CN114303669B

CN114303669B - Method for shortening juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings Tong Chengji

Info

Publication number: CN114303669B
Application number: CN202111648586.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李先明; 朱红艳; 吴恢; 刁松锋; 涂俊凡; 杨夫臣; 刘金平; 程军勇
Original assignee: Institute of Fruit and Tea of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Institute of Fruit and Tea of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2021-12-30
Filing date: 2021-12-30
Publication date: 2023-04-07
Anticipated expiration: 2041-12-30
Also published as: CN114303669A

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for shortening the juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings Tong Chengji, which comprises the following steps: (1) seedling cultivation; (2) cutting and cutting terminal buds; (3) self-anvil low-position grafting; and (4) management of the grafted saplings. In order to reduce the childhood distance of persimmon seedlings and shorten the childhood period, in the step (2), in the spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are fixedly planted and at the daily average temperature of 15-16 ℃, the persimmon seedlings are cut at a position which is about 3.0-4.0 cm away from the top ends of the seedlings, top branch sections are taken down, long cutting surfaces which grow to be about 1.0cm are cut on one sides of the branches, the long cutting surfaces are opposite to the long cutting surfaces, and the long cutting surfaces are obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 45 degrees and are intersected with the long cutting surfaces to form a sharp wedge shape. The average flowering rate of the persimmon seedlings is 45.23 percent, 17.36 percent higher than that of the persimmon seedlings in the traditional method, and the effect is obvious.

Description

Method for shortening juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings Tong Chengji

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of fruit tree genetic breeding, in particular to a method for shortening the childhood period and advancing fruiting of persimmon seedlings, which is convenient for shortening the cultivation time of new varieties and improving the breeding efficiency.

Background

Persimmon (1)DiospyrosL.F.) belonging to the genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae) ((Ebenaceae)DiospyrosL.) is a representative species of persimmon plants utilized as fruit trees and is also the best-known berry of the origin in our country. Except that the alpine regions of northeast and northwest can not be cultivated, the persimmons are widely cultivated in the yellow river basin region and the Yangtze river basin region of China. Mao Gang, which is important in Guangdong, unearthed from persimmon stone in the warring period, and unearthed from Mawangdong tomb No. 3, persimmon seeds and dried persimmon indicate that XianqinPersimmon has become a popular fruit in the period. The literature of persimmon is described earlier in the book of "the book of etiquette & Nei rule", and the sentences of "loquat persimmon, Kaempferia cortex" in the book of Shangling. Since the Han and jin, persimmon is more popular with people and is regarded as a precious fruit. Wang Bao in western Han dynasty said "planting peaches and pears and persimmon and three-bristle cudrania". Liang Shu Shenchuan (Gongyuan 502-549 years) has a 'Yongtaiyuan year' is Jiandelian, teaching people to use fifteen mulberry, four persimmon and chestnut; the female Ding Ban is salty, joyful and inclined to form a forest ".

The term juvenile refers to the period of time that the seedling undergoes before the first flowering, i.e., flowering is used as the mark for the end of juvenile. The length of the juvenile period of the fruit trees is relatively consistent with the time of the seedling to begin to fruit, and in order to accelerate the breeding process of the fruit trees, scientists pay most attention to the problem of how the seedling shortens the juvenile period and leads the fruit early. Corresponding to the childhood in the time concept, the height from the first flowering point to the root neck of the fruit tree seedling is called the child process in the space concept. The height of the flower-bearing position can be used as an index for measuring the growth amount, because the formation of flower buds needs to have a certain number of branches and leaves and leaf area as a nutrient basis.

The juvenile period of the seedlings of different fruit trees is different, namely, the citrus is about 7-8 years, the apple is about 5 years, the pear is about 7 years, and the juvenile period of the persimmon seedlings is longer; the seedling childhood of different fruit trees is different, the average length of apple is about 2.1m, the average length of pear is about 2.6m, but the variation range is larger, and the childhood length of persimmon is higher. How to shorten the childhood period and make fruit bearing earlier on fruit tree seedling, mainly study from aspects such as genetics, physiology and cultivation, study the genetic relationship among parent-offspring from the genetics perspective at first, change its genetic composition through the selection to the hybridization parent and to the relativity selection of seedling in the hybrid population, namely choose the genotype of keeping short childhood period, increase the proportion of short childhood period seedling in the selected population, produce the selective effect, improve the genetic gain. Secondly, physiological and biochemical changes of the seedlings in the ontogeny process are researched from the aspect of development physiology, and theoretical basis is provided for controlling development through conditions and performance indexes required by stage development degeneration. Thirdly, the influence of environmental conditions and cultivation conditions on the acceleration of the growth and development of the seedlings is researched from the perspective of cultivation science, and corresponding agricultural technical measures are provided, so that the purpose of early fruiting is achieved.

In addition, because the persimmon trees contain more tannin substances, the persimmon trees are easy to oxidize and turn black in the air, so that the problem of affinity between the persimmons and the rootstocks often exists, and if the persimmons are grafted on the common rootstocks only through the apical buds at the low position, the seedlings can be killed due to the incompatibility of the rootstocks and the scions.

Persimmon is a fruit tree type with a long childhood period, and the blooming of seedlings needs 8-9 years and is long; moreover, the persimmon seedling has strong tree growth potential and large crown, the height of the persimmon seedling reaches more than 10m in a natural state, so that resources such as land are greatly wasted, and a method for shortening the juvenile period of the persimmon tree and bringing early fruit bearing needs to be created, so that the breeding time of a new persimmon variety is reduced, and the breeding efficiency is improved.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention shortens the juvenile period and the childbirth process of the persimmon seedlings, blooms and fruits in advance and improves the breeding efficiency by the top bud self-anvil low-position grafting of the persimmon seedlings.

A method for shortening the juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings Tong Chengji comprises the following steps:

(1) Cultivating seedlings;

(2) Cutting and cutting terminal buds;

(3) Grafting from the stock at a low position;

(4) And managing the grafted saplings.

In order to reduce the childhood distance of persimmon seedlings and shorten the childhood period, in the step (2), in the spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are fixedly planted and at the daily average temperature of 15-16 ℃, the persimmon seedlings are cut at a position which is about 3.0-4.0 cm away from the top ends of the seedlings, top branch sections are taken down, long cutting surfaces which grow to be about 1.0cm are cut on one sides of the branches, the long cutting surfaces are opposite to the long cutting surfaces, and the long cutting surfaces are obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 45 degrees and are intersected with the long cutting surfaces to form a sharp wedge shape.

And (3) immediately cutting off the top branch section of the seedling at a position which is about 20cm away from the root neck of the seedling in the step (3), and flattening the cut to form a self-anvil similar to grafting. Selecting one smooth and straight side of the branch, and beveling the branch at an inclination angle of 45 degrees at a distance of about 1.0cm from the cut to reach 1/4-1/3 of the xylem; the edge of the section is obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 30 degrees, then the edge of the section is longitudinally cut by about 1.0cm downwards at 1/4-1/3 of the position of the section, and the cut section is connected with a transversely cut knife edge, so that the cut cortex and xylem are removed, and 1 'wedge opening' with an angle of 45 degrees is formed.

And (3) cutting the branches in the step (2) into wedge-shaped top branch segments similar to grafted scions. The long cutting surface of the branch section is tightly attached to the longitudinal section of the self-anvil, the long cutting surface of the branch section is downwards inserted into a wedge port of the self-anvil, a small amount of cortex is exposed on the cambium on one side of the long cutting surface and the upper part of the oblique section of the branch section, the insides of the cambium are tightly attached, the sides of the cambium are aligned, the cortex is exposed, then the cambium is tightly bound by a plastic film quickly, and 2-3 terminal buds on the upper part of the branch section are not coated.

In order to shorten the seedling recovery period after persimmon seedlings are transplanted and improve the growth amount of the seedlings, persimmon seeds are cleaned, dried in the shade, wrapped by gauze and placed in a refrigerator for refrigeration until the middle ten days of 2 months. Seeds are directly sown in the caliber: bottom warp: the height =12 cm. After the seeds emerge, transplanting 3-5 true leaves of the seedlings into a seed selection garden (removing a nutrition pot), wherein the row spacing in the seed selection garden is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0m, enhancing the management of fertilizer and water, increasing the growth amount, and carrying out top bud self-anvil low-position grafting in the next spring, which meets the requirement of grafting coarseness in the step (1).

In the step (4), after the seedlings are grafted at a low position, only the strong tender tips at the top are kept to grow vertically after 2-3 buds at the top germinate, and other new tips are removed. And (4) after lignification of the young shoots, removing the grafted film in the middle 6 th of the month, and if the young shoots are inclined, setting a bamboo pole for binding and keeping the young shoots growing vertically. And (4) promoting the growth of new shoots by measures such as bud carving and the like until the seedlings bloom and fruit.

The certain growth amount of the seedlings is a necessary condition for entering the flowering period, the nutrition condition directly related to the growth amount is a key for good growth and development of the seedlings and early flowering, and the persimmon seed selection garden Shi Zhaoye kg and the biogas residue 50kg are applied in a strip or annular ditch every autumn. 15-20 kg of urea or compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in spring and summer for 2-3 times at intervals of 20 days,

the young persimmon shoots are vulnerable to leaf eating pests such as hawk moth, piercing moth, caterpillar, chafer and the like and diseases such as persimmon anthracnose and the like in the growing period of the young persimmon shoots, and the pesticide of 4000 times of 37 percent difenoconazole water dispersible granules, 3000 times of 43 percent tebuconazole suspending agent, or 1000 times of 25 percent prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate is sprayed in the growing period, and the pesticide of 2000 times of 20 percent fenpropathrin emulsifiable concentrate, 3000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate, or 2000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate is added. Foliage dressing is carried out by combining pest prevention and control, and the concentration of nitrogen (urea) fertilizer is 0.3-0.5%; 0.2 to 0.3 percent of phosphorus fertilizer (calcium superphosphate, monopotassium phosphate and ammonium phosphate).

The invention creates a method for shortening the juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings Tong Chengji, which has the following beneficial effects:

1. the average flowering rate of the persimmon seedlings is 45.23 percent, 17.36 percent higher than that of the persimmon seedlings in the traditional method, and the effect is obvious. The flowering rate of the Ebena 1 seedlings is 38.35 on average, and is improved by 13.88 percent compared with the flowering rate of the traditional method; the seedling flowering rate of the combination of the jilang-ox-bull-eye persimmon is 52.10 on average, and is improved by 20.83 percent compared with the flowering rate of the traditional method.

2. The average childhood distance of the persimmon seedlings is 2.40m, and compared with the average child distance of Cheng Jiangdi 23.57.57 percent in the traditional method, the persimmon seedling dwarfing method has an obvious dwarfing effect. The average child process of the Ebena 1 seedlings of the method is 2.48m, which is reduced by 25.08 percent compared with the traditional method; the average child distance of the offspring of the combination of the jilang-ox-eye persimmon is 2.32m, which is reduced by 21.88 percent compared with the traditional method. The mean value of the children's range median of the invention is 2.395m, which is reduced by 11.33% compared with the traditional method.

Drawings

FIG. 1: schematic diagram of persimmon seedling terminal bud low-position grafting from stock;

FIG. 2 is a tapered view of the top branch segment for grafting of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a back cut view of the limb segment of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a front cut-away view of the limb segment of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a view of the present invention showing the near-ground cut-off and cut-off position of the seedlings;

FIG. 6 is a view showing the state of inserted seedlings of terminal shoot segments;

FIG. 7 is a top bud low position grafted and binding diagram;

wherein in the figure: 1-cutting off the branch section at the top of the seedling; 2-the central trunk near the ground truncation; 3-terminal bud; 4-a truncated middle section; 5-neck; 6-top bud self-anvil low-position grafting.

Detailed Description

Examples are as follows: method for shortening juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings Tong Chengji and application

1. Seed treatment and seedling management

(1) Treatment and sowing of seeds

The test is carried out in a persimmon team test base of a fruit tree tea research institute of agricultural science institute of Hubei province in Ma city. The seeds of persimmon seedlings are seeds formed by natural hybridization of Eben No. 1, xilang (Japanese sweet persimmon) x bull's eye persimmon (Luo tian sweet persimmon with male flower) Eben No. 1, fruits of Xilang are collected and placed in cities, the seeds are cleaned and dried in the shade after being cleaned up to 11 middle ten days of the month, and the seeds are wrapped by gauze and placed in a refrigerator for refrigeration until 2 middle ten days of the month.

(2) Traditional seedling management

Half of the seeds are sowed by the traditional method, the seeds are sowed in open field in the middle ten days of 2 months, the matrix of a seedbed is the same as the nutrient soil in the nutrition pot, then the rice straws are covered to preserve soil moisture, the seedlings gradually come out of the soil from the late 4 months to the middle 5 months, the persimmon seedlings are transplanted to a seed selection garden in the late 1 month of the next year, and the row spacing is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0m. Meanwhile, the management of the seed selection nursery is the same as the field management of the invention, mainly including soil, fertilizer and water management, pest control and the like of the persimmon orchard, the seedlings are put on duty for production, trimming is not carried out, only the sprouts generated in the center below 50cm away from the ground in the growing season are removed, the persimmon orchard is managed until the seedlings blossom and fruit, and then the child stage of Tong Chengji of the seedlings is counted.

The certain growth amount of the seedlings is a necessary condition for entering the flowering period, the nutrition condition directly related to the growth amount is a key for good growth and development of the seedlings and early flowering, and the persimmon seed selection garden Shi Zhaoye kg and the biogas residue 50kg are applied in a strip or annular ditch every autumn. 15-20 kg of urea or compound fertilizer is additionally applied to each mu in spring and summer for 2-3 times at an interval of 20 days,

(3) Management of the invention

The other half of the seeds are sown in the middle ten days of 2 months according to the method of the invention, and the seeds are sown directly in the aperture: bottom warp: the height =12 cm. After the seeds come out, 3-5 true leaves of the seedlings are transplanted to a seed selection garden (a nutrition pot is removed), the row spacing in the planting garden is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0m, the fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and the growth amount is increased, which is the same as the management of the traditional persimmon seedling seed selection garden.

And (3) performing top bud self-anvil low-position grafting in spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are planted (specifically shown in a schematic diagram of figure 1). Cutting at the average daily temperature of 15-16 deg.c and distance of 3.0-4.0 cm from the top of the seedling, taking down the top branch, cutting long cut surface of 1.0cm on one side of the branch, and beveling at 45 deg. angle to meet the long cut surface to form sharp wedge. Immediately cutting off the top branch section of the seedling at a position about 20cm away from the root neck of the seedling after cutting off the top branch section, and flattening the cut opening to form a self-anvil similar to grafting. Selecting a smooth and straight side of the branch, and beveling a knife at an inclination angle of 45 degrees at a distance of about 1.0cm from the cut to reach 1/4-1/3 of the xylem; the edge of the section is obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 30 degrees, then the edge of the section is longitudinally cut by about 1.0cm downwards at 1/4-1/3 of the position of the section, and the cut section is connected with a transversely cut knife edge, so that the cut cortex and xylem are removed, and 1 'wedge opening' with an angle of 45 degrees is formed. The top branch segment cut into a wedge shape is similar to a grafted scion. The long cutting surface of the branch section is tightly attached to the longitudinal section of the self-anvil, the long cutting surface of the branch section is downwards inserted into a wedge port of the self-anvil, a small amount of cortex is exposed on the cambium on one side of the long cutting surface and the upper part of the oblique section of the branch section, the insides of the cambium are tightly attached, the sides of the cambium are aligned, the cortex is exposed, then the cambium is quickly bound tightly by a plastic film, and 2-3 terminal buds on the upper part of the branch section are not coated (see the grafting operation schematic diagram of fig. 2 specifically).

2. Childhood of persimmon seedling

The height of the branches and the stems of the flower buds from the root and the neck on the ground when the persimmon seedlings bloom for the first time is taken as the childhood distance of the single plant, 2 combinations (Escheki No. 1 seedling, xilang multiplied by Niuyou persimmon) are investigated, and 2 different treatment methods are used for totally 380 hybrid offspring, and the result shows that the average childhood distance of the 380 hybrid offspring, namely the average initial flower height is 2.76m (table 1), wherein the average childhood distance of the invention is 2.40m, and is more obvious than the average child Cheng Jiangdi 23.57.57 of the traditional method in dwarfing effect. According to the analysis of the child process of the Eben No. 1 seedling, the average child process of flowering of the Eben No. 1 seedling is 2.48m, which is reduced by 25.08% compared with the traditional method; from the analysis of the child process of the combined offspring seedlings of the jirou and the bull's eye persimmon, the average child process of the invention is 2.32m, which is reduced by 21.88 percent compared with the traditional method

The mean value of the child process median of 4 treated seedlings is 2.74m, wherein the mean value of the child process median of the invention is 2.395m, which is 11.33% lower than that of the traditional method. The separation extreme values of the child processes of the 4 treated seedlings are widely distributed, the minimum average height is 1.32m, and the maximum average height is 4.80m.

In the investigation, the application of the method disclosed by the invention in persimmon breeding practice has the advantages that seedling nutrition pot transplanting and self-anvil low-position grafting are realized, the childhood distance of the seedlings is reduced, the manual management and protection cost is reduced, and the method plays an important role in advancing the flowering period of hybrid seedlings and shortening the breeding period.

TABLE 1 childhood courses of different treated persimmon seedlings

3. Juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings

As analyzed in Table 2, the flowering rate of the Ebena 1 seedlings of the method of the invention is 38.35 on average, which is 13.88 percent higher than that of the traditional method; the seedling flowering rate of the combination of the jilang-ox-bull-eye persimmon is 52.10 on average, and is improved by 20.83 percent compared with the flowering rate of the traditional method.

Particularly, in the persimmon breeding practice, the method disclosed by the invention is applied to greatly advance the flowering period of persimmon tree seedlings and evaluate early fruits as soon as possible, and plays an important role in shortening the persimmon tree breeding period. The method can obviously improve the flowering number of early seedlings, and in the seventh year after field planting, the flowering rate of the Esche 1 seedlings is 75.21 percent, which is increased by 24.32 percent compared with the traditional method; the seedling flowering rate of the combination of the jilang x the bull's eye persimmon is 86.84 percent on average, and is increased by 33.32 percent compared with the traditional method.

TABLE 2 juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings

The invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any person can get similar method in the light of the present invention, but any change in form can be made, and the same or similar technical solutions can fall into the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for shortening the juvenile stage of persimmon seedlings Tong Chengji is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) Cultivating seedlings;

(2) Cutting and cutting terminal buds;

(3) Grafting from the stock at a low position;

(4) Managing the grafted saplings;

in the step (2), in the spring of the next year after persimmon seedlings are planted, the distance from the top ends of the seedlings is 15-16 ℃ of the daily average temperature

Cutting at the position of 3.0-4.0 cm, taking down a top branch section, cutting one side of the branch into a long cutting surface with the length of 1.0cm, opposite to the long cutting surface, and obliquely cutting at an inclination angle of 45 degrees to be intersected with the long cutting surface into a sharp wedge shape;

in the step (3), after the top branch section of the seedling is cut off, the seedling is immediately cut off at a position 20cm away from the root neck of the seedling, and the seedling is cut

A flat cut is formed, which is a self-anvil similar to grafting, one smooth and straight side of a branch is selected, and the branch is obliquely cut at an inclination angle of 45 degrees at a distance of 1.0cm from the cut to reach 1/4-1/3 of the xylem; beveling a knife at the edge of the section at an inclination angle of 30 degrees, then longitudinally cutting 1.0cm downwards at 1/4-1/3 of the section by using the knife, connecting with a transversely cut knife edge, and removing a cut cortex and xylem to form 1 'wedge port' at 45 degrees;

in the step (1), the persimmon seeds are cleaned, dried in the shade, wrapped by gauze, placed in a refrigerator and refrigerated until the date of the middle of 2 months; seeds are directly sown in the caliber: bottom warp: 1 seed is sowed in each nutrition pot by polyethylene thickening nutrition pots with the height =12 cm;

after the seeds emerge, transplanting 3-5 true leaves of the seedlings into a seed selection garden, wherein the row spacing in the seed selection garden is 2.0m multiplied by 1.0m, the fertilizer and water management is enhanced, the growth amount is increased, and the top buds are grafted from an anvil in a low position in spring of the next year in preparation for meeting the requirement of grafting coarseness in the step (1);

in the step (4), after seedling low-position grafting, after 2-3 buds on the top germinate, only the strong tender tips on the top are kept to grow vertically, other young tips are erased, the grafted film is removed in 6 th of month after the young tips are lignified, and if the young tips are inclined, a bamboo pole is arranged to be bound to keep vertical growth; promoting the growth of new shoots by bud carving measures until the seedlings blossom and fruit;

the method comprises the steps of selecting a persimmon nursery Shi Zhaoye kg and biogas residues 50kg in autumn every year, furrow-applying in a strip or ring shape, topdressing 15-20 kg of urea or compound fertilizer per mu in spring and summer, and continuously applying for 2-3 times at intervals of 20 days each time;

in the step (2), the top branch section is cut into a wedge-shaped top branch section, the long cut surface of the branch section is tightly attached to the longitudinal section of the self-anvil, the wedge-shaped top branch section is downwards inserted into a wedge port of the self-anvil, a small amount of cortex is exposed at the upper part of the long cut surface and the upper part of the oblique section of the branch section, the inner side of the cortex is tightly attached, the side of the cortex is aligned, the cortex is exposed, then the branch section is quickly and tightly bound by a plastic film, and 2-3 terminal buds at the upper part of the branch section are not coated.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein: in the step (4), the young persimmon shoots are vulnerable to leaf eating pests such as hawk moth, caterpillar, chafer and the like and diseases such as persimmon anthracnose and the like in the growing period, 4000 times of bactericide of 37 percent difenoconazole water dispersible granules, 3000 times of 43 percent tebuconazole suspending agent or 1000 times of 25 percent prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate are sprayed in the growing period, 2000 times of insecticide of 20 percent fenpropathrin emulsifiable concentrate, 3000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate or 2000 times of 2.5 percent high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate are added, foliar topdressing is carried out by combining pest control, and the concentration of nitrogen fertilizer is 0.3-0.5 percent; 0.2 to 0.3 percent of phosphorus fertilizer.