CN1133580C - 生产碳的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
用电炉(7)将催化剂(3)的温度加热至535℃,将氢气以流速50cc/分通入反应管(1)两小时而还原催化剂(3),然后将含有混合比例为2∶1的氢气和二氧化碳的反应气体通过反应管(1)中。反应气体中含有的二氧化碳与催化剂(3)相接触而被氢气还原,并且将碳例如碳纳米管沉淀于催化剂(3)的表面上。碳纳米管或诸如此类能够在较低的温度和一般压力下产生,而不需要用于高温和高压反应的特殊的设备。
Description
本发明涉及生产高功能碳的方法,这种碳是用于锂离子电池、吸附剂、液晶材料或诸如比类的材料。
碳纳米管是一种高功能的碳,于高温和高压下在氦气中使碳电极之间进行持续稳定地电弧放电能够产生碳纳米管。此外,于氩气氛中发生直流电放电时,于阴极侧碳电极的前端上面能够产生碳纳米管。
一种获得具有控制的精细结构要求的碳的已知方法是,于一种活性金属存在下在真空气氛中将无定形的碳用电子束辐照,或者将碳材料用于超过规定水平的电压加速的电子束辐照。
在生产碳纳米管的常规方法中,影响它的产率的重要参数是惰性气体的压力,并且反应器的内部压力必须保持于至少90大气压。因此,需要特殊的反应器。
用电子束辐照碳材料以控制碳的精细结构的方法是不适用于大量生产的。
本发明的目的是使高功能碳例如碳纳米管的生产,或者于较低的温度和通常的压力下控制其精细结构的碳的生产成为可能实现。
依照本发明,为了在较低的温度和通常的压力下生产高功能的碳例如碳纳米管,将至少含有二氧化碳和还原气体的反应气体与过渡金属催化剂相接触,于400至900℃的反应温度下,将反应气体中含有的二氧化碳用氢气还原,因此于催化剂的表面上沉淀出来碳例如碳纳米管。可将氢气或者甲烷用作还原气体。
当将过渡金属加热至400至900℃,并使含有二氧化碳和还原气体的反应气体与催化剂相接触,反应气体中含有的二氧化碳则被还原气体还原,于催化剂的表面上沉淀出来碳例如纳米管。
依照本发明,为了在较低的温度和通常的压力下用控制精细结构的方法生产碳,将含碳化合物的反应气体与处于400至900℃的反应温度的过渡金属催化剂相接触,用改变催化剂的类型或当催化剂表面上沉淀碳时的反应条件,以生产具有不同的精细结构的碳。
当将催化剂在400至900℃加热,并将反应气体与过渡金属催化剂接触以将反应气体中含有的碳化合物还原并沉淀碳于催化剂的表面上,所沉淀的碳的精细结构随催化剂的类型或反应条件而变化。
高功能碳的例子是碳纳米管、超细的碳、纳米囊,园形石墨、纳米多面体等等。
本发明中所采用的过渡金属催化剂是由过渡金属(含过渡金属氧化物)例如镍(Ni)或钴(Co)制备的,更好是载于载体上例如二氧化硅或三氧化二铝。本发明所应用的反应器是一个固定床或流化床反应器,以将反应气体循环而与催化剂相接触。固定床反应器是将催化剂以固定状态装载于其中,而流化床反应器是将催化剂以流动状态贮于其中。
依照本发明,将至少含有二氧化碳和还原气体的反应气体与过渡金属催化剂于400至900℃的反应温度下相接触,以将反应气体中含有的二氧化碳在催化剂上还原,可以将碳例如碳纳米管沉淀于催化剂表面上。因而,碳纳米管或其类似物能够于较低的温度和通常的压力下生产而不需要特殊的大型的设备。
当将含有碳化合物的气体与过渡金属催化剂于400至900℃的反应温度下相接触,以将碳沉淀于催化剂表面上,能够于较低温度和通常压力下控制碳的精细结构,从而改变催化剂的类型或反应条件而使大量生产成为可能。
本发明的以上所述的目的以及其它目的、特征、方面和优点,可以从下面关于本发明的详细叙述及与附图相结合而获得更明显的了解。
图1系统地说明本发明应用的碳沉淀设备。
优选实施方案的描述
石英反应管1内径6mm,长30cm,于其中心约3cm的范围中装有催化剂3。反应管1还装有玻璃棉5,5位于催化剂3的两侧用以将催化剂3固定。电炉7装设于反应管1周围用于加热催化剂3。
从反应管1的一个开口向它供应含有氢气和二氧化碳的反应气体。从反应管1的另一个开口将气体通过阀门9排出。将阀门9与用作检测部分的质谱仪11接通并将排放的气体供入其中以检测气体的组成。(实施例1)
参照图1,现将实施例1说明如下。
将用醇盐方法制备的,载于二氧化硅的Ni构成的,颗粒状Ni/SiO2(Ni:50重量%)作为催化剂3,装于反应管1中。用电炉7将催化剂3加热至535℃,并将氢气以流速50cc/分通入反应管1经两小时以还原催化剂3,作为催化剂的预处理。
然后,将含有氢气和二氧化碳比例为2∶1的反应气体导入反应管1。反应气体中的二氧化碳与催化剂3相接触而被氢气还原,并将碳沉淀于催化剂3的表面上。反应之后,催化剂3的温度为540℃。
在实施例1中,反应后反应气体含有氢气、二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化碳和水。从反应前和反应后的反应气体中含有的二氧化碳量的差别求得反应比例为40%。
于反应后,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测沉淀于催化剂3表面上的碳,可辨出产生的碳核呈层状排布,长入的碳纳米管呈立体层状排布于其表面和周围。
当采用载有Co的催化剂代替载有Ni的催化剂3时,产生的碳的结晶度降低,而反应比例增加至约50%。(实施例2)
于实施例2中,改变反应气体中二氧化碳和氢气的混合比例和催化剂3的温度,则有可能产生尺寸为几个10nm的超精细的碳。超精细的碳可用于轮胎、电池、吸附剂或类似物。而当通常用于高温下将碳氢化合物热分解生产超细碳时,其生产步骤需要不利地复杂的大型设备。
将生产超细碳的方法,参照图1予以说明。催化剂3与例1相似,是从Ni/SiO2制备的。
用电炉7将催化剂3加热至600℃,将氢气以50cc/分的流速通入反应管1两小时以还原催化剂3,作为催化剂预处理。
然后将含有氢气和二氧化碳的反应气体,其混合比例为3∶1,通入反应管1同时保持催化剂3的温度于600℃。反应气体中含有的二氧化碳与催化剂3相接触而被氢气还原,并且在催化剂的表面上沉淀出来碳例如超细的碳。
于实施例2中,反应气体于反应后含有氢气,二氧化碳,甲烷,一氧化碳和水。从反应前和反应后的反应气体中含有二氧化碳数量的差别获得反应比例约为38%。
于反应后,用SEM和TEM观测沉淀于催化剂3表面上的碳,以辨认超细碳的沉淀作用。
当采用载有Co的催化剂代替载有Ni的催化剂3时,产生的碳的结晶度降低,而反应比例增加至约45%。(实施例3)
按照实施例3,将控制产生的碳的精细结构的方法参照图1予以说明。
于反应管1中装入约150毫克颗粒状Ni/SiO2(Ni:50重量%)作为催化剂3,它是用溶胶一凝胶方法制备的并载于二氧化硅上。于相同的预处理下将碳沉淀,碳沉淀的反应条件和反应气体组成与实施例1相同。
于实施例3中,反应后反应气体含有氢气、二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化碳和水。从反应前和反应后的反应气体中含有二氧化碳数量的差别,获得反应比例约为40%。反应后,用TEM观察沉淀于催化剂3表面上的碳,以清楚地观测其晶格部分形成园形石墨和纳米多面体。(实施例4)
于实施例4,将控制产生的碳的精细结构的另一种方法参照图1予以说明。
于反应管1中装入约150毫克颗粒状Co/SiO2(Co:50重量%)作为催化剂3,它是用溶胶一凝胶方法制备的并载于二氧化硅上。于相同的预处理下将碳沉淀,碳沉淀的反应条件和反应气体组成与实施例1相同。
于实施例4中,反应后反应气体含有氢气、二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化碳和水。从反应前和反应后的反应气体中含有二氧化碳数量的差别,获得反应比例约为40%。
反应之后,用TEM观察沉淀于催化剂3表面上的碳,发现其晶格杂乱,并且碳的质量与实施例3相比较是低下的。
本发明中使用的催化剂并不局限于以上所述的,而且除此之外,可以从与以上不同的金属或金属氧化物制备。催化剂的制备方法也不局限于以上所述的方法,此外催化剂可以用例如浸渍方法制备。当使用以浸渍方法制备的催化剂时,所生成的碳的精细结构与实施例4生成的碳相似。
此外,本发明并不局限于二氧化碳与氢之间反应以生成碳和水或者甲烷的分解也是可以采用的。
虽然已经对本发明作了详细的描述和说明,但是很显然不言而喻以上的描述和说明仅作为说明和举例,而不用作对本发明的限制。而本发明的精神和范围只由附于后面的权利要求的条款所限定。
Claims (5)
1.一种生产碳的方法,其特征是将至少含有二氧化碳的反应气体和氢气于规定的反应温度400至900℃下与含有作为催化剂组分的Ni或Co的过渡金属催化剂相接触,并将所述二氧化碳还原,从而将碳沉淀于所述催化剂的表面上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的生产碳的方法,其特征在于,其中
所述过渡金属催化剂是颗粒状的Ni/SiO2,是由载于二氧化硅上的Ni所组成的,它是用醇盐法制备的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的生产碳的方法,其特征在于,其中
所述过渡金属催化剂是颗粒状的Co/SiO2,是由载于二氧化硅上的Co所组成的,它是用醇盐法制备的。
4.一种生产碳的方法,其特征是将至少含有碳化合物的反应气体和作为还原剂的氢气于所规定的400至900℃的反应温度下,与含有作为催化剂组分的Ni或Co的过渡金属催化剂相接触,从而将碳沉淀于所述催化剂的表面上,以通过改变碳沉淀条件生成具有不同精细结构的碳。
5.根据权利要求4所述的生产碳的方法,其特征在于,其中
所述催化剂是选自颗粒状的Ni/SiO2和Co/SiO2,它们是用溶胶-凝胶方法制备并载于二氧化硅上。
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JP24278698A JP3415038B2 (ja) | 1998-03-25 | 1998-08-28 | カーボンの製造方法 |
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EP (1) | EP0945402B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3415038B2 (zh) |
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US6261532B1 (en) | 2001-07-17 |
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EP0945402B1 (en) | 2003-06-25 |
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