CN114946306A - Corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil - Google Patents

Corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114946306A
CN114946306A CN202210335410.6A CN202210335410A CN114946306A CN 114946306 A CN114946306 A CN 114946306A CN 202210335410 A CN202210335410 A CN 202210335410A CN 114946306 A CN114946306 A CN 114946306A
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China
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corn
planting
saline
soil
water
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Inventor
卢振宇
李延丽
兰付坤
刘健
张红波
张焕美
刘坤芳
吕国光
张建忠
张义彤
李文斌
王磊
张桂汝
李晓
吕玉强
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Shandong Binzhou National Agricultural Science And Technology Park Management Service Center Binzhou Yellow River Delta Efficient Ecological Industry Modern Technology Research Institute
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Shandong Binzhou National Agricultural Science And Technology Park Management Service Center Binzhou Yellow River Delta Efficient Ecological Industry Modern Technology Research Institute
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Priority to CN202210335410.6A priority Critical patent/CN114946306A/en
Publication of CN114946306A publication Critical patent/CN114946306A/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
    • C05B1/02—Superphosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of corn planting, in particular to a corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil, which comprises the steps of engineering design, land arrangement, sowing in proper time, drip irrigation, field management and the like. Meanwhile, under the mutual matching of all components of the compound microbial fertilizer, the content of soluble salt in soil and the alkalinity of the soil are reduced, and the compound microbial fertilizer has the effect of treating saline-alkali soil. The invention not only enables the saline-alkali soil to meet the corn planting and normal growth conditions, provides theoretical basis and technical support for the comprehensive development of the saline-alkali soil and the planting of grain crops, but also improves the corn yield and achieves the effects of grain yield increase, income increase of farmers, and good economic, social and ecological benefits.

Description

Corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of corn planting, in particular to a corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil.
Background
Corn is a main feed grain and industrial raw material, and the position of corn in national economy and people's life is increasingly important. The corn belongs to the crops which are not tolerant to salt and alkali, and in the plots with higher salt and alkali content, the corn has low emergence rate and weak yellow seedlings, and the corn plants have poor growth potential, so that the yield and the value of the later-stage corn are lower, and the production performance of the corn cannot be fully exerted. Although part of the existing saline-alkali tolerant corn varieties still have unsatisfactory yield, the planting cost is high, and the method is not beneficial to wide popularization and cultivation.
Land is a main place where people inhabit and is a precious resource on which people live. The protection of land resources, the reasonable development and the land utilization have become important subjects for scientific research. Saline-alkali soil is an important land resource, and soil salinization is a worldwide problem and occupies about 25% of the total land area in all countries of the world. The area of saline-alkali soil is about 1 x 10 9 hm 2 The area of saline-alkali soil in China is about 3.46 multiplied by 10 7 hm 2 The salinization area of the cultivated land is about 7.6 multiplied by 10 6 hm 2 In some 1/5-degree cultivated lands, salinization occurs. The quality of soil directly influences the growth of crops, and in years, due to the fact that a large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used, soil acidification, salinization, hardening and soil pollution are caused, and various soil-borne diseases and insect pests are bred, so that the yield is seriously reduced, and even the crops are completely harvested. With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization processes, at present, land resources are increasingly scarce, saline-alkali soil is reasonably developed and utilized, and ecological agricultural development is carried out on the saline-alkali soil, so that the per-capita cultivated land area can be enlarged, the grain yield is improved, the agricultural yield and income of farmers are increased, the ecological environment can be improved, the land bearing rate is improved, the effective land area is increased, the agricultural sustainable development is promoted, and the method has very important significance for guaranteeing grain safety, social stability and ecological sustainable development.
The method for improving and utilizing the saline-alkali soil commonly used in the current agricultural production mainly comprises the measures of large-scale salt washing and alkali pressing, engineering improvement, agricultural improvement, biological improvement, chemical improvement and the like. Long-term practice proves that the normal growth of crops can be ensured by adopting a large-water salt-washing and alkali-pressing mode of winter irrigation or spring irrigation; the construction amount of engineering improvement is large, and the investment cost is high; the agricultural improvement has the risks of incomplete improvement and easy salt return of land; the biological improvement is only limited in the laboratory research stage, the difference between the natural environment and the laboratory environment is large, the applicability is poor, and the actual effect is not obvious; chemical improvement most of chemical preparations for neutralizing saline alkali are applied, so that environmental pollution is easily caused; therefore, the purpose of comprehensively improving the saline-alkali soil is difficult to realize by a single improvement measure; comprehensive treatment is an important direction for improving saline-alkali soil.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem that the saline-alkali soil in the prior art is difficult to comprehensively improve and treat, the invention provides the corn planting and cultivating method suitable for the saline-alkali soil.
The invention provides a corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps:
s1, engineering design
S11, selecting planting plots, wherein the area of the planting plots is 3-15 mu, laying water supply pipelines on the ground of the planting plots, the water supply pipelines are connected with a farmland irrigation water supply device, and the planting plots are provided with drainage ditches or underground buried pipes to realize single irrigation and single row planting;
s12, when the water is drained by using the hidden pipes, the distance between every two adjacent hidden pipes is less than or equal to 10m, the diameter of each hidden pipe is more than or equal to 160cm, water outlets are reserved in the hidden pipes every 2m, the hidden pipes are wrapped by gauze before soil is buried, the soil burying depth of the hidden pipes is more than or equal to 50cm, and the hidden pipes are communicated with dry ditches arranged on two sides of a planting land;
when the drainage ditch is used for drainage, the drainage ditch is arranged between the main ditches at the two sides of the planting land block, the upper opening, the lower opening and the depth of the drainage ditch are respectively more than or equal to 120cm, 40cm and 100cm, the distance between two adjacent rows of water ditches is less than or equal to 50m, and the drainage ditch is communicated with the main ditches; after the corn is sowed, digging a plurality of small drainage ditches in an area between two adjacent drainage ditches, wherein the distance between the two adjacent rows of small drainage ditches is 30m, the upper opening, the lower opening and the depth of each small drainage ditch are respectively more than or equal to 40cm, 15cm and 30cm, and the small drainage ditches are vertically communicated with the drainage ditches;
s2 land preparation
S21, performing stubble cleaning and land leveling on previous crops on the corn planting land;
s22, irrigating the moderate or severe saline-alkali land blocks meeting the water irrigation conditions for 1 time with the irrigation depth larger than 30cm, and naturally removing the water; carrying out deep scarification on a moderate or severe saline-alkali land with a blank front stubble and poor water-pouring condition, wherein the deep scarification depth is 30cm, timely raking and leveling after scarification, eliminating large blocks, loosening the upper part and compacting the lower part;
s23, mechanically carrying out rotary tillage for 1 time, wherein the depth is 15 cm;
s3, sowing seeds in right time
Ditching by using a seeder machine, spreading the composite microbial fertilizer, treating corn seeds by using a seed coating agent, and sowing the corn in the ditches at a proper time;
s4 drip irrigation
After the corn is sowed, laying a drip irrigation tape in the corn sowing row, and carrying out drip irrigation immediately by using the drip irrigation tape to carry out drip irrigation;
s5, field management
S51 chemical weeding
Before the corn seedlings emerge, spraying closed herbicide, and adding insecticide for mixed spraying to kill insects;
s52, seedling management
After the corn seedlings emerge, seedlings are planted in 3-4 leaf periods, and seedlings are established in 5-6 leaf periods;
s53 fertilizer and water management
In the first-leaf period of the corn, adding water and fertilizer, carrying out drip irrigation when the soil humidity is less than 50%, and stopping drip irrigation when the water depth in the ditch is 2 cm; when the pH value of the soil is higher than 8.0, carrying out drip irrigation, stopping drip irrigation when the water depth in the ditch is 5cm, and discharging redundant water;
s54, ear period management
Dressing pure nitrogen fertilizer from 10-leaf development period of corn to large flare period;
s55, harvesting corn
When the corn bracts are whitened and the upper mouths of the corn bracts are loosened, the milk lines of the grains basically disappear, and the black powder layer at the base parts of the grains appears, namely, the corn bracts are harvested when the physiological maturity is reached.
Further, in step S3, the composite microbial fertilizer includes mixed microbes, decomposed sheep manure, cow manure, rice hull, coated urea, humic acid, potassium fulvate, zinc sulfate, amino acid, silicon fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate, wherein the mixed microbes include azotobacter, potassium bacteria, phosphate bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria, and bacillus, and the number of effective viable bacteria is greater than or equal to 2 hundred million/gram. According to the invention, the decomposed sheep manure, the cow manure and the rice hull of the compound microbial fertilizer are used as carriers, so that a good living environment is provided for the microbial agent, the soil can be further improved after the rich organic matter components are degraded by microbes, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be loosened and improved, the soil fertility is increased, the problems of soil salinization and hardening are solved, and the fertilizer and water retention capacity is improved. The coated urea, humic acid, potassium fulvate, zinc sulfate, amino acid, silicon fertilizer and calcium superphosphate in the fertilizer not only can provide nutrients for the growth of corns, but also can play roles in neutralizing the pH value of soil and adjusting the pH value and osmotic pressure of the soil. The compound microbial fertilizer used in the invention has reasonable components, sufficient nutrients, balanced proportion, long fertilizer efficiency period and high comprehensive utilization rate. All components in the fertilizer are matched with each other, so that the content of soluble salt in soil and the alkalinity of the soil are reduced, the pH value of the soil is adjusted, harmful pathogenic bacteria are stably inhibited, and the disease resistance of the corn is improved.
In the compound microbial fertilizer, the manure and the biological bacterial manure are used in a matching way, so that the decomposition of the manure can be accelerated, and the soil improvement speed can be accelerated. The substances in the manure can promote the propagation of biological bacteria and consolidate the protection and growth promotion effects of beneficial bacteria on root systems. The actinomycetes can decompose organic matters in soil, increase soil fertility, improve the nutritional structure of the soil, promote crop growth, increase the biomass of crops, and have strong adaptability to saline-alkali soil. The bacillus has strong organic matter decomposition capacity, can decompose difficultly decomposed macromolecular substances into utilizable micromolecular substances, synthesize various substances such as organic acids, enzymes, physiological activities and the like and various easily utilized nutrients, and play a role in inhibiting the growth and the propagation of harmful microorganisms such as harmful bacteria, pathogenic bacteria and the like, forming a soil protection film and preventing the loss of fertilizer and water.
Further, in step S3, the seeder has a ditching depth of 10cm, a ditching row spacing of 60cm, a planting distance of 25cm and a seeding depth of 3-5cm, and 2 seeds are sowed in each hole.
Further, in step S3, the seed coating agent includes the following components: alpha-sodium naphthalene acetate, 5-aminolevulinic acid, fulvic acid, humic acid, triadimefon wettable powder, azotobacter and phorate missible oil.
Further, in step S4, the pitch of the drip tape holes is 25 cm.
Further, in step S4, the drip irrigation tape is connected to an intelligent automatic irrigation system, and the intelligent automatic irrigation system is connected to a soil humidity sensor and a soil salinity and alkalinity sensor installed underground. The soil humidity sensor and the soil salinity and alkalinity sensor are linked with the intelligent automatic irrigation system to detect the soil humidity and the salinity, and the water irrigation is controlled by collecting the data of the distributed sensors, so that the intellectualization is realized.
Further, in step S54, the amount of top-dressing pure nitrogen fertilizer is 7.5kg/667m 2 。
Further, in step S52, after emergence of seedlings, attention is paid to control insect pests, wherein the insect pests are cutworms, armyworms, thrips, laodelphax striatellus or athetis lepigone.
Further, in step S53, the dressing fertilizer is potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, the concentration of the fertilizer is 2% -3% when drip irrigation dressing is performed, and the dressing amount is 2.0kg/667m 2 (ii) a In step S54, after the pure nitrogen fertilizer is applied, attention is paid to control leaf spot, rust disease, stem rot, corn borer, aphid or red spider.
Furthermore, the corn seeds are selected from corn varieties with strong saline-alkali tolerance or stress resistance.
The invention reasonably combines the drip irrigation and the irrigation system, can form a low-salt area in the root area of the crops by the drip irrigation technology, is beneficial to the growth of the crops, can achieve the effects of saving water, discharging salt and inhibiting salt, and simultaneously reduces the content of soluble salt and the alkalinity of the soil under the mutual matching of all components of the compound microbial fertilizer, thereby playing a role in treating the saline-alkali soil.
The corn planting and cultivating method suitable for the saline-alkali soil has the beneficial effects that the corn planting and cultivating method suitable for the saline-alkali soil is combined with agricultural improvement, engineering improvement, biological improvement, chemical improvement and drip irrigation technologies, and the saline-alkali soil and semi-saline-alkali soil characteristics are aimed at, the saline-alkali soil can be suitable for corn planting and normal growth through comprehensive improvement and efficient utilization of the saline-alkali soil, so that the corn yield is further increased, and the effects of grain yield increase, farmer income increase, and good economic benefit and ecological benefit are achieved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments or technical solutions in the prior art of the present invention, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of corn planting according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the buried pipe laying of the planting field according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a top view of a drainage ditch for planted land according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a drain according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a drain ditch in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-a first water pump, 2-a water supply pipeline, 3-a drip irrigation belt, 4-a concealed pipe, 5-a soil humidity sensor, 6-a soil salinity and alkalinity sensor, 7-a meteorological detection device, 8-a cloud platform, 9-a water and fertilizer integrated machine, 10-a second water pump, 11-a dry ditch, 12-a ridge, 13-a small drainage ditch and 14-a drainage ditch.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiment of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiment is only a part of the embodiment of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The intelligent automatic irrigation system in the embodiment of the invention is the prior art, and can be applied to the invention, such as CN202010479999.8, CN201911061099.5, CN202111252670.9, CN201710005545.5 and the like.
The intelligent automatic irrigation system adopted by the embodiment of the invention is an intelligent water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system produced by Fujian honeycomb Internet of things science and technology limited company, and comprises a water and fertilizer integrated machine 9, a cloud platform 8 and a monitoring module, wherein the monitoring module comprises a soil humidity sensor 5, a soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 and meteorological detection equipment 7, the water and fertilizer integrated machine 9 is respectively connected with a drip irrigation zone 3 in a corn seeding row and a second water pump 10 positioned in a machine well, the soil humidity sensor 5 and the soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 detect the humidity and the salinity in the corn planting soil in real time, transmit data to the cloud platform 8, and form linkage control irrigation and fertilization with the water and fertilizer integrated machine 9 according to set conditions.
Example 1
A corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:
(1) engineering design
According to the technical scheme, 5 mu of planting land is selected, the water supply pipes 2 are laid on the planting land, the water supply pipes 2 are connected with a farmland irrigation water supply device, the farmland irrigation water supply device is a first water pump 1 positioned in a motor well, according to the drawing 2, when water is drained through concealed pipes 4, the distance d between every two adjacent concealed pipes 4 is small 1 The diameter of the concealed pipe 4 is more than or equal to 160cm, water outlets are reserved in the concealed pipe 4 every 2m, the concealed pipe 4 is wrapped by a gauze before soil is buried, the soil burying depth of the concealed pipe 4 is more than or equal to 50cm, the concealed pipe 4 is communicated with the dry ditches 11 arranged on two sides of the planting land, and ridges 12 are arranged between the planting land and the dry ditches 11 on the two sides, so that single irrigation and single row of the planting land are realized;
(2) land preparation
The planting land is a slight saline-alkali land, after wheat is harvested, wheat straws and field weeds are mechanically stubble-cleaned and land-leveled, mechanical rotary tillage is carried out for 1 time, and the depth is more than or equal to 15 cm;
(3) sowing in proper time
Ditching by using a seeder machine, and simultaneously sowing 80kg of special compound fertilizer for microorganisms, wherein the components of the compound microbial fertilizer comprise mixed microorganisms, decomposed sheep manure, cow manure, rice hull, coated urea, humic acid, potassium fulvate, zinc sulfate, amino acid, silicon fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, the mixed microorganisms comprise azotobacter, potassium bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, saccharomycetes, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and bacillus, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g;
the method comprises the following steps of selecting saline-alkali-resistant corn variety Jingke 968 as corn seeds, sowing the corn seeds in a prepared ditch after the corn seeds are treated by using a seed coating agent for 6 months and 10 days, wherein the seed coating agent comprises the following components: a-sodium naphthalene acetate, 5-aminolevulinic acid, fulvic acid, humic acid, triadimefon wettable powder, azotobacter and phorate missible oil; the depth of ditching of the seeder is 10cm, the ditching row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 25cm, the seeding depth is 3-5cm, and 2 seeds are sowed in each hole;
(4) drip irrigation
As shown in fig. 1, after corn is sowed, the drip irrigation belts 3 are laid in the corn sowing lines, the hole pitch of the drip irrigation belts 3 is 25cm, the drip irrigation belts 3 are connected with an intelligent automatic irrigation system, and drip irrigation is immediately carried out after the system is tested; before the 5-leaf stage of the corn, the intelligent automatic irrigation system is connected with a soil humidity sensor 5 and a soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 which are arranged underground; the soil humidity sensor 5 and the soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 are linked with an intelligent automatic irrigation system to detect the soil humidity and the salinity, and the water irrigation is controlled by collecting the data of the distributed sensors to realize the intellectualization; according to the size of the terrain and the field, a drainage pipe is buried in a position vertical to the ditching direction, and a drainage system is built;
(5) field management
Chemical weeding
Spraying closed herbicide after seeding and before emergence of seedlings, and adding pesticide for mixed spraying to treat cordyceps;
management of seedling stage
After the corn seedlings emerge, seedlings are planted in 3-4 leaf periods, seedlings are planted in 5-6 leaf periods, 10% more plants are reserved than planned density during seedling planting in order to ensure harvest density, and then weak plants are pulled out in field management; after emergence of seedlings, attention is paid to control insect pests, wherein the insect pests are cutworms, armyworms, thrips, laodelphax striatellus or athetis lepigone and the like;
management of fertilizer and water
According to the growth stage and characteristic characteristics of the corn, intelligent automatic irrigation is realizedThe irrigation system is provided with an automatic irrigation mode and water yield, the corn is sown till the three-leaf period, the intelligent automatic irrigation system is linked with a sensor arranged in the field and a meteorological detection device 7 to detect the soil humidity and the salt content along with drip irrigation water topdressing fertilizer, the topdressing fertilizer is potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, the fertilizer concentration is 2-3% during drip irrigation topdressing, and the topdressing amount is 2.0kg/667m 2 ；
When the soil humidity is less than 50%, automatically irrigating, and stopping drip irrigation when the water depth in the ditch is 2 cm;
when the pH value of the soil is higher than 8.0, automatically irrigating, stopping irrigating when the water depth is 5cm, and starting a drainage system until the water is drained completely;
management of ear period
Dressing 7.5kg of urea per mu from 10 leaves of the corn to a large flare stage, and paying attention to control leaf spot, rust disease, stem rot, corn borer, aphid, red spider and the like;
harvesting corn
When the corn bracts are whitened and the upper mouths of the corn bracts are loosened, the milk lines of the grains basically disappear, and the black powder layer at the base parts of the grains appears, namely, the corn bracts are harvested when the physiological maturity is reached.
Example 2
A corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:
(1) engineering design
5 mu of planting land is selected, a water supply pipeline is paved on the ground of the planting land, the water supply pipeline is connected with a farmland irrigation water supply device,
when the drainage ditch 14 is used for drainage, as shown in FIG. 3, the drainage ditch 14 is provided between the dry furrows 11 on both sides of the planted land, as shown in FIG. 4, and the upper opening d of the drainage ditch 14 2 And a lower port d 3 Depth d 4 The distance between two adjacent rows of water ditches 14 is less than or equal to 50m, and the water ditches 14 are communicated with the dry ditch 11; after the corn is sowed, a plurality of small drainage ditches 13 are dug between two adjacent drainage ditches 14, the distance between two adjacent rows of small drainage ditches 13 is 30m, as shown in figure 5, the upper openings d of the small drainage ditches 13 5 And a lower port d 6 Depth d 7 40cm, 15cm and 30cm respectively, and the small drainage ditch 13 is communicated with the drainage ditch 14 to realize the planting of the land parcelSingle irrigation and single row;
(2) land preparation
The method comprises the following steps of (1) irrigating a medium saline-alkali land block with blank previous crops and good water irrigation conditions for 1 time by using large water, wherein the irrigation depth is more than 30cm, naturally removing water, and mechanically carrying out rotary tillage for 1 time, wherein the depth is 15 cm;
(3) sowing in proper time
Ditching by using a seeder machine, and simultaneously sowing 100kg of special compound fertilizer for microorganisms and 1000kg of cow dung, wherein the compound microbial fertilizer comprises mixed microorganisms, thoroughly decomposed sheep dung, cow dung, rice hulls, coated urea, humic acid, potassium fulvate, zinc sulfate, amino acid, silicon fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, the mixed microorganisms comprise azotobacter, potassium bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, saccharomycetes, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and bacillus, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g;
the method comprises the following steps of selecting saline-alkali-resistant corn variety Jingke 968 as corn seeds, sowing the corn seeds in a well-opened ditch after the corn seeds are treated by using a seed coating agent for 20 days in 4 months, wherein the seed coating agent comprises the following components: a-sodium naphthalene acetate, 5-aminolevulinic acid, fulvic acid, humic acid, triadimefon wettable powder, azotobacter and phorate missible oil; the depth of ditching of the seeder is 10cm, the ditching row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 25cm, the seeding depth is 3-5cm, and 2 seeds are sowed in each hole;
(4) drip irrigation
After the corn is sowed, the drip irrigation tape 3 is laid in the corn sowing row, the hole pitch of the drip irrigation tape 3 is 25cm, the drip irrigation tape 3 is connected with an intelligent automatic irrigation system, and drip irrigation is immediately carried out after the system tests; before the 5-leaf stage of the corn, the intelligent automatic irrigation system is connected with a soil humidity sensor 5 and a soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 which are arranged underground; the soil humidity sensor 5 and the soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 are linked with an intelligent automatic irrigation system to detect the soil humidity and the salinity, and the water irrigation is controlled by collecting the data of the sensors, so that the intellectualization is realized; according to the size of the terrain and the field, a drainage pipe is buried in a position vertical to the ditching direction, and a drainage system is built;
(5) management of field
Chemical weeding
Spraying closed herbicide after seeding and before emergence of seedlings, and adding pesticide for mixed spraying to treat cordyceps;
management of seedling stage
After the corn seedlings emerge, seedlings are planted in 3-4 leaf periods, seedlings are planted in 5-6 leaf periods, 10% more plants are reserved than planned density during seedling planting in order to ensure harvest density, and then weak plants are pulled out in field management; after emergence of seedlings, attention is paid to control insect pests, wherein the insect pests are cutworms, armyworms, thrips, laodelphax striatellus or athetis lepigone and the like;
management of fertilizer and water
According to the growth stage and characteristic characteristics of the corn, the intelligent automatic irrigation system sets an automatic irrigation mode and water yield in the three-leaf period after the corn is sowed, the intelligent automatic irrigation system is linked with a sensor arranged in the field and a meteorological detection device 7 along with drip irrigation water dressing fertilizer, soil humidity and salt content are detected, the dressing fertilizer is potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, the concentration of the fertilizer is 2% -3% during drip irrigation dressing, and the dressing amount is 2.0kg/667m 2 ；
When the soil humidity is less than 50%, automatically irrigating, and stopping drip irrigation when the water depth in the ditch is 2 cm;
when the pH value of the soil is higher than 8.0, automatically irrigating, stopping irrigating when the water depth is 5cm, and starting a drainage system until the water is drained completely;
management of ear period
Dressing 7.5kg of urea per mu from 10 leaves of the corn to a large flare stage, and paying attention to control leaf spot, rust disease, stem rot, corn borer, aphid, red spider and the like;
harvesting corn
Harvesting when the corn bracts become white and the upper mouths are loosened, the milk lines of the grains basically disappear, and the black powder layer at the base parts of the grains appears, namely the physiological maturity is reached.
Example 3
A corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:
(1) engineering design
The planting land block of the embodiment is similar to that of the embodiment 2, no previous crop needs to be stubble-cleaned, the planting land block is a heavy saline-alkali land block, drainage is carried out by adopting a drainage ditch digging mode, and the step (1) is the same as that of the embodiment 2;
(2) land preparation
Leveling the land of the corn planting land; mechanically deep loosening a heavy saline-alkali land with blank front stubble crops and poor water pouring conditions until the depth reaches more than 30cm, timely raking and leveling after loosening, eliminating large blocks, loosening the upper part and compacting the lower part;
(3) sowing in proper time
Ditching by a seeder machine, simultaneously sowing 100kg of special compound fertilizer for microorganisms and 1000kg of cow dung, and rotary tillage for 1 time by a machine, wherein the components of the compound microbial fertilizer comprise mixed microorganisms, thoroughly decomposed sheep manure, cow dung, rice hull, coated urea, humic acid, potassium fulvate, zinc sulfate, amino acid, silicon fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, the mixed microorganisms comprise azotobacter, potassium bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, saccharomycetes, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and bacillus, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g;
the corn seed selects saline-alkali tolerant corn variety changdan 506, and after the corn seed is treated by the seed coating agent, the corn is sowed in the opened ditch within 4 months and 20 days, wherein the seed coating agent comprises the following components: a-sodium naphthalene acetate, 5-aminolevulinic acid, fulvic acid, humic acid, triadimefon wettable powder, azotobacter and phorate missible oil; the depth of ditching of the seeder is 10cm, the ditching row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 25cm, the seeding depth is 3-5cm, and 2 seeds are sowed in each hole;
(4) drip irrigation
After the corn is sowed, the drip irrigation tape 3 is laid in the corn sowing row, the hole pitch of the drip irrigation tape 3 is 25cm, the drip irrigation tape 3 is connected with an intelligent automatic irrigation system, and drip irrigation is immediately carried out after the system tests; before the 5-leaf stage of the corn, the intelligent automatic irrigation system is connected with a soil humidity sensor 5 and a soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 which are arranged underground; the soil humidity sensor 5 and the soil salinity and alkalinity sensor 6 are linked with an intelligent automatic irrigation system to detect the soil humidity and the salinity, and the water irrigation is controlled by collecting the data of the distributed sensors to realize the intellectualization; according to the size of the terrain and the field, a drainage pipe is buried in a position vertical to the ditching direction, and a drainage system is built;
(5) management of field
Chemical weeding
Spraying closed herbicide after seeding and before emergence of seedlings, and adding pesticide for mixed spraying to control cordyceps;
management of seedling stage
After the corn seedlings emerge, seedlings are planted in 3-4 leaf periods, seedlings are planted in 5-6 leaf periods, 10% more plants are reserved than planned density during seedling planting in order to ensure harvest density, and then weak plants are pulled out in field management; after emergence of seedlings, attention is paid to control insect pests, wherein the insect pests are cutworms, armyworms, thrips, laodelphax striatellus or athetis lepigone and the like;
management of fertilizer and water
According to the growth stage and characteristic characteristics of the corn, the intelligent automatic irrigation system sets an automatic irrigation mode and water yield, the corn is sowed till the three-leaf stage, the intelligent automatic irrigation system is linked with a sensor arranged in the field and a meteorological detection device 7 along with drip irrigation water to detect the soil humidity and the salt content, the topdressing fertilizer is a potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, the fertilizer concentration is 2-3% during drip irrigation topdressing, and the topdressing amount is 2.0kg/667m 2 ；
When the soil humidity is less than 50%, automatically irrigating, and stopping drip irrigation when the water depth in the ditch is 2 cm;
when the pH value of the soil is higher than 8.0, automatically irrigating, stopping irrigating when the water depth is 5cm, and starting a drainage system until the water is drained completely;
management of ear period
Dressing 7.5kg of urea per mu from 10 leaves of the corn to a large flare stage, and paying attention to control leaf spot, rust disease, stem rot, corn borer, aphid, red spider and the like;
harvesting corn
When the corn bracts are whitened and the upper mouths of the corn bracts are loosened, the milk lines of the grains basically disappear, and the black powder layer at the base parts of the grains appears, namely, the corn bracts are harvested when the physiological maturity is reached.
Comparative examples Ck1, Ck2 and Ck3 were provided for examples 1-3, respectively, and were different from the corresponding examples in that the plots were planted according to the conventional corn planting method under the same soil, climate and variety conditions, and the corn yields obtained in the examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 corn yields for the examples and comparative examples
Figure BDA0003576599040000131
As can be seen from Table 1, in the seedling stage of the corn seedlings, the emergence rate of the saline-alkali land parcels which are not treated by the method is poor after the sowing of the saline-alkali land parcels in Ck1, Ck2 and Ck3, and the sowing emergence rates of the light saline-alkali land parcels, the medium saline-alkali land parcels and the heavy saline-alkali land parcels are greatly improved after the method is implemented, which shows that the corn sowing emergence effect can be improved by the corn planting and cultivating method suitable for the saline-alkali land, the emergence rate can reach more than 94 percent, and simultaneously compared with the conventional corn planting method, the corn yield of the light saline-alkali land, the medium saline-alkali land and the heavy saline-alkali land parcels is greatly improved, and the yield is respectively improved by 66 percent, 105 percent and 1180 percent The income of farmers is increased, and the economic, social and ecological benefits are all good.
The drip irrigation system and the soil humidity and salinity and alkalinity detection system are organically combined together, and a low-salt area can be formed at the root of the corn planted in the saline-alkali land block by effectively and scientifically utilizing the system, so that the growth and development requirements of the corn are met, and good effects of water saving, salt discharge and salt inhibition are achieved. Meanwhile, under the mutual matching of all components of the compound microbial fertilizer, the content of soluble salt in soil and the alkalinity of the soil are reduced, the effect of treating saline-alkali soil is achieved, and a theoretical basis and a technical support are provided for the comprehensive development of the saline-alkali soil and the planting of grain crops.
Although the present invention has been described in detail by referring to the drawings in connection with the preferred embodiments, the present invention is not limited thereto. Various equivalent modifications or substitutions can be made on the embodiments of the present invention by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and these modifications or substitutions are within the scope of the present invention/any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A corn planting and cultivating method suitable for saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, engineering design
S11, selecting planting plots, wherein the area of each planting plot is 3-15 mu, laying water supply pipelines on the ground of each planting plot, connecting the water supply pipelines with a farmland irrigation water supply device, arranging drainage ditches or underground laying concealed pipes on the planting plots, and realizing single irrigation and single row of the planting plots;
s12, when the water is drained by using the hidden pipes, the distance between every two adjacent hidden pipes is less than or equal to 10m, the diameter of each hidden pipe is more than or equal to 160cm, water outlets are reserved in the hidden pipes every 2m, the hidden pipes are wrapped by gauze before soil is buried, the soil burying depth of the hidden pipes is more than or equal to 50cm, and the hidden pipes are communicated with dry ditches arranged on two sides of a planting land;
when the drainage ditch is used for drainage, the drainage ditch is arranged between the main ditches at the two sides of the planting land block, the upper opening, the lower opening and the depth of the drainage ditch are respectively more than or equal to 120cm, 40cm and 100cm, the distance between two adjacent rows of water ditches is less than or equal to 50m, and the drainage ditch is communicated with the main ditches; after the corn is sowed, digging a plurality of small drainage ditches in an area between two adjacent drainage ditches, wherein the distance between the two adjacent rows of small drainage ditches is 30m, the upper opening, the lower opening and the depth of each small drainage ditch are respectively more than or equal to 40cm, 15cm and 30cm, and the small drainage ditches are vertically communicated with the drainage ditches;
s2 land preparation
S21, performing stubble cleaning and land leveling on previous crops on the corn planting land;
s22, irrigating the moderate or severe saline-alkali land blocks meeting the water irrigation conditions for 1 time with the irrigation depth larger than 30cm, and naturally removing the water; carrying out deep scarification on a moderate or severe saline-alkali land with a blank front stubble and poor water-pouring condition, wherein the deep scarification depth is 30cm, timely raking and leveling after scarification, eliminating large blocks, loosening the upper part and compacting the lower part;
s23, mechanically carrying out rotary tillage for 1 time, wherein the depth is 15 cm;
s3, sowing seeds in right time
Ditching by using a seeder machine, spreading the composite microbial fertilizer, treating corn seeds by using a seed coating agent, and sowing the corn in the ditches at a proper time;
s4 drip irrigation
After the corn is sowed, laying a drip irrigation tape in the corn sowing row, and carrying out drip irrigation immediately by using the drip irrigation tape to carry out drip irrigation;
s5, field management
S51 chemical weeding
Before the corn seedlings emerge, spraying closed herbicide, and adding insecticide for mixed spraying to kill insects;
s52, seedling management
After the corn seedlings emerge, seedlings are planted in 3-4 leaf periods, and seedlings are established in 5-6 leaf periods;
s53 fertilizer and water management
In the first-leaf period of the corn, adding water and fertilizer, carrying out drip irrigation when the soil humidity is less than 50%, and stopping drip irrigation when the water depth in the ditch is 2 cm; when the pH value of the soil is higher than 8.0, carrying out drip irrigation, stopping drip irrigation when the water depth in the ditch is 5cm, and discharging redundant water;
s54, ear period management
Dressing pure nitrogen fertilizer from 10-leaf development period of corn to large flare period;
s55, harvesting corn
When the corn bracts are whitened and the upper mouths of the corn bracts are loosened, the milk lines of the grains basically disappear, and the black powder layer at the base parts of the grains appears, namely, the corn bracts are harvested when the physiological maturity is reached.
2. The method for planting and cultivating corns in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the composite microbial fertilizer comprises mixed microorganisms, thoroughly decomposed sheep manure, cow manure, rice hull, coated urea, humic acid, potassium fulvate, zinc sulfate, amino acid, silicon fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, wherein the mixed microorganisms comprise azotobacter, potassium bacteria, phosphate bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and bacillus, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g.
3. The method for planting and cultivating corns in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, the seeder has a ditching depth of 10cm, a ditching row spacing of 60cm, a plant spacing of 25cm, a sowing depth of 3-5cm, and 2 seeds are sowed in each hole.
4. The method for planting and cultivating corn in saline-alkali soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S3, the seed coating agent comprises the following components: alpha-sodium naphthalene acetate, 5-aminolevulinic acid, fulvic acid, humic acid, triadimefon wettable powder, azotobacter and phorate missible oil.
5. The method for planting and cultivating corn in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, the pitch of the drip tape holes is 25 cm.
6. The method for planting and cultivating corn in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, the drip irrigation tape is connected to an intelligent automatic irrigation system, and the intelligent automatic irrigation system is connected to a soil humidity sensor and a soil salinity and alkalinity sensor which are arranged underground.
7. The method for planting and cultivating corns in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step S52, attention is paid to control insect pests after emergence, wherein the insect pests are cutworms, armyworms, thrips, laodelphax striatellus or athetis lepigone.
8. The method for planting and cultivating corns in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step S53, the dressing fertilizer is potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, the concentration of the fertilizer is 2% -3% when drip irrigation dressing is performed, and the dressing amount is 2.0kg/667m 2 (ii) a In step S54, the amount of top-dressing pure nitrogen fertilizer is 7.5kg/667m 2 。
9. The method for planting and cultivating corn in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step S54, after the application of the pure nitrogen fertilizer, attention is paid to control leaf spot, rust, stem rot, corn borer, aphid or red spider.
10. The corn planting and cultivating method suitable for the saline-alkali soil as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the corn seeds are selected from corn varieties with strong saline-alkali tolerance or stress resistance.
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN117178687A (en) * 2023-10-25 2023-12-08 云南省烟草公司红河州公司 High-yield and high-quality cultivation method for sweet corn

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN117178687A (en) * 2023-10-25 2023-12-08 云南省烟草公司红河州公司 High-yield and high-quality cultivation method for sweet corn

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