CN115191259A - Navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-light-efficiency tree form cultivation method - Google Patents
Navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-light-efficiency tree form cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01C21/007—Determining fertilization requirements
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention provides a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-light-efficiency tree form cultivation method, wherein the crown is 2-2.5m in height and 1-1.5m in diameter; no branch is arranged below 40cm of the central trunk, 1.2 branches are arranged above 40cm at intervals of 10cm on average, and the length of branch groups formed by the branches is controlled to be 45-70cm and is distributed in a radial mode. The tree form has the advantages that the concept of main branches is diluted, a plurality of branch groups are uniformly cultivated on the cultivated central trunk, the tree body structure is simple, the crown diameter of the tree crown is greatly reduced, the convenience in mechanical management is realized, the labor investment is reduced, and the labor efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the photosynthetic efficiency of the whole plant is basically consistent, the quality consistency is higher, and the commodity rate of fruits is greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree form cultivation method.
Background
The navel orange is an important fresh citrus variety and is an important enrichment tree in mountainous areas such as Jiangnan and Sanxia reservoir areas in China. The traditional tree form of navel oranges is a natural round head shape (figure 1), the height of an adult tree is large, the height and the crown diameter of the adult tree exceed 3m, manual trimming, pesticide spraying or fruit picking are inconvenient, and even mechanical pesticide spraying is used, the inside of the crown or the top of the tree is difficult to achieve. Meanwhile, the fruit quality consistency of different parts of the traditional natural round-head-shaped tree shape is poor, the commodity rate is not high, the selling price and the orchard management benefit are seriously influenced, and therefore a new tree shape is needed to meet the requirement of healthy development of citrus industries such as navel oranges in the new era.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the invention provides a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree-shaped cultivation method which is high in yield, high in quality and convenient to manage.
The technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows: the invention provides a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree form cultivation method, which comprises the following steps of:
s1, selecting strong seedlings which are not branched below 60cm away from the ground and have trunk diameters of more than 1cm at a position 10cm above a grafting opening as seedling using standards;
s2, planting the nursery stocks before germination in spring, cutting off the strong buds at the position 50-60cm away from the ground of the trunk after planting, erecting support rods beside the nursery stocks, and binding the nursery stock trunks on the support rods;
s3, after top buds of the cut trunk germinate, a strong tip at the top is bound on the upright post, and the strong tip is straightened to serve as a central stem; pinching the shoot near the strong tip to control the growth, keeping the shoot above 40cm of the central stem, removing the shoot below 40cm of the central stem in time, pinching the tip when the seedling grows to 1.8-2.2m, and controlling the growth;
s4, before sprouting in spring of the next year, picking the core to promote branching when the length of the branch tip exceeds 30cm for the nursery stock which is branched on the central trunk; for the nursery stocks with poor branches of the central trunk, removing all branches on the central trunk, promoting lateral bud germination on the central trunk, removing sprouts below 40cm of the central trunk, promoting bud germination on the central trunk, ensuring that the central trunk is above 40cm, and averagely having 1-1.5 branch tips every 8-15 cm;
s5, applying tip promoting fertilizer before early autumn shoots germinate in the next year, and when the length of newly-extracted autumn shoots on the central trunk reaches 15-25cm, applying additional fertilizer on leaf surfaces to promote the autumn shoots to be mature, and culturing autumn shoot fruiting mother branches;
s6, completing single-trunk cylindrical tree form culture in the bottom of the second year, controlling the tree height to be 2-2.5m, controlling the crown diameter to be 1-1.5m, averagely arranging 1.2 branch tips on the central trunk every 10cm, controlling the length of a branch group formed by the branch tips to be 45-70cm, and radially distributing the branch tips.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, in the step S5, the existing branch tips are subjected to moderate short-cut to promote early autumn tip sprouting.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, in the step S2, a plastic bag is sleeved on the part of the nursery stock from the top end to the position 40cm away from the ground, the plastic bag is tightened, and the plastic bag is removed when the young tips grown from the strong buds grow to 5 cm.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, when the nursery stocks are planted in the spring in the step S2, organic fertilizers and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers are buried in planting ditches, and 2-3kg of organic fertilizers and 0.4-0.6kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers are applied to each tree.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, in the first summer and autumn shoot sprouting stage, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer is dripped on each tree, meanwhile, insecticide is sprayed in the sprouting process of each batch of new shoots, and different insecticides are alternately used for different batches of new shoots.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, 10-50g of nitrogen fertilizer and 8-40g of potassium fertilizer are applied to each tree and dripped for 3-4 times.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, after the central trunk is thinned in the step S4, 40-60g of nitrogen fertilizer and 32-48g of potassium fertilizer are additionally applied to each tree, and the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are dripped or poured for 3-4 times to promote lateral buds on the central trunk to germinate.
On the basis of the above technical scheme, preferably, the fertilization method of the tip-promoting fertilizer in the step S5 is as follows: before early autumn shoots sprout, 30-50g of nitrogen fertilizer and 12-16g of potassium fertilizer are applied to each tree, and the trees are dripped or watered for 2-3 times.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, the foliar fertilizer in the step S5 is 0.3-0.5% of monopotassium phosphate.
On the basis of the technical scheme, preferably, the strong seedlings used in the step S1 are container seedlings or strong seedlings with soil balls for 2-3 years.
Compared with the prior art, the navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree-shaped cultivation method has the following beneficial effects:
the invention discloses a method for cultivating a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-light-efficiency tree form, which is developed according to the principle of combining agriculture and agricultural machinery and aiming at the requirements of using mechanical pesticide spraying, reducing the cost of manual management and improving the efficiency of manual management, the tree form weakens the concept of main branches, a plurality of branch groups are uniformly cultivated on a cultivated central stem, the height of a crown is 2-2.5m, the diameter of the crown is 1-1.5m, no branch exists below 40cm of the central stem, 1.2 branches are averagely arranged every 10cm above 40cm, and the lengths of the branch groups are controlled to be 45-70cm and are distributed in a radial manner. The tree body has a simple structure, the crown diameter of the tree crown is greatly reduced, and the purposes of facilitating mechanical management, reducing labor input and improving labor efficiency are achieved; meanwhile, the photosynthetic efficiency of the whole plant is basically consistent, the quality consistency is higher, and the commodity rate of fruits in the garden is greatly improved.
By adopting the culture method, the single-stem cylindrical tree can be cultured in the second year, fruit can be bearing in the third year, and the fruit bearing period is reached in the fourth year, so that the yield per mu can reach 3458.8kg, which is far higher than the average yield per mu of navel oranges in China. Moreover, the differences of the illumination intensity, the soluble solid content and the solid acid specific content of the upper, middle and lower parts of the tree form are small, and the fruit quality consistency and the commodity rate are high.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments or the prior art descriptions will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a traditional tree-shaped natural round head shape of navel orange;
FIG. 2 is a first-year tree form of single-stem cylindrical tree form permanent planting according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a fourth-year tree form of single-stem cylindrical tree form permanent planting according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is a backbone structure model of a single stem cylindrical tree form of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
1. Cultivating single-stem cylindrical tree form in the first year
(1) Seedling selection
The traditional navel orange seedlings, either bare-rooted seedlings or container seedlings, generally require 1 trunk and 3 branches. When the single-stem cylindrical tree form is cultivated, one main stem is required to grow upwards, and branches are not required on the main stem, so that only single-stem nursery stocks are required. Therefore, the seedling using standard that no branch exists below 60cm and the diameter of the trunk at the position of 10cm above the grafting opening exceeds 1cm is provided, namely, the container seedling or the strong seedling with soil ball seedling for 2 to 3 years is selected, wherein the trunk has no branch below 60cm above the ground and the diameter of the trunk at the position of 10cm above the grafting opening (about 10cm above the ground) is more than 1cm.
(2) Planting nursery stock
Before sprouting in spring, organic fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are filled in planting furrows before planting, and 2-3kg of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer and 0.4-0.6kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are filled in each tree. By comparing the effect of fertilization and non-fertilization in the planting ditch on the plant growth, the result shows that after the organic fertilizer and the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are buried, the average growth height of the seedlings in one year reaches 2.2m, and the total growth of the branch tip growth amount is 437.2cm and 30cm 2 The number of the root tips of the soil cross section area is 319.3;the average height of the plants without burying is only 1.6m, the total growth length of the branch tips is 225.3cm,30cm 2 The number of the root tips of the soil cross-sectional area is 70.5. The fact that the landfill of organic fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer can obviously promote the growth of the tree body and the growth of the branch tip is proved, the growth of the root system is facilitated, and the rapid cultivation and formation of the single-stem cylindrical tree form are promoted.
Cutting off the strong buds 50-60cm away from the ground after field planting, sleeving the nursery stock on a plastic bag from the top end to the part 40cm away from the ground, and fastening the plastic bag to promote germination; timely ventilation is carried out after germination to prevent tender shoots from being baked, and when tender shoots growing from the strong shoots grow to 5cm, the plastic bags are removed. And (3) erecting a support rod beside the nursery stock while cutting short, and binding the trunk of the nursery stock on the support rod to enable the trunk to grow vertically. After the top buds of the cut main trunk germinate, a strong tip at the top is bound on the upright post, and the strong tip is straightened as a central stem. Pinching the sprout near the strong tip to control the growth, keeping the sprout with the central stem of more than 40cm, removing the sprout with the central stem of less than 40cm in time, and ceaselessly pinching the tip when the seedling grows to 1.8-2.2m to control the growth.
(3) Management during shoot growth
In order to ensure that a single-stem cylindrical tree form is formed quickly, the young shoots must be ensured to be fully extracted and grown in the growth season of the navel oranges, 10-50g of nitrogen fertilizer and 8-40g of potassium fertilizer are applied to each tree drop by drop in summer and autumn, the young shoots are dripped off 3-4 times, meanwhile, in order to reduce the difficulty of insect pest prevention and control, insecticide (thiamethoxam, imidacloprid or fipronil) is sprayed in the process of extracting the young shoots from each batch of the trees, and different insecticides are alternately used for the young shoots from different batches. After the growth of the last batch of shoots is finished, investigation finds that the fertilizer dripping effect of 30g of nitrogen fertilizer +24g of potassium fertilizer and 40g of nitrogen fertilizer +32g of potassium fertilizer is the best, the average height of each tree respectively reaches 2.1m and 2.3m, and the total growth of the shoots respectively reaches 541.8cm and 535.1cm.
In the first year after planting, except for management, the sprout tillers are mainly removed continuously from the center to the position below 40cm away from the ground, meanwhile, the strong tips from the top are bound on the supporting rods from time to time, the strong tips are straightened to promote the growth of the strong tips, and finally the target height is 2.0-2.5m.
2. Promoting shoot sprouting and flower bud differentiation in the second year after planting
(1) Removing branch tips on central trunk in spring
Before sprouting in spring of the next year, picking the core to promote branching when the length of the branch tip of the well-branched nursery stock on the central trunk exceeds 30 cm; for navel orange trees with poor branches of the central trunk, dredging all branches on the central trunk, promoting lateral bud germination on the central trunk, removing sprouts below 40cm of the central trunk, and promoting bud germination above 40cm of the central trunk; the central stem is ensured to be more than 40cm, and 1-1.5 young shoots are averagely arranged at intervals of 8-15 cm.
According to the demand of spring young shoot growth amount on nutrients, after thinning, applying 40-60g of nitrogen fertilizer and 32-48g of potassium fertilizer to each tree in a topdressing way, and dripping or irrigating for 4 times to promote lateral bud germination on the central trunk.
According to investigation, the thinning treatment is not carried out, the germination and growth rate of the buds is low, the central trunk only germinates and extracts 0.2 roots every 10cm, almost all buds can germinate and extract after the thinning treatment, the central trunk averagely extracts 1.2 roots every 10cm, and the average length of the branch group is about 50 cm; the effect of promoting the germination and growth of buds on the central trunk by branch thinning treatment is very good, and the success of single-stem cylindrical tree cultivation is facilitated.
(2) Management of autumn shoots
The timely aging of the new shoots (the self-shearing of the new shoots of the navel oranges is a mark for entering the aging) is a precondition for carrying out flower bud differentiation and ensuring that the new shoots can bloom and bear fruits next year. When the single-stem cylindrical tree form of the navel orange is cultivated to the next year, enough autumn-tip bearing mother branches need to be cultivated, and a foundation is laid for flowering and fruit setting in the next year (the third year).
The existing branch tips are cut moderately to promote early autumn tip sprouting, tip promoting fertilizers are dripped or poured before the early autumn tips germinate, 30-50g of nitrogen fertilizers and 12-16g of potassium fertilizers are dripped on each tree according to the requirement of growth amount on nutrients, dripping or pouring is finished for 2-3 times, and 1 time of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with the concentration of 0.3-0.5% is sprayed on the leaf surfaces when the length of the newly sprouted autumn tips on a central stem is 15-25cm, so that the new tips are aged, the female branches for autumn tip fruiting are cultured, and the flowering and fruit setting in the next year are facilitated.
As shown in fig. 4, the left side view is a plan view, and the right side view is a front view. After two years of culture, the single-stem cylindrical tree form culture is completed in the second year, the tree height is controlled to be 2-2.5m, the crown diameter is controlled to be 1-1.5m, 1.2 branch tips are averagely arranged on the central stem every 10cm, the length of a branch group formed by the branch tips is controlled to be 45-70cm, and the branch tips are distributed in a radial manner.
In a fruit tree base of university of agriculture in China, the average height of the single-stem tree form cultured according to the method is 2.47 +/-0.12 m, the crown diameter is 1.28 +/-0.21 m, the east, west, south and north branch tips are basically consistent in extraction, and 1.2 branch tips are grown on the central stem every 10cm on average, so that the single-stem cylindrical tree form is formed.
Compared with the traditional natural round-head tree shape (both the crown height and the crown diameter are more than 3.0 m), the single-stem cylindrical tree shape is convenient to manage, and the labor efficiency is improved; especially, the small crown diameter can ensure that the liquid medicine of mechanical pesticide spraying can enter the inside of the crown, and the prevention and treatment effect of plant diseases and insect pests is improved.
The illumination intensity and the fruit quality of the conventional natural round head shape of the navel orange and the single-stem cylindrical tree shape of the invention are measured in the same planting place (fruit tree base of Huazhong agricultural university) and in the same water and fertilizer management mode.
When the same planting row spacing is 5m, the illumination intensity of the upper layer, the middle layer and the lower layer of the single-stem cylindrical tree crown is respectively 973 +/-105.1 (lux), 957 +/-184.7 (lux) and 944 +/-144.9 (lux), and the difference of the upper illumination intensity, the middle illumination intensity and the lower illumination intensity is small; the natural round head shape has the lower illumination intensity which is only 30 percent of the upper illumination intensity, and the high light efficiency of the tree shape is reflected.
The fruit quality of the upper layer, the middle layer and the lower layer of the single-stem cylindrical tree shape is analyzed, and the data show that: the soluble solid of the upper layer, the middle layer and the lower layer fruits are respectively 12.8 +/-0.9%, 12.7 +/-0.8% and 12.7 +/-0.2, and the titratable acid is respectively 0.57 +/-0.06%, 0.68 +/-0.09% and 0.70 +/-0.03%, and the difference is not great. The soluble solids of the upper layer and the lower layer of the conventional natural round head shape are respectively 12.1 percent and 10.4 percent, the content of titratable acid is respectively 0.52 percent and 0.84 percent, and the difference is very large, thereby showing that the fruit produced by the tree shape has high quality consistency and commodity rate.
The average per mu yield of navel oranges in China is about 1500kg, and the average per mu yield of orchards with good planting management does not exceed 2500kg. According to the single-stem cylindrical tree form, the planting is carried out in 2017, the tree form at the end of the second year of planting (at the end of 2018) is cultured and formed, the result begins in the 3 rd year of planting (in 2019), and the tree form shows good stable yield and high yield after continuous expert field evaluation for 3 years: fruit bearing is started in 2019, the average yield of the single plant is measured on site and is 7.6kg, and the yield per mu is equivalent to 1687.2kg; the 4 th year (2020) of field planting enters the full bearing period, the average yield of a single plant is measured on site and is 15.6kg, and the yield per mu is reduced to 3463.2kg; the field yield measured in the 5 th (2021) year of permanent planting is 14.1kg on average, and the yield per mu is 3130.2kg. Therefore, the average yield per mu of the single-stem cylindrical tree form is higher than that of navel oranges in China, the economic benefit is high, and the method is an excellent popularization tree form in navel orange production areas.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (10)
1. A navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-light-efficiency tree-shaped cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting strong seedlings with trunks being 60cm away from the ground and no branches, and the diameter of the trunk being more than 1cm at a position 10cm above a grafting opening as a seedling standard;
s2, planting the nursery stock before sprouting in spring, cutting the nursery stock above strong sprouts at a position 50-60cm away from the ground after planting, erecting a support rod beside the nursery stock, and binding the nursery stock trunk on the support rod;
s3, after top buds of the cut main trunk germinate, a strong tip at the top is bound on the upright post, and the strong tip is straightened to serve as a central stem; pinching the shoots near the strong tips to control growth, keeping the shoots above 40cm of the central stem, removing the shoots below 40cm of the central stem in time, pinching the tips when the seedlings grow to 1.8-2.2m, and controlling growth;
s4, before sprouting in spring of the next year, picking the core to promote branching when the length of the branch tip exceeds 30cm for the nursery stock which is branched on the central trunk; for the nursery stocks with poor branches of the central trunk, removing all branches on the central trunk, promoting lateral bud germination on the central trunk, removing sprouts below 40cm of the central trunk, promoting bud germination on the central trunk, ensuring that the central trunk is above 40cm, and averagely having 1-1.5 branch tips every 8-15 cm;
s5, applying tip promoting fertilizer before early autumn shoots germinate in the next year, and when the length of newly-extracted autumn shoots on the central trunk reaches 15-25cm, applying additional fertilizer on leaf surfaces to promote the autumn shoots to be mature, and culturing autumn shoot fruiting mother branches;
s6, completing the single-stem cylindrical tree form culture at the bottom of the second year, controlling the tree height to be 2-2.5m, controlling the crown diameter to be 1-1.5m, averagely arranging 1.2 branch tips on the central stem every 10cm, controlling the length of a branch group formed by the branch tips to be 45-70cm, and radially distributing the branch tips.
2. The navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in step S5, the existing branch tips are cut off moderately to promote early autumn tip sprouting.
3. The method for cultivating a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high luminous efficacy tree shape as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and step S2, covering a plastic bag on the part of the nursery stock from the top end to the position 40cm away from the ground, tightening the plastic bag, and removing the plastic bag when the tender tips grown from the strong buds grow to 5 cm.
4. The method for cultivating a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high luminous efficacy tree shape as claimed in claim 1, wherein: s2, when the seedlings are planted in the spring, the planting ditches are filled with organic fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and each tree is applied with 2-3kg of organic fertilizer and 0.4-0.6kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
5. The method for cultivating a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high luminous efficacy tree shape as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the first summer and autumn shoot sprouting stage, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are dripped on each tree, meanwhile, insecticide is sprayed in the sprouting process of each batch of new shoots, and different insecticides are alternately used for different batches of new shoots.
6. The navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree cultivation method as claimed in claim 5, wherein: applying 10-50g of nitrogen fertilizer and 8-40g of potassium fertilizer to each tree, and dripping for 3-4 times.
7. The navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and S4, after the central trunk is thinned, additionally applying 40-60g of nitrogen fertilizer and 32-48g of potassium fertilizer to each tree, and dripping or irrigating for 3-4 times to promote lateral buds on the central trunk to germinate.
8. The method for cultivating a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high luminous efficacy tree shape as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the fertilization method of the tip-promoting fertilizer in the step S5 comprises the following steps: before early autumn shoots sprout, 30-50g of nitrogen fertilizer and 12-16g of potassium fertilizer are applied to each tree, and the fertilizer is dripped or irrigated for 2-3 times.
9. The method for cultivating a navel orange single-stem cylindrical high luminous efficacy tree shape as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step S5, the foliar fertilizer is monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.3-0.5%.
10. The navel orange single-stem cylindrical high-lighting-effect tree cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the strong seedlings used in the step S1 are container seedlings or strong seedlings with soil balls for 2-3 years.
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| CN104823741A (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2015-08-12 | 湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所 | Hedgerow training method for sweet persimmon |
| CN110352735A (en) * | 2019-08-15 | 2019-10-22 | 安徽农业大学 | Southern Chinese pear " umbrella room shape " tree structure and its shaping and trimming method and application |
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