CN114303669A - Method for shortening childhood and childhood period of persimmon seedlings - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for shortening the childhood and childhood of persimmon seedlings, which comprises the following steps: (1) cultivating seedlings; (2) cutting and cutting terminal buds; (3) grafting from the stock at a low position; (4) and managing the grafted saplings. In order to reduce the childhood distance of persimmon seedlings and shorten the childhood period, in the step (2), in the spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are fixedly planted and at the daily average temperature of 15-16 ℃, the persimmon seedlings are cut at a position which is about 3.0-4.0 cm away from the top ends of the seedlings, top branch sections are taken down, long cutting surfaces which grow to be about 1.0cm are cut on one sides of the branches and are opposite to the long cutting surfaces, and the long cutting surfaces are obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 45 degrees and are intersected with the long cutting surfaces to form sharp wedges. The average flowering rate of the persimmon seedlings is 45.23%, which is 17.36% higher than that of the persimmon seedlings produced by the traditional method, and the effect is obvious.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of fruit tree genetic breeding, in particular to a method for shortening the childhood period and advancing the fruiting of persimmon seedlings, which is convenient for shortening the cultivation time of new varieties and improving the breeding efficiency.
Background
Persimmon (1)DiospyrosL.F.) belonging to the genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae) ((Ebenaceae)DiospyrosL.) is a representative species of persimmon plants utilized as fruit trees and is also the best-known berry of the origin in our country. Except that the alpine regions of northeast and northwest can not be cultivated, the persimmons are widely cultivated in the yellow river basin region and the Yangtze river basin region of China. The persimmon stone which is high in Guangdong and is unearthed and passes through the warring period, and the persimmon seed and the persimmon cake which are unearthed in Mawangdui Hantom No. 3 show that the persimmon becomes a popular fruit for people in the Qinsh period. The "jujube, chestnut, hazel and persimmon" are described in the "Profibus and internal code", which is an early description of persimmon in the literature, and the "loquat persimmon, Kaempferia cortex" are described in the "Shangling Anqi". Since the Han and jin, persimmon is more popular with people and is regarded as a precious fruit. Wang Dynasty reported in Zhuang treaty "planting Prunus persica and Sandrania tricuspidata". Shen \29760Chun (502-549 years) of Liong Taiyuan ( is Jiandelian, and one of fifteen mulberry plants, four persimmon plants and chestnut of pear is taught to the religious people; half of women, salty and joyful, and the tendency to form forest ".
The term juvenile refers to the period of time that the seedling undergoes before first flowering, i.e., flowering serves as the end of the juvenile period. The length of the juvenile period of the fruit trees is relatively consistent with the time of the seedling to begin to fruit, and in order to accelerate the breeding process of the fruit trees, scientists pay most attention to the problem of how the seedling shortens the juvenile period and leads the fruit early. Corresponding to the childhood in the time concept, the height from the first flowering point to the root neck of the fruit tree seedling is called the child process in the space concept. The height of the flower-bearing position can be used as an index for measuring the growth amount, because the formation of flower buds needs to have a certain number of branches and leaves and leaf area as a nutrient basis.
The juvenile period of the seedlings of different fruit trees is different, namely, the juvenile period of the citrus is about 7-8 years, the juvenile period of the apple is about 5 years, the juvenile period of the pear is about 7 years, and the juvenile period of the persimmon seedlings is longer; the seedling childhood of different fruit trees is different, the average length of apple is about 2.1m, the average length of pear is about 2.6m, but the variation range is larger, and the childhood length of persimmon is higher. How to shorten the childhood period and make fruit bearing earlier on fruit tree seedling, mainly study from aspects such as genetics, physiology and cultivation, study the genetic relationship among parent-offspring from the genetics perspective at first, change its genetic composition through the selection to the hybridization parent and to the relativity selection of seedling in the hybrid population, namely choose the genotype of keeping short childhood period, increase the proportion of short childhood period seedling in the selected population, produce the selective effect, improve the genetic gain. Secondly, physiological and biochemical changes in the individual development process of the seedlings are researched from the aspect of development physiology, and theoretical basis is provided for controlling development through conditions and performance indexes required by stage developmental qualitative changes. Thirdly, the influence of environmental conditions and cultivation conditions on the acceleration of the growth and development of the seedlings is researched from the perspective of cultivation science, and corresponding agricultural technical measures are provided, so that the purpose of early fruiting is achieved.
In addition, because the persimmon trees contain more tannin substances, the persimmon trees are easy to oxidize and turn black in the air, so that the problem of affinity between the persimmons and the rootstocks often exists, and if the persimmons are grafted on the common rootstocks only through the apical buds at the low position, the seedlings can be killed due to the incompatibility of the rootstocks and the scions.
The persimmon is a fruit tree type with a long childhood period, and the blooming of the seedlings needs 8-9 years and the period is long; moreover, the persimmon seedling has strong tree growth potential and large crown, the height of the persimmon seedling reaches more than 10m in a natural state, resources such as land and the like are greatly wasted, and a method for shortening early fruiting of the persimmon tree in a juvenile period is urgently needed to be created, so that the breeding time of a new persimmon variety is reduced, and the breeding efficiency is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention shortens the juvenile period and the childbirth process of the persimmon seedlings, blooms and fruits in advance and improves the breeding efficiency by the top bud self-anvil low-position grafting of the persimmon seedlings.
A method for shortening the childhood and childhood of persimmon seedlings comprises the following steps:
(1) cultivating seedlings;
(2) cutting and cutting terminal buds;
(3) grafting from the stock at a low position;
(4) and managing the grafted saplings.
In order to reduce the childhood distance of persimmon seedlings and shorten the childhood period, in the step (2), in the spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are fixedly planted and at the daily average temperature of 15-16 ℃, the persimmon seedlings are cut at a position which is about 3.0-4.0 cm away from the top ends of the seedlings, top branch sections are taken down, long cutting surfaces which grow to be about 1.0cm are cut on one sides of the branches and are opposite to the long cutting surfaces, and the long cutting surfaces are obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 45 degrees and are intersected with the long cutting surfaces to form sharp wedges.
And (3) immediately cutting off the top branch section of the seedling at a position which is about 20cm away from the root neck of the seedling in the step (3), and flattening the cut to form a self-anvil similar to grafting. Selecting one smooth and straight side of the branch, and beveling the branch at an inclination angle of 45 degrees at a distance of about 1.0cm from the cut to reach the xylem 1/4-1/3; and beveling the edge of the section at an inclined angle of 30 degrees, then longitudinally cutting the section at 1/4-1/3 positions of the section by about 1.0cm downwards by using a knife, connecting the cut section with a transversely cut knife edge, and removing the cut cortex and xylem to form 1 'wedge mouth' of 45 degrees.
And (3) cutting the branches in the step (2) into wedge-shaped top branch segments similar to grafted scions. The long cutting surface of the branch section is tightly attached to the longitudinal section of the self-anvil, the long cutting surface of the branch section is downwards inserted into a wedge port of the self-anvil, a small amount of cortex is exposed on the cambium on one side of the long cutting surface and the upper part of the oblique section of the branch section, the inside is tightly attached, the side is aligned, the cortex is exposed, then the long cutting surface and the upper part of the oblique section of the branch section are quickly bound tightly by a plastic film, and 2-3 terminal buds on the upper part of the branch section are not coated.
In order to shorten the seedling recovery period after persimmon seedlings are transplanted and improve the growth amount of the seedlings, persimmon seeds are cleaned, dried in the shade, wrapped by gauze and placed in a refrigerator for refrigeration until the middle ten days of 2 months. Seeds are directly sown in the caliber: bottom warp: the method comprises the steps of thickening polyethylene nutrition pots with the height of =12 cm, 10cm and 15 cm, sowing 1 seed in each nutrition pot, immersing the seeds in a substrate to limit the seeds to be undisclosed, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 1.0 cm. After the seeds emerge, transplanting 3-5 true leaves of the seedlings into a seed selection garden (removing a nutrition pot), wherein the row spacing in the planting garden is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0m, enhancing fertilizer and water management, increasing the growth amount, and performing top bud self-anvil low-position grafting in the next spring, so that the grafting coarseness requirement of the step (1) is met.
In the step (4), after the seedlings are grafted at a low position, only the strong tender tips at the top are kept to grow vertically after 2-3 buds at the top germinate, and other new tips are removed. And (4) after lignification of the young shoots, removing the grafted film in the middle 6 th of the month, and if the young shoots are inclined, setting a bamboo pole for binding and keeping the young shoots growing vertically. And promoting the growth of new shoots by measures such as bud carving and the like until the seedlings blossom and fruit.
The certain growth amount of the seedlings is a necessary condition for entering the flowering period, the nutrition condition directly related to the growth amount is a key for good growth and development of the seedlings and early flowering, 150kg of biogas slurry and 50kg of biogas residues are applied to the persimmon seed selection garden in autumn every year, and the seedlings are applied in strip-shaped or annular ditches. 15-20 kg of urea or compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in spring and summer for 2-3 times at intervals of 20 days,
the young persimmon shoots are vulnerable to leaf eating pests such as hawk moth, piercing moth, caterpillar, chafer and the like and diseases such as persimmon anthracnose and the like in the growing period of the young persimmon shoots, and the pesticide of 4000 times of 37 percent difenoconazole water dispersible granules, 3000 times of 43 percent tebuconazole suspending agent, or 1000 times of 25 percent prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate is sprayed in the growing period, and the pesticide of 2000 times of 20 percent fenpropathrin emulsifiable concentrate, 3000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate, or 2000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate is added. Foliage dressing is carried out by combining pest prevention and control, and the concentration of nitrogen (urea) fertilizer is 0.3-0.5%; 0.2 to 0.3 percent of phosphorus fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, monopotassium phosphate and ammonium phosphate).
The invention creates a method for shortening the childhood and childhood of persimmon seedlings, which has the following beneficial effects:
1. the average flowering rate of the persimmon seedlings is 45.23%, which is 17.36% higher than that of the persimmon seedlings produced by the traditional method, and the effect is obvious. The flowering rate of the Ebena 1 seedlings is 38.35% on average, and is improved by 13.88% compared with the flowering rate of the traditional method; the seedling flowering rate of the combination of the jilang x the bull's eye persimmon is 52.10% on average, and is improved by 20.83% compared with the flowering rate of the traditional method.
2. The average childhood distance of the persimmon seedlings is 2.40m, which is reduced by 23.57% compared with the average childhood distance of the persimmon seedlings prepared by the traditional method, and the dwarfing effect is obvious. The average child process of the Ebena 1 seedlings of the method is 2.48m, which is reduced by 25.08 percent compared with the traditional method; the average child distance of the offspring of the combination of the jilang-ox-eye persimmon is 2.32m, which is reduced by 21.88 percent compared with the traditional method. The mean value of the children's range median of the invention is 2.395m, which is reduced by 11.33% compared with the traditional method.
Drawings
FIG. 1: schematic diagram of persimmon seedling terminal bud low-position grafting from stock;
FIG. 2 is a tapered view of the top branch segment for grafting of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a back cut view of the limb segment of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a front cut-away view of the limb segment of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a view of the present invention showing the near-ground cut-off and cut-off position of the seedlings;
FIG. 6 is a view showing the state of inserted seedlings of terminal shoot segments;
FIG. 7 is a binding diagram after top bud self-anvil low-position grafting;
wherein in the figure: 1-cutting off the branch section at the top of the seedling; 2-the central trunk is close to the ground truncation; 3-terminal bud; 4-a truncated middle section; 5-neck; 6-top bud self-anvil low-position grafting.
Detailed Description
Examples are as follows: method for shortening childhood and childhood of persimmon seedlings and application
Seed treatment and seedling management
(1) Treatment and sowing of seeds
The test is carried out in a persimmon team test base of a fruit tree tea research institute of agricultural science institute of Hubei province in Ma city. The seeds of the persimmon seedlings are seeds formed by natural hybridization of Eben No. 1, Xilang (Japanese sweet persimmon) Xniyan persimmon (Luo Tian sweet persimmon with male flower) No. 1 and fruits of Xilang are collected and placed in cities, the seeds are cleaned and dried in the shade in the middle of 11 months, and the seeds are wrapped by gauze and placed in a refrigerator for refrigeration until the middle of 2 months.
(2) Traditional seedling management
Half of the seeds are sowed by the traditional method, the seeds are sowed in open field in the middle ten days of 2 months, the matrix of a seedbed is the same as the nutrient soil in the nutrition pot, then the rice straws are covered to preserve soil moisture, the seedlings gradually come out of the soil from the late 4 months to the middle 5 months, the persimmon seedlings are transplanted to a seed selection garden in the late 1 month of the next year, and the row spacing is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0 m. Meanwhile, the management of the seed selection nursery is the same as the field management of the invention, mainly including the soil, fertilizer and water management, the pest control and the like of the persimmon orchard, the seedling is put on duty for production, the shaping and the trimming are not carried out, only the sprout which is generated in the center below 50cm away from the ground in the growing season is removed, the persimmon orchard is managed until the seedling blooms and fruits, and then the childhood and the juvenile stage of the seedling are counted.
The certain growth amount of the seedlings is a necessary condition for entering the flowering period, the nutrition condition directly related to the growth amount is a key for good growth and development of the seedlings and early flowering, 150kg of biogas slurry and 50kg of biogas residues are applied to the persimmon seed selection garden in autumn every year, and the seedlings are applied in strip-shaped or annular ditches. 15-20 kg of urea or compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in spring and summer for 2-3 times at intervals of 20 days,
the young persimmon shoots are vulnerable to leaf eating pests such as hawk moth, piercing moth, caterpillar, chafer and the like and diseases such as persimmon anthracnose and the like in the growing period of the young persimmon shoots, and the pesticide of 4000 times of 37 percent difenoconazole water dispersible granules, 3000 times of 43 percent tebuconazole suspending agent, or 1000 times of 25 percent prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate is sprayed in the growing period, and the pesticide of 2000 times of 20 percent fenpropathrin emulsifiable concentrate, 3000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate, or 2000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate is added. Foliage dressing is carried out by combining pest prevention and control, and the concentration of nitrogen (urea) fertilizer is 0.3-0.5%; 0.2 to 0.3 percent of phosphorus fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, monopotassium phosphate and ammonium phosphate).
(3) Management of the invention
The other half of the seeds are sown in the middle ten days of 2 months according to the method of the invention, and the seeds are sown directly in the aperture: bottom warp: the method comprises the steps of thickening polyethylene nutrition pots with the height of =12 cm, the height of 10cm and the height of 15 cm, sowing 1 seed in each nutrition pot, immersing the seeds in a substrate to limit the seeds not to be exposed, and then covering fine soil with the thickness of 1.0 cm. After the seeds emerge, transplanting 3-5 true leaves of the seedlings into a seed selection garden (removing a nutrition pot), wherein the row spacing in the planting garden is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0m, the fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and the growth amount is increased, which is the same as the management of the traditional persimmon seedling seed selection garden.
And (3) performing top bud self-anvil low-position grafting in spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are planted (specifically, see a schematic diagram of fig. 1). Cutting at the average daily temperature of 15-16 ℃ and at the distance of about 3.0-4.0 cm from the top end of the nursery stock, taking down the top branch section, cutting a long cutting surface with the length of about 1.0cm on one side of the branch, opposite to the long cutting surface, and obliquely cutting at an inclination angle of 45 degrees to be intersected with the long cutting surface to form a sharp wedge. Immediately cutting off the top branch section of the seedling at a position about 20cm away from the root neck of the seedling after cutting off the top branch section, and flattening the cut opening to form a self-anvil similar to grafting. Selecting one smooth and straight side of the branch, and beveling the branch at an inclination angle of 45 degrees at a distance of about 1.0cm from the cut to reach the xylem 1/4-1/3; and beveling the edge of the section at an inclined angle of 30 degrees, then longitudinally cutting the section at 1/4-1/3 positions of the section by about 1.0cm downwards by using a knife, connecting the cut section with a transversely cut knife edge, and removing the cut cortex and xylem to form 1 'wedge mouth' of 45 degrees. The top branch segment cut into a wedge shape is similar to a grafted scion. The long cutting surface of the branch section is tightly attached to the longitudinal section of the self-anvil, the long cutting surface of the branch section is downwards inserted into a wedge port of the self-anvil, a small amount of cortex is exposed on the cambium on one side of the long cutting surface and the upper part of the oblique section of the branch section, the insides of the cambium are tightly attached, the sides of the cambium are aligned, the cortex is exposed, then the cambium is tightly bound by a plastic film quickly, and 2-3 terminal buds on the upper part of the branch section are not coated (see the grafting operation schematic diagram of fig. 2 specifically).
Second, the childhood of persimmon seedling
The height of the branches and the stems of the flower buds from the root and the neck on the ground when the persimmon seedlings bloom for the first time is taken as the childhood distance of the single plant, 2 combinations (Escheki No. 1 seedling, Xilang multiplied by bull's eye persimmon) are investigated, and 2 different treatment methods are used for totally 380 hybrid offspring, and the result shows that the average childhood distance of the 380 hybrid offspring, namely the average initial flower height is 2.76m (table 1), wherein the average childhood distance of the invention is 2.40m, is reduced by 23.57 percent compared with the average childhood distance of the traditional method, and the dwarfing effect is obvious. The children's process analysis of the Eben No. 1 seedlings alone shows that the average children's process of the Eben No. 1 seedlings in the invention for flowering is 2.48m, which is reduced by 25.08% compared with the traditional method; from the analysis of the child process of the offspring seedlings of the combination of the jilang x the bull's eye persimmon, the average child process of the invention is 2.32m, which is reduced by 21.88 percent compared with the traditional method
The mean value of the childhood medians of the 4 treated seedlings is 2.74m, wherein the mean value of the childhood medians of the invention is 2.395m, which is reduced by 11.33 percent compared with the traditional method. The separation extreme values of the child processes of the 4 treated seedlings are widely distributed, the minimum average height is 1.32m, and the maximum average height is 4.80 m.
In the investigation, the application of the method disclosed by the invention in persimmon breeding practice has the advantages that seedling nutrition pot transplanting and self-anvil low-position grafting are realized, the childhood distance of the seedlings is reduced, the manual management and protection cost is reduced, and the method plays an important role in advancing the flowering period of hybrid seedlings and shortening the breeding period.
TABLE 1 childhood courses of different treated persimmon seedlings
Third, the juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings
As analyzed in Table 2, the flowering rate of the Escheki No. 1 seedlings is 38.35% on average, which is 13.88% higher than that of the traditional method; the seedling flowering rate of the combination of the jilang x the bull's eye persimmon is 52.10% on average, and is improved by 20.83% compared with the flowering rate of the traditional method.
Particularly, in the persimmon breeding practice, the method disclosed by the invention is applied to greatly advance the flowering period of persimmon tree seedlings and evaluate early fruits as soon as possible, and plays an important role in shortening the persimmon tree breeding period. The method can obviously improve the flowering number of early seedlings, and in the seventh year after planting, the flowering rate of the Ehoski No. 1 seedlings is 75.21%, which is increased by 24.32% compared with the traditional method; the seedling flowering rate of the combination of the jilang x the bull's eye persimmon is 86.84 percent on average, and is increased by 33.32 percent compared with the traditional method.
TABLE 2 juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings
The invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any person can get similar method in the light of the present invention, but any change in form can be made, and the same or similar technical solutions can fall into the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for shortening the childhood and childhood of persimmon seedlings is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) cultivating seedlings;
(2) cutting and cutting terminal buds;
(3) grafting from the stock at a low position;
(4) managing the grafted saplings;
in the step (2), in spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are planted, when the daily average temperature is 15-16 ℃, the persimmon seedlings are cut at a position which is about 3.0-4.0 cm away from the top ends of the seedlings, top branch sections are taken down, long cutting surfaces which grow to be about 1.0cm are cut on one sides of the branches, the long cutting surfaces are opposite to the long cutting surfaces, and the long cutting surfaces are obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 45 degrees and are intersected with the long cutting surfaces to form sharp wedges;
in the step (3), cutting off the top branch section of the seedling immediately at a position which is about 20cm away from the root neck of the seedling after the seedling is cut off, cutting off the cut to form a self-anvil similar to grafting, selecting one side with smooth and straight branches, and beveling the side with an inclination angle of 45 degrees at a distance of about 1.0cm away from the cut to reach the xylem 1/4-1/3; and beveling the edge of the section at an inclined angle of 30 degrees, then longitudinally cutting the section at 1/4-1/3 positions of the section by about 1.0cm downwards by using a knife, connecting the cut section with a transversely cut knife edge, and removing the cut cortex and xylem to form 1 'wedge mouth' of 45 degrees.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: and (2) cutting the branch sections into wedge-shaped top branch sections, enabling long cut surfaces of the branch sections to be tightly attached to a longitudinal section of the self-anvil, downwards inserting the long cut surfaces into a wedge port of the self-anvil, exposing a small amount of cortex on the upper portion of the long cut surface and the upper portion of the oblique section of each branch section to enable the inner portions to be tightly attached and the sides to be aligned, exposing the cortex, quickly and tightly binding the cortex with a plastic film, and enabling 2-3 terminal buds on the upper portions of the branch sections not to be coated.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the persimmon seeds are washed, dried in the shade, wrapped with gauze, placed in a refrigerator, and refrigerated until the middle of 2 months;
seeds are directly sown in the caliber: bottom warp: 1 seed is sowed in each nutrition pot which is thickened by polyethylene with the height =12 cm, 10cm and 15 cm, the seeds are immersed in a substrate to the limit that the seeds are not exposed, and then fine soil with the thickness of 1.0cm is covered;
after the seeds emerge, transplanting 3-5 true leaves of the seedlings into a seed selection garden (removing a nutrition pot), wherein the row spacing in the planting garden is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0m, enhancing fertilizer and water management, increasing the growth amount, and performing top bud self-anvil low-position grafting in the next spring, so that the grafting coarseness requirement of the step (1) is met.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the step (4), after the seedlings are grafted at a low position, after 2-3 buds on the top germinate, only the strong tender tips on the top are kept to grow vertically, other young tips are erased, the grafted film is removed in the middle 6 th of the month after the young tips are lignified, and if the young tips are inclined, a bamboo pole is arranged to be bound to keep vertical growth; promoting the growth of new shoots by measures such as bud carving and the like until the seedlings blossom and fruit;
the method comprises the steps of applying 150kg of biogas slurry and 50kg of biogas residues in a strip or annular furrow in autumn and persimmon seed selection garden every year, applying 15-20 kg of urea or compound fertilizer every mu in spring and summer, and continuously applying for 2-3 times at intervals of 20 days every time.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the step (4), the young persimmon shoots are vulnerable to leaf eating pests such as hawk moth, caterpillar, chafer and the like and diseases such as persimmon anthracnose and the like in the growing period, 4000 times of 37% difenoconazole water dispersible granules, 3000 times of 43% tebuconazole suspending agent or 1000 times of 25% prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate are sprayed in the growing period, 2000 times of 20% fenpropathrin emulsifiable concentrate, 3000 times of 2.5% high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate or 2000 times of 2.5% high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate is added with a pesticide, foliar topdressing is carried out by combining pest control, and the concentration of nitrogen (urea) fertilizer is 0.3-0.5%; 0.2 to 0.3 percent of phosphorus fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, monopotassium phosphate and ammonium phosphate).
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