CN113039989A

CN113039989A - Intelligent ecological planting method for changing selenium-rich orchard into soil and controlling grass in hilly and mountainous areas

Info

Publication number: CN113039989A
Application number: CN202110323655.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李玉成; 耿明; 李永慧; 张学胜; 唐尚柱; 赵晓海
Original assignee: Anhui University
Current assignee: Anhui University
Priority date: 2021-03-26
Filing date: 2021-03-26
Publication date: 2021-06-29

Abstract

The invention provides an intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass of a selenium-rich orchard in hilly and mountainous areas, and relates to the field of ecological agriculture and forestry cultivation. The method can effectively solve the problems that the demand of water and fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, needs to be considered and the peach tree is afraid of cold when the peach tree is planted, and simultaneously, the selenium-rich earthworms are subsequently treated, so that the selenium-rich earthworms have good economic benefits whether processed into earthworm powder or sold to pharmaceutical factories.

Description

Intelligent ecological planting method for changing selenium-rich orchard into soil and controlling grass in hilly and mountainous areas

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of ecological agriculture and forestry cultivation, in particular to an intelligent ecological planting method for soil improvement and grass control of selenium-enriched orchards in hilly and mountainous areas.

Background

Most of the mountain areas of the brook and lake watershed are low mountain hilly landforms, the soil is mostly red sand soil, the parent material of the red sand soil is sandstone weathered matter, the sandy laterite is cultivated to grow dry farming soil, and the soil body is of an A-B-C configuration. The plough layer is different in thickness, sandy soil is used, the soil color is mainly orange, the surface soil is dark yellow orange, the color tone is 7.5-10YR, the brightness is 5-6, the chroma is 3-4, the pH value is lower than 6.5, the organic matter, the total phosphorus and the total potassium are low, and the cation exchange capacity is only about 5me/100g of soil. The sandy soil has large sand content and light texture, and shows the characteristics of sand, shallow soil and leakage, namely, more sand and less mud, loose soil body and thin soil layer in some cases; the soil has poor absorption performance, fertilizer and water leakage, and the content of organic matters and various nutrients is low; the heat absorption and the heat dissipation are quick, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the growth of crops is not facilitated. The current main ways to improve redsand mainly include: soil dressing and soil mixing are performed, and soil quality improvement and soil dressing and soil mixing are key measures for improving sandy soil and improving fertilizer conservation, fertilizer supply and production performance. The hilly area can be mixed with field and pond sludge, river ditch sludge, old wall soil and the like with high clay content, and the soil improvement effect is larger. However, this method is not economically practical for soil improvement over large areas. The cohesive force of the humus colloid of the soil with the additional application of the organic fertilizer is stronger than that of sand grains, the poor loose and non-structural properties of the sand can be changed by the additional application of the organic fertilizer, the water and fertilizer retention capability is improved, the soil nutrients are increased, the soil quality can be effectively improved, but the effect is slow, and the effect is difficult to rapidly generate.

The demand of water and fertilizer, particularly nitrogen fertilizer, and the problem of chilling intolerance of the peach trees need to be considered when the peach trees are planted.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide an intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass in a selenium-rich orchard in hilly and mountainous areas, which combines an earthworm cultivation technology and an under-forest chicken raising mode, applies a selenium-rich earthworm cast organic fertilizer to the fertilizer, produces selenium-rich agricultural products, fully utilizes the advantages of the selenium-rich agricultural products, and drives regional economic development to solve the technical problems.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

the intelligent ecological planting method for changing selenium-rich orchards into soil and controlling grasses in hilly and mountainous areas comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

s1, constructing a reverse slope terrace, including terrace layout line, land preparation, field ridge building, surface soil backfilling and field surface leveling;

s2, planting stropharia rugoso-annulata by covering straws, wherein hole-shaped land preparation, raw material pretreatment, material paving and sowing, spawn running management, fruiting management and harvesting are carried out;

s3, planting the peach trees, namely, digging holes in the whole soil and planting the economic forest of the nursery stock. After 2 batches of stropharia rugoso-annulata are harvested in early spring, arranging acupuncture points for planting the stropharia rugoso-annulata, slightly tamping the land, picking and cleaning the harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata, secondarily digging holes according to the type requirements of selected nursery stocks, mixing blue-green algae, straws, rice husks, selenium-rich microbial agents with dug stropharia rugoso-annulata residues, piling the periphery of the original acupuncture points for breeding earthworms, adding rice chaff for water retention, adding fermentation bed chicken manure as a fertilizer for use, covering soil on the holes, selecting high-quality peach trees, planting the peach trees in the pre-dug acupuncture points, backfilling by using original soil, trimming crowns of the peach seedlings which are just planted, leaving a main rod, cutting off redundant branches and properly irrigating;

s4, adopting a hedge technology in the peach tree planting in S3, wherein the hedge technology comprises selection of hedge varieties, determination of plant spacing and bandwidth of hedges, ridge construction, hole-shaped land preparation, determination of in-band structure, planting, drainage ditch arrangement and tending management; communicating the pond with a water channel in the system by adopting a pond interception technology, wherein the distribution area of plants in the pond accounts for about 30 percent of the total area of the pond, and the water hyacinth is selected as the plant in the pond;

s5, planting peach trees in S3, and raising chickens in a forest and a fermentation bed in a matching manner, wherein the raising chickens in the forest comprises the following steps: selecting varieties, building under-forest stocking facilities, and performing daily feeding management and feeding management; the chicken raising method by the fermentation bed comprises the following steps: building a chicken house, manufacturing a fermentation bed, performing daily management, and simultaneously, closely combining intelligent technologies such as a monitoring system, a big data system, an automatic system, an Internet of things system and the like, and performing data transmission and analysis on environmental parameters of a farm, physiological data of laying hens and production process data;

s6, composting the fermentation bed and the stropharia rugoso-annulata fungus bed, wherein composting is carried out on the fermentation bed after chicken breeding and the stropharia rugoso-annulata fungus bed after harvesting, and the used main raw materials are residual substances of each bed body and comprise the following multiple types: fermentation bed padding, mushroom dregs, blue algae, bran coat, wheat bran and a selenium-rich microbial agent; placing the fermented and decomposed blue algae organic fertilizer in a ventilation place for natural air drying to be used as a substrate for culturing earthworms, preparing organic selenium-rich earthworm stock solution and preparing selenium-rich earthworm organic foliar fertilizer.

Preferably, in the process of constructing the reverse slope terrace, the slope surface of the terrace area is divided according to the slope surface condition, and the line is measured and determined. In the line alignment process, when a local terrain complex part is encountered, the processing is carried out according to the principle that large bending is in place and small bending is in straight, in order to keep the field surface to be equal in width, the ridge line position can be properly adjusted, the width of each terrace is determined according to the line spacing and the planting distance of the type of the economic forest planted actually and is not smaller than the normal planting line spacing, the base cleaning is carried out on each terrace, the surface soil with the thickness of about 0.5m in the base range is dug, sundries are removed, leveling and tamping are carried out, and a reverse slope is formed;

the constructed field ridge is backfilled by using raw soil, impurities such as gravel and the like do not exist in the soil, the soil is compacted in layers during construction, the thickness of each layer of the virtual soil is about 20cm, the compacted thickness is about 15cm, each ridge in the construction is uniformly raised or lowered at the same time, the phenomenon that each section of the ridge is uneven is reduced, the ridge surface is shone inwards layer by layer according to the gradient of the field ridge in the raising process of the field ridge, and the ridge surface is filled tightly after the ridge is built;

the backfilling surface soil adopts a surface soil middle pushing method to reserve surface soil, the surface soil of the field surface to be repaired is completely piled up and is directly piled at the center line position of the field surface, raw soil of the field surface above the center line is filled into the field surface below the center line, and the surface soil piled on the center line is uniformly paved on the whole field surface;

and leveling the field surface, adopting a method of digging downwards and filling upwards to take soil from the lower part of the field ridge, filling the soil to the upper part of the field ridge, and leveling the field surface to enable each table surface of the terrace to be level.

Preferably, the adverse slope terrace adopts big transverse slope, little consequent slope complex mode, and domatic landform piece upper and lower edge and horizontal construction low bank are gone up, and its top surface is vertical face, and the horizontal inclination of downside is 30 ~ 80, and low side dense planting ridge protection plant of low bank, and the upper and lower side of low bank digs side ditch, back ditch respectively, excavates along domatic all the other peripheries in domatic landform piece, connects upper edge low bank back ditch and lower edge low bank side ditch, forms the drainage network canal. And excavating a plurality of cross slopes on the slope land in the drainage network channel for intercepting, and dividing the slope into a plurality of down-slope ridging areas. Uniformly ridging a plurality of small down slopes along the slope surface in the down-slope ridging area, and excavating furrows between adjacent small down slopes; and communicating the furrows in the downslope ridging area with the cross slope cut-off furrows and the side furrows; the length of the downslope surface of the downslope ridging area is less than the critical slope length of the surface where the fine ditches occur.

Horizontal land preparation of the cross slope is carried out by adopting a structure of 'big cross slope + small consequent slope', so that water and soil loss of slope cultivated land is effectively controlled, conservation is realized, and the land productivity is improved. The aims of regulating water, reducing corrosion, reducing labor input and the like are achieved. The measures can effectively improve the sand blocking benefit of the slope farmland, reduce the volume weight of the soil, increase the water content, the saturated water conductivity and the total porosity of the soil, and fully meet the targets of water retention and corrosion reduction. Its cost is compared in traditional terrace and is reduced, can effectively reduce labour cost.

Preferably, the hole-shaped land preparation means that land preparation is carried out one month before planting, and the size of the digging hole is determined according to the cash crop planted in the slope farmland and is not less than the normal planting row spacing and depth of the fruit trees. Meanwhile, a 40-50cm footpath is reserved between the holes;

the raw material pretreatment comprises the steps of throwing straws, rice chaffs, rice husks and dead-branch leaves into the holes, adding proper water, and carrying out stack retting until the cultivation material is brown;

the spreading and sowing refers to spreading and sowing the pretreated fermentation material according to the material consumption of 25-30 kg/square meter, generally 3 layers of materials and 2 layers of seeds, and the specific method comprises the following steps: paving a 1 st layer of material with the thickness of 10-12cm at the bottom of a hole, sowing a 1 st layer of strain, breaking the strain into the size of peaches, placing the strain and the strain at a distance of 10cm in a plum blossom shape, paving a 2 nd layer of material with the thickness of 10-12cm, sowing a 2 nd layer of strain with the consumption of 4/5 of the total consumption, paving a 3 rd layer of material with the thickness of 3-5cm, wherein the total thickness of the material is 25-30cm, and finally covering the material surface with walking road soil, wherein the thickness of covering soil is about 3cm, the soil surface is preferably invisible, then covering straw or wheat straw with the soil surface, the thickness of covering grass is preferably invisible, and all the sowed strain materials are preferably close to the periphery of the hole;

the spawn running management means that after seeding, corresponding regulation and control measures are taken according to actual conditions, the temperature and the humidity of hypha growth are kept to be proper, when spawn running is carried out, the temperature of material is mainly determined, the temperature of material is preferably low and is not high, otherwise, burning fungus is easily caused, water is not sprayed or little water is sprayed within 20d after seeding, when the spawn is germinated, planted and grows to 1/2 of a culture material, water can be sprayed properly, if the hypha grows vigorously and is proper, water is sprayed to cause hypha recession, the temperature and the humidity are proper, the mushroom can be produced after about 50d after seeding, the proper temperature for hypha growth is 13-28 ℃, the optimal temperature is 20-25 ℃, the proper water content is about 65%, and the relative air humidity is 85% -95%;

the fruiting management is mainly characterized by moisture preservation, heat preservation and ventilation, fruiting water is sprayed in time during open-air cultivation of a forest land, less frequent spraying is achieved, a covering material and a covering soil layer of a mushroom bed are kept in a wet state, the relative humidity of air is 90% -95%, meanwhile, a grass cover is pulled by combining water spraying, hyphae contacting the grass cover on the covering soil are broken, the hyphae grow downwards and are twisted to form a fungus bud, 5-10 days are needed for fruiting bodies to mature, the temperature is low, mushroom bodies grow slowly and thickly, the mushrooms are not easy to open, the temperature is high, the mushroom bodies grow fast, are small in size and easy to open, 3-4 tides can be collected in the whole growth period, and 15-25 days are reserved between every two tides;

when the mushroom cultivation method is used, the basal part of the stipe is firmly held by the thumb, the index finger and the middle finger, the matrix is pressed by the other hand, the matrix is slightly twisted and pulled upwards, the surrounding young mushrooms are not loosened so as to avoid death of the young mushrooms, holes left on a mushroom bed after mushroom cultivation are filled with soil, meanwhile, residual mushrooms left on the mushroom bed are removed, and the next tide of mushrooms are cultivated according to the management requirements of the spawn running period after mushroom cultivation.

Preferably, the hedgerow variety in the hedgerow technology is selected from amorpha fruticosa and bermuda grass, and the hedgerow has the characteristics of strong adaptability, fast growth and reproduction, developed root system, drought and barren resistance and the like, and is used for intercropping cash crops to form a hedgerow-cash crop zone;

determining the plant spacing and the bandwidth of the hedges: planting shrubs such as amorpha fruticosa in two rows with a planting distance of 1 m; the grass such as bermuda grass, vetiver grass and the like can be selected by a broadcasting or planting mode according to different grass species, and the bandwidth is generally 0.6 m;

and (3) constructing a ridge: when constructing the ridges, the land occupation is reduced as much as possible, the engineering quantity is reduced, the investment is reduced, local materials are used, the construction process is simplified, and in the sloping farmland with relatively small gradient, the lower ridges are constructed by adopting soil mostly for tamping and beating;

a land preparation mode: soil preparation in a hole shape, soil preparation is carried out one month before planting, the aperture of the hole is 0.5-0.6m, and the depth is 30 cm;

determination of in-band structure: the fence belt has various internal structures, a proper fence belt structure is determined according to local specific conditions by fully considering the erosion degree, the field width and the possibility of farmer acceptance, and the fence belt is designed in a linear shape, a two-linear shape or a product-linear shape;

planting: planting for ten days of 5 months, generally planting 2 rows at the beginning, wherein the row spacing is generally 0.6-1m, during planting, the tree seedlings are straightened and planted, the root systems are spread, the depth is proper, during soil filling, surface soil and wet soil are filled firstly, then soil and dry soil are filled, the tree seedlings are treaded in layers, then water is poured, and finally a layer of virtual soil is covered;

a drainage ditch is arranged: in order to ensure smooth drainage and reduce the scouring speed of water flow, the flow direction of the drainage ditch is designed in an S shape according to the terrain, and the drainage section is determined according to the maximum rainstorm runoff;

tending management: after the hedgerow is planted, weeding and loosening soil are continuously carried out for 3 years 1-3 times per year, large seedlings are adopted for replanting in time when the survival rate is low, stumping is carried out on the tree species which grow badly and have strong germination capacity, dead branches and insect-plague branches are cut off in spring every year, and the dense branches are sparse according to the condition.

Through carrying out the UNICOM with pond and the interior waterway of system, through the purification effect of plant, the effect of performance pond interception technique in nitrogen phosphorus pollutant is held back and soil and water conservation realizes the reduction of suspended particles thing and nitrogen phosphorus nutritive salt. The distribution area of plants in the pond accounts for about 30 percent of the total area of the pond, the aquatic plants are important components of a pond ecosystem and play an important role in purifying water quality, protecting substrates, preventing diseases and improving aquaculture benefits, the pond plants are selected from water hyacinth which is a monocotyledonous perennial plant, the Eichhornia of Potentilla of Populaceae, the propagation speed is high, the water hyacinth is good feed and organic fertilizer source, meanwhile, the water hyacinth has a good purification effect on the water body, can effectively remove nutrient substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like in the water body, reduce the biochemical oxygen demand, absorb and enrich various heavy metals and toxic compounds, the water hyacinth can be harvested after being vigorously propagated, 1/4 with the number of all plants can be selected for each harvesting, the maximum can not exceed 1/3, the plants on the water surface should be uniformly reserved after harvesting is finished so as to continue propagation, and the water hyacinth can be harvested once every 5 to 7 days in summer, collected about 15 days after autumn.

The hedge can be used for effectively intercepting runoff and reducing the influence of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff on the environment, meanwhile, the end treatment is carried out by depending on a pond, water hyacinth and the like, various water bodies generated by planting fruit trees, breeding earthworms and chickens and composting are finally treated, the water hyacinth propagated in large quantity can also be used as the raw material of the composting, or the water hyacinth is chopped, crushed or pulped and mixed with bran to prepare mixed feed or silage for feeding chickens, earthworms and the like, the feed utilization rate can be improved, parasites can also be killed, or the water hyacinth and the tender leaves can be directly eaten, the taste is fresh and cool, the bowel can be relaxed, and the bowels can be relaxed

Preferably, the variety of the under-forest chicken is Huainan yellow chicken with a national geographic marker product;

facility of stocking under forest: build the fence including the purse seine, the chicken coop is built and is fed the food and eat equipment, and the fence is built to the purse seine: a plurality of small compartments are arranged at the periphery of the orchard by using isolation facilities, so that the situation that the chickens move outside the orchard and eat excessive grass, earthworms and the like to destroy soil ecology is prevented, and meanwhile, the effect of isolating the chickens from the outside is achieved, and the disease prevention is facilitated; building a henhouse: a temporary henhouse is built at a place with high and dry terrain around the orchard, the henhouse is required to sit north and south and is adjacent to a house of a feeder, and therefore chicken flocks can be observed conveniently at night; the monitoring system is used for observing special conditions such as diseases such as fighting and anorexia, running and the like which may appear in the chicken flocks; feeding equipment: the feeding tools are placed in the temporary henhouse and near the henhouse, and are also required to be placed in a scattered manner in other places under the orchard, so that the chickens can drink water and prey at any time;

the feeding management before the chicks are out of the house comprises pre-heating, water drinking guiding, henhouse condition adjusting and feeding: the temperature of the chicken house is adjusted to be about 32-35 ℃ and the relative humidity is adjusted to be 60-70% before the chicks enter, then the chicks are guided to drink water, and glucose, multi-component and electrolyte nutrient solution are added into the water. Then the ground temperature is adjusted to be suitable for the chickens to live in the age of 35-32 ℃ in one week, and then the temperature is slowly reduced along with the increase of the age of the chickens until the temperature is about 20-18 ℃ in the sixth week and the daily average temperature is reduced by 0.5 ℃. Relative humidity was adjusted from 70% to 50-55% with age of chicken, flock density was controlled to 5/m around 20 weeks, then feeding was performed while paying attention to henhouse pen construction, breaking pecks, sand feeding and disease prevention: the height of the fence is about 45cm, the fence is 60-150cm away from a heat source, and the fence can be detached in 7-10 days generally; then breaking the pecking tip of the chicken flock, breaking one half of the pecking tip to the nostril, breaking one third of the pecking tip, adding 1% sand grains into the feed from the age of 2 weeks, wherein the sand grains should be boiled in advance, diseases need to be noticed in the process of raising the chicks, and the chicks are drunk with high-efficiency antibacterial drugs within 3-5 days of age.

Daily intelligent monitoring of raising management assistance mainly includes: and (3) reasonable supplementary feeding: according to the situation of the orchard weed resources, the supplement amount of the extra feed is determined, and the light management is as follows: a plurality of bulbs with covers need to be hung outside the henhouse, and illumination is automatically supplemented at night through the internet technology; observing chicken flocks: monitoring the activity condition of the chicken coop, timely and separately observing the health condition of the slow and dull chicken, diagnosing and treating, counting the number of chickens when the chicken flocks enter and exit the chicken coop through an identification system, determining the number of supplementary feeds by seeing whether the crop of the chickens is full of food, ensuring that all the chicken flocks put in and kept in the chicken coop are returned to the chicken coop through internet monitoring, and simultaneously paying attention to the protection of fruits in the process of breeding the chickens;

the fermentation bed layer chicken breeding utilizes sawdust, rice hulls and crop straws to manufacture padding, the padding is laid on a specially designed fermentation bed, organic substances in fermented chicken manure are decomposed under the action of beneficial bacteria, malodorous gases such as ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide in the chicken manure are eliminated, and the environment of a chicken coop is improved, and the technology comprises the following steps: building a henhouse: chicken coop structure, chicken coop trend, chicken coop specification, fermentation bed preparation: chicken on bed body design, bedding preparation, arrangement, daily management: breed management, environmental factor control, supplementary fungus liquid and disease prevention, closely combine intelligent technologies such as monitored control system, big data system, automatic system, thing networking system simultaneously, carry out data transmission and analysis to the environmental parameter of plant, the physiological data of laying hen and production process data, mainly feed including the intelligence, intelligent excrement and urine is collected, and intelligence is washd, intelligent weighbridge.

Preferably, after the chicken raised in the fermentation bed is finished, composting is carried out on a fungus bed with harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata, and the used main raw materials are residual substances of each bed body and comprise the following multiple substances: the feed comprises fermentation bed padding, mushroom dregs, blue algae, bran coat, wheat bran and a selenium-rich microbial agent, wherein the selenium-rich microbial agent comprises selenium-rich yeast and selenium-rich bacillus subtilis;

in the composting process, 5-6 parts of blue algae, 3-4 parts of mushroom dregs, 1-1.5 parts of rice hulls and the like are fully and uniformly mixed, a microbial agent is added according to the proportion of 1-2% of the weight of raw materials, water is added in advance and uniformly mixed, and the water is added until the water content required by a test group is 50% -60%. Then heating and fermenting the mixture for composting for 50-60 d;

culturing selenium-rich earthworms, placing fermented and decomposed blue algae organic fertilizer in a ventilation place for natural air drying to serve as a substrate for culturing the earthworms, adding sodium selenite to culture the selenium-rich earthworms, dissolving a proper amount of sodium selenite in deionized water, adding the sodium selenite into the organic fertilizer, then aging for 1 week, then placing the earthworms into the culture room for culturing, and watering a proper amount of water every day to compensate for water lost by evaporation. Culturing for 40-50 days, adjusting the temperature of the substrate to 24 +/-4 ℃, ventilating well, watering regularly, keeping the water content of the substrate at 65% -75%, separating earthworms and earthworm feces after culturing, clearing the earthworms in the dark for 20-26 hours, then cleaning with clear water, homogenizing and homogenizing the cleaned selenium-enriched earthworms by a tissue homogenizer to obtain earthworm homogenate. Carrying out autolysis enzymolysis on the earthworm uniform liquid at 50-60 ℃ by using the enzyme of the earthworm, stirring once every 5-6 hours, carrying out enzymolysis for 20-26 hours to obtain amino acid nutrient raw pulp, mixing the earthworm cast and water according to the proportion of 1:5, stirring for 3-5 hours at room temperature, filtering to obtain earthworm cast extract, mixing the earthworm cast extract and the earthworm cast extract at the ratio of 1:1, sterilizing the mixed liquid for 1.5-2.5 hours at 100 ℃, cooling and filtering to obtain the selenium-enriched earthworm organic fertilizer.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. compared with the traditional peach tree planting in red sandy soil, the peach tree planting technology can quickly improve soil, preserve water and soil, control weed growth, save water and fertilizer. The method comprises the steps of firstly carrying out land trimming through a reverse slope terrace, firstly carrying out water and soil conservation in the region in one step, then covering through straw rice chaff and the like to play the effect of covering, keeping water and soil, improving the soil environment, reducing water evaporation, preserving heat when the weather is bad, and improving organic substances in the soil. Meanwhile, the stropharia rugoso-annulata can be planted as a main intermediate link, not only are dead branches and rotten leaves in the peach orchard and rich straw resources around fully utilized as raw materials, but also the covered straws can be lowered and turned into soil after the edible fungi are harvested, so that the soil environment is improved, the organic carbon in the soil is increased, the growth of microorganisms is facilitated, nutrients can be well circulated in the crop-soil, the use of chemical fertilizers is reduced, the cost is saved, and the utilization rate of the nutrients is improved;

2. the stropharia rugoso-annulata planted at the acupuncture points of the economic forest is rare, fungus organisms can be used for weeding, straw covers are used for weeding, the straw serves as a raw material for growth of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and covers the soil, and a protective layer which can preserve water and fertilizer, reduce plant diseases and insect pests, increase temperature and cultivate strong seedlings is formed. The rainwater carrying nutrient elements and silt is intercepted layer by terraces, ridges, stropharia rugoso-annulata and straws, and finally nitrogen and phosphorus in ponds, lakes and rivers are reduced to a certain extent, so that the rainwater has a positive effect on improving the water environment and is a unity of social, ecological and economic benefits;

3. by adopting an agricultural mode of a reverse slope terrace, straw rice chaff coverage, stropharia rugoso-annulata planting, soil preparation and covering, and peach tree planting, aiming at fungus residues and straws after planting, an organic fertilizer is prepared by adopting a stack retting mode, the production line of the technology is prolonged, the straw is improved to the greatest extent, the treatment rate and the resource value of the waste are improved, meanwhile, in the mode, three-dimensional ecological agricultural chains of other channels can be added, more employment posts are provided for the periphery, and the social value is increased;

4. the method has the advantages that in the fruit tree planting process, on the basis of not increasing the adding amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the selenium-rich earthworm organic fertilizer is used for replacing the traditional chemical fertilizers, green and pollution-free ecological fruits and vegetables are produced, the quality of the fruits and vegetables and the selenium content of the fruits are improved, high-quality selenium-rich fruits, selenium-rich chickens, eggs, stropharia rugoso-annulata and the like are produced, the input cost of the chemical fertilizers is reduced, and the income of farmers is increased;

5. innovate the agricultural and forestry salvage, especially the utilization way of a large amount of resources of the straw, offer the reference for solving the straw burning in the area around the nido lake, reduce the government and forbid the cost of burning of the straw every year, solve the problem that peasant household disposes the straw in situ;

6. the earthworm breeding technology is innovatively used for improving soil fertility and simultaneously providing chicken feed, the quality of chickens is improved, ecological cycle can be formed, the input cost of farmers is reduced, and ecological economy is realized.

Description of the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the peach orchard establishment method of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the present invention for constructing a reverse slope terrace;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of straw mulching for stropharia rugoso-annulata planting;

FIG. 5 is a histogram of the saturated water content of the soil of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a bar graph of field water capacity of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a histogram of the soil volume weight of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a histogram of total soil porosity according to the invention;

FIG. 9 is a histogram of organic content according to the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a histogram of total nitrogen content of soil according to the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a histogram of the total phosphorus content of soil according to the invention;

Detailed Description

The experimental methods in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.

Examples

As shown in fig. 1-11

The test is carried out by using a test field (116 degrees 57 '25' E, 31 degrees 44 '43' N) which is more than 30 mu in a new rural area of Ziwu Zhen town of Feizian county, Hefei city, Anhui province, and belongs to the central and south of a small watershed upstream of a donkey river, is a subtropical and warm-zone transitional subtropical monsoon climate area, and is mild and moist in climate. The average altitude is about 67m, the annual average temperature is 15-16 ℃, the average temperature in 1 month is 2-3 ℃, and the average temperature in 7 months is 28-30 ℃. Annual sunshine duration is about 2000h, and average relative humidity is 77%. And the frost period is 224-252 d. The average rainfall capacity for many years is 964.4mm, the average water surface evaporation capacity for many years is 835mm, through the research on the soil in the area, the soil type is redsand soil, the gradient is about 5 degrees to 7 degrees, and the basic attributes of the soil are as follows: the method comprises the steps of carrying out land improvement through a reverse slope terrace, fully utilizing space resources, controlling water and soil, and then further fixing water through rice chaff, so that the survival rate of peach trees is obviously improved, chicken manure is used as a fertilizer for adding necessary selenium-rich organic fertilizers, the pollution to the environment is reduced, and the quality of peach trees and the content of selenium are improved. The technology is simple and easy to learn, low in cost, short in period, high in benefit, easy to popularize, capable of saving the cost of controlling grass and fertility and capable of reducing the problem of nutrient element loss caused by direct rainwater washing.

The technology is used for soil water and fertilizer retention, the saturated water content and the field water holding capacity of soil can be obviously improved, the close planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata can obviously improve the field water holding rate, the average content is about 19.45%, the close planting and the sparse planting and the covering of the base materials such as the independent straw rice chaff and the like can improve the field water holding capacity in the planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata no matter the normal planting, the close planting and the sparse planting can improve the field water holding rate by 23.40%, 28.38%, 18.28% and 16.11%, and the field water holding rate of the soil is still about 36.5% higher than that of the common bare land in the area after the two months of harvesting of the stro. Meanwhile, for the saturated water content of the soil, the saturated water content of the soil under the densely planted stropharia rugoso-annulata is the highest, the average content is about 21.99%, and on the planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the saturated water content of the soil in the bare land is increased by 19.14%, 19.25%, 18.22% and 22.72% compared with the average saturated water content of the soil in the bare land through three planting modes of normal planting, dense planting and sparse planting and the covering of single base materials such as straw rice chaff and the like, by combining the attached drawings of 5-6.

The volume weight and the porosity of the soil are important indexes for measuring the physical condition of the soil, the volume weight and the porosity are closely connected, when the soil is fluffy, the volume weight is small, the porosity is large, and the two indexes of the soil determine the water retention condition, permeability, fertilizer retention performance and the like of the soil to a certain degree. Compared with the bare land in the area, the average volume weight of the soil under the normal planting, close planting and sparse planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is respectively reduced by 15.41%, 14.35% and 9.97%, and meanwhile, the average total porosity under the planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is respectively increased by 30.41%, 43.41% and 15.58% compared with the control of the bare land, and the average total porosity can be 46.63% at most, in combination with the attached drawings of 7-8, the total porosity of all sample plots basically shows the change trend of 'increasing first and then decreasing', the total porosity change among different planting densities has no obvious difference, and basically reaches the peak value at the fruiting period and the later period of the harvest of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, and then decreases, and finally the total porosity is improved.

Meanwhile, weak acid soil preferred by peach tree planting can be planted through stropharia rugoso-annulata, after the stropharia rugoso-annulata is planted and harvested, the pH value of the soil can be obviously improved to be about 6.8, and the method is very suitable for growth of peach trees. In the growth cycle of stropharia rugoso-annulata, the pH of the used sample plot shows the trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing, the pH of the soil is increased sharply, the pH reaches the maximum in the harvesting period and is respectively 7.04, 7.02 and 7.05 and is neutral, the pH is gradually decreased to slightly acidic in the rotten period of the harvested base materials and is decreased to 6.80, 6.82 and 6.73 respectively, weak acid soil which is favored by peach tree planting is achieved, meanwhile, the organic matters of the soil in the area can be obviously improved through the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the adverse slope terrace and the straw rice chaff, compared with the bare land, the improvement effect of the straw and the rice chaff on the organic matters of the soil can be obviously improved by about 34.68%, and the average content of the organic matters is about 13.98 g/kg. The effect of covering the soil organic matter by the straw rice chaff and other base materials is better than that of the soil after the stropharia rugoso-annulata is planted, but the planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata can increase the content of the soil organic matter, and the content of the soil organic matter under different planting modes is increased by 23.37%, 20.48% and 16.39% on average, in combination with the attached figure 9.

The content of soil nutrients influences the growth of crops, the technology can effectively improve the content of the nutrients in the soil by covering base materials such as straws, rice chaff and the like, compared with the nutrients in the soil of bare land in the area, the covering of the base materials can averagely improve the total nitrogen content in the soil of the area by about 18.56 percent and improve the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen by 19.37 percent, and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil covered by the base materials is about 70.59 mg/kg; the total phosphorus content is increased by about 11.18 percent, the total phosphorus content of the soil is increased by about 0.45g/kg, and the effective phosphorus content of the soil is obviously increased by about 55.01 percent and is increased by about 48.37 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the soil nutrients in the area planted with stropharia rugoso-annulata are improved to a certain extent, compared with the bare land in the area, the average level of the soil total nitrogen is respectively increased by 18.56%, 22.75% and 25.15%, the increase is obvious, the increase of the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is respectively 50.64%, 41.83% and 12.94%, the average level of the soil total phosphorus is respectively increased by 11.18%, 14.91% and 4.35%, the average increase of the soil effective phosphorus content is respectively 40.25%, 95.24% and 23.11%, the change is obvious, the average effective phosphorus content is 42.06mg/kg, 58.55mg/kg and 36.92mg/kg, and the attached drawing is 10-11.

The soil microbial biomass refers to the volume of less than 5 x 10 in soil³The total amount of the organisms is the most active component in soil organic matters, and soil microbial biomass carbon is closely related to nutrient circulation such as C, N, P, S in soil. The soil nutrient solution can reflect the tiny change of soil between the total carbon changes of soil, directly participate in the biochemical transformation process of soil, is a storage bank of available nutrients of plants in soil, and can promote the effectiveness of the nutrients of the soil, thereby having important effects in soil fertility and plant nutrition. And the soil microorganism biomass nitrogen plays an important regulation role in the soil nitrogen circulation and transformation process. The influence of the coverage of the straw rice chaff on the microbial biomass carbon and the microbial biomass nitrogen in the soil can reduce the microbial biomass carbon and the microbial biomass nitrogen in the soil at the beginning due to the decomposition and untimely heat dissipation of the straw rice chaff, but the microbial biomass carbon nitrogen content in the soil can be increased at the later stage, meanwhile, if the stropharia rugoso-annulata is added, the microbial biomass carbon content in the soil can be increased, the microbial carbon content in the soil can be increased by about 40.24 percent and 49.55 percent no matter the stropharia rugoso-annulata is densely planted or sparsely planted, and the microbial biomass nitrogen content in the soil is about 126.37mg/kg on average after the stropharia rugoso-annulata is normally.

The technology also has a control effect on weeds in the area, and wild peas, cleavers and macrostem onion are used as the weeds with the largest total amount in the fruiting period of the stropharia rugoso-annulata planting. Compared with the bare land contrast in the area, the straw coverage planting of stropharia rugoso-annulata obviously reduces the relative density of the stropharia rugoso-annulata planting ridges and the wild pea, and the reduction is between 33.63% and 87.05%; compared with a bare ground control, the relative density of the test group of cleavers planted with stropharia rugoso-annulata normally is reduced by 12.92 to 16.18 percent; the relative density of the test group for close planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata for planting the ridge cleavers is reduced by 85.80 percent; the straw coverage planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata reduces the relative density of the allium macrostemon, compared with the bare land control, the stropharia rugoso-annulata planting ridges and the peach tree planting ridges of all test groups are lower than the control, and the reduction amplitude is 32.34-87.06 percent, so that the grass control measure has better reduction on the allium macrostemon in the rose garden during the fruiting period of the stropharia rugoso-annulata; meanwhile, the base material has a certain reduction on the relative density of the allium macrostemon; the stropharia rugoso-annulata harvesting period has a good control effect on the agrimony and the mugwort, the stropharia rugoso-annulata can obviously inhibit the agrimony on various planting ridges in the period, the relative density of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is reduced by 15.36% -73.95%, and the coverage of base materials such as rice chaff straws and the like has a good control effect on the mugwort; the control effect on green bristlegrass, cogongrass and Chinese pines is better in the basal material rotting period of the planting of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the relative density of the planting ridges of the green bristlegrass is reduced by 67.85-92.01%, the planting ridges of the peach trees are reduced by 25.87-47.85%, the relative density of the planting ridges of the white bristle is reduced by 60.77-85.41%, the planting ridges of the peach trees are reduced by 3.75-49.44%, and the relative density of the planting ridges of the Chinese pines is reduced by 54.11-82.63%;

the condition that the survival rate of the peach trees in the red sand soil slope hilly field is low is completely improved by planting the peach trees in the reverse slope terrace, the straw rice chaff and the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the survival rate of the peach trees reaches 98 percent by planting in more than 30 mu of test fields in the area, the current standard of the peach trees after growth is about 4-5 centimeters in land diameter and about 3-4 meters in crown, the quality of the peach trees is improved compared with that of common peaches in the market due to the large temperature difference of the soil in the morning and evening, and the sugar degree of the peach trees is improved by 5 points.

Meanwhile, the technology has good environmental benefit, nitrogen and phosphorus pollution generated in runoff water in the region can be effectively controlled through the technology, suspended solids in the runoff water can be effectively reduced through stropharia rugosoannulata planting and stacking of straw and rice chaff auxiliary materials, and the content of total nitrogen 42.68-50.47%, total phosphorus 45.72-46.74% and suspended solids 33.41-36.58% in the runoff water can be effectively reduced on average. Has good environmental benefit for clear water production flow of regions.

The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in the above embodiments and the description, and are not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. The intelligent ecological planting method for changing selenium-rich orchards into soil and controlling grasses in hilly and mountainous areas comprises the following steps: the method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:

s3, planting peach trees, firstly, carrying out soil preparation and hole digging, planting seedling wood economic forest, after 2 batches of stropharia rugoso-annulata are harvested in early spring, arranging the planted points of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, slightly tamping the land, picking and cleaning the grown stropharia rugoso-annulata, carrying out secondary hole digging according to the requirement of the selected seedling type, mixing the dug stropharia rugoso-annulata fungus residues with blue algae, straws, rice husks, selenium-rich microbial agents, piling the peripheries of original points for breeding earthworms, adding rice chaff for water retention, adding chicken manure serving as a fertilizer into a fermentation bed, selecting high-quality peach trees after covering soil on the holes, planting the peach trees in the pre-dug points, backfilling by using original soil, repairing crowns of the freshly planted peach seedlings, reserving a main rod, cutting off redundant branches and properly irrigating;

2. The intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass in the selenium-enriched orchard in the hilly and mountainous areas according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the process of constructing the reverse slope terrace, dividing the slope surface of a terrace region according to the slope surface condition, measuring and routing, in the routing process, processing according to the principle that a large bend is in place and a small bend is in straight when encountering a local terrain complex part, properly adjusting the ridge line position for keeping the equal width of the field surface, determining the width of each terrace according to the row spacing and the planting distance of the actual planting economic forest type and not less than the normal planting row spacing, clearing the foundation of each terrace, digging out surface soil with the thickness of about 0.5m in the foundation range, removing impurities, leveling and tamping to form the reverse slope;

3. The intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass in the selenium-enriched orchard in the hilly and mountainous areas according to claim 2, characterized by comprising the following steps: the reverse slope terrace adopts a large transverse slope and small sequential slope matched mode, ridges are built on the upper edge, the lower edge and the transverse direction of a slope land block, the upper side surface of the reverse slope terrace is a vertical surface, the horizontal inclination angle of the lower side surface is 30-80 degrees, ridge protection plants are densely planted on the lower side surface of the ridge, side ditches and back ditches are respectively dug on the upper side and the lower side of the ridge, the rest periphery of the slope land block is dug along the slope surface, the upper edge ridge back ditches and the lower edge ridge side ditches are connected to form a drainage network channel, a plurality of transverse slopes are dug on the slope land block in the drainage network channel for intercepting, the slope surface is divided into a plurality of sequential slope ridging areas, a plurality of small sequential slopes are uniformly ridging along the slope surface in the sequential slope ridging areas, and furr; and communicating the furrows in the downslope ridging area with the cross slope cut-off furrows and the side furrows; the length of the downslope surface of the downslope ridging area is less than the critical slope length of the surface where the fine ditches occur.

4. The intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass in the selenium-enriched orchard in the hilly and mountainous areas according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the hole-shaped land preparation means that land preparation is carried out one month before planting, the size of digging holes is determined according to cash crops planted in the slope farmland, the hole-shaped land preparation is not smaller than the normal planting row spacing and depth of fruit trees, and a 40-50cm footpath is ensured to be left between the holes;

5. The intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass in the selenium-enriched orchard in the hilly and mountainous areas according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the hedgerow variety in the hedgerow technology is selected from amorpha fruticosa and bermudagrass, and the hedgerow has the characteristics of strong adaptability, fast growth and reproduction, developed root system, drought resistance, barrenness resistance and the like, and is used for intercropping economic crops to form a hedgerow-economic crop zone;

6. The intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass in the selenium-enriched orchard in the hilly and mountainous areas according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the variety of the under-forest chicken is selected from Huainan yellow chicken with a national geographic marker product;

facility of stocking under forest: build the fence including the purse seine, the chicken coop is built and is fed the food and eat equipment, and the fence is built to the purse seine: a plurality of small compartments are arranged at the periphery of the orchard by using isolation facilities, so that the situation that the chickens move outside the orchard and eat excessive grass, earthworms destroy soil ecology and the like is prevented, and meanwhile, the effect of isolating the chickens from the outside is achieved, and the prevention of diseases is facilitated; building a henhouse: a temporary henhouse is built at a place with high and dry terrain around the orchard, the henhouse is required to sit north and south and is adjacent to a house of a feeder, and therefore chicken flocks can be observed conveniently at night; the monitoring system is used for observing special conditions such as diseases such as fighting and anorexia, running and the like which may appear in the chicken flocks; feeding equipment: the feeding tools are placed in the temporary henhouse and near the henhouse, and are also required to be placed in a scattered manner in other places under the orchard, so that the chickens can drink water and prey at any time;

daily feeding management: and (3) reasonable supplementary feeding: according to the situation of the orchard weed resources, the supplement amount of the extra feed is determined, and the light management is as follows: a plurality of bulbs with covers need to be hung outside the henhouse, and illumination is automatically supplemented at night through the internet technology; observing chicken flocks: monitoring the activity condition of the chicken coop, timely and separately observing the health condition of the slow and dull chicken, diagnosing and treating, counting the number of chickens when the chicken flocks enter and exit the chicken coop through an identification system, determining the number of supplementary feeds by seeing whether the crop of the chickens is full of food, ensuring that all the chicken flocks put in and kept in the chicken coop are returned to the chicken coop through internet monitoring, and simultaneously paying attention to the protection of fruits in the process of breeding the chickens;

the feeding management before the chicks are out of the house comprises pre-heating, water drinking guiding, henhouse condition adjusting and feeding: adjusting the temperature of a chicken house to be about 32-35 ℃ and the relative humidity to be 60-70% before feeding chicks, then drinking water for guiding the chicks, adding glucose, multi-component and electrolyte nutrient solution into the water, then adjusting the ground temperature to be suitable for the life of the chicken flocks, adjusting the ground temperature to be 35-32 ℃ in one week, then slowly reducing the ground temperature along with the increase of the chicken age to be about 20-18 ℃ in the sixth week, reducing the daily average temperature by 0.5 ℃, adjusting the relative humidity to be 50-55% along with the chicken age from 70%, controlling the density of the chicken flocks to be 5 per meter in about 20 weeks, then feeding, and simultaneously paying attention to the building of a chicken house enclosure, the pecking, the sand feeding and the disease: the height of the fence is about 45cm, the fence is 60-150cm away from a heat source, and the fence can be detached in 7-10 days generally; then breaking the pecking of the chicken flock, breaking one half of the pecking tip to the nostril, breaking one third of the pecking tip, adding 1% sand grains into the feed from the age of 2 weeks, wherein the sand grains should be boiled in advance, diseases need to be noticed in the process of raising the chicks, and the chicks are drunk with high-efficiency antibacterial drugs within 3-5 days old;

7. The intelligent ecological planting method for improving soil and controlling grass in the selenium-enriched orchard in the hilly and mountainous areas according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: composting is carried out on the fermentation bed after the chicken breeding and the mushroom bed after the stropharia rugoso-annulata is harvested, and the used main raw materials are residual substances of each bed body and comprise the following multiple types: the feed comprises fermentation bed padding, mushroom dregs, blue algae, bran coat, wheat bran and a selenium-rich microbial agent, wherein the selenium-rich microbial agent comprises selenium-rich yeast and bacillus subtilis;

in the composting process, 5-6 parts of blue algae, 3-4 parts of mushroom dregs, 1-1.5 parts of rice hulls and the like are fully and uniformly mixed, a microbial agent is added according to the proportion of 1-2% of the weight of raw materials, water is added in advance and uniformly mixed, the water is added until the water content required by a test group is 50% -60%, then the temperature is raised, the fermentation is carried out, and the composting time is 50-60 d;