CN110972593A - Ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope land in western Sichuan - Google Patents
Ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope land in western Sichuan Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a vegetation ecological restoration method for dry and warm river valley barren slope land in western and Sichuan, which comprises the steps of dividing the types of land, selecting and configuring vegetation ecological restoration tree species and applying vegetation ecological restoration technology; according to the steps, after the vegetation ecological restoration is carried out on the dry and warm valley barren slope land by adopting the native tree species, the vegetation and the plant area system of the dry and warm valley barren slope land are effectively restored, the maintenance of the vegetation stability and the improvement of the soil environment quality are facilitated, after two moderate-degradation vertical land type vegetation of the barren hill gentle slope and the barren hill steep slope are restored for 10 years, the canopy density of the forest stand reaches 0.70, a arbor-shrub multilayer different-age forest ecological system is preliminarily formed, the Shannon-wiener index is improved by 10-20%, and the Simpson index is increased by 10-15%; the physical and chemical properties of the soil are obviously improved, and ecological functions such as water and soil conservation of the shrub are obviously enhanced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, in particular to an ecological restoration method for vegetation on dry and warm river valley barren slope land in western Sichuan.
Background
The arid valley is a special type of mountainous regions in the southwest of China, and is mainly distributed on valley slopes of rivers such as the middle and lower reaches of Jinsha river, anger river, billu river and elegant rice huller river, the middle and middle reaches of Dazhuang river and Yuanjiang river, Minjiang upstream and the like. The drought valley is a seriously degraded ecological system in a cross mountain area, and the drought valley zone is a relatively ecologically fragile zone in a mountain vertical zone in the same area, so that the vegetation recovery and reconstruction difficulty is high. According to different natural geographical areas and heat conditions, southwest arid river valleys are divided into three types of dry and hot river valleys, dry and warm river valleys and dry and warm river valleys. The dry and warm river valley is mainly distributed in the upstream of Jinshajiang, Yazhenjiang, Minjiang and Daferry river. In recent decades, China develops a large number of researches and practices for ecological restoration of southwest arid valley areas, mainly comprising a vegetation succession process of the arid valley, a plant adversity adaptation protection mechanism, tree species screening and introduction suitability, vegetation restoration approaches and methods, vegetation restoration modes and benefit evaluation, vegetation restoration, characteristic resource cultivation and utilization and the like. However, the existing drought river valley ecological restoration research and practice mainly focuses on two large areas, namely a Minjiang upstream drought river valley and a Jinshajiang downstream dry and hot river valley, and the vegetation restoration research of the Dazhuan dry and warm river valley is still very deficient, so that the area is poorer in hydrothermal condition, higher in altitude and more fragile in ecology.
The great aqueduct is the biggest branch of Minjiang and is located in the transition zone from the southeast edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau to the west of Sichuan basin. The dry and warm river valley of the great river midstream mainly refers to the river basin Hanyuan to Danba section, wherein the Hanyuan to Luding section belongs to the semi-dry early-moisture dry and warm river valley sub-type, and the Luding county city to Danba section belongs to the semi-dry early-dry warm river valley sub-type. The landform mainly comprises alternate combination of mountains, mountains and canyons, and deep cutting, deep valley and steep slope of river valley. At the same time, the complexity of the terrain results in a rich biodiversity and vertical diversity of natural environmental conditions within the zone. The dry and warm valley has abundant heat resources, clear dry and wet seasons, less rainfall, frequent rainstorm and large evaporation capacity, the rainfall is concentrated in 5-10 months and accounts for 80% -90% of the annual rainfall, the rainfall is mainly concentrated in 7-9 months, the drought and less rainfall in winter and half years (11 months to next 4 months) only accounts for 10% -20% of the annual rainfall; the vertical series of the representative soil is brown soil-dark brown soil, and the lithology is loose; the dry and warm valley plant community is mainly shrub and grass vegetation, and the dominant shrub vegetation is deciduous shrubs, evergreen shrubs, sparse shrubs, short shrubs and the like; the composition of the flora has obvious characteristics of tropical flora and mediterranean flora. Vegetation of the dry and warm river valleys of the great river ferry is sparse and seriously degraded; the water and soil loss is serious, the soil is degraded, the soil quality is poor, the soil is dried seriously, and mountain disasters such as landslide and debris flow are frequent; the problems of river valley drought and secondary drought are increasingly prominent and present a trend towards higher altitudes. The dry and warm valley areas are the main areas for the development of local agriculture and animal husbandry, the valley areas have dense smoke, and the terrace valley slopes are frequently cultivated.
The water energy resources of the big river of ferry are most abundant, the elevation of the dry and warm valley area of the big river of ferry is increased along with the construction of the hydropower development reservoir area, the land utilization is obviously changed, the slope of the wasteland is increased, and the slope of the wasteland is the key area for the ecological restoration of the vegetation in the dry and warm valley area of the big river of ferry at present. The slope of the dry and warm river valley of the great river is less than 15 degrees, the flat land and the sloping land account for about 20 percent, and due to the fact that the man ground spear in the river valley area is prominent, a great number of hilly lands with relatively good soil quality have been planted with the fruit bearing forests such as mandarin orange, loquat and the like, and the remaining barren valley sloping land is affected by natural factors such as drought and steep slope, and is long-term artificial interference, and vegetation degradation is serious, so that the method is a key point and a difficulty for vegetation recovery and ecological management of the dry and warm river valley of the great river.
The problems of low afforestation preservation rate, poor growth, ineffective improvement of soil quality and the like still exist in the vegetation recovery of arid valley areas in the west of Sichuan, and the main reasons include improper matching of arbor, shrub and grass, heavy arbor, light shrub and herb; improper tree species selection and configuration; the slope is steep, the land preparation difficulty is high, small holes are mostly adopted for land preparation, and the water retention, soil retention and fertilizer retention performances are low; lack of effective water-retaining covering measures during planting, and the like. The selection and configuration of suitable tree species, and recovery measures and technologies are two key factors related to the success or failure of ecological recovery of the arid valley. The investigation and analysis of typical vegetation and soil in the dry and warm valley areas of the great river of the aqueduct show that the valley bush has higher species diversity than deciduous broad-leaved forests, grasslands and coniferous broad mixed forests and has lower soil volume weight (average 0.53 g/cm)3) The higher porosity (20.88%) and the organic matter content (4.13%) indicate that the vegetation in the dry and warm valley shrubs has higher species diversity and better soil improvement effect, and is the main direction for the ecological restoration of the vegetation in the dry and warm valley area of the great river; from the view of soil physicochemical property, the vegetation recovery potential of the wasteland is larger. The native tree species are biological species that have reached a stable equilibrium with local natural conditions, especially with climatic and soil conditions. After long-term elimination and natural selection of the tree species populations,can be well adapted to natural conditions such as local soil, climate and the like, and the natural distribution and natural succession of the soil also adapt to the local living environment. From the perspective of being suitable for trees in places, the native tree species have natural adaptability to the environment of the place of origin. Abundant local plant resources are fully excavated, excellent local soil shrub species are screened, and a suitable vegetation ecological restoration technology is configured, so that the method is a key for restoring vegetation ecology in barren slope lands of dry and warm river valleys of a great river.
Chinese patent application No. CN201910129540.2 discloses a method for recovering and reconstructing vegetation in dry valleys in western and chuan provinces, which comprises the steps of dividing the vegetation in the vertical regions according to the division principle of the forestation vertical regions at the upper edges of the dry valleys in western and chuan provinces according to the soil moisture and nutrient conditions and the vegetation conditions in transition zones, selecting and processing planted seedlings, and rapidly recovering and reconstructing the vegetation. The method is probably mainly suitable for regaining upstream arid river valleys, dividing land types, selecting tree species and the like which are difficult to meet the requirement of vegetation ecological restoration of barren slope lands of dry and warm river valleys of the great river. The Chinese patent with the application number of CN201710346168.1 discloses a seed formula for vegetation recovery in dry and warm valley climatic regions, and the seed formula and the recovery scheme for the vegetation recovery in the dry and warm valley are formulated according to recovery tasks and targets based on the current situation of the vegetation in the dry and warm valley of Jinshajiang river and the current situation investigation of plant regions. Due to the difference of climate, vegetation and soil of dry and warm river valleys in different watersheds, the seed formula is difficult to adapt to vegetation recovery of the dry and warm river valleys of the great river, and a vegetation ecological recovery technology of the dry and warm river valleys of the great river needs to be further developed.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a method for ecologically recovering vegetation on the barren slopes of dry and warm river valleys in the western and Sichuan provinces, which is characterized in that local soil tree species are screened according to the forest land conditions of the barren slopes of the dry and warm river valleys in the western and Sichuan provinces, a corresponding vegetation ecological recovery technology is configured, and a technical support is provided for ecologically recovering vegetation on difficult-to-erect lands of the dry and warm river valleys in the western and Sichuan provinces.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a vegetation ecological restoration method for dry and warm river valley barren slope land in western Sichuan comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: the land type is divided, according to the height above sea level and combining the terrain position, the soil physicochemical property and the vegetation coverage, the dry and warm valley barren slope land is divided into 3 land types: a barren hill gentle slope moderate degeneration land standing type, a barren hill steep slope moderate degeneration land standing type and a barren hill steep slope severe degeneration land standing type;
step two: selecting and configuring vegetation ecological restoration tree species, analyzing typical communities in different sections of a river valley and dominant species composition thereof through typical vegetation sample plot survey and soil physicochemical property determination of a dry and warm river valley of a great river, analyzing drought resistance of main shrub tree species of the river valley and adaptability of the soil environment by combining environmental factors such as sample plot altitude, gradient and slope direction and the like based on indexes such as species growth, soil physicochemical property, plant and soil water potential and the like, and screening different land type vegetation ecological restoration shrub tree species on the basis; arbor tree species selection is based on local years of successful afforestation practices, and in vegetation arrangement, irrigation is mainly adopted, arbor and irrigation are combined, arbor is selected, and irrigation is performed if arbor is selected;
(1) moderate degeneration type of land in barren hill and gentle slope: the land type has a slow slope, thick soil layer, high soil organic matter content and luxuriant herbaceous development, and the vegetation configuration fully considers the collocation of coniferous trees and broadleaves, evergreen trees and fallen leaves, fast-growing trees and slow-growing trees, photophobia and shade resistance, deep-rooted trees and shallow-rooted trees, pioneer trees and local soil trees on the basis of the existing herbaceous cultivation, so as to construct a coniferous and broadleaf mixed crossing mode and an evergreen fallen leaf and broadleaf mode of arbor-shrub grass combination. The preferred arbor species are: arborvitae, radiata pine, Yunnan pine, cortex Albizziae, locust, pistacia chinensis, erythrina indica, and pistacia (small arbor or shrub); preferred species of shrubs are: morus alba Linne, Morus bombycis Linne, etc.;
(2) the moderate degeneration type of the barren hill steep slope: the ecological restoration potential of the site-based vegetation is moderate, and the vegetation configuration adopts the collocation of coniferous trees and broadleaf trees, the collocation of deep-rooted trees and shallow-rooted trees, and the collocation of pioneer trees and local trees on the basis of the existing herbaceous cultivation; the preferred arbor species are: arborvitae, cortex Albizziae, Pistacia chinensis Bunge, erythrina indica lam, and lignum Aquilariae Resinatum; preferred species of shrubs are: morus alba Linne, Morus bombycis Linne, etc.;
(3) the type of the barren hill steep slope severely degenerated land: the vertical type has large gradient, thin soil layer, high gravel content and poor soil nutrition. The vegetation ecological restoration direction is mainly shrubs; preferred species of shrubs are: morus alba seed, bauhinia variegata, kenaf, black sesame, Indigowoad root, coriaria sinica, manila arboricola, and the like;
step three: the application of the vegetation ecological restoration technology mainly focuses on the moderate-degradation type of the hilly land gentle slope and the moderate-degradation type of the partial hilly land steep slope according to the scale vegetation restoration of the dry and warm valley areas, while the severe-degradation type of the hilly land steep slope is mostly patch-shaped restoration, and for arbor tree species, the standard nursery stock is adopted for planting; for shrub species, two afforestation modes of on-site seed collection, seedling raising and planting and direct seeding afforestation are combined.
Preferably, the dry and warm river valley is a river valley region which is distributed in midstream of great river, midstream of Yazhenjiang and midstream of Minjiang in Sichuan, has the average annual temperature of 15-18 ℃, the average hottest temperature of 22-24 ℃, the average coldest month temperature of 5-12 ℃, the days with the average daily temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃ of 251-350 days and the annual sunshine hours of 1200-2400 hours.
Preferably, the moderate degeneration type of the gentle slope of the barren mountain is distributed in a gentle slope section with the river valley elevation of 800-1400 m, and the gradient is less than 20 degrees; the dominant vegetation comprises dryland shrubs of coriaria sinica and rosa multiflora, the herbaceous development is luxuriant, and the vegetation coverage is more than 30 percent; the soil is red soil or yellow brown soil mostly, the gravel content is less than 20%, the soil layer thickness is more than 30cm, and the average organic matter content of the surface soil is 2.37%; the soil has good water and fertilizer conditions, and afforestation is easy to survive;
the barren mountain steep slope is of a moderate degeneration type and is distributed in a steep slope section with the valley altitude of 700-1300 m and the slope of 20-30 degrees; the dominant vegetation mainly comprises dry shrubs such as albizia julibrissin, sonchus aspera, and scented wood, the herbaceous plants grow, and the vegetation coverage is more than 30%; the soil is red soil or yellow brown soil mostly, the gravel content is less than 20%, the soil layer thickness is more than 20cm, and the surface soil organic matter content is more than 2%; the soil nutrition status is good;
the barren mountain steep slope severe degradation land standing type is distributed in a steep slope land section with the valley altitude of 900-1500 m, the slope is greater than 30 degrees, the land standing condition is relatively poor, and the land is severely degraded; the dominant vegetation comprises the dryland shrubs of the morus sieboldii, the bauhinia variegates and the leech, herbaceous plants are sparse, and the vegetation coverage is less than 30 percent; the soil gravel content is more than 20 percent, the soil layer thickness is less than 20cm, the surface soil organic matter content is less than 1.5 percent, and the fertilizer condition is poor.
Preferably, the selection of the nursery stock in the third step is specifically as follows:
① nursery stock of arbor
Arborvitae: the container seedlings are more than 0.8cm in ground diameter and more than 50cm in height, and the seedling age is 1-2 years;
b, radiata pine: the container seedlings are more than 0.30cm in ground diameter and more than 40cm in height, and the seedling age is 1-2 years;
yunnan pine: the container seedlings are more than 0.25cm in ground diameter, more than 30cm in height and 1-2 years old;
and (3) locust: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.50cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 30cm, and the seedling age is 1-2 years;
pistacia chinensis Bunge: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.80cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 50cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year;
new silktree albizzia: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.50cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 50cm, and the seedlings grow in the same year;
erythrina indica: cutting seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.70cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 80cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year;
fragrant wood: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.40cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 40cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year;
② Nursery stock of shrub
Adopting seeding and annual seedling;
the nursery stock treatment specifically comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of treating seedling roots by adopting a slurry dipping method or a plant hormone root dipping method, treating the seedling roots on the same day of tree planting, wrapping the seedling roots by using woven bags or plastic bags in a bundle of 100-200 plants after dipping, and ensuring that the root systems are in a wet state during planting.
Preferably, the seedling root slurry dipping method specifically comprises the following steps: mixing sterilized fertile fine soil and water into slurry or mixing sterilized fertile fine soil and ammonium sulfate solution with the concentration of 1% into slurry, dipping the roots of the seedlings, wherein the dryness and the dilution degree of the slurry are suitable for preventing the original roots from being seen after the slurry is dipped, and the roots of the seedlings can be kept in a wet state for a long time after being dipped in the slurry;
the root dipping method of the seedling root plant hormone specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) soaking the roots of the seedlings for 1-2 minutes by using ABT No. 3 rooting powder solution produced by Chinese forest academy of sciences, wherein the concentration of the ABT rooting powder solution is 100-200 mg/kg.
Preferably, the shrub seed collection specifically comprises: selecting good shrub plants which are strong and do not have the damage of pests in summer, autumn and winter, collecting fruits and seeds, removing peels of the collected fruits of each shrub in the modes of airing, washing and grinding to obtain pure seeds, and storing the obtained seeds in a shady and ventilated place or sand-storing the seeds in the shady and ventilated place for the vegetation recovery of the next year.
Preferably, the direct seeding afforestation method specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) carrying out hole sowing, manually digging a hole or a pit by using a small shovel, uniformly sowing a plurality of seeds in the hole, covering the seeds with covering soil after sowing, watering and wetting, wherein the thickness of the covering soil is 0.5-1 cm. Two kinds of seeds in the preferred shrub tree species can be selected for mixed sowing, and the sowing time is consistent with the afforestation time; before sowing, according to the characteristics of different shrub seeds, warm water at 40-70 ℃ or 40% potassium permanganate is adopted for disinfection and seed soaking, or seed coating agent is adopted for seed dressing, or the seed dressing agent is uniformly mixed with foreign soil, a water-retaining agent, a fertilizer and the like.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the steps, after the vegetation ecological restoration is carried out on the dry and warm valley barren slope by adopting the native tree species, the vegetation and the plant plot system of the dry and warm valley barren slope can be effectively restored, and the maintenance of the vegetation stability and the improvement of the soil environment quality are facilitated. After recovering 10 years of moderately degraded site-type vegetation of a barren hill gentle slope and a barren hill steep slope, the canopy density of forest stands reaches 0.70, a arbor-shrub multi-layer different-age forest ecological system is preliminarily formed, the Shannon-wiener index is improved by 10-20%, and the Simpson index is increased by 10-15%; the physical and chemical properties of the soil are effectively improved, the volume weight of the soil is reduced by more than 10%, the organic matter content of the soil is increased by more than 30%, and the nutrient of N, P, K is increased by 2.5-20%. After 5 years of restoration of the seriously degraded site type of the barren mountain steep slope, the Shannon-wiener index of the community is improved by more than 20 percent, and the Simpson index is increased by more than 10 percent; the physical and chemical properties of the soil are obviously improved, and ecological functions such as water and soil conservation of the shrub are obviously enhanced.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are described in further detail below, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following.
The first embodiment is as follows: ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope land of Sichuan dry and warm river valley in large river dry and warm river valley area from asbestos to Hanyuan segment
1. Enforcing regional Natural Environment profiles
The implementation area is located in a midstream dry and warm valley area of a big ferry river between Luding county and Hanyuan county of Gancui, Sichuan province, the geographic position is 102-16-102-55 'E, the geographic position is 29-14-29-82' N, and the altitude is 800-1500 m. The length of the flowing water is 152.4km, the flowing water belongs to northern subtropical monsoon climate, the dry and wet seasons are obvious, the annual average temperature is 16.9 ℃, the annual precipitation is 801.3mm, the rainfall is concentrated in 6-9 months, and the annual precipitation accounts for about 82.2%. The soil texture is light to heavy, and the soil types are mainly red soil and yellow brown soil. The valley vegetation mainly comprises thoroughbred shrubs represented by Lespedeza floribunda, Bauhinia purpurea, Dodonaea viscosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Oreocynum frutescens and Pistacia weinmannifolia, and also includes coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests mainly comprising Pinus yunnanensis, Quercus and Morus sempervirens.
2. Ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope in western Sichuan
Step one, dividing the type of the ground
According to the elevation, the combination of the terrain part, the physical and chemical properties of soil, the vegetation coverage and the like, the dry and warm valley barren slope land is divided into 3 land types:
(1) the barren mountain gentle slope moderate degeneration land type is mainly distributed in a gentle slope section with the river valley elevation of 800-1400 m, and the slope is less than 20 degrees; the dominant vegetation is dryland shrubs such as coriaria sinica, rosa multiflora and the like, the herbaceous development is good, and the vegetation coverage is more than 30 percent; the soil is red soil or yellow brown soil mostly, the gravel content is less than 20%, the soil layer thickness is more than 30cm, and the average organic matter content of surface soil is 2.37%; the soil has good water and fertilizer conditions, and afforestation is easy to survive;
(2) the method is characterized in that the barren mountain steep slope is of a moderate degeneration land standing type, and is mainly distributed in steep slope sections with the valley altitude of 700-1300 m, and the slope is 20-30 degrees; the dominant vegetation mainly comprises dry shrubs such as albizia julibrissin, sonchus aspera, and scented wood, the herbaceous plants grow, and the vegetation coverage is more than 30%; the soil is mostly red soil or yellow brown soil, the gravel content is less than 20%, the soil layer thickness is more than 20cm, the surface soil organic matter content is more than 2%, and the soil has good nutrition status;
(3) the method comprises the following steps of (1) severely degrading the hilly and steep slope type, wherein the heavily degrading type is mainly distributed in steep slope sections with the valley altitude of 900-1500 m, the slope is greater than 30 degrees, the conditions for land erection are relatively poor, and the land is severely degraded; the dominant vegetation mainly comprises dry shrubs such as morus sieboldii, bauhinia variegata, leech and the like, the herbaceous plants are sparse, and the vegetation coverage is less than 30%; the soil gravel content is more than 20 percent, the soil layer thickness is less than 20cm, the surface soil organic matter content is less than 1.5 percent, and the water and fertilizer conditions are poor. Table 1 shows the basic situation of different types of sites in the technical implementation area
TABLE 1 basic situation of different types of sites of technical implementation
Step two: selection and configuration of vegetation ecological restoration tree species
The ecological restoration tree species in the dry and warm valley has strong drought resistance, barren resistance, developed root system and strong soil and climate adaptability. Analyzing the typical communities and dominant species in different sections of the river valley through typical vegetation sample plot investigation and soil physicochemical property determination of the dry and warm river valley of the great river, analyzing the drought resistance of main shrub species of the river valley and the adaptability of the soil environment by combining environmental factors such as the altitude, the gradient and the slope direction of the sample plot and the like based on the indexes such as species growth, soil physicochemical property, plant and soil water potential and screening different field type vegetation ecological recovery shrub species on the basis; arbor species selection is based on local years of successful afforestation practices. In the vegetation arrangement, the vegetation is mainly irrigated, the arbor is combined with the irrigation, and the arbor is preferably irrigated, and the irrigation is preferably irrigated.
(1) Moderate degeneration type of land in barren hill and gentle slope: the vertical type has a gentle slope, a thick soil layer, high soil organic matter content and good herbage development. On the basis of the existing grass cultivation in vegetation configuration, the matching of coniferous leaves and broad leaves, evergreen leaves and fallen leaves, fast growing and slow growing, photophobia and shade tolerance, deep root and shallow root tree species, pioneer tree species and local tree species is fully considered, and a coniferous and broad leaf mixed crossing mode and an evergreen fallen leaf and broad leaf mode of arbor, shrub and grass composition are constructed. The preferred arbor species are: yunnan pine, Hemsleya amabilis, and scented wood (small arbor or shrub); preferred species of shrubs are: prepared from mulberry fruit.
(2) The moderate degeneration type of the barren hill steep slope: the land-based vegetation has moderate ecological restoration potential. On the basis of plant arrangement for preserving the existing herbs, the collocation of coniferous and broad-leaved, deep-rooted and shallow-rooted tree species, pioneer tree species and local tree species should be considered emphatically, and the preferable arbor tree species are: arborvitae, cortex albiziae, erythrina variegata, etc.; preferred species of shrubs are: prepared from mulberry fruit.
(3) The type of the barren hill steep slope severely degenerated land: the vertical type has large gradient, thin soil layer, high gravel content and poor soil nutrition. The vegetation ecological restoration direction is mainly shrubs, and preferably shrub species are as follows: bauhinia, pistacia chinensis, and the like.
Step three: application of vegetation ecological restoration technology
In view of the fact that scale vegetation recovery in dry and warm valley areas is mainly concentrated on moderate-degradation land types of barren mountains and gentle slopes and moderate-degradation land types of partial barren mountains and steep slopes, and most of severe-degradation land types of barren mountains and steep slopes are patch-shaped recovery, arbor tree species are planted according to specifications; for shrub species, two afforestation modes of on-site seed collection, seedling raising and planting and direct seeding afforestation are combined.
(1) Seedling selection and treatment
① nursery stock of arbor
Arborvitae: the container seedlings are more than 0.8cm in ground diameter and more than 50cm in height, and the seedling age is 1-2 years;
yunnan pine: the container seedlings are more than 0.25cm in ground diameter, more than 30cm in height and 1-2 years old;
new silktree albizzia: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.50cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 50cm, and the seedlings grow in the same year;
erythrina indica: cutting the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.70cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 80cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year.
Fragrant wood: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.40cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 40cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year.
② Nursery stock of shrub
Adopting seeding and annual seedling.
③ seedling treatment, namely treating the roots of seedlings by adopting a slurry dipping method or a phytohormone root dipping method, wherein the seedling root treatment is carried out on the same day of tree planting, 100-200 plants are taken as a bundle after dipping, the roots of the seedlings are bound by woven bags or plastic bags, and attention is paid to avoiding solarization so as to ensure that the roots are in a wet state during planting.
The seedling root slurry dipping method comprises the following steps: the sterilized fertile fine soil and water or ammonium sulfate solution with the concentration of 1 percent and fine yellow soil are mixed into slurry to dip the root of the seedling, the dryness and the dilution degree of the slurry are proper to ensure that the original root color is not seen after the slurry is dipped, and the root of the seedling can be kept in a wet state for a long time after the slurry is dipped.
The seedling root plant hormone root dipping method comprises the following steps: and (3) soaking the roots of the seedlings for 1-2 minutes by using ABT No. 3 rooting powder solution produced by Chinese forest academy of sciences, wherein the concentration of the ABT rooting powder solution is 100-200 mg/kg.
(2) Collecting and storing shrub seeds
Selecting good shrub plants which are robust and do not have pest damage in summer, autumn and winter, and collecting fruits and seeds, wherein most shrub seeds are mature in 8-10 months, and a few shrub seeds are mature in 11-12 months; removing pericarp of each shrub fruit by air drying, water washing, and grinding to obtain pure seed, and storing the seed in shady and ventilated place or sand storing in shady and ventilated place for the next year vegetation recovery. The seed quality meets the national quality standard and is executed according to GB 6141 and GB 6142.
(3) Soil preparation
According to factors such as slope, slope direction and gravel content of a barren slope, different land preparation modes are determined, damage to surface vegetation and surface soil artificial interference are reduced as much as possible, land preparation is performed one month before seedling planting or sowing, or land preparation is performed along with seedling planting and sowing. For two moderate degeneration land types of a barren hill gentle slope and a barren hill steep slope, hole-shaped land preparation is adopted along a contour line, grass roots, stones and gravels in the holes are picked out, a surface soil layer and a core soil layer are respectively opened at two sides of a planting hole during land preparation, the hole specification of a tree is about 50cm multiplied by 50cm, and the plant row spacing is about 5m multiplied by 5 m. In the moderate degeneration of the mountain steep slope, the scale pits are adopted as much as possible for shrub planting or direct seeding afforestation, the pit specification of the shrub is 30cm multiplied by 30cm, and the planting row spacing is 2 multiplied by 2 m. For the severe degeneration type of the barren hill and steep slope with steep slope and high gravel content, a fish scale pit method is adopted for soil preparation, when a fish scale pit is built, raw soil is firstly cultivated downwards, ripe soil returns to the pit, a semicircular ridge is built, and shrub seeds are sown in the pit.
(4) Forestation
① afforestation time, the afforestation is carried out on cloudy days, cloudy and rainy days in the first sunny days after rain, which is generally the early late middle ten days of 4 months.
② afforestation method, mainly adopting planting method for arbor, mainly planting shrub in two moderate degradation land types of gentle slope and steep slope of barren hill, combining direct seeding afforestation method, and mainly adopting direct seeding afforestation method in severe degradation land type of steep slope of barren hill.
A seedling planting and afforesting method: the hole planting technology is adopted to implement deep hole digging, deep planting, thick soil covering method and planting method with hole surface lower than horizontal ground. When planting, planting the seedling in the hole, backfilling fine soil, backfilling surface soil and then core soil, and layering and compacting to keep the seedling straight, comfortable, tight and loose. And (3) carrying out covering and soil moisture conservation on the periphery of the nursery stock by picking and cutting weeds on the spot, wherein the covering thickness is 2-3 cm, and the soil evaporation is reduced.
Direct seeding afforestation: and (3) hole sowing is adopted, on the basis of land preparation by a fish scale hole sowing method, holes or pits are manually dug by a small shovel, then a plurality of seeds are uniformly sowed in the planting holes, after sowing, covering the seeds with covering soil, watering and moistening the seeds, and the thickness of the covering soil is 0.5-1 cm. Two kinds of seeds in the preferable shrub tree species can be selected for mixed sowing, and the sowing time is consistent with the afforestation time. Before sowing, according to the characteristics of different shrub seeds, warm water at 40-70 ℃, or 40% potassium permanganate is adopted for disinfection and seed soaking, or seed coating agent is adopted for seed dressing, or the seed dressing agent is uniformly mixed with foreign soil, a water-retaining agent, a fertilizer and the like.
(5) Tending management
The tending measures mainly comprise irrigation, replanting, loosening soil and the like. For seedling planting method afforestation, water lifting irrigation is carried out by using the geographical position advantage of the valley, containment management is carried out, people and livestock are strictly prevented from trampling, the dead plants are replanted in the second year, and management and protection are carried out for 2 years; for the direct seeding method, the stones covered on the surface should be removed in time to avoid pressing the seedlings and influencing the normal growth of the seedlings.
The implementation effects of the ecological vegetation restoration technology for different types of the lands on the barren and sloping lands of the dry and warm river valleys of the great river are shown in table 2, and in the ecological vegetation restoration process, the native tree species are adopted, so that the vegetation and the plant plot system of the barren and sloping lands of the dry and warm river valleys can be effectively restored, and the maintenance of the vegetation stability and the improvement of the soil environment quality are facilitated. After recovering 10 years of moderately degraded site-type vegetation of a barren hill gentle slope and a barren hill steep slope, the canopy density of forest stands reaches 0.70, a arbor-shrub multi-layer different-age forest ecological system is preliminarily formed, the Shannon-wiener index is improved by 10-20%, and the Simpson index is increased by 10-15%; the physical and chemical properties of the soil are effectively improved, the volume weight of the soil is reduced by more than 10%, the organic matter content of the soil is increased by more than 30%, and the nutrient of N, P, K is increased by 2.5-20%. After 5 years of restoration of the seriously degraded site type of the barren mountain steep slope, the Shannon-wiener index of the community is improved by 28.7 percent, and the Simpson index is increased by 13.63 percent; the physical and chemical properties of the soil are obviously improved, and ecological functions such as water and soil conservation of the shrub are obviously enhanced;
hole-shaped and fish scale pit-shaped soil preparation is adopted, so that damage to the original vegetation on the ground surface and artificial interference of surface soil are reduced, the labor intensity of soil preparation is reduced, and the cost and time input of the soil preparation are reduced; provides technical support for ecological restoration of vegetation in the barren and sloping land of the dry and warm river valley of the great river.
Table 2. effect of ecological restoration of vegetation in different types of land on dry and warm valley barren slope of great river
The foregoing is illustrative of the preferred embodiments of this invention, and it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise form disclosed herein and that various other combinations, modifications, and environments may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the concept as disclosed herein, either as described above or as apparent to those skilled in the relevant art. And that modifications and variations may be effected by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A vegetation ecological restoration method for dry and warm river valley barren slope land in western Sichuan is characterized by comprising the following steps: comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: the land type is divided, according to the height above sea level and combining the terrain position, the soil physicochemical property and the vegetation coverage, the dry and warm valley barren slope land is divided into 3 land types: a barren hill gentle slope moderate degeneration land standing type, a barren hill steep slope moderate degeneration land standing type and a barren hill steep slope severe degeneration land standing type;
step two: selecting and configuring vegetation ecological restoration tree species, analyzing typical communities in different sections of a river valley and dominant species composition thereof through typical vegetation sample plot survey and soil physicochemical property determination of a dry and warm river valley of a great river, analyzing drought resistance of main shrub tree species of the river valley and adaptability of the soil environment by combining environmental factors such as sample plot altitude, gradient and slope direction and the like based on indexes such as species growth, soil physicochemical property, plant and soil water potential and the like, and screening different land type vegetation ecological restoration shrub tree species on the basis; arbor tree species selection is based on local years of successful afforestation practices, and in vegetation arrangement, irrigation is mainly adopted, arbor and irrigation are combined, arbor is selected, and irrigation is performed if arbor is selected;
(1) moderate degeneration type of land in barren hill and gentle slope: the type of the field has a slow slope, thick soil layer, high soil organic matter content and luxuriant herbaceous development, and the vegetation configuration is characterized in that a needle-broadleaf mixed mode and an evergreen fallen leaf broadleaf mode of arbor, shrub and grass combination are constructed on the basis of existing herbage cultivation;
(2) the moderate degeneration type of the barren hill steep slope: the ecological restoration potential of the site-based vegetation is moderate, and the vegetation configuration adopts the collocation of coniferous trees and broadleaf trees, the collocation of deep-rooted trees and shallow-rooted trees, and the collocation of pioneer trees and local trees on the basis of the existing herbaceous cultivation;
(3) the type of the barren hill steep slope severely degenerated land: the vertical type has large gradient, thin soil layer, high gravel content and poor soil nutrition. The vegetation ecological restoration direction is mainly shrubs;
step three: the application of the vegetation ecological restoration technology mainly focuses on the moderate-degradation type of the hilly land gentle slope and the moderate-degradation type of the partial hilly land steep slope according to the scale vegetation restoration of the dry and warm valley areas, while the severe-degradation type of the hilly land steep slope is mostly patch-shaped restoration, and for arbor tree species, the standard nursery stock is adopted for planting; for shrub species, two afforestation modes of on-site seed collection, seedling raising and planting and direct seeding afforestation are combined.
2. The ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope in western and Sichuan according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the dry and warm river valley is a river valley region which is distributed in midstream of great river, midstream of Yazhenjiang and midstream of Minjiang in Sichuan, has the average annual temperature of 15-18 ℃, the average hottest month temperature of 22-24 ℃, the average coldest month temperature of 5-12 ℃, the days with the average daily temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃ of 251-350 days and the annual sunshine hours of 1200-2400 hours.
3. The ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope in western and Sichuan according to claim 1, which is characterized in that:
the barren mountain gentle slope moderate degeneration land type is distributed in a gentle slope section with the valley altitude of 800-1400 m, and the slope is less than 20 degrees; the dominant vegetation comprises dryland shrubs of coriaria sinica and rosa multiflora, the herbaceous development is luxuriant, and the vegetation coverage is more than 30 percent; the soil is red soil or yellow brown soil mostly, the gravel content is less than 20%, the soil layer thickness is more than 30cm, and the average organic matter content of the surface soil is 2.37%;
the barren mountain steep slope is of a moderate degeneration type and is distributed in a steep slope section with the valley altitude of 700-1300 m and the slope of 20-30 degrees; the dominant vegetation mainly comprises dry shrubs such as albizia julibrissin, sonchus aspera, and scented wood, the herbaceous plants grow, and the vegetation coverage is more than 30%; the soil is red soil or yellow brown soil mostly, the gravel content is less than 20%, the soil layer thickness is more than 20cm, and the surface soil organic matter content is more than 2%;
the barren mountain steep slope severe degradation land standing type is distributed in a steep slope land section with the valley altitude of 900-1500 m, the slope is greater than 30 degrees, the land standing condition is relatively poor, and the land is severely degraded; the dominant vegetation comprises the dryland shrubs of the morus sieboldii, the bauhinia variegates and the leech, herbaceous plants are sparse, and the vegetation coverage is less than 30 percent; the soil gravel content is more than 20 percent, the soil layer thickness is less than 20cm, and the surface soil organic matter content is less than 1.5 percent.
4. The ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope in western and Sichuan according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the selection of the nursery stock in the third step is specifically as follows:
① nursery stock of arbor
Arborvitae: the container seedlings are more than 0.8cm in ground diameter and more than 50cm in height, and the seedling age is 1-2 years;
b, radiata pine: the container seedlings are more than 0.30cm in ground diameter and more than 40cm in height, and the seedling age is 1-2 years;
yunnan pine: the container seedlings are more than 0.25cm in ground diameter, more than 30cm in height and 1-2 years old;
and (3) locust: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.50cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 30cm, and the seedling age is 1-2 years;
pistacia chinensis Bunge: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.80cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 50cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year;
new silktree albizzia: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.50cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 50cm, and the seedlings grow in the same year;
erythrina indica: cutting seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.70cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 80cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year;
fragrant wood: sowing the seedlings, wherein the ground diameter is more than 0.40cm, the height of the seedlings is more than 40cm, and the seedlings grow for 1 year;
② Nursery stock of shrub
Adopting seeding and annual seedling;
the nursery stock treatment specifically comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of treating seedling roots by adopting a slurry dipping method or a plant hormone root dipping method, treating the seedling roots on the same day of tree planting, wrapping the seedling roots by using woven bags or plastic bags in a bundle of 100-200 plants after dipping, and ensuring that the root systems are in a wet state during planting.
5. The ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope in western and Sichuan according to claim 4, wherein the ecological restoration method comprises the following steps: the seedling root slurry dipping method specifically comprises the following steps: mixing sterilized fertile fine soil and water into slurry or mixing sterilized fertile fine soil and ammonium sulfate solution with the concentration of 1% into slurry, dipping the roots of the seedlings, wherein the dryness and the dilution degree of the slurry are suitable for preventing the original roots from being seen after the slurry is dipped, and the roots of the seedlings can be kept in a wet state for a long time after being dipped in the slurry;
the root dipping method of the seedling root plant hormone specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) soaking the roots of the seedlings for 1-2 minutes by using ABT No. 3 rooting powder solution produced by Chinese forest academy of sciences, wherein the concentration of the ABT rooting powder solution is 100-200 mg/kg.
6. The ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope in western Sichuan according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the specific method for collecting shrub seeds comprises the following steps: selecting good shrub plants which are strong and do not have the damage of pests in summer, autumn and winter, collecting fruits and seeds, removing peels of the collected fruits of each shrub in the modes of airing, washing and grinding to obtain pure seeds, and storing the obtained seeds in a shady and ventilated place or sand-storing the seeds in the shady and ventilated place for the vegetation recovery of the next year.
7. The ecological restoration method for vegetation in dry and warm river valley barren slope in western Sichuan according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the direct seeding afforestation method specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) carrying out hole sowing, manually digging a hole or a pit by using a small shovel, uniformly sowing a plurality of seeds in the hole, covering the seeds with covering soil after sowing, watering and wetting, wherein the thickness of the covering soil is 0.5-1 cm. Two kinds of seeds in the preferred shrub tree species can be selected for mixed sowing, and the sowing time is consistent with the afforestation time; before sowing, according to the characteristics of different shrub seeds, warm water at 40-70 ℃ or 40% potassium permanganate is adopted for disinfection and seed soaking, or seed coating agent is adopted for seed dressing, or the seed dressing agent is uniformly mixed with foreign soil, a water-retaining agent, a fertilizer and the like.
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