram of the growth condition of 12 months of the next year of grafting by using the method for high grafting and seed changing of the camellia oleifera of the invention;
FIG. 13 is an effect diagram of the wound healing condition of 10 months in the current year of grafting by using the method for high grafting and seed changing of the camellia oleifera;
FIG. 14 is an effect diagram of wound healing in 12 months of the next year of grafting by using the method for high grafting and seed changing of the camellia oleifera of the invention;
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the attached drawings and embodiments:
implementation site: the Hunan Huayi agricultural development Limited company belongs to a tea-oil tree base.
As shown in fig. 1 to 14, the method for high grafting and seed changing of the oil tea comprises the following steps:
s1, grafting time is 2020 and 5 late month to 6 late month of 2021, and the grafting method is a grafting method;
s2, selecting a stock: selecting low-yield plants with basically no fruiting or perennial fruiting below 1k g from the vigorous growth tea-oil tree stands as seed-changing stand, and selecting 2-5 branches with an angle of about 120 degrees on each tea-oil tree stand, and making the tree trunks straight and smooth, healthy and produced, free of plant diseases and insect pests and 2-5 cm in stem diameter as high-grafting seed-changing stock;
s3, collecting and storing spike strips: collecting 'Hua Xin' semi-lignified shoots as scions in the morning or in the evening, and adopting the scions at present without any pretreatment; in addition, the spike strips which are transferred from the outside are bundled and hung with labels after being picked, and are arranged in a paper box or a foam box containing ice bags to prevent the water loss of the leaves at high temperature, and the spike strips are put in a shady and ventilated place for storage after being transferred to a base, such as a cellar or the root parts of the spike strips are buried under tree shade for storage, and the leaves can be sprayed with water to keep moisture for 3-5 days continuously; if the temperature is too high or the storage time is longer than 5 days, the materials are placed into a refrigerating chamber for storage;
s4, starting grafting:
s4.1, breaking and cutting the anvil: sawing off the selected main branches of the stock at a position 40-80 cm away from the ground, wherein the process of sawing off the main branches of the stock is to prevent the cortex of the stock from tearing, and the other branches and the ground impurity-irrigated grass near the plant are removed completely except for the branches which are reserved as nutrition branches and used for shading; cutting the saw cut section to be smooth and flat by using an electric saw when cutting the anvil; wherein, 2-3 main branches are reserved as nutrition branches for transpiration and photosynthesis except the open main branches which are reserved as the stock, and 1 main branch is reserved for supporting the sunshade net to realize shading; when cutting the anvil, the inner side of the side close to the main branch of the stock is required to be high, the outer edge is slightly low, and the inclination angle of the inner side and the outer side is 5-15 degrees;
s4.2, cutting ears: cutting the scion into 5-6 cm small sections, wherein each section ensures at least 1 lateral bud, and cutting off half of the leaves on the scion in order to reduce evaporation and maintain scion photosynthesis; when cutting the ear, cutting a long inclined plane with the length of 2-3 cm at the position 1cm below the other side of the bud, wherein the cutting depth is slightly smaller than the tangent plane of the xylem, the medulla is visible at the base part, and the cut surface is kept smooth; cutting a short inclined plane smaller than 1cm below one side of the bud; cutting off the scions above the buds, and keeping the scions as cut as possible and the scions are wet in the process of being used;
s4.3, cutting an anvil: selecting a smooth part from the edge of the xylem of the cross section of the stock to cut down directly by a knife according to the thickness and length of the scion, and then picking up and pulling the bark to the left;
s4.4, cutting: embedding the long cut surface of the scion into the pull Pi Cao by aiming at the stock, aligning the cambium on one side, enabling the cut surface of the scion to be higher than the section of the stock, and covering the skin lifted by the stock on the short cut surface of the scion; wherein, a stock is grafted with 1 to 3 scions, and the number of the scions is specifically determined according to the diameter of the stem of the stock according to actual conditions;
s4.5, binding: when the PVC black adhesive tape with good elasticity and strong tension and the width of about 1.5cm is used for binding scions, the adhesive tape is tensioned during binding in the anticlockwise direction from bottom to top, so that the scions are prevented from moving;
s4.6, bagging: immediately sleeving a white transparent plastic cover bag after the stock is bound, wherein the flat size of the cover bag is about 15cm long and 8cm wide, and the cover bag opening is bound by a plastic rope to play a role in heat preservation and moisture preservation; the plastic ropes are used for binding the cover bags, the binding cannot be too tight or loose, the convenience in liquid outflow after the cover bags are bound is ensured, meanwhile, the cover bags can be stably fixed, and the shape of the plastic bags is adjusted when the cover bags are bound or after the cover bags are bound, so that the influence on the scion growth is avoided;
s4.7, shading: in the place with strong sunlight, the grafted plant is subjected to shading maintenance, and the shading area is about 1.5m 2 The sun-shading height is more than 15cm away from the grafting bud; the thickened black agricultural sunshade net is supported by using the cut thin bamboo poles and the reserved higher trunk of the tree body to realize shading; the bamboo poles are vertically inserted into the soil, so that the firmness of the sunshade net is ensured, the sunshade net is prevented from being overturned by wind and rain, and when the thickness of the single-layer sunshade net is thinner, the sunshade net is stacked into two layers for use, so that the optimal shading effect is realized;
s5, management after grafting:
s5.1, changing bags: observing whether the transparent plastic cover bag at the grafting part is damaged or not at any time after grafting, and if the cover bag is detected to be leaked, replacing in time; spraying pesticide outside the transparent plastic cover bag according to actual needs to prevent plant hoppers, ants and other insect pests from biting the transparent plastic cover bag;
s5.2, removing bags: when the plastic bags are filled with the scion buds with the length of more than 2cm, gradually removing the plastic bags in the cloudy day or the evening of the sunny day, and shading for 1-2 weeks after removing the bags, so that the germinated axillary buds gradually adapt to the natural environment; in the stage, the damage of pests such as aphids, leafhoppers and chafers to tender tips is required to be paid attention, and when the pests and diseases are found, the pesticide is sprayed in time;
s5.3, removing the shading material: removing the sunshade net in cloudy days or in the evening when the length of the grafted axillary buds grows to 9 months and the length of the grafted buds reaches more than 10cm, and simultaneously cutting off all branches and bud strips except for grafting to prevent competing with the grafted buds for water and fertilizer so as to facilitate the continued growth of the grafted buds in autumn and increase the growth amount;
s5.4, removing sprouts and pruning: timely wiping off sprout strips on the grafted and survived oil tea tree stock, keeping sprout branches of the stock which is not grafted and survived, and removing nutrition branches kept before using pruning shears or saws before cooling in autumn and winter; in addition, the method is characterized in that the method is used for pruning once before spring tips are pulled in the next year after grafting, cross branches are pruned, branches growing inwards are pruned, the crown of the tree is enabled to develop uniformly, a reasonable tree form is formed, pile heads are not reserved during germination and pruning, and the pruned branches are pruned from a base;
s5.5, unbinding: removing the binding band after the young shoots grow strong in winter in the current year or spring in the next year; when the growth condition of the young shoots is poor, the adhesive tape is slightly scratched, unbinding is incomplete, and when the growth is more robust, the adhesive tape is completely removed;
s5.6, weeding and fertilizing: the method comprises the steps of weeding by cutting impurities each year, shallow tillage by about 18cm, carrying out reclamation, digging and fertilization in winter in the current year and spring in the second year, and applying 0.5kg of fertilizer special for tea-oil trees each time.
The method is implemented at a tea-oil tree base belonging to Huayi agricultural development Limited company in Hunan province, the conventional management is the same, the bark grafting and the bark tearing grafting are adopted in the tea-oil tree test field in the late 5 month to the late 6 month, the length of branches, the thickness of the base of grafting branches and the branch number are respectively investigated in the current year 7, 8, 10 months, the next year 4 and 12 months and are shown in table 1, and the survival rate and the tree crown width of the two grafting methods are investigated after 1 year and half are shown in table 2:
TABLE 1 growth of Camellia oleifera by grafting and tearing
Table 2 survival rate of oil tea and crown breadth of the second year using two grafting methods
| Grafting method | Survival rate/% | Crown web (east west north south) (m) |
| Skin inserting connector | 94.50 | 0.81×0.62 |
| Tearing skin joint | 93.87 | 0.34×0.29 |
As can be seen from table 1 and table 2, the high grafting and seed changing of the oil tea is carried out by adopting two grafting methods of bark grafting and bark tearing grafting, and the grafting survival rate of the bark grafting and the bark tearing grafting survival rate can reach more than 90 percent; the grafting is 8 months in the same year, and the length and the number of branches of the bark grafting are respectively increased by 238.36 percent and 200.00 percent compared with those of the bark grafting; the length of the branches of the grafting tree, the thickness of the base parts of the grafting branches and the number of branches are respectively 208.85 percent, 57.69 percent and 258.33 percent higher than those of the tearing tree in 10 months of the same year, the callus is continuously split, the volume is continuously amplified, and the gap between the stock and the scion is gradually reduced; the length of the branches of the bark grafting, the thickness of the base parts of the grafted branches and the number of branches are respectively 195.77%, 55.07% and 72.97% higher than those of the bark grafting after grafting for 4 months in the next year; the length of the branches of the bark grafting, the thickness of the base parts of the grafting branches and the number of branches are respectively 107.14 percent, 50.50 percent and 94.00 percent higher than those of the bark grafting, and the grafting wounds are completely healed. Therefore, the oil tea bark grafting improvement technology has the advantage of fast growth in the first year on the basis of ensuring high survival rate, thereby realizing early production, being difficult to leave piles, and low in grafting and later-period management and protection cost, and being a novel technology suitable for developing the transformation of low-yield oil tea forests.
The foregoing is merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and detailed technical solutions or features that are well known in the art have not been described in detail herein. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the technical solution of the present invention, and these should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention, which does not affect the effect of the implementation of the present invention and the practical applicability of the patent. The protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the content of the claims, and the description of the specific embodiments and the like in the specification can be used for explaining the content of the claims.
Claims (8)
1. The high-grafting and seed-changing method for the oil tea is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, determining grafting time and a mode: the grafting time is 5 months to 6 months, and the grafting method is a grafting method;
s2, selecting a stock: selecting low-yield plants with basically no fruiting or fruiting below 1kg in the whole year from the vigorous growth tea-oil tree forest as seed-changing tree bodies, and selecting 2-5 open main branches with branch angles of 100-150 degrees, straight and smooth trunk, strong production, no plant diseases and insect pests and stem diameters of 2-6 cm on each tea-oil tree plant as high-grafting seed-changing stock;
s3, collecting and storing spike strips: collecting spike branch lines, and selecting current annual semi-lignified branches with full development, full axillary buds, strong growth and no plant diseases and insect pests; collecting spike strips in the morning, bundling the spike strips according to varieties after collecting, hanging a label, wetting the spike strips with clear water, placing the wetted spike strips in a plastic bag, draining accumulated water in the plastic bag, placing wet cotton balls, and fastening a bag opening; the collected spike is stored in a shade and ventilated place in a sealing way or the root of the spike is inserted into moist soil under shade for storage;
s4, starting grafting:
s4.1, breaking and cutting the anvil: sawing off the selected main branches of the stock at a position 40-80 cm away from the ground, avoiding tearing of the cortex of the stock in the process of sawing the main branches of the stock, leaving a plurality of main branches on the tree body for supporting the sunshade net later, and completely removing other branches and ground sundry irrigated grass near the tree body except branches left as nutrition branches, thereby avoiding pile retention during pruning; cutting the saw cut section to be smooth and even when cutting the anvil;
s4.2, cutting ears: cutting the scion into 5-6 cm small sections, wherein each section ensures at least 1 lateral bud, and cutting off half of the leaves on the scion in order to reduce evaporation and maintain scion photosynthesis; when cutting the ear, cutting a long inclined plane with the length of 2-3 cm at the position 1cm below the other side of the bud, wherein the cutting depth is slightly smaller than the tangent plane of the xylem, the medulla is visible at the base part, and the cut surface is kept smooth; cutting a short inclined plane smaller than 1cm below one side of the bud; cutting off the scions above the buds, and keeping the scions as cut as possible and the scions are wet in the process of being used;
s4.3, cutting an anvil: according to the size and length of the scion, selecting a smooth part at the edge of the xylem of the cross section of the stock, cutting down a knife directly to the edge of the xylem, and then lifting and pulling the bark to the left;
s4.4, cutting: embedding the long cut surface of the scion into the pull Pi Cao by aiming at the stock, aligning the cambium on one side, enabling the cut surface of the scion to be higher than the section of the stock, and covering the skin lifted by the stock on the short cut surface of the scion;
s4.5, binding: binding the scions from bottom to top along the anticlockwise direction by using a PVC black adhesive tape with good elasticity, strong tension and width of 1.0-2.0 cm, and tensioning the membrane strips during binding to prevent the scions from moving;
s4.6, bagging: immediately sleeving a white transparent cover bag after the binding of the stock is completed, wherein the size of the cover bag is determined according to the thickness of the stock and the number of scions, the tiling size of the cover bag is 12-15 cm long and 6-9 cm wide, and the cover bag opening is bound well to play a role in heat preservation and moisture preservation;
s4.7, shading: in the place with strong sunlight, the grafted plant is subjected to shading maintenance, and the shading area is about 1.5m 2 The sun-shading height is more than 15cm away from the grafting bud;
s5, management after grafting:
s5.1, changing bags: observing whether the transparent plastic cover bag at the grafting part is damaged or not at any time after grafting, and if the cover bag is detected to be leaked, replacing in time;
s5.2, removing bags: when the plastic bags are filled with the scion buds with the length of more than 2cm, gradually removing the plastic bags in the cloudy day or the evening of the sunny day, and shading for 1-2 weeks after removing the bags, so that the germinated axillary buds gradually adapt to the natural environment; in the stage, the damage of pests such as aphids, leafhoppers and chafers to tender tips is required to be paid attention, and when the pests and diseases are found, the pesticide is sprayed in time;
s5.3, removing the shading material: removing shading materials in cloudy days or in the evening when axillary buds to be grafted grow to 9 months and the length of the grafting buds reaches more than 10 cm; simultaneously, all branches and bud strips except grafting are cut off, so that competition with grafting buds for water and fertilizer is prevented, continuous growth of the grafting buds in autumn is facilitated, and the growth amount is increased;
s5.4, removing sprouts and pruning: timely wiping off sprout strips on the grafted and survived oil tea tree stock, keeping sprout branches of the stock which is not grafted and survived, and removing nutrition branches kept before using pruning shears or saws before cooling in autumn and winter; in addition, the branches growing inwards after the cross branches are trimmed after the grafting and before the spring tips are pulled in the next year are trimmed, so that the crowns of the trees are uniformly developed to form reasonable tree shapes, pile heads are not reserved during germination and trimming, and the trimmed branches are trimmed from the base;
s5.5, unbinding: removing the binding band after the young shoots grow strong in winter in the current year or spring in the next year;
s5.6, weeding and fertilizing: the method comprises the steps of weeding, cultivating for 15-22 cm each year, carrying out cultivation fertilization in winter in the current year and spring in the second year, and applying 0.5kg of fertilizer special for tea-oil trees each time.
2. The method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in S3, the spike strips are generally used along with the use, the shady and cool ventilation place for sealed storage comprises a cellar or a shady and cool room, the storage time is 3-5 days, and if the air temperature is too high or the storage time is more than 5 days, the spike strips are placed into a refrigerating chamber for storage.
3. The method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in S4.1, 2-3 main branches are reserved as nutrition branches for transpiration and photosynthesis except for the open main branches reserved as the stocks, and 1 main branch is reserved for supporting a sunshade net to realize shading; when cutting the anvil, the inner side of the side close to the main branch of the stock is required to be high, the outer edge is slightly low, and the inclination angle of the inner side and the outer side is 5-15 degrees.
4. The method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in S4.4, 1-3 scions are grafted by one stock, and the number of the scions is determined according to the diameter of the stems of the stocks.
5. The method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in S4.6, the cover bag is white transparent plastic, the cover bag opening is tied by a plastic rope, the binding cannot be too tight or loose, the sap outflow is facilitated after the cover bag is bound, the cover bag can be stably fixed, the shape of the plastic bag is adjusted when the cover bag is bound or after the binding is completed, and the scion growth is prevented from being influenced.
6. The method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in S4.7, supporting the thickened black agricultural sunshade net by using the cut thin bamboo poles and the reserved higher trunk at the middle position of the tree body to realize shading; the bamboo poles are vertically inserted into the soil, so that the firmness of the sunshade net is ensured, the sunshade net is prevented from being overturned by wind and rain, and when the thickness of the single-layer sunshade net is thinner, the sunshade net is folded into two layers for use, so that the optimal shading effect is realized.
7. The method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in S5.1, pesticide is sprayed outside the transparent plastic cover bag so as to prevent plant hoppers, ants and other insect pests from biting the transparent plastic cover bag.
8. The method for high grafting and seed changing of oil tea according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in S5.5, when the growth condition of the young shoots is poor, the adhesive tape is firstly slightly scratched, unbinding is incomplete, and when the growth is more robust, the adhesive tape is completely released.
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