CN115720801A - Method for recovering grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in subalpine soil stock ground - Google Patents
Method for recovering grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in subalpine soil stock ground Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for recovering grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil farm, which selects elymus nutans and old miscanthus as grass seeds to carry out unicast; gravels are placed on the upper layer of the reclaimed surface soil, so that the heat preservation, water retention and fertilizer retention of the soil are facilitated, and the growth of plant roots is further promoted. The invention constructs a good vegetation recovery scheme by exploring artificial grass planting and proportion collocation thereof, gravel placement technology for promoting plant growth, top soil covering thickness optimal scheme, arbor and shrub transplanting and maintaining means, aweto turf transplanting and other technologies through continuous monitoring for 3 years: the survival rate of the spruce tree species after the maintenance of the two growing seasons is close to 100 percent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of vegetation restoration in alpine regions, and relates to a method for restoring grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil yard.
Background
The domestic research on the restoration of ecological problems caused by hydroelectric engineering just starts. The current ecological restoration technology of hydropower development areas mostly focuses on the ecological restoration technology research of low-altitude areas, dry and hot valley slag discarding areas and hydro-fluctuation zones of reservoir areas. The three gorges reservoir area is mainly researched for vegetation restoration and water and soil loss control of the hydro-fluctuation belt in the reservoir area, and more achievements are obtained. The method comprises the steps of establishing a 3S technology-based water-level-fluctuating zone ecological environment problem monitoring and early warning system in a water-level-fluctuating zone of a three gorges reservoir area, dividing a functional area, optimizing a land utilization policy, adjusting a rural industry reasonable utilization water-level-fluctuating zone area, adopting a concrete slope protection greening technology and a thick-layer substrate spraying vegetation slope protection technology to stabilize a side slope, recovering different vegetation types by adopting different elevations for vegetation recovery, adopting reasonable matching of arbor, shrub, grass and vine to recover vegetation, and simultaneously adopting the side slope greening technology to treat the problem of non-point source pollution.
Because most hydropower stations are in low-altitude areas and have sufficient temperature, vegetation can be recovered to a certain extent through natural succession of plants. The scholars in China, zhang Xinbao and the like (1996) consider that serious water and soil loss, bare rock or thin soil lumps in the rock-soil residue field are important limiting factors influencing the vegetation recovery of the rock-soil residue field, propose that the vegetation recovery mode of the rock-soil residue field determines a recovery strategy according to the type of the rock-soil and combining conditions such as climate, soil and terrain, and put the selection of suitable plant species to the first place. Ruweili et al (2011) survey the waste disposal site of the Jinshajiang dry-hot valley hydropower station, and found that after 5 years of recovery, 49 plant species belong to 23 families and 45 genera, and plant communities are in the primary stage of secondary succession. Research on vegetation recovery technology of waste disposal fields of dry and hot valley hydropower stations of Jinsha river by Mooren et al (2010) shows that the water-retaining agent and the water-retaining slow-release fertilizer have certain application value in the vegetation recovery of the waste disposal fields of the dry and hot valley hydropower stations. The mosaic screen hydropower station takes engineering areas (a primary hydropower station, a secondary hydropower station and an external highway) and an altitude gradient as main lines, surveys community characteristics of each engineering area around key problems such as space-time characteristics of ground surface coverage disturbance in the geotechnical engineering process of the mosaic screen hydropower station, dynamic process of a main control ecological factor and the like, screens dominant local plant resources with targets, fully utilizes local soil seed bank resources, and performs correlation test research with environmental factors; aiming at the purpose of high-efficiency cyclic utilization of water and nutrients, the mixture ratio of the matrix is guided to be optimized; aiming at different target areas, a comprehensive design mode of a mosaic hydropower station ecological compensation (vegetation recovery) project is provided by taking landscape function-cost as a core.
In summary, most hydropower station projects in China are in low-altitude areas at present, the temperature is sufficient, and the project areas can be recovered to a certain extent through natural succession of vegetation after slight manual transformation. However, the development of water and electricity in high and cold regions has more technical problems of ecological restoration and further research and attack.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for recovering grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil yard, which realizes the vegetation recovery in a subalpine hydropower disturbance area with an altitude of 2700-4000 meters.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for recovering grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil and material yard comprises the following operations of planning vegetation recovery areas of grasslands, shrubs and trees in a subalpine hydropower disturbance area with an elevation of 2700-4000 meters:
1) Planting the grassland:
a, soil preparation:
covering surface foreign soil in a grassland planning area before sowing in spring, wherein the thickness is 30-50 cm; after covering soil, turning over the soil, raking finely and leveling; then compound fertilizer is applied, the soil and the fertilizer are fully mixed, and then raking, fine raking, ridging and ridging are carried out;
b, sowing:
the sowing period is 5 months, ditching and drilling are carried out, and the row spacing is 20-30 cm; unicasting or mixed sowing Elymus nutans, elymus floridus and/or alfalfa seeds, wherein the sowing amount is 30g/m 2 (ii) a Deep seed shallow sowing is adopted during sowing, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm; compacting on the same day of sowing, covering a mulching film after sowing, and covering gravels with the particle size of 5-10 cm, wherein the area proportion of the gravels accounts for 40% of the surface soil; uncovering the mulching film after seedling emergence, and reserving gravels;
c, field management:
watering once a week within one month after seedling emergence; watering in combination with actual rainfall condition;
2) Planting/transplanting arbors and shrubs:
a, soil preparation:
land preparation is carried out before rainy season; the method is characterized in that the method is used for cultivating new cut lands with deep and fertile soil layers and wet soil and low weed coverage rate;
the cultivation density is 3330-5000 plants/hectare; the specifications of the hole planting pits are that the hole diameter is multiplied by the hole depth is 50cm multiplied by 30cm, and the plant spacing is determined according to the planting density;
b, cultivation:
keeping the root systems of shrub seedlings and arbor seedlings to be transplanted moist, and trimming injured root systems, abnormal partial roots, overlong main roots and lateral roots after the shrub seedlings and the arbor seedlings are transported to a cultivation field; then dipping the root system with slurry or water-retaining agent, loading into a seedling planting barrel, injecting water soaked with the root into the seedling planting barrel, lifting the barrel, planting seedlings and cultivating;
the planting time is carried out at the end of 4 months and the beginning of 5 months, and the soil thawing depth is preferably 20 cm-25 cm higher than the root length of the nursery stock;
vertically slotting at the seedling fixing point, pulling the insertion spade forward and backward along with repeated pushing, and enabling the width of a gap to be 3-5 cm; carrying out deep conveying and shallow lifting, stretching a root system, deeply burying the foundation with the diameter of 1-2 cm, and treading for final singling; vertically lowering the spade 5cm away from the seedling, pulling and pushing the spade, compacting the seedling root, repeating the steps once, and finally blocking the spade seam by a half spade; leveling the acupoint surface, covering with 25cm of surface layer brouhaha soil;
within one week after the cultivation, the nursery stocks are subjected to support treading, and the nursery stocks are subjected to re-planting and support treading again after being unfrozen in the spring of the next year;
c, management:
and (4) carrying out impurity removal management at regular intervals every year, cutting all the weeds except the weeds 5cm around the root system of the nursery stock, and cleaning the cut weeds to the outside of the forest land.
The vegetation recovery areas of grasslands, shrubs and trees planned according to the land are as follows:
vegetation recovery areas with vertical altitude of 3400-4000 m comprise arbor forests, shrub forests and subalpine meadows, and are distributed transversely according to terrain;
the vegetation restoration area with the elevation of 2700-3400 m in the longitudinal direction comprises artificial grassland, shrubs and broad-leaved trees, and is distributed in the transverse direction due to the terrain.
Further, soil preparation of the artificial grassland is carried out according to the ratio of 30g/m 2 Applying the compound fertilizer, wherein the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 1:0.5:1.5.
if the artificial grassland is a mixed-sowing grass seed, the thickness of the soil covering layer on the bottom surface of the grassland is 30cm;
if the artificial grassland is unicast elymus nutans, the thickness of the soil covering layer on the bottom surface of the grassland is 40cm;
if the artificial grassland is the single-broadcast alfalfa, the thickness of the soil covering layer on the bottom surface of the grassland is 50cm;
if the artificial grassland is a slope unicast old awn wheat, the thickness of the covering soil layer is 30cm.
The mixed sowing of the grass seeds is that the thickness of the covering soil is more than 20cm, and then the grass seeds are sowed according to the ratio of 1:1, or mixing the awn wheat and the alfalfa in a mass ratio of 1:1 in a mass ratio; after mixing, sowing the mixture with the seed consumption of 200-300 kg/hm 2 And covering a layer of surface soil with the thickness of 3-5 cm after the grass seeds are sowed to preserve soil moisture.
Further, the arbor/shrub forest land should be prepared before the rainy season of the previous year in spring cultivation, and prepared in autumn of the previous year at latest;
the method is used for forest land construction for areas with much wind, less rainfall, broken landforms or medium-thick soil layers; planting or transplanting in artificial hole shape and horizontal ditch land preparation mode.
Furthermore, during the transportation process of the planted nursery stocks, triangular supports are adopted to prevent heavy load, non-woven fabric covers are arranged to prevent sun, and the early watering management attention is strengthened to keep moisture.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the method extracts the sub-alpine regions and can adopt grass-shrub-forest matching for vegetation recovery; the grass-shrub-forest collocation is not fixed in proportion generally and is determined mainly according to the site topography, and the grass-shrub-forest collocation mixed collocation ecological system is stable and not easy to degrade, has better original landform harmony and better conforms to the ecological protection concept.
According to two angles of biomass inventory and pasturability, the method selects elymus nutans and alfalfa as artificial grassland planting species, or selects elymus nutans and old aweto as single-planted grass species, and the result shows that the artificial grassland has good growth vigor and the coverage degree reaches more than 80%; furthermore, gravel is placed on the upper layer of the surface soil covered and modified, so that the heat preservation, water preservation and fertilizer preservation of the soil are facilitated, and the growth of plant roots is further promoted; the seed germination of the mango grass serving as a protective plant is difficult, and the mango grass can be judged to be propagated not in a seed mode but in a root tillering mode. The invention proposes that the protection is mainly based on the integral protection of the turf, and the in-situ protected aweto turf can basically survive through water and fertilizer conservation.
The invention constructs a good vegetation recovery scheme by exploring artificial grass planting and proportion collocation thereof, a placement technology of gravel promoting plant growth, an optimal scheme of surface soil covering thickness, a tree and shrub transplanting and maintaining means, aweto turf transplanting and other technologies through continuous monitoring for 3 years: the survival rate of the spruce tree species is close to 100% after the maintenance of two growing seasons, and the spruce still survives in the field at present, which shows that the spruce has stronger adaptability to the environment as the local soil species, and is an ideal tree for vegetation recovery in the future.
Drawings
FIG. 1-1 is a graph of the effect of topsoil coverage thickness on soil temperature;
FIGS. 1-2 are graphs showing the effect of topsoil coverage thickness on soil moisture;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of gravel placement levels on biomass distribution of Miscanthus somnifera on a slope, where (a) is canopy biomass, (b) is root biomass, (c) is total biomass, and (d) is root-cap ratio;
3-1, 3-2 are both display views of the root system "wrapping" the gravel for growth;
FIG. 4-1 is a graph of the effect of gravel placement level on soil temperature;
FIG. 4-2 is a graph of the effect of gravel placement level on soil moisture;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the effect of gravel placement levels on soil nutrients;
FIGS. 6-1 to 6-3 show the effect of gravel placement on spring greening of Elymus nutans by gravel covering the surface layer, placing gravel in the middle layer, and placing gravel in the lower layer, respectively;
FIG. 7 shows the growing situation of the transplanted aweto turf;
FIGS. 8-1 and 8-2 are both the growth vigor of spruce after transplantation;
FIGS. 9-1 and 9-2 show the transplanting and growing conditions of Sabina chinensis and Quercus alpina, respectively.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the invention.
Restoring vegetation aiming at the characteristics of sensitivity, fragility and variability of the ecological environment in alpine/subalpine areas (Wushan No. 1 soil material field area, belonging to the three-river concurrent flow area of the west of a horizontal cross-country); if the river valley is deep cut in the area, the climate and ecological environment of the river valley is different from that of the mountains on two banks, the local soil resources are scarce, and especially the cultivated land resources are precious. Particularly, a gravel soil core wall rock-fill dam is taken as an example of a water retaining building, the maximum dam height reaches 315m, the soil requirement is large, after soil on the surface layer of a soil yard is taken and stripped, the substrate condition is severe, the ground surface is in an original bare ground state, and the recovery is difficult.
The invention explores artificial grass planting and proportion collocation for vegetation recovery in subalpine areas, gravel placement technology for promoting plant growth, top soil covering thickness optimal scheme, arbor and shrub transplanting and maintaining means, chinese silvergrass turf transplanting and other technologies through test means such as simulated excavation, artificial grass planting, arbor and shrub transplanting, nutrient control, field monitoring and the like, and the following respectively describes the artificial grass planting and proportion collocation, arbor and shrub transplanting, chinese silvergrass turf transplanting and other technologies.
1) Surface soil heap filling for effectively promoting natural vegetation recovery succession in disturbed area
Surface soil stacking: building garbage in a backfill area is cleaned before surface soil backfilling, a pit is filled and recessed for ground finishing, manual earth covering is generally adopted for a slope after finishing, the earth covering thickness is 10-20cm, mechanical earth covering is adopted for a flat land area, and the thickness is mostly 30cm.
Placing the excavated soil in a stacking area, leveling, and observing the natural recovery condition of pioneer species; pioneer species include Polygonum hydropiper, artemisia griseola, carex carvi, oxytropis spinosa, plantago depressa, taraxacum officinale, potentilla chinensis, poa annua, etc. According to the observation, pioneer species in the accumulation area of the lower layer soil (below 50 cm) are extremely few, and 1-2 acanthopanax spinosus/m are occasionally seen 2 . The surface soil (0-50 cm) accumulation area pioneer species are rich in species, including acanthopanax, plantago, dandelion, potentilla chinensis and other species, and the density is high and can reach 30-60 strains/m 2 This is related to the surface soil itself having a certain amount of seed pool. Therefore, the natural restoration or artificial restoration of vegetation in the Lawushan No. 1 soil material field area is recommended, and the surface soil covering is adopted to achieve better effectAnd (4) recovering the effect.
The result shows that the surface soil (6-11 plants/pot) already exists in the soil seed bank after the germination for 1 week, and no plant germinates in the lower soil. After 2 weeks, 23-36 plants/pot of surface soil and 4-9 plants/pot of lower soil are obtained. After 1 month, the surface soil is 96-179 plants/pot, and the lower soil is 27-74 plants/pot.
2) Screening elymus nutans, old awn wheat and alfalfa to be used as artificial grassland for establishing grass seeds
According to the biomass condition after the grass seeds are tried out as shown in the table 1, the biomass current stock and the pasturability are analyzed, and the Lawushan No. 1 soil yard is recommended to select the elymus nutans and the old mango as the unicast grass seeds.
TABLE 1 Biomass of sowing mode of different grass species
If the nitrogen fixation effect of leguminous plants at the later stage of ecological restoration needs to be comprehensively considered, the mixed sowing of the elymus nutans and the old miscanthus and the alfalfa is recommended to be more suitable; the elymus nutans, the old awn wheat and the alfalfa are sowed in a mixed mode, the biomass is not easy to be counted separately, and the biomass on the existing ground is about 245g/m 2 . When the invention selects grass seeds, certain pasturage resistance is considered, and the matching pasturage resistance is strong.
3) Optimal scheme for optimizing artificial pasture grass growth under different surface soil coverage thicknesses
The covering thickness of the top soil is 30cm, which is a recovery mode with more favorable growth and higher benefit of the mixed sowing grass seeds, and the scheme can ensure that the biomass of the canopy, the root system of 0-25cm and the root system of 25-50cm respectively reach 111.47, 139.47 and 51.87g/m in 2015 2 (ii) a And reaches 86.67 g/m, 99.53 g/m and 27.07g/m in 2016 2 (shown in Table 2).
TABLE 2 screening of the Effect of topsoil thickness (including gravel ratio) on the Biomass of mixedly sown grass seeds
TABLE 3 screening of the Effect of topsoil thickness (gravel fraction) on alfalfa Biomass
Note: different lower case letters represent significant difference (P = 0.05)
As can be seen from Table 3, the cover soil thickness of 50cm is a more beneficial and more efficient recovery mode for the growth of alfalfa, and the scheme can enable the canopy biomass, the root system of 0-25cm and the root system of 25-50cm to respectively reach 16.53, 44.80 and 19.20g/m < 2 > in 2015 and respectively reach 61.33, 104.73 and 26.73g/m < 2 > in 2016.
The topsoil covering thickness of 40cm is a recovery mode with more favorable growth and higher benefit for the elymus nutans, and the scheme can ensure that the canopy biomass, the root system of 0-25cm and the root system of 25-50cm respectively reach 62.93 g/m, 125.33 g/m and 33.33g/m 2 (as shown in table 4).
TABLE 4 influence of unscreened topsoil thickness (gravel proportion) on the biomass of Elymus nutans
Note: different lower case letters represent significant difference (P = 0.05)
In general, as shown in fig. 1-1 and 1-2, the surface soil is too thin, the gravel proportion is large, and the heat preservation is favorable for winter, but the water preservation is not favorable; the surface soil is too thick and lacks the heat preservation effect of gravels, so the soil temperature is lower in winter, but the porosity of the soil layer is small, and the water preservation is facilitated.
The covering thickness of the soil layer has no obvious influence on the pH value, organic matters and total nitrogen of the soil with the thickness of 0-10 cm. The thin surface soil in the alfalfa plot covers (20-30 cm) the soil with high total phosphorus and available phosphorus content, and the maximum values of the total phosphorus and the organic phosphorus in the soil for planting the mixed sowing grass seeds are positioned in the deep surface soil coverage (40-50 cm) plot. The maximum value of the available nitrogen is located in a sample plot covered by 20cm of surface soil for planting alfalfa and is probably related to certain nitrogen fixation capacity of leguminous plants. The total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available nitrogen contents of the lower soil (10-20 cm) are not obviously different under different species and surface soil thicknesses, and the highest value of the total phosphorus content is positioned in a sample plot covered by 30cm surface soil for planting alfalfa.
4) Surface soil improvement technology for screening suitable for subhigh mountains
The compound fertilizer application can obviously reduce the pH value of soil, and the fertilizer category and gradient have no obvious influence on organic matters and total nitrogen of surface soil (0-15 cm). The low-level compound fertilizer is beneficial to improving the organic matter and total nitrogen content of the lower soil (15-30 cm). The medium-level compound fertilizer is beneficial to improving the total phosphorus content in the soil. The highest value of the available phosphorus content is located in the high-level compound fertilizer application sample plot, and the lowest value is located in the middle-level organic fertilizer sample plot. Fertilizer classes and gradients did not significantly affect soil available nitrogen.
As shown in FIG. 2, low levels of compound fertilizer (20 g/m) 2 ) The nutrient content of the soil can be effectively improved.
5) Soil gravel placement technology for promoting plant root growth
In the Lawushan No. 1 subalpine area, gravels are placed on the surface layer (0-10 cm), the middle layer (20-30 cm) and the lower layer (40-50 cm) to remarkably promote the growth of the plant root system on the layer. The gravel placement surface promotes an increase in total biomass of 76-100% (2015) and 43-61% (2016) compared to gravel placement in the lower layer. Interestingly, the root system of the plant is characterized by the growth of the 'wrapped' gravel (as shown in figures 3-1 and 3-2), and because the local area has less precipitation and vigorous evaporation, the water in the soil is not easy to preserve. The gravels in the soil have certain pores and certain water absorption performance, so that the function of storing water is achieved, and the existence of the gravel layer is beneficial to the growth of plant roots. This promotion is more pronounced in the case of gravel placed in the surface and middle layers.
The gravel covering the surface layer of the soil is also beneficial to heat preservation in winter, and the average temperature can be increased by 4 ℃ (figure 3). In addition, the gravel placement layer has a remarkable influence on the soil fertility (as shown in fig. 5), and the gravel covers the surface layer of the soil, so that the soil fertility is kept, and the fertilizer is prevented from being washed away by rainwater and lost.
As shown in figures 4-1 and 4-2, in the vegetation recovery test of the Lawushan No. 1 soil yard, a certain proportion of gravels are properly mixed in the reclaimed surface soil, particularly the gravels are placed on the surface layer of the soil, so that the growth of plant roots is facilitated. In addition, researches show that the gravel covering the surface layer can intercept snowfall and reduce the effect of soil evaporation (the snowfall is reduced, so the evaporation capacity is small, heat preservation is facilitated), and the plants can germinate and turn green in spring (the temperature influence is greater than the moisture influence when the herbs live through the winter in the subalpine, and the temperature influence is consistent with the moisture influence shown in figure 6-1, figure 6-2 and figure 6-3, which is 1).
6) Temperature and humidity of artificial grassland soil
The lowest soil temperature appears between 1 and 2 months and is approximately 2 ℃ from 11 months to 2016 and 11 months in 2015; after 3 months, the soil temperature shows a gradual fluctuation increasing trend, the soil temperature exceeds 15 ℃ in 6 months, reaches 18 ℃ in 8 months, and then gradually decreases. The temperature of the deep soil is higher than that of the surface soil in winter and has small fluctuation, and the temperature of the surface soil rises faster in summer and exceeds that of the lower soil.
The soil humidity of the Lawushan No. 1 soil yard is generally maintained at a low level from 11 months to 4 months, and the mean value is lower than 0.05cm 3 /cm 3 . Meaning severe spring drought in the area, requiring attention to soil conservation measures. The soil humidity begins to increase gradually in the 5 th month period, possibly related to the increase of rainfall in summer areas, but the values are still lower than 0.4cm 3 /cm 3 Overall, the test area belongs to a more arid region. It is worth noting that in seasons with high precipitation, the difference between deep and superficial water is not great. However, in the season of rare precipitation, the deep soil moisture is higher than the surface soil moisture, which may be related to rare precipitation and vigorous evaporation of the surface soil in winter, but the deep soil moisture is slower to evaporate.
The soil humidity of the Lawushan No. 1 soil yard is generally maintained at a low level from 11 months to 4 months, and the mean value is lower than 0.05cm 3 /cm 3 . The soil humidity increases gradually starting in the 5 months, possibly related to increased precipitation in summer areas, but the values are still below 0.3cm 3 /cm 3 . Overall, the test area belongs to a relatively dry landAnd (4) a zone. It is noted that in winter and spring (11-4 months), the water content of deep soil is higher than that of surface soil, which may be related to the rare precipitation in winter and the vigorous evaporation of surface soil, while the water content of deep soil is slower. In summer, the surface soil moisture is higher than the deep soil moisture, mainly because the rainfall is increased in summer and the surface soil moisture is supplied more fully.
7) Scheme for optimizing artificial grass growth of side slope under different surface soil coverage thicknesses
The top soil covering thickness of 30cm and 40cm is the recovery mode with the highest ecological benefit of the old mango wheat, and the scheme can enable the canopy biomass, the root biomass and the total biomass to reach the highest. In consideration of the problem of the covering cost of the surface soil, the thickness of the surface soil covered on the side slope is recommended to be 30cm.
8) Transplanting and maintaining technology for aweto turf
Through one year observation, as shown in fig. 7, it is found that the germination of the Chinese silvergrass seeds is difficult, and it can be judged that the Chinese silvergrass is not propagated in a seed manner, but is propagated in a root tillering manner. The aweto is recommended to mainly protect the whole turf. The aweto grass turf protected in situ can basically survive. However, in the ex-situ protection, due to changes of environmental elements such as altitude, terrain, climate and the like, a small part of the death rate still exists after maintenance, and most of the turf can survive.
9) Arbor/shrub (spruce)
According to field test, spruce is planted in arbor/shrub, and the survival rate is more than 90% (as shown in figure 8-1 and figure 8-2); the same selection as that of the invention is that the shade trees from Shimaokang county to Meizhen are spruce, so that the whole survival rate is higher and the growth vigor is better;
furthermore, the survival rate of the spruce tree species after two growing seasons is close to 100%, which shows that the spruce has strong adaptability to the environment as a local indigenous species and is an ideal tree for vegetation recovery in the future.
Grafting of Sabina chinensis and Quercus alpina
Transplanting the transplanting area in the lower soil (simulating a soil sampling field), wherein the survival rates of the backfilled surface soil and the backfilled lower soil are lower. The observation of the sabina chinensis through two growing seasons was less than 10% (as shown in fig. 9-1). The survival rate of the transplanted quercus acutissima is lower than 50% (as shown in figure 9-2).
In view of the above, the process of the present invention is set forth below.
A method for recovering grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil yard comprises planning vegetation recovery areas of grasslands, shrubs and trees due to land in a subalpine hydroelectric disturbance area with an altitude of 2700-4000 meters;
the specific vegetation recovery areas for planning grasslands, shrubs and trees according to the land are as follows:
vegetation recovery areas with the vertical altitude of 3400-4000 m comprise arbor forests, shrub forests and subalpine meadows, and are distributed in the horizontal direction due to terrain;
vegetation recovery areas with the elevation of 2700-3400 m in the longitudinal direction comprise artificial grasslands, shrubs and broad-leaved trees, and are distributed in the transverse direction due to the terrain;
1) Artificial grassland establishment
A soil preparation
Covering surface layer soil in a soil-free area before sowing in spring: if the artificial grassland is a mixed-sowing grass seed (the elymus nutans and the alfalfa are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1; if the artificial grassland is the unicast elymus nutans, the thickness of the soil layer covered on the bottom surface of the grassland is 40cm; if the artificial grassland is the single-broadcast alfalfa, the thickness of the soil covering layer on the bottom surface of the grassland is 50cm; if the artificial grassland is a slope unicast old awn wheat, the thickness of the covering soil layer is 30cm;
after the covering soil layer is turned over, the soil layer is raked to be thin and dragged to be flat. After soil preparation, 30g/m of compound fertilizer is applied 2 The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium proportion in the compound fertilizer is 1:0.5:1.5; and (3) fully mixing the soil and the fertilizer by using manpower or agricultural implements, and harrowing the fine soil.
Irrigation before sowing is the key of germination, growth and survival of elymus nutans seeds. On the basis of turning the land in spring, making furrows and ridges for irrigation. Irrigation before sowing needs to be improved, irrigation quality is guaranteed, water leakage and depression water accumulation are prevented, and the sowing period is not affected.
B sowing
Suitable for seeding in 5 months. Ditching and drilling by utilizing machinery or manpower and animal power, wherein the row spacing is as follows: 20-30cm, sowing uniformly by manpower, wherein the sowing amount is as follows: 300kg/hm 2 。
Aiming at the characteristics of severe spring drought, difficult soil moisture preservation, difficult seedling preservation and the like in dry and warm valley areas in Tibet, a seedling preservation measure of deep planting and shallow emergence is adopted, and the proper sowing depth is 3-5 cm.
After seeding, the soil is compacted in time, the same day of seeding is compacted to prevent soil moisture from running, and the transverse compression is preferably achieved along the seeding to improve the compacting effect. After sowing, the mulching film can play a role in heat preservation and water retention, and the periphery of the film is compacted by stones and soil, so that the film is prevented from being blown away by wind until seedlings emerge. After seedling emergence, the mulching film can be uncovered. After sowing, gravel with the grain diameter of 5-10 cm is covered, so that the function of heat preservation and water retention can be achieved until seedlings emerge. After emergence, gravel remained.
C field management
The Elymus nutans grows slowly in the seedling stage, and the sowing is carried out in the same year, and the removal of impurities and the grazing are forbidden. Watering once a week within one month after seedling emergence to ensure the growth of the elymus nutans. The late stage irrigation can be performed according to the actual rainfall condition, irrigation needs to be performed for 1-2 times in time when a drought is found, and meanwhile, the situation that the elymus nutans falls down due to overlarge soil moisture is prevented.
2) Planting of spruce
A soil preparation
Soil preparation can be carried out in other seasons except for the freezing of soil in winter (in places with less rainfall and drought in winter and spring, the soil preparation needs to be carried out before rainy season). The land preparation is carried out before the rain in the previous year and in the autumn at the latest in the previous year in spring cultivation. The method can be used for planting on deep and fertile ripe cultivated land and new cut land with moist soil and low weed coverage rate without preparing soil in advance.
The artificial hole-shaped and horizontal ditch land preparation is used for areas with much wind, less rainfall, broken topography, thick soil layer and no water accumulation. The specification is that the hole diameter is multiplied by the hole depth, 50cm is multiplied by 30cm, and the plant spacing is determined according to the cultivation density. The cultivation density is determined according to local conditions and orientation of business value, and is generally 3330 strains/hm 2 About 5000 hm of strain 2 。
Cultivation of B
Keeping the root system moist, loading the nursery stock into a bucket after the nursery stock is transported to a cultivation site, and lifting the bucket to plant the nursery stock for cultivation.
During transportation, the people do not need to be pressed heavily and sunned, and pay attention to moisture preservation and sealing (triangular support is adopted to prevent heavy pressing, a non-woven fabric covering is arranged to prevent sun, and initial watering management is enhanced to pay attention to moisture preservation).
On-site temporary planting, placing into a seedling planting barrel (injecting water soaked in the root of the seedling or dipping with water-retaining agent, wherein the water-retaining agent is an Edison water-retaining agent) before planting, and carrying out barrel-lifting cultivation.
The planting time is preferably that the soil thawing depth reaches or exceeds the seedling root length by 20-25 cm, and is generally carried out at the end of 4 months and at the beginning of 5 months. When pruning injured root system, abnormal developing partial root, overlong main root and lateral root. The root system is dipped in thick slurry or water-retaining agent.
And (3) vertically slotting at a seedling fixing point, and pulling a spade along with repeated forward and backward pushing, wherein the width of a slot is about 3-5 cm. Deep lifting, spreading root system (buried in foundation of 1-2 cm), and fixing seedling by foot. The spade is vertically arranged about 5cm away from the seedling, the spade is pulled and pushed firstly, the seedling root is squeezed, the process is repeated once, and the spade seam is blocked by the last half spade. Leveling the acupoint, covering with 25cm of surface layer brouhaha. And (4) within one week after the cultivation is finished, carrying out the step on the nursery stocks, and carrying out the replanting and the step on the nursery stocks again after the nursery stocks are unfrozen in the spring of the next year.
C management
Because the spruce grows slowly in the seedling stage, the impurity removal management is required to be performed periodically every year. Except for weeds which are about 5cm around the root system of the nursery stock, all the weeds are cut off, and the cut weeds and shrubs are cleaned to the outside of the forest land.
The invention constructs a good vegetation recovery scheme by exploring artificial grass planting and proportion collocation thereof, gravel placement technology for promoting plant growth, top soil covering thickness optimal scheme, arbor and shrub transplanting and maintaining means, aweto turf transplanting and other technologies through continuous monitoring for 3 years: the survival rate of the spruce tree species after the maintenance of the two growing seasons is close to 100 percent.
The embodiments given above are preferable examples for implementing the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Any non-essential addition and replacement made by the technical characteristics of the technical scheme of the invention by a person skilled in the art belong to the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for recovering grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil yard is characterized in that a vegetation recovery area of grasslands, shrubs and trees is planned due to the ground in a subalpine hydropower disturbance area with an altitude of 2700 to 4000 meters, and comprises the following operations:
1) Planting the grassland:
a, soil preparation:
covering surface soil in a grassland planning area before sowing in spring, wherein the thickness is 30 to 50cm; after covering soil, turning over the soil, raking finely and leveling; then compound fertilizer is applied, the soil and the fertilizer are fully mixed, and then raking, fine raking, ridging and ridging are carried out;
b, sowing:
the sowing period is 5 months, ditching and drilling are carried out, and the row spacing is 20-30 cm; unicasting or mixed sowing elymus nutans, old aweto and/or alfalfa seeds, wherein the sowing amount is 30 g/m; deep seed shallow sowing is adopted during sowing, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm; compacting on the same day as sowing, covering a mulching film after sowing, and covering gravels with the particle size of 5-10 cm, wherein the area ratio of the gravels accounts for 40% of the surface soil; uncovering the mulching film after seedling emergence, and reserving gravels;
c, field management:
watering once a week within one month after seedling emergence; watering in combination with the actual rainfall condition;
2) Planting/transplanting arbors and shrubs:
a, soil preparation:
land preparation is carried out before rainy season; the method is characterized in that the method is used for cultivating new cut lands with deep and fertile soil layers and wet soil and low weed coverage rate;
the cultivation density is 3330-5000 plants/hectare; the hole planting pit specification is that the hole diameter is multiplied by the hole depth, 50cm is multiplied by 30cm, and the plant spacing is determined according to the planting density;
b, cultivation:
keeping the root systems of shrub seedlings and arbor seedlings to be transplanted wet, and trimming injured root systems, abnormally developed partial roots, overlong main roots and lateral roots after the shrub seedlings and arbor seedlings are transported to a cultivation field; then dipping the root system with slurry or water-retaining agent, loading into a seedling planting barrel, injecting water soaked with the root into the seedling planting barrel, lifting the barrel, planting seedlings and cultivating;
the planting time is carried out at the end of 4 months and the beginning of 5 months, and the soil thawing depth reaches or exceeds the seedling root length by 20 cm-25 cm;
vertically slotting at a final singling point, repeatedly pushing and pulling an insertion spade, and enabling the width of a slot to be 3-5 cm; deep lifting and shallow lifting, stretching root systems, deeply burying the foundation at the diameter position of 1-2 cm, and treading for final singling; vertically lowering the spade 5cm away from the seedling, pulling and pushing the spade, compacting the seedling root, repeating the steps once, and finally blocking the spade seam by a half spade; leveling the cave surface, and covering the surface layer with the depth of 20-25 cm;
within one week after the cultivation, the nursery stocks are subjected to support treading, and the nursery stocks are subjected to re-planting and support treading again after being unfrozen in the spring of the next year;
c, management:
and (4) carrying out impurity removal management every year at regular intervals, cutting off all the weeds except for keeping 5cm of weeds around the root system of the seedling, and cleaning the cut weeds to the outside of the forest land.
2. The method for recovering artificial vegetation in grasses-shrubs-forests in subalpine soil yards according to claim 1, wherein the vegetation recovery areas for planning grasses, shrubs and trees due to the land are:
vegetation recovery areas with vertical upward elevation of 3400-4000 m comprise arbor woods, shrub bushes and subalpine meadows, and are distributed in the horizontal direction according to terrain;
vegetation recovery areas with vertical altitudes of 2700 to 3400m comprise artificial grasslands, shrubs and broad-leaved trees, and are distributed in the horizontal direction due to topography.
3. The method for restoring grass-shrub-forest artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil yard according to claim 1, wherein the artificial grassland is applied to the compound fertilizer according to a ratio of 30g/m after land preparation, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 1:0.5:1.5.
4. the method for recovering artificial vegetation in grass-shrub-forest of the subalpine soil farm of claim 1, wherein if the artificial turf is a mixed-sown grass seed, the thickness of the soil covering layer on the bottom surface of the turf is 30cm;
if the artificial grassland is unicast elymus nutans, the thickness of the soil covering layer on the bottom surface of the grassland is 40cm;
if the artificial grassland is the single-broadcast alfalfa, the thickness of the soil covering layer on the bottom surface of the grassland is 50cm;
if the artificial grassland is a slope unicast old awn wheat, the thickness of the covering soil layer is 30cm.
5. The method for recovering artificial vegetation in a sub-high mountain soil yard grass-shrub-forest as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixed planting of the grass seeds is performed with a soil covering thickness of more than 20cm, and then the mixed planting of the grass seeds is performed with a ratio of 1:1, or mixing the old awn wheat and the alfalfa in a mass ratio of 1:1 in a mass ratio; mixing, spreading, and using the seed amount of 200-300kg/hm 2 And covering a layer of surface soil with the thickness of 3-5cm after the grass seeds are sowed to preserve soil moisture.
6. The method for recovering artificial vegetation in subalpine soil yards with grass-shrub-forest according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation of trees/shrubs in spring should be done before the rainy season of the previous year, and the soil is prepared in autumn of the previous year at the latest;
the method is used for forest land construction for areas with much wind, less rainfall, broken landforms or medium-thick soil layers; planting or transplanting in artificial hole shape and horizontal ditch land preparation mode.
7. The method for recovering artificial vegetation in grass-shrub-forest land at subalpine soil yards according to claim 1, wherein during the transportation of the planted nursery stocks, triangular supports are adopted to prevent heavy load, non-woven fabric covers are arranged to cover the nursery stocks for sun protection, and the early stage watering management attention is strengthened to preserve moisture.
8. The method for recovering artificial vegetation in a subalpine soil yard through grass-shrub-forest according to claim 1, wherein the water-retaining agent is an epson water-retaining agent; and the mass ratio of the water retaining agent to the clay to the water is 1: 150: 200.
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