CN114982006A - 锂二次电池用电极的制备方法 - Google Patents
锂二次电池用电极的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114982006A CN114982006A CN202180009571.XA CN202180009571A CN114982006A CN 114982006 A CN114982006 A CN 114982006A CN 202180009571 A CN202180009571 A CN 202180009571A CN 114982006 A CN114982006 A CN 114982006A
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- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种锂二次电池用电极的制备方法,在锂二次电池用电极制备过程中,通过使用多孔基材的脱水工序(dewatering),预先除去电极浆料中的大量溶剂,并且以多孔基材、电极层和电极集电体的状态进行加压来实现进一步脱水后,将多孔基材与电极层分离,然后对电极层进行干燥,通过这样的过程提高干燥速度,从而在不降低电极性能的情况下使电极的生产率最大化。
Description
技术领域
本申请要求主张于2020年2月28日提交的韩国专利申请第10-2020-0024951号的优先权,并且将上述专利文件中公开的所有内容作为本说明书的一部分引入。
本发明涉及一种锂二次电池用电极的制备方法,具体地,涉及一种包括脱水工序的电极的制备方法。
背景技术
随着移动设备、电动汽车等第四次产业革命相关技术的开发和需求的增加,对可再充电、小型化和大容量的锂二次电池的需求正在迅速增加。
锂二次电池具有将包括锂盐的电解质浸渍到由正极、负极以及用于分离它们的多孔隔膜组成的电极组件的结构,其中,正极和负极是在集电体上涂覆有活性材料的电极。所述电极通过如下方式制备:即通过在箔(foil)状集电体上涂布含有活性材料、导电材料、粘合剂等电极材料的浆料并干燥,并且通过辊压的加压(pressing)工序形成活性材料层,已知其速度通常在50至120m/min的水平。
为了快速提高该电极制备速度,有利用提高温度或增加热风速度的方式,但在这种情况下,出现浆料中的粘合剂成分向表面方向移动的现象和只有表面干燥的结皮(skinning)现象,从而导致电极性能的下降。
因此,作为在不降低电极性能的情况下提高电极制备的生产率的替代方案,本发明人发现,当将造纸过程中进行的脱水工序应用于电极制备时能够提高干燥速度,研究了能够在干燥电极浆料之前应用所述脱水工序的方法。
在制备一般的纸的情况下,将原料均匀地涂布在网状造纸机上并脱水得到片状纸,然后将其通过高压辊和干燥机进行干燥。涂布在所述造纸机的造纸原料从大部分为水的状态脱水除去95%以上的水分的同时,连续输送到辊压机中,然后通过高温干燥机除去剩余的水分。
为了将此脱水工序应用到二次电池电极的制备,需要对应于造纸机(formingfabric)的单独构件,通过其构件,需要在防止固形物从相较于纸具有高的固含量的电极浆料中脱离的情况下进行脱水,并且需要能够有效除去用于脱水的构件的特定技术。
因此,本发明人发现了一种能够有效地将造纸中使用的脱水工序应用于二次电池电极的制备的方法,并基于此,实现了提高电极制备过程中的干燥速度来使生产率最大化的方法,以此完成了本发明。
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
本发明的目的在于提供一种制备锂二次电池的制备方法,该方法在不降低电极性能的情况下,提高干燥速度来使生产率最大化。
用于解决问题的手段
本发明提供一种电极的制备方法,其中,包括:步骤(S1),将包含活性材料、粘合剂、导电材料和溶剂的电极浆料涂布在多孔基材的一个表面上,然后通过所述多孔基材的相反侧表面进行脱水工序,以形成电极层;步骤(S2),在所述多孔基材上形成的电极层上层叠电极集电体以形成多孔基材、电极层和电极集电体依次层叠而成的层叠体,并且加压所述层叠体来进行额外的脱水;以及步骤(S3),将所述多孔基材与电极层分离后,干燥形成于集电体上的电极层。
此外,本发明提供了一种通过所述方法制备的电极和包括该电极的锂二次电池。
发明的效果
根据本发明,在锂二次电池用电极的制备过程中,通过使用多孔基材的脱水工序(dewatering),预先除去电极浆料中的大量溶剂,并且以多孔基材、电极层和电极集电体的状态进行加压来实现进一步脱水后,将多孔基材与电极层分离,然后对电极层进行干燥。通过这样的过程提高干燥速度,从而在不降低电极性能的情况下使电极的生产率最大化。
附图说明
图1是示意性的示出引入了本发明的一实施方式的脱水工序的电极制备过程的流程图。
图2是引入了本发明实施例1的脱水工序的电极制备过程和比较例1的传统电极制备过程之间的干燥完成时间的比较结果。
图3a和3b分别是示出通过引入了本发明实施例1的脱水工序来制备的电极和通过比较例1的传统工序制备的电极中导电材料的分布状态的FIB-SEM图。
图4是通过引入了本发明实施例1的脱水工序来制备的电极和通过比较例1的传统工序来制备的电极的附着力的比较结果。
图5是根据通过引入了本发明实施例1的脱水工序来制备的电极以及通过比较例1的传统工序来制备的电极的充放电循环的容量的比较结果。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将参照附图详细描述本发明。本说明书和权利要求中使用的术语或词语不应被解释为仅限于普通或字典含义,发明人在可以适当地定义术语的概念以便最好地解释其发明的原则的基础上,应将其解释为与本发明的技术思想相一致的含义和概念。
此外,应当理解,本说明书和附图中描述的实施例仅仅是本发明的最优选一实施例,并不代表本发明的全部技术主旨,因此在提交本申请时,有可替代的各种等同物和变形例。
图1是示意性的示出引入了本发明一实施方式的脱水工序的电极制备过程。
参见图1,本发明的电极制备方法包括以下步骤:步骤(S1),将电极浆料脱水形成电极层;步骤(S2),形成多孔基材、电极层和电极集电体的叠层体后,加压进一步脱水;以及步骤(S3),将所述多孔基材分离后进行干燥。
在下文中,将逐步描述根据本发明的电极制备方法。
首先,将电极浆料涂布在多孔基材的一个表面上,然后在所述多孔基材的相反侧表面上进行脱水工序,形成电极层(S1)。
所述电极浆料可以通过将活性材料分散在溶剂中,并混合搅拌粘合剂、导电材料等来获得。
所述活性材料是在电极中引起电化学反应的成分。当根据本发明制备的电极用作锂二次电池用正极时,可以包含选自由LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4、LiCoPO4、LiFePO4和LiNi1-x-y-zCoxM1yM2zO2(M1和M2为各自独立地选自由Al、Ni、Co、Fe、Mn、V、Cr、Ti、W、Ta、Mg和Mo组成的组中的任一种,x、y、z各自独立地作为氧化物组成元素的原子分数,0≤x<0.5、0≤y<0.5、0≤z<0.5、0<x+y+z≤1)组成的组中的任一种活性材料颗粒或其中的两种以上的混合物。另一方面,当根据本发明制备的电极用作锂二次电池用负极时,所述活性材料可以包含选自由天然石墨、人造石墨、碳质材料;含锂钛复合氧化物(LTO)、Si、Sn、Li、Zn、Mg、Cd、Ce、Ni或Fe的金属类(Me);由所述金属类(Me)组成的合金;所述金属类(Me)的氧化物(MeOx);以及所述金属类(Me)与碳的复合物组成的组中的任一种活性材料颗粒或者其中的两种以上的混合物。基于电极浆料的总重量,这些电极活性材料可以以10至80重量%的量使用。
所述导电材料是为电极材料之间的电连接提供导电路径的组分,如果不使电池发生化学变化且具有导电性,则不受特别限制。例如,炭黑(炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽黑、炉黑、灯黑、热炭黑等);导电纤维(碳纤维或金属纤维等);金属粉末(碳氟化合物(fluorocarbon)、铝、镍粉等);导电晶须(氧化锌、钛酸钾等);导电金属氧化物(氧化钛等);以及导电材料(聚亚苯衍生物等)之类都可以被使用。基于电极浆料的总重量,所述导电材料地添加量可以为0.1至10重量%。
所述粘合剂作为一种位于电极层中的活性材料和导电材料之间,并连接和固定活性材料和导电材料的同时促进电极层和电极集电体之间的结合的组分,可使用各类粘合剂聚合物,例如,聚偏二氟乙烯-co-六氟丙烯(PVDF-co-HEP);聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidenefluoride),聚丙烯腈(polyacrylonitrile),聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethylmethacrylate)、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉,羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯(tetrafluoroethylene)、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯酸、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、含氟橡胶等。基于电极浆料的总重量,所述粘合剂的添加量可为0.1至10重量%。
所述溶剂,可以是N-甲基吡咯烷酮、丙酮、水等。
所述电极浆料中包含的活性材料、粘合剂、导电材料和溶剂的含量可以在锂二次电池用电极的制备中常用的范围内选择,例如可获得固含量为10至80重量%以下的液相的电极浆料。
此外,所述电极浆料还可以包含其他添加剂,例如增稠剂、填料等,这些其他添加剂的含量可以在不降低电极性能的范围内适当地选择。
另一方面,在一般的电极制备的情况下,将液体浆料直接涂布在电极用集电体上,然后使溶剂干燥并加压(pressing)。
与此不同地,本发明的电极制备方法的特征在于,在将电极浆料涂布于电极用集电体之前,将在造纸工序中进行的脱水工序应用于锂二次电池用电极的制备过程中。
在一般造纸的情况下,将原料均匀地涂布在网状造纸机上并进行脱水,得到片状纸,然后使其通过高温来进行干燥。涂布于所述造纸机的造纸原料可以从大部分为水的状态(浓度为水中造纸原料的1%上下)通过脱水除去95%以上的水分,并连续传送到辊压机和干燥机。
为了将此脱水工序应用于二次电池电极的制备过程,需要与造纸机相对应的单独构件,通过该构件,需要防止固形物从相较于纸具有高的固含量的电极浆料中脱离的情况下进行脱水。
因此,在本发明中,使用多孔基板作为进行电极浆料的脱水工序的构件,在其上涂布液态电极浆料后,在所述多孔基板的相反侧表面进行脱水工序,除去电极浆液中的溶剂。此时,液体电极浆料的涂层厚度可以为100至1000μm,例如,300μm。
用于本发明脱水工序的多孔基材可以呈由聚合物、玻璃纤维、纸、金属或陶瓷材质的网(mesh)状,但对其形状和材料没有特别限制。所述聚合物可以是聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)、聚乙烯砜(polyethylsulfone,PES)等,并且可以根据需要以表面处理的形式使用。
尽管所述多孔基材的气孔可能因材料类型而异,但气孔的平均大小可以在0.1至20μm的范围内,例如,在1到10μm的范围内,以便有效地对含有颗粒状固形物的二次电池用电极浆料进行脱水。当满足所述气孔的范围时,有利的是,可以在多孔基材中抑制活性材料、粘合剂和导电材料的电极材料通过的情况下爱,仅使溶剂通过。
此外,所述多孔基材的气孔率(porosity)可以在50%至95%的范围内,例如70%至90%的范围内,所述气孔率可以通过诸如压汞法(mercury intrusion porosimeter,MIP)、气体吸附法(BET)等方法测量。
此外,所述脱水工序可以通过在负压(negativepressure)状态下降低压力来进行,以便更快、更顺畅地脱水。
根据该脱水工序,可以除去电极浆料中的大量溶剂,例如可除去所用溶剂含量的40%至80%,具体可除去50%至70%的水平,从而能够通过缩短电极层的干燥时间来最大化电极的生产率。
在本发明的电极的制备方法中,在脱水工序后,将电极集电体层叠在形成于所述多孔基材上的电极层上,从而形成多孔基材、电极层和电极集电体依次层叠而成的层叠体,并对所述层叠体进行加压(S2)。
所述加压作为一种提高电极的容量密度并提高集电体与电极材料之间的附着力,且是为实现电极浆料的进一步脱水的过程,可以在多孔基材、电极层和电极集电体依次层叠的状态下进行加压。此外,所述加压可以以辊压的方式进行。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述加压可以在0.05至20000kPa的压力,具体地在0.1至4000kPa的压力下进行,当满足所述压力范围时在以下方面比较有利,即可以有效地进行电极浆料的额外脱水,而且可以提高电极的容量密度,提高电极集电体和电极材料之间的附着力。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,可以在所述层叠体的多孔基材侧进行所述加压,在这种情况下,相较于电极层与多孔基材接触的面,电极层与集电体接触的面增加,可以将多孔基材在随后的步骤中容易地从粘附在集电体上的电极层分离和除去。
所述电极集电体起到用于将提供给外部导线的电子提供给电极活性材料的充当中间介质的作用,或相反地,起到用于收集由电极反应产生的电子并使其流向外部导线的传递媒介的作用,其只要不引起电池中的化学变化且具有导电性,则对其没有特别限制。例如,可以为不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、碳精(baked carbon)、铜;用碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的不锈钢;铝镉合金;用导电材料进行表面处理的非导电聚合物;用如铝的金属进行表面处理的非导电聚合物;或者导电聚合物。另外,所述电极集电体可以具有各种形状,例如,薄膜、片、箔、网、多孔体、发泡体、无纺布等,其厚度可以在3至500μm的范围内,但不限于此。
本发明的电极制备方法中,加压后,分离除去电极浆料的脱水中使用的多孔基材,将形成于电极集电体上的电极层干燥,从而制备电极(S3)。
所述干燥是通过预先进行的脱水工序从电极浆料中除去大量溶剂后,除去残留的溶剂的工序,其不同于在传统电极制备过程中除去电极浆料中所包含的所有溶剂的干燥。即在本发明中,由于预先进行了脱水工序,因此可以以比传统的电极制备工序更快的速度进行干燥。同时,所述干燥温度可根据电极浆料中所含溶剂的类型而变化。
这种干燥速度的缩短可以使电极的生产率最大化,但也可以通过抑制如下问题来防止电极性能的下降,上述问题是在传统的电极的制备工序中,提高温度或增加热风速度,以便加快干燥速度而引起的问题,即浆料中粘合剂成分向表面方向移动的现象以及仅表面干燥的结皮现象。
如上所述制备的电极中,不仅粘合剂与导电材料与活性材料一起实现均匀分布,而且导电材料颗粒之间的孔隙的平均大小减小,例如,可以制备孔隙大小分布为0.005至60μm,具体为0.01至45μm,平均大小为0.25至0.29μm,具体为0.26至0.28μm的电极。
因此,通过本发明的方法制备的电极在附着力和电化学方面表现出优异的电极性能,因此可以有效地用作各种类型的锂二次电池用电极,例如,叠片式、卷绕式、叠片和折叠式、电缆式等。
例如,在包含正极、负极、介于所述正极和所述负极之间的隔膜、以及非水电解质的二次电池中,所述正极和负极中的至少一个可以是通过本发明的制备方法制备的电极。
在所述二次电池中,用于隔离正极和负极的隔膜只要是本领域常用的多孔基材,则不受特别限制,例如,可使用聚烯烃(polyolefin)类多孔膜或无纺布,在所述多孔基材的至少一个表面还可以具有,包含无机颗粒和粘合剂聚合物的多孔涂层,但不特别限于此。
此外,所述非水电解质可以包含有机溶剂和电解质盐,所述电解质盐为锂盐。作为所述锂盐,可以无限制地使用通常用于锂二次电池用非水电解质中的物质。
该二次电池可用于用作小型设备的电源的电池单元,但也可以优选用作包括多个电池单元的中大型电池模块中的单元电池。所述中大型设备的优选示例可以是电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车、插电式混合动力电动汽车、电力存储系统等,更具体地,可以是有效地用于混合动力汽车、新再生能源蓄电池等要求高输出的领域。
具体实施例
以下,为了更好理解本发明,将以实施例为例进行详细说明。然而,根据本发明的实施例可以以各种其他形式进行修改,并且本发明的范围不应被解释为限于以下实施例。提供本发明实施例是为了向本领域普通技术人员更充分地解释本发明。
实施例1:采用脱水工序的负极制备
将40重量%的天然石墨作为活性材料、0.8重量%的炭黑(carbon black)作为导电材料、0.7重量%的丁苯橡胶和0.7重量%的增稠剂(CMC)作为粘合剂,添加至剩余量的蒸馏水中以制备负极浆料(固含量:42.2重量%)。
如图1所示,将所述负极浆料以300μm厚度涂布在经亲水性表面处理的PTFE材质的多孔基材(气孔的平均大小:1μm)后,然后在室温下,通过所述多孔基材的相反侧表面进行脱水工序(dewatering)来除去浆料中的蒸馏水。然后,将所述多孔性PTFE基材的涂布浆料的表面层叠在厚度为10μm的作为负极集电体的铜(Cu)薄膜的一个表面上,然后加压所述层叠体,进行额外的脱水工序。此时,加压控制在0.1至4000kPa的范围内。通过这两次脱水工序,浆料的重量减少到脱水前初始重量的约65%(所用蒸馏水中约60%被除去)(参见附图2)。
之后,将所述多孔性PTFE基材从涂布有浆料的表面(负极层)分离后,在60℃下干燥,约2分钟后干燥结束。
结果,在铜集电体上制备了具有负极层(厚度:35至45μm)的负极。
实施例2:采用减压下的脱水工序的负极制备
以与实施例1相同的方式制备了负极,不同之处在于通过降低到负压水平的压力来进行脱水工序。
比较例1:不经脱水工序的负极制备
将40重量%的天然石墨作为活性材料、0.8重量%的炭黑作为导电材料、0.7重量%的丁苯橡胶和0.7重量%的增稠剂(CMC)作为粘合剂,添加至剩余量的蒸馏水中以制备负极浆料(固含量:42.2重量%)。
将所述负极浆料以300μm的厚度涂布在厚度为10μm的作为负极集电体的铜(Cu)薄膜的一个表面上,并在60℃下干燥,约6分钟后干燥结束。
结果,在铜集电体上制备了具有负极层(厚度:50至55μm)的负极。
实验例1:干燥速度评估
对根据实施例1和比较例1制备的每个负极的干燥速度进行了比较,结果如图2所示。
参见图2,在浆料中固含量和干燥温度相同的条件下,就通过脱水工序明显除去浆料中的溶剂后进行干燥的实施例1而言,干燥时间为约2分钟,而在未采用脱水工序的比较例1中,直到溶剂干燥需要约6分钟,因此,根据实施例1的电极制备工序显著减少了干燥时间。
实验例2:电极层中导电材料分布的评估
图3a和3b分别示出根据实施例1和比较例1制备的负极的SEM图。
比较根据实施例1制备的负极的表面形状(图3a)和根据比较例1制备的负极的表面形状(图3b)可以发现,用作导电材料的炭黑之间的孔隙的大小减小。具体而言,实施例1的负极的孔隙大小分布为0.01至45μm、孔隙的平均大小为0.27μm,比较例1的负极的孔隙大小分布为0.01至45μm、孔隙的平均大小为0.30μm,可以看出,与比较例1相比,实施例1的负极具有更小且更均匀的孔隙。
实验例3:附着力评估
将根据实施例1和比较例1制备的负极以1.5cm×7cm的试样制备后,使用双面胶带将其贴在玻璃上,然后使用UTM设备(Comtech QC506B)测量以每分钟3mm的速度将电极从双面胶带上剥离时所需的力,即剥离强度。其结果如图4所示。
参考图4,可以确认根据实施例1制备的电极的剥离强度高于比较例1的剥离强度。可以发现,在比较例1中,由于在涂布于集电体上的负极浆料干燥后形成电极层的过程中,粘合剂随着浆料中的水分蒸发移动到电极层的表面,位于集电体和电极层的界面处的粘合剂的量减少,而在实施例1中,通过脱水工序使干燥速度缩短,减小了浆料中的粘合剂向电极层表面移动的现象,从而提高了附着力。
实验例4:容量保持率评估
制备了包含根据实施例1和比较例1制备的负极的锂二次电池单元(cell),在0.1C充电、0.1C放电和30℃的条件下,测量了与初始容量相比的根据循环进展的容量。其结果如图5所示。
如图5所示,使用了实施例1的负极的电池单元与使用了比较例1的负极的电池单元相比,初始容量略有不同,但随着循环次数的增加,显示了容量保持率增加。
即可以发现,与比较例1的电极相比,通过脱水工序制备的实施例1的电极的电性能不仅没有下降,还表现出了优异的电池寿命。
Claims (10)
1.一种电极的制备方法,其中,包括:
步骤(S1),将包含活性材料、粘合剂、导电材料和溶剂的电极浆料涂布于多孔基材的一个表面上,然后通过所述多孔基材的相反侧表面进行脱水工序,以形成电极层;
步骤(S2),在所述多孔基材上形成的电极层上层叠电极集电体,形成多孔基材、电极层和电极集电体依次层叠而成的层叠体,并且对所述层叠体进行加压而执行额外的脱水;以及
步骤(S3),将所述多孔基材与电极层分离后,对形成于集电体上的电极层进行干燥。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电极的制备方法,其中,
所述多孔基材的气孔的平均大小为0.1至20μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电极的制备方法,其中,
所述多孔基材具有50至95%的气孔率。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电极的制备方法,其中,
所述多孔基材呈聚合物、玻璃纤维、纸、金属或陶瓷材质的网状。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电极的制备方法,其中,
所述脱水工序是通过减压至负压的方式来进行的。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电极的制备方法,其中,
所述活性材料为锂二次电池用正极活性材料或负极活性材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电极的制备方法,其中,
所述正极活性材料包含选自由LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4、LiCoPO4、LiFePO4和LiNi1-x-y- zCoxM1yM2zO2(M1和M2为各自独立地选自由Al、Ni、Co、Fe、Mn、V、Cr、Ti、W、Ta、Mg和Mo组成的组中的任一种,x、y、z是各自独立地作为氧化物组成元素的原子分数,0≤x<0.5、0≤y<0.5、0≤z<0.5、0<x+y+z≤1)组成的组中的任一种活性材料颗粒或其中的两种以上的混合物。
8.根据权利要求6所述的电极的制备方法,其中,
所述负极活性材料包含选自由天然石墨、人造石墨、碳质材料;含锂钛复合氧化物、Si、Sn、Li、Zn、Mg、Cd、Ce、Ni或Fe的金属类(Me);由所述金属类(Me)组成的合金;所述金属类(Me)的氧化物(MeOx);以及所述金属类(Me)与碳的复合物组成的组中的任一种活性材料颗粒或者其中的两种以上的混合物。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的电极的制备方法制备的电极,其中,
电极中所包含的孔隙大小分布为0.005至60μm,孔隙的平均大小为0.25至0.29μm。
10.一种锂二次电池,其中,包含权利要求9所述的电极。
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