CN115380783A - Cold region rice stable-yield cultivation method - Google Patents
Cold region rice stable-yield cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115380783A CN115380783A CN202211216240.6A CN202211216240A CN115380783A CN 115380783 A CN115380783 A CN 115380783A CN 202211216240 A CN202211216240 A CN 202211216240A CN 115380783 A CN115380783 A CN 115380783A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
A method for cultivating rice in cold regions with stable yield relates to a method for cultivating rice. The invention provides a method for cultivating cold-region rice in a stable yield, which can improve the yield and quality and solve the problem of straw returning. The method can improve the water and soil retention capacity and the energy storage capacity, can provide a stable growth environment for the rooting and sprouting of the seeds and the seedlings in spring in cold areas, and improves the adaptability of the seeds or the seedlings to the overlarge temperature difference. The root system of the rice seedling grows rapidly, the seedling growth speed is promoted, and the deep root system proportion of the seedling in the later period is high, thus being beneficial to improving the yield and the quality. The dense topsoil is arranged to quickly recover the activity of microorganisms in the soil to form a dominant strain, the microbial activity is improved, the disease resistance and the productivity of the whole growth stage of rice are promoted, the decomposition efficiency of straws is improved, and the contents of organic matters, available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in soil plough layers are obviously increased.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a rice cultivation method.
Background
Rice is an important food crop for human beings, the cultivation and eating of rice have a long history, and at least 50% of people in the world eat rice or use rice as a raw material for industrial production. Rice is mainly distributed in asia, europe, and tropical america and africa. Annual rice yields represent the third crop of world food production, lower than corn and wheat. China is a world-wide rice production country, heilongjiang is also an important rice main production area and a commercial grain production base in China, and the rice planting area is also continuously enlarged in the year, thereby playing an important role in guaranteeing and supplying food safety in China.
Hundreds of millions of tons of straws are produced by various crops every year, wherein the rice straws account for one third, and the reasonable recycling of straw resources becomes a problem which is urgently needed to be solved in rice production in China. Traditional straw burns because can destroy soil structure, causes the farmland quality to descend, and straw burns and to make the microorganism in the earth's surface burn to death, and humus, organic matter are mineralized, and field burns straw and has destroyed biological system's balance, has changed the physical character of soil, has aggravated soil hardening, has destroyed the land fertility, has aggravated the arid, therefore the growth of crops receives the influence. And can cause serious environmental pollution, fire and other series of unforeseeable consequences, so people are researching more scientific straw treatment modes, such as straw returning, straw decomposition for preparing organic fertilizer, straw carbonization and other more scientific means for solving the straw problem. The comprehensive utilization of rice straws in China is actively promoted, the problems of environmental pollution and the like caused by straw burning are reduced, and a new straw utilization way which is suitable for the carbon fixation and emission reduction, yield enhancement and soil fertility improvement technologies of rice fields in China is explored. However, the climate of Heilongjiang is characterized in that straws are harvested in autumn, the period of the process for preparing organic fertilizer by deeply burying the straws and returning the straws to the field or decomposing the straws is 3 months in winter, the period is prolonged due to the fact that the straws are stagnated or the temperature is reduced, the straws can not be decomposed in a crop period sometimes, new straws are generated, and the quality of cultivated land is seriously influenced due to the accumulation of the straws. And excessive non-decomposed straw mixed in the cultivated land can also have adverse effects on the air permeability, water permeability, organic matter composition and the like of the soil, thereby affecting the yield of rice.
In order to increase the yield of rice planting, a lot of people increase the using amount of fertilizer or use a large amount of pesticide when preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, damage is caused to the soil structure and the ecological environment, drug residues exist in rice, the food safety problem is caused, and further the threat is brought to the agricultural health development and the human life safety. Therefore, the rice planting technology must be optimized, fertilizers and pesticides are reasonably applied according to soil fertility through scientific optimization and perfect cultivation technology, ecological environment balance is maintained, and the rice planting yield and benefit can be improved. In addition, although the black soil rice field of Heilongjiang has higher organic matters, because the farmland mainly uses chemical fertilizers for a long time, the application of nitrogen fertilizers is excessive, the utilization rate is low, the soil is hardened, the soil fertility is reduced and the like are increasingly serious.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art, provides a method for cultivating the rice in the cold region with stable yield, can improve the yield and quality, and solves the problem of returning the straw to the field.
The method for cultivating the rice in the cold region with stable yield is carried out according to the following steps:
1. autumn soil preparation and straw returning
In 10-month middle ten days, after harvesting previous rice, crushing rice straw to 4-7 cm, uniformly spreading, spreading organic fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 22-30 cm, the ridge width is 20-25 cm, the ridge height is 10-12 cm, and the ridge interval is 6-8 cm; injecting a compacting agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 10-12 cm, and injecting a curing agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 10-12 cm when the soil water content of the surface layer is below 60% after the farmland is sunned; when the soil is sunned until the water content of the surface soil is below 60%, a cylindrical roller is used for pressing the farmland until the ridge height is reduced to 3-5 m; after the pressing, the height of the original ridge is reduced, the space is reduced, and the seeds are sowed in the ditch between the two ridges; compact surface soil with the thickness of 5-6 cm can be obtained after repeatedly compacting the farmland, and the density of the compact surface soil is 1.5-2.0 g/cm 3 ；
The aqueous solution of the curing agent contains 1 to 3 weight percent of chitosan and 1 weight percent of oxalic acid; the density agent aqueous solution is xanthan gum aqueous solution with the concentration of 1-3 wt%;
2. seed selection and treatment
Before sowing, spreading the seeds in the sun and airing, wherein the spreading thickness is 5-6 cm, turning over once every 2 hours, and airing for one day to enable the water content of the seeds to be consistent; then coating with a coating agent, and drying in the shade after coating, wherein the coating can be used for sowing;
3. sowing:
sowing after the average temperature in the local day is more than 6 ℃, and sowing in the ditch between two ridges;
4. fertilizing:
the total fertilizing amount per mu is nitrogen fertilizer: 10kg-15kg, 5 kg-6 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 4 kg-5 kg of potassium oxide; the fertilizer application comprises three times of base fertilizer application, additional fertilizer application and tillering fertilizer application; the base fertilizer is 60-70% of nitrogen fertilizer and all phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide are applied in the base fertilizer before seeding; the additional fertilizer is applied in the 3-leaf stage of the rice and is 10-15% of the nitrogen fertilizer; the tillering fertilizer is applied at the 5.5-leaf stage, which is 25-30% of the nitrogen fertilizer;
5. water layer management:
irrigating before 3-leaf stage, controlling water layer at 3-4cm,3.5-4.0 at 4-5cm, and controlling water layer at 1-2cm deepest in heading poplar flowering stage;
6. harvesting: harvesting was performed in late 9 months.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method can improve the water and soil retention capacity and the energy storage capacity, can provide a stable growth environment for the rooting and sprouting of the seeds and the seedlings in spring in cold areas, and improves the adaptability of the seeds or the seedlings to the overlarge temperature difference. The rice seedling of the invention has rapid root growth, promotes the growth speed of the seedling, has high proportion of deep root system of the seedling at the later period, and is beneficial to improving the yield and the quality. The activity of the microorganisms in the soil can be quickly recovered, the growth speed of the microorganisms is higher, and the formation of dominant strains is proved, so that the dominant strains are directly related to the arrangement of the compact surface soil; the improvement of microbial activity promotes the disease resistance and the productivity of the whole growth stage of the rice, improves the decomposition efficiency of straws, and obviously increases the contents of organic matters, available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in soil plough layers.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a process for forming compacted topsoil in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and explanatory of the invention and do not restrict the invention.
The first embodiment is as follows: the method for cultivating the cold region rice in the stable yield manner is carried out according to the following steps:
1. autumn soil preparation and straw returning
In 10-month middle ten days, after harvesting previous rice, crushing rice straw to 4-7 cm, uniformly spreading, spreading organic fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 22-30 cm, the ridge width is 20-25 cm, the ridge height is 10-12 cm, and the ridge interval is 6-8 cm; injecting a compacting agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 10-12 cm, and injecting a curing agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 10-12 cm when the farmland is sunned until the surface soil water content is below 60%; drying the farmland till the water content of the surface soil is below 60 percent, and compacting the farmland by using a cylindrical compactor until the ridge height is reduced to 3-5 m; after the pressing, the height of the original ridge is reduced, the space is reduced, and the seeds are sowed in the ditch between the two ridges; compact surface soil with the thickness of 5-6 cm can be obtained after repeatedly compacting the farmland, and the density of the compact surface soil is 1.5-2.0 g/cm 3 ；
The aqueous solution of the curing agent contains 1 to 3 weight percent of chitosan and 1 weight percent of oxalic acid; the aqueous solution of the compacting agent is 1-3 wt% aqueous solution of xanthan gum;
this embodiment injects curing agent and notes densifier after revolving the ground to arable land, curing agent and notes densifier can spread to certain degree of depth in to soil, because chitosan has the amino, xanthan gum has the carboxyl, the two takes place ionic reaction, form gelatineous muddy water mixture with soil, and viscosity further improves in the process of drying the field, form the closely knit topsoil of one deck on the arable land top layer after suppressing, this soil horizon stable performance, have better water and soil retentivity and energy storage ability, can take root and sprout for the seed in cold areas, the seedling provides stable growing environment, the adaptability of seed or seedling to the too big difference in temperature has been improved.
The action period of the compact surface soil can reach 2 months after sowing, and the curing agent and the compact agent can be gradually biodegraded and removed in the rice field; this embodiment adopts the seeding mode to combine the closely knit topsoil that sets up, compare with current transplanting method, this embodiment rice seedling's root system grows rapidly, has promoted seedling growth speed, and the deep root system proportion of later stage seedling is high, does benefit to increase of production and quality.
In the embodiment, the organic fertilizer is added into the compact topsoil, and after the contained microorganisms are domesticated in autumn and winter, compared with cultivated land without the compact topsoil containing the organic fertilizer, the activity of the microorganisms in the soil can be quickly recovered in spring of the next year, the growth speed of the microorganisms is higher, and the formation of the dominant strains is proved to form, so that the direct relation with the compact topsoil is formed, the formation of the dominant strains can quickly establish a stable soil ecosystem, nutrient substances are effectively utilized, nutrient circulation is coordinated and driven, and the disease resistance and the productivity of the whole growth stage of the rice are improved.
The straw that still field is fixed to this embodiment utilization arable land topsoil for most straw is fixed on the arable land topsoil, mixes with soil, more is favorable to going on of decay of straw.
2. Seed selection and treatment
Before sowing, spreading and airing the seeds in the sun, wherein the spreading thickness is 5-6 cm, turning over once every 2 hours, and airing for one day to ensure that the water content of the seeds is consistent; then coating with a coating agent, and drying in the shade after coating, wherein the coating can be used for sowing;
3. sowing:
sowing after the average temperature in the local day is more than 6 ℃, and sowing in the ditch between two ridges;
4. fertilizing:
the total fertilizing amount per mu is nitrogen fertilizer: 10kg-15kg, 5-6kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 4-5kg of potassium oxide; the fertilizer application comprises three times of base fertilizer application, additional fertilizer application and tillering fertilizer application; the base fertilizer is 60-70% of the nitrogen fertilizer and all phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide are applied before sowing; the additional fertilizer is applied in the 3-leaf stage of the rice and is 10-15% of the nitrogen fertilizer; the tillering fertilizer is applied at the 5.5-leaf stage, which is 25-30% of the nitrogen fertilizer;
5. water layer management:
irrigation is not carried out before the 3-leaf stage, the water layer at the 3-leaf stage is controlled to be 3-4cm, the water layer at the 3.5-4.0 leaf stage is controlled to be 4-5cm, and the deepest water layer at the heading poplar flowering stage is controlled to be 1-2cm;
6. harvesting: harvesting was performed in late 9 months.
The embodiment has the following beneficial effects:
the method can improve the water and soil retention capacity and the energy storage capacity, can provide a stable growth environment for the rooting and sprouting of the seeds and the seedlings in spring in cold areas, and improves the adaptability of the seeds or the seedlings to the overlarge temperature difference. The root system of the rice seedling of the embodiment grows rapidly, the seedling growth speed is promoted, the deep root system proportion of the seedling in the later period is high, and the yield and the quality are improved. The activity of the microorganisms in the soil can be quickly recovered, the growth speed of the microorganisms is higher, and the fact that the dominant strains are formed is shown, and the dominant strains are directly related to the arrangement of the dense topsoil; the improvement of microbial activity promotes the disease resistance and the productivity of the whole growth stage of the rice, improves the decomposition efficiency of straws, and obviously increases the contents of organic matters, available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in soil plough layers.
The second embodiment is as follows: the first difference between the present embodiment and the specific embodiment is: in the first step, the rotary tillage depth is 30cm, the ridge width is 20cm, the ridge height is 10cm, and the ridge interval is 8cm.
The third concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment differs from the first or second embodiment in that: step one, the dosage of the organic fertilizer per mu is 500-800kg.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment mode and one of the first to third embodiment modes is: in the third step, the seeding rate is 12 kg/mu, and the seeding depth is 2.1-2.5 cm.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fourth embodiments is: the top dressing in the fourth step follows the principle of Miao Wangshao top dressing and seedling weakness and top dressing, a water layer of 4cm-6cm is established on the field surface during top dressing, and a water layer with the depth of at least 5cm is needed on the field surface during top dressing and tiller fertilizing.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fifth embodiments is: and step five, water is cut off at the middle stage of milk maturity.
The seventh embodiment: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to sixth embodiments is: during field management, weeding and pest control are carried out according to a conventional method.
Example 1:
the method for cultivating the cold region rice in the embodiment with stable yield is carried out according to the following steps:
1. autumn soil preparation and straw returning
In 10-month middle ten days, after harvesting previous rice, crushing rice straw to 4-7 cm, uniformly spreading, spreading organic fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 22-30 cm, the ridge width is 23-25 cm, the ridge height is 10-12 cm, and the ridge interval is 7-8 cm; injecting a compacting agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 11-12 cm, and injecting a curing agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 11-12 cm when the farmland is sunned until the surface soil water content is below 60%; when the soil is sunned until the water content of the surface soil is below 60 percent, a cylindrical roller is used for pressing the farmland until the ridge height is reduced to 4-5 m; after the pressing, the height of the original ridge is reduced, the space is reduced, and the seeds are sowed in the ditch between the two ridges; compact surface soil can be obtained after repeatedly compacting the farmland, and the density of the compact surface soil is 1.8-2.0 g/cm 3 ；
The aqueous solution of the curing agent contains 3wt% of chitosan and 1wt% of oxalic acid; the aqueous solution of the compacting agent is a xanthan gum aqueous solution with the concentration of 3 wt%; the dosage of the organic fertilizer per mu is 700kg;
2. seed selection and treatment
Before sowing, spreading the seeds in the sun and airing, wherein the spreading thickness is 5-6 cm, turning over once every 2 hours, and airing for one day until the water content of the seeds is consistent; then coating with a coating agent, and drying in the shade after coating, so as to be used for sowing;
3. sowing:
sowing after the average temperature of the local day is more than 6 ℃, and sowing in the furrows between two ridges, wherein the sowing quantity is 12 kg/mu, and the sowing depth is 2.1-2.5 cm;
4. fertilizing:
the total fertilization amount per mu is nitrogen fertilizer (pure nitrogen): 15kg, 6kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 5kg of potassium oxide; the fertilization comprises three applications of base fertilizer, additional fertilizer and tiller fertilizer, wherein the base fertilizer is applied before sowing, and the base fertilizer is 60 percent of nitrogen fertilizer and all phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the top dressing is applied in the 3-leaf stage of the rice, which is 15 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the tillering fertilizer is applied at the 5.5-leaf stage and is 25 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the top dressing follows the principle of Miao Wangshao top dressing and seedling weakness and top dressing, a water layer of 5cm-6cm is established on the field surface during top dressing, and a water layer with the depth of at least 5cm is formed on the field surface during top dressing and tillering;
5. water layer management:
irrigation is not carried out before the 3-leaf stage, the water layer in the 3-leaf stage is controlled to be 3-4cm, the water layer in the 3.5-4.0 leaf stage (in the last ten days of month 7) is controlled to be 4-5cm, the deepest water layer in the heading poplar stage (in the last ten days of month 8) is controlled to be 1-2cm, and water is cut off in the middle stage of the milk maturity;
during field management, weeding and pest control are carried out according to a conventional method.
6. Harvesting: harvesting in late 9 th month; at the moment, the ear grains of the rice ears reach the middle and later stage of wax ripening, the water amount is 19-20 percent, and the optimal harvest period is obtained.
Example 2:
the method for cultivating the cold region rice in the embodiment with stable yield is carried out according to the following steps:
1. autumn soil preparation and straw returning to field
In 10 months, after the previous rice is harvested, the rice straw is crushed to 4-7 cm and the two are all equalUniformly spreading, spreading organic fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 22cm-30cm, the ridge width is 23cm-25cm, the ridge height is 10cm-12cm, and the ridge interval is 7cm-8cm; injecting a compacting agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 11-12 cm, and injecting a curing agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 11-12 cm when the farmland is sunned until the surface soil water content is below 60%; when the soil is sunned until the water content of the surface soil is below 60 percent, a cylindrical roller is used for pressing the farmland until the ridge height is reduced to 4-5 m; after the pressing, the height of the original ridge is reduced, the space is reduced, and the seeds are sowed in the ditch between the two ridges; compact surface soil can be obtained after repeatedly compacting the farmland, and the density of the compact surface soil is 1.8-2.0 g/cm 3 ；
The aqueous solution of the curing agent contains 2wt% of chitosan and 1wt% of oxalic acid; the aqueous solution of the compacting agent is 2wt% aqueous solution of xanthan gum; the dosage of the organic fertilizer per mu is 700kg;
2. seed selection and treatment
Before sowing, spreading the seeds in the sun and airing, wherein the spreading thickness is 5-6 cm, turning over once every 2 hours, and airing for one day until the water content of the seeds is consistent; then coating with a coating agent, and airing under a cool and cool condition after coating, so that the seed can be used for sowing;
3. sowing:
sowing after the average temperature of the local day is more than 6 ℃, and sowing in the furrows between two ridges, wherein the sowing quantity is 12 kg/mu, and the sowing depth is 2.1-2.5 cm;
4. fertilizing:
the total fertilizing amount per mu is nitrogen fertilizer (pure nitrogen): 15kg, 6kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 5kg of potassium oxide; the fertilization comprises three applications of base fertilizer, additional fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, wherein the base fertilizer is applied before sowing, the base fertilizer is 60 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer, and all phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the top dressing is applied in the 3-leaf stage of the rice, which is 15 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the tillering fertilizer is applied at the 5.5-leaf stage and is 25 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the top dressing follows the principle of Miao Wangshao top dressing and seedling weak and much top dressing, a water layer of 5cm-6cm is established on the field surface during top dressing, and a water layer with the depth of at least 5cm is established on the field surface during top dressing and tiller fertilizing;
5. water layer management:
irrigation is not carried out before the 3-leaf stage, the water layer in the 3-leaf stage is controlled to be 3-4cm, the water layer in the 3.5-4.0 leaf stage (in the last ten days of month 7) is controlled to be 4-5cm, the deepest water layer in the heading poplar stage (in the last ten days of month 8) is controlled to be 1-2cm, and water is cut off in the middle stage of the milk maturity;
during field management, weeding and pest control are carried out according to a conventional method.
6. Harvesting: harvesting in late 9 th month; at the moment, the ear grains of the rice ears reach the middle and later stage of wax ripening, the water amount is 19-20 percent, and the optimal harvest period is obtained.
Example 3:
the method for cultivating the cold region rice in the embodiment with stable yield is carried out according to the following steps:
1. autumn soil preparation and straw returning
In 10-month middle ten days, after harvesting previous rice, crushing rice straw to 4-7 cm, uniformly spreading, spreading organic fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 22-30 cm, the ridge width is 23-25 cm, the ridge height is 10-12 cm, and the ridge interval is 7-8 cm; injecting a compacting agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 11-12 cm, and injecting a curing agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 11-12 cm when the water content of the surface soil is below 60% after the farmland is sunned; when the soil is sunned until the water content of the surface soil is below 60 percent, a cylindrical roller is used for pressing the farmland until the ridge height is reduced to 5-6 m; after the pressing, the height of the original ridge is reduced, the space is reduced, and the seeds are sowed in the ditch between the two ridges; compact topsoil can be obtained after repeatedly compacting the farmland, and the density of the compact topsoil is 1.8-2.0 g/cm 3 ；
The aqueous solution of the curing agent contains 3wt% of chitosan and 1wt% of oxalic acid; the aqueous solution of the compacting agent is a xanthan gum aqueous solution with the concentration of 3 wt%; the dosage of the organic fertilizer per mu is 700kg;
2. seed selection and treatment
Before sowing, spreading the seeds in the sun and airing, wherein the spreading thickness is 5-6 cm, turning over once every 2 hours, and airing for one day until the water content of the seeds is consistent; then coating with a coating agent, and airing under a cool and cool condition after coating, so that the seed can be used for sowing;
3. sowing:
sowing after the average temperature in the local day is more than 6 ℃, and sowing in the ditches between two ridges, wherein the sowing quantity is 12 kg/mu, and the sowing depth is 2.1-2.5 cm;
4. fertilizing:
the total fertilization amount per mu is nitrogen fertilizer (pure nitrogen): 15kg, 6kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 5kg of potassium oxide; the fertilization comprises three applications of base fertilizer, additional fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, wherein the base fertilizer is applied before sowing, the base fertilizer is 60 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer, and all phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the top dressing is applied in the 3-leaf stage of the rice, which is 15 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the tillering fertilizer is applied at the 5.5-leaf stage and is 25 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the top dressing follows the principle of Miao Wangshao top dressing and seedling weakness and top dressing, a water layer of 5cm-6cm is established on the field surface during top dressing, and a water layer with the depth of at least 5cm is formed on the field surface during top dressing and tillering;
5. water layer management:
irrigation is not carried out before the 3-leaf stage, the water layer in the 3-leaf stage is controlled to be 3-4cm, the water layer in the 3.5-4.0 leaf stage (in the last ten days of month 7) is controlled to be 4-5cm, the deepest water layer in the heading poplar stage (in the last ten days of month 8) is controlled to be 1-2cm, and water is cut off in the middle stage of the milk maturity;
during field management, weeding and pest control are carried out according to a conventional method.
6. Harvesting: harvesting in late 9 months; at the moment, the ear grains of the rice ears reach the middle and later stage of wax ripening, the water amount is 19-20 percent, and the optimal harvest period is obtained.
Comparative example 1:
the method for cultivating the cold region rice in the embodiment with stable yield is carried out according to the following steps:
1. autumn soil preparation and straw returning
In 10 months, after harvesting previous rice, grinding rice straw to 4-7 cm, uniformly spreading, spreading organic fertilizer, and rotating the land by using a rotary cultivator; pulping in 5 middle of the month in the second year; pulping while applying 700kg of organic fertilizer; transplanting rice seedlings on the 4 th day after pulping;
2. seed selection and treatment
Coating the seeds, and then airing the coated seeds under the shade condition, so that the coated seeds can be used for seed soaking, germination acceleration and rice seedling raising;
3. transplanting rice seedlings:
transplanting rice seedlings after the local daily average temperature is stably higher than 6 ℃, and transplanting rice seedlings mechanically, wherein the row spacing is 30cm, the plant spacing is 13cm, and each hole is 2-3 plants;
4. fertilizing:
the total fertilization amount per mu is nitrogen fertilizer (pure nitrogen): 15kg, 6kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 5kg of potassium oxide; the fertilization comprises three applications of base fertilizer, additional fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, wherein the base fertilizer is applied before sowing, the base fertilizer is 60 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer, and all phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide; the top dressing is applied in the 3-leaf stage of the rice, which is 15 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the tillering fertilizer is applied at the 5.5-leaf stage and is 25 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer; the top dressing follows the principle of Miao Wangshao top dressing and seedling weakness and top dressing, a water layer of 5cm-6cm is established on the field surface during top dressing, and a water layer with the depth of at least 5cm is formed on the field surface during top dressing and tillering;
5. water layer management:
irrigation is not carried out before the 3-leaf stage, the water layer in the 3-leaf stage is controlled to be 3-4cm, the water layer in the 3.5-4.0 leaf stage (in the last ten days of month 7) is controlled to be 4-5cm, the deepest water layer in the heading poplar stage (in the last ten days of month 8) is controlled to be 1-2cm, and water is cut off in the middle stage of the milk maturity; during field management, weeding and pest control are carried out according to a conventional method.
6. Harvesting: harvesting when the ear grains of the rice ears reach the middle and later stage of wax ripening.
The experiments are all in Harbin city of Heilongjiang province, wherein the components of the organic fertilizer are as follows: nitrogen 1.837%, phosphorus 1.985%, potassium 2.143%, and organic matter 33.314%.
The yield and the quality of the examples 1 to 3 are obviously improved compared with the comparative example, the table 1 is a statistic table of the number of rice ears and grains, the thousand-grain weight, the maturing rate and the yield, and the middle and later stage of the wax ripening of the rice of the examples 1 to 3 is advanced by 5 days compared with the comparative example 1. Table 2 shows the results (7 months) of the measurements of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil with a depth of 10-20 cm in the plough layer, which were measured by a high-temperature thermogravimetric potassium chromate oxidation-volumetric method, a sodium bicarbonate method and an ammonium acetate extraction method, respectively. The contents of organic matters, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil of the examples 1 to 3 are greatly improved compared with the contents of the organic matters, the available phosphorus and the available potassium in the soil of the comparative examples. The organic matter content of the soil with the depth of 0-10 cm in the harvested examples 1-3 is 1.70-1.81 percentThe content of sticky (mud) particles is 45-60 percent, and the volume weight is 1.1-1.4g/cm 3 The soil texture is easy, and the ventilation and the water permeation are proved. And the remaining non-decomposed straw in example 1 was only 10% of that in comparative example 1.
TABLE 1
| Grouping | Number of ear particles/ear | Thousand grain weight/g | Fruit set/percent | Yield per kg per mu |
| Example 1 | 95.36a | 29.35a | 83.14a | 680.87a |
| Example 2 | 97.95a | 29.08a | 85.21a | 669.78a |
| Example 3 | 99.12a | 28.75a | 84.42a | 648.62a |
| Comparative example 1 | 92.36a | 28.14a | 83.13a | 630.12a |
Note: lower case letters indicate that the difference is significant at the P.ltoreq.0.05 level.
TABLE 2
| Grouping | Organic matter/% | Available phosphorus mg/kg | Quick-acting potassium mg/kg |
| Example 1 | 1.85 | 27.39 | 220.35 |
| Example 2 | 1.77 | 27.68 | 219.68 |
| Example 3 | 1.73 | 26.48 | 210.39 |
| Comparative example 1 | 1.69 | 22.35 | 198.35 |
Claims (7)
1. A method for cultivating rice in cold regions stably is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method for cultivating the cold region rice with stable yield is carried out according to the following steps:
1. autumn soil preparation and straw returning
In 10-month middle ten days, after harvesting previous rice, crushing rice straw to 4-7 cm, uniformly spreading, spreading organic fertilizer, carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the rotary tillage depth is 22-30 cm, the ridge width is 20-25 cm, the ridge height is 10-12 cm, and the ridge interval is 6-8 cm; injecting a compacting agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 10-12 cm, and injecting a curing agent aqueous solution into the farmland until the immersion depth reaches 10-12 cm when the farmland is sunned until the surface soil water content is below 60%; when the soil is sunned until the water content of the surface soil is below 60%, a cylindrical roller is used for pressing the farmland until the ridge height is reduced to 3-5 m; compact surface soil with the thickness of 5-6 cm can be obtained after repeatedly compacting the farmland, and the density of the compact surface soil is 1.5-2.0 g/cm 3 ；
The aqueous solution of the curing agent contains 1 to 3 weight percent of chitosan and 1 weight percent of oxalic acid; the aqueous solution of the compacting agent is 1-3 wt% aqueous solution of xanthan gum;
2. seed selection and treatment
Before sowing, spreading the seeds in the sun and airing, wherein the spreading thickness is 5-6 cm, turning over once every 2 hours, and airing for one day to enable the water content of the seeds to be consistent; then coating with a coating agent, and airing the coating agent under the cool condition after coating;
3. sowing:
sowing after the average temperature in the local day is more than 6 ℃, and sowing in the ditch between two ridges;
4. fertilizing:
the total fertilizing amount per mu is nitrogen fertilizer: 10kg-15kg, 5-6kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 4-5kg of potassium oxide; the fertilizer application comprises three times of base fertilizer application, additional fertilizer application and tillering fertilizer application; the base fertilizer is 60-70% of nitrogen fertilizer and all phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide are applied in the base fertilizer before seeding; the additional fertilizer is applied in the 3-leaf stage of the rice and is 10-15% of the nitrogen fertilizer; the tillering fertilizer is applied at the 5.5-leaf stage and is 25-30% of the nitrogen fertilizer;
5. water layer management:
irrigating before 3-leaf stage, controlling water layer at 3-4cm,3.5-4.0 at 4-5cm, and controlling water layer at 1-2cm deepest in heading poplar flowering stage;
6. harvesting: harvesting was performed in late 9 months.
2. The method for cultivating the cold-region rice stably according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the first step, the rotary tillage depth is 30cm, the ridge width is 20cm, the ridge height is 10cm, and the ridge interval is 8cm.
3. The method for cultivating the cold-region rice stably according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: step one, the dosage of the organic fertilizer per mu is 500-800kg.
4. The method for cultivating the cold-region rice stably according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the third step, the seeding rate is 12 kg/mu, and the seeding depth is 2.1-2.5 cm.
5. The method for cultivating the cold-region rice stably according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the fourth step, a water layer with the depth of 4cm-6cm is established on the surface of the field during topdressing, and a water layer with the depth of at least 5cm is established on the surface of the field during topdressing and tiller fertilizing.
6. The method for cultivating the cold-region rice stably according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and step five, water is cut off at the middle stage of milk maturity.
7. The method for cultivating the cold region rice stably according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: during field management, weeding and pest control are carried out according to a conventional method.
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