CN112913595B - High-ridge wide-row close-planting high-yield cultivation method for greenhouse strawberries - Google Patents
High-ridge wide-row close-planting high-yield cultivation method for greenhouse strawberries Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-ridge wide-row close planting high-yield cultivation method for strawberries in a greenhouse, which comprises the steps of adopting standardized ridging to realize mechanical ridging operation of the strawberries; planting two lines in each ridge, wherein the line spacing is 18-22 cm, and the planting distance is 8-12 cm; after the first inflorescence of the strawberries is harvested, measures of removing the plants are taken, and bacillus subtilis and the like are sprayed for one time; according to the greenhouse strawberry high-yield cultivation method through high-ridge wide-row close planting, high-ridge wide-row close planting cultivation is adopted, the plant spacing is adjusted to 8-12 cm from the conventional 20-25 cm, the number of plants in the same greenhouse can be doubled, the early-stage yield of strawberries is doubled, and in the next month, in order to avoid canopy closure, a mode of removing plants at intervals is adopted, so that the plant spacing of the strawberries is identical to the conventional fixed planting plant spacing, the transparent light transmittance is increased, the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, the normal growth of the strawberries can be ensured, the uniformity of fruits can be ensured, the harvesting period is prolonged, and the total yield of the strawberries is ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a high-yield cultivation method for high-ridge wide-row close planting of strawberries in a greenhouse.
Background
China is the biggest strawberry producing country in the world, the strawberry cultivation area and the annual output are at the top of the world, the strawberries have high medicinal value, fragrant and sweet taste and excellent taste besides high nutritional value, are one of the main domestic fruits and also are small berry fruits with the largest output, and have huge market potential and economic benefit prospect.
Strawberry as a perennial herb fruit tree of the genus strawberry of the family rosaceae has certain characteristics in the growth period, wherein secondary branches or prepared bearing branches can not be directly grown in the early growth period, the bearing branches are mainly outer branches, 2-3 lateral buds can be grown and flower buds can be generated under the general condition, and the strawberry plants cannot generate the phenomenon of closing between plants due to less extracted branches to influence photosynthesis. However, when the third strawberry fruit grows out, the subsidiary branch or the prepared bearing branch begins to grow out, and at the moment, because the strawberry plants have more branches and leaves and obvious canopy closure phenomenon, the photosynthesis of the strawberry plants can be influenced if the strawberry plants are planted densely, the plant spacing is generally 20-25 cm in the conventional planting, and the row spacing is 25-35 cm. If the plant spacing is less than 20cm, the tillering lateral branches need to be repeatedly removed in the later period so as to avoid the influence of the over-dense plants on photosynthesis, thereby greatly increasing the field operation time of farmers.
At present, the strawberry cultivation in China is mainly greenhouse cultivation, the yield of the greenhouse cultivation is obviously superior to that of the traditional open cultivation, but the current greenhouse cultivation has the following problems: firstly, the existing greenhouse cultivation has the defects of large plant spacing, low ridge height, small planting density and high planting cost, wherein the plant spacing is generally 20-25 cm, the row spacing is 25-35 cm, and the ridge height is 15-20 cm; secondly, the specifications of the cultivation beds in different places are different, so that the large-area popularization of strawberry ridging mechanical operation is not facilitated; thirdly, if the field cultivation management technology is not in place, the water and fertilizer are not applied properly, the morbidity is increased, chemical agents are inevitably used for prevention and control, and the food safety and the market demand are difficult to ensure in the strawberry picking period, so that the yield of the strawberries, especially the yield in the early stage, cannot reach the optimal state; fourthly, the price of the strawberries before picking is very different from that of the strawberries after picking, the price from the first ten days to the spring festival of 11 months is generally more than 30 yuan, the price falls back greatly after the second ten days (generally less than 10 yuan) of the next year, and the price is lower and lower at the later period, and the price at the first period is at least more than 3 times of the price at the later period, so that the improvement of the yield of the strawberries before picking is important for increasing the yield of the strawberries.
In conclusion, on the premise of ensuring the quality of the strawberries, according to the characteristics of greenhouse strawberry cultivation, a high-quality, high-efficiency and light-simplified cultivation technology is explored to produce strawberries with high quality, high yield and high benefit, and particularly, a strawberry cultivation method for improving the yield in the early picking stage is researched and developed, which is a subject of research in the field of agricultural strawberry cultivation.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention aims to provide a high-yield cultivation method for high-ridge wide-row close planting of strawberries in a greenhouse.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a greenhouse strawberry high-ridge wide-row close planting high-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:
the following ridging standards are adopted to realize the mechanical ridging operation of the strawberries:
ridging standard: ridging in the north-south direction in the greenhouse, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 100cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 20-25 cm, the width of the top of each ridge is 38-42 cm, and the height of each ridge is 28-32 cm;
planting two lines in each ridge, wherein the line spacing is 18-22 cm, and the planting distance is 8-12 cm;
thirdly, forcing culture or semi-forcing culture is adopted, when tillering of inner branches of strawberry plants starts after the first inflorescence of the strawberry is harvested in the next 1 th ten days, measures for separating the plants and removing the plants are taken, wherein the leaves of the removed strawberries are completely cut off by scissors, only 2-4 cm of leaf stem branches are left, and after the operation of separating the plants and removing the plants is completed, the bacillus subtilis is sprayed once;
fourthly, after 22-28 days of removing the strawberry from every other strawberry, ending fruiting of the second inflorescence of the left strawberry, when the cut strawberry begins to fruit, cutting off all leaves of the strawberry left last time, only leaving 2-4 cm twigs of the petioles, and spraying bacillus subtilis once after finishing;
and fifthly, repeating the step IV repeatedly until the whole strawberry harvesting period is finished.
Preferably, when taking measures for removing plants, the operation is carried out on a sunny day.
Preferably, before ridging, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, base fertilizer is uniformly spread on the ground, and then the soil is ploughed to the depth of 25 cm;
the base fertilizer is microbial organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and balanced compound fertilizer; the application dosage is 380-420 kg of microbial organic fertilizer, 4.5-5.5 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 35-45 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 5-15 kg/mu of balanced compound fertilizer; the balanced compound fertilizer is monoammonium phosphate or diamine phosphate, and the diamine phosphate is selected from acid soil under general conditions;
preferably, the ridging operation process is as follows: preparing fermented bean cake fertilizer, uniformly spreading the fermented bean cake fertilizer on the surfaces of the rudiment ridges after the first ridging is completed, then carrying out the second ridging by covering soil, wrapping the fermented bean cake fertilizer in the ridges, and carrying out permanent planting after one week of ridging is completed; the application amount of the fermented soybean cake fertilizer is 380-420 kg.
Preferably, the method also comprises the following steps of selecting strawberry seedlings during field planting: when selecting strawberry seedlings, the thickness of new stems of the strawberry seedlings is required to be more than 0.8cm, more than three complete leaves without plant diseases and insect pests are provided, and root systems are required to have no black roots and no diseased roots;
the strawberry seedling planting selection is to begin planting after one week after the beginning of autumn;
during field planting, two rows of strawberry seedlings in each ridge are symmetrically planted in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', the strawberry bow faces the south of the furrow in a back-to-back mode, and the part below one half of the new stem is tightly buried in soil and compacted.
Preferably, management is performed after the permanent planting, specifically: watering the strawberry seedlings in time after field planting, wherein the strawberry seedlings are required to be watered thoroughly, watering is carried out in the morning and at night every three days before the strawberry seedlings are watered thoroughly, watering is carried out in the evening every four to seven days every day, watering is stopped from the eighth day, weeding is carried out by combining intertillage on the tenth day, the diseased and disabled leaves are picked off, probiotics are added when three leaves grow out, the leaves are irrigated for half an hour, and the leaves are fertilized with urea once.
Preferably, the method further comprises the steps of covering a black mulching film for heat preservation and physically weeding, specifically, when the air temperature begins to fall in the middle ten days of October, the last intertillage weeding is completed, then the black mulching film is covered, and the afternoon in a sunny day is selected when the black mulching film is covered.
Preferably, the application dosage of the base fertilizer is 400kg of microbial organic fertilizer, 5.0 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 40 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 10 kg/mu of balanced compound fertilizer.
Preferably, the row spacing is 20cm and the plant spacing is 10 cm.
Preferably, only 3 cm of petiole branches are left in the operation of the third step and the fourth step.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
according to the greenhouse strawberry high-yield cultivation method through high-ridge wide-row close planting, high-ridge wide-row close planting cultivation is adopted, the plant spacing is adjusted to be 8-12 cm from the conventional 20-25 cm, the plant spacing is approximately half of the conventional one, the number of plants set in the same greenhouse can be doubled, the early-stage yield of the strawberries is doubled, namely the yield from the bottom of 10 months to the front of spring festival can reach 2 times of that of the original cultivation method, and in the next month, in order to avoid gloomy closure, a mode of 'removing plants by plants' is adopted, so that the plant spacing of the strawberries is the same as the conventional planting distance, the transparent light transmittance is increased, the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, the normal growth of the strawberries can be guaranteed, the uniformity of fruits can be guaranteed, the harvesting period is prolonged, and the total yield of the strawberries is guaranteed.
The planting method of the invention is adopted to improve and standardize the specification of the cultivation bed, realizes the mechanical operation of strawberry ridging, reduces the management that the tillering side branch of the plant needs to be removed in the conventional planting method because the fruit bearing branch of the foundation is adopted for bearing fruits in the whole period, saves manpower, ensures that the plant is vigorous in growth and large in leaf blade, can supply saved nutrients to the plant for flowering and fruiting, has more blossoms and large fruits, increases the weight and yield of the single fruit, has less secondary fruits and malformed fruits, and has obvious economic benefit.
Detailed Description
The preparation method of the fermented soybean cake fertilizer comprises the following steps:
first step preparation of materials: grinding bean cake, and preparing leaven (such as Tabang fertilizer leaven) 0.1% of fermented material
Adding a leaven in the second step: adding a leaven (1 kg of bean cake: 1-2t) according to a certain proportion, and adding about 10% of cow dung, rice hulls or straw powder and the like according to the weight ratio in order to adjust the air permeability in the fermentation process.
Step three, water content adjustment: the water content of the fermented material is controlled to be about 65%, and the judgment standard of the water content of the raw material of 65% is that the material is strongly kneaded by hands, so that the material can be seen in water marks but does not drip water, and the material can be scattered when falling to the ground.
Fourthly, stacking fermentation and covering material addition: a fermentation pile is established, and after the pile is established, a straw mat can be covered on the surface, so that the purposes of heat preservation and moisture preservation are achieved, and good fermentation conditions are provided for fermentation.
And fifthly, stirring and ventilating: on one hand, the Jinbaobei fertilizer starter is aerobic fermentation, so oxygen is supplied during fermentation, on the other hand, the temperature in the fermentation pile is very high along with the fermentation, which is not beneficial to the fermentation, so the temperature in the fermentation pile is concerned at any time, the fermentation product is turned over at any time, the temperature is preferably controlled to be 50-60 ℃, and the oxygen is supplemented for the starter during the process of turning over the fermentation product.
And sixthly, judging the completion of fermentation: the fermented material is black brown, and the temperature of the fermentation pile begins to be reduced to the normal temperature. The fermentation time is related to local climate and fermentation level, and the fermentation can be well performed in one week.
The probiotics can be applied to probiotics of Shandong atlas bacteria industry Co, and the equivalent is applied to each mu: adding 1kg of brown sugar and 3kg of corn starch into 500 jin of water per 500ml of bacterial liquid, stirring and dissolving, and then standing for 3 hours, thus being capable of being applied with water.
The foliage dressing urea can be urea produced by Luxi chemical industry, 0.2 jin of urea is added into 100 jin of clear water, and the urea can be sprayed on the foliage after being dissolved.
The bacillus subtilis can be produced by Weifang Aoqi biotechnology limited company, and the effective viable count of the bacillus subtilis is as follows: not less than 200 hundred million/g; the preparation formulation is as follows: wettable powder. And (3) foliage spraying: packaging 500g of each package, and diluting 500 times and 800 times (the water temperature is 20-25 ℃) by adding water. Or bacillus subtilis prepared by other manufacturers can be selected and used according to the instruction.
The petiole fork of the invention refers to a petiole base.
The invention aims to provide a greenhouse strawberry high-yield cultivation method by high-ridge wide-row close planting, which is realized by the following technical scheme:
a greenhouse strawberry high-ridge wide-row close planting high-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:
the following ridging standards are adopted to realize the mechanical ridging operation of the strawberries:
ridging standard: ridging in the north-south direction in the greenhouse, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 100cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 20-25 cm, the width of the top of each ridge is 38-42 cm, and the height of each ridge is 28-32 cm;
planting two lines in each ridge, wherein the line spacing is 18-22 cm, and the planting distance is 8-12 cm;
thirdly, forcing culture or semi-forcing culture is adopted, when tillering of inner branches of strawberry plants starts after the first inflorescence of the strawberry is harvested in the next 1 th ten days, measures for separating the plants and removing the plants are taken, wherein the leaves of the removed strawberries are completely cut off by scissors, only 2-4 cm of leaf stem branches are left, and after the operation of separating the plants and removing the plants is completed, the bacillus subtilis is sprayed once;
fourthly, after 22-28 days of removing the strawberry from every other strawberry, ending fruiting of the second inflorescence of the left strawberry, when the cut strawberry begins to fruit, cutting off all leaves of the strawberry left last time, only leaving 2-4 cm twigs of the petioles, and spraying bacillus subtilis once after finishing;
and fifthly, repeating the step IV repeatedly until the whole strawberry harvesting period is finished.
When the measures of removing the plants at intervals are preferably adopted, the operation is carried out on a sunny day; the strawberry branch wound reserved in this way can heal rapidly, and the invasion of diseases is avoided. Other strawberry plants are ventilated and transparent, the photosynthetic rate is increased, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced.
Preferably, before ridging, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, base fertilizer is uniformly spread on the ground, and then the soil is ploughed to a depth of more than 25 cm;
the base fertilizer is organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and balanced compound fertilizer; the application dosage is 4.5-5.5 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 35-45 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 5-15 kg/mu of balanced compound fertilizer. The base fertilizer is microbial organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and balanced compound fertilizer; the application dosage is 380-420 kg of microbial organic fertilizer, 4.5-5.5 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 35-45 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 5-15 kg/mu of balanced compound fertilizer. The balanced compound fertilizer can be selected from monoammonium phosphate or diamine phosphate, and the diammonium phosphate is preferably selected from the acid soil.
The base fertilizer applied by the invention has various nutrient varieties and high effective content, and particularly, the microbial organic fertilizer can not only repair soil, but also fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus and dissolve potassium, activate other residual medium and trace elements in the soil, can ensure the nutrient elements for normal growth of strawberries, has mild and lasting fertilizer effect, can promote the propagation of microorganisms, enhance the photosynthesis and promote the growth of root systems;
preferably, the ridging operation process is as follows: preparing fermented bean cake fertilizer, uniformly spreading the fermented bean cake fertilizer on the surfaces of the rudiment ridges after the first ridging is completed, then carrying out the second ridging by covering soil, wrapping the fermented bean cake fertilizer in the ridges, and carrying out permanent planting after one week of ridging is completed; the application amount of the fermented soybean cake fertilizer is 380-420 kg.
The optimized ridging process and the selected fermented soybean cake fertilizer are applied in a concentrated mode, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other trace elements in the strawberry growth process can be provided, the reproduction coefficient of beneficial microbial flora can be increased, the soil property is improved, the strawberry growth is facilitated, the strawberry taste is restored, the strawberry quality is improved, and the strawberry yield and benefit are increased.
Preferably, the method also comprises the following steps of selecting strawberry seedlings during field planting: when selecting strawberry seedlings, the thickness of new stems of the strawberry seedlings is required to be more than 0.8cm, more than three complete leaves without plant diseases and insect pests are provided, and root systems are required to be free of rootstocks, black roots and diseased roots;
the strawberry seedling planting selection is to begin planting after one week after the beginning of autumn;
during field planting, two rows of strawberry seedlings in each ridge are symmetrically planted in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', the strawberry bow faces the south of the furrow in a back-to-back mode, and the part below one half of the new stem is tightly buried in soil and compacted.
The preferable field planting scheme is that the local temperature is reduced to be within the range of 15-25 ℃, the environment for root system growth is most suitable, the existence of old roots or black roots of the strawberries is avoided without rhizome, the disease infection probability of root rot is reduced, and the survival rate of strawberry seedlings can reach more than 98%.
Preferably, management is performed after the permanent planting, specifically: watering the strawberry seedlings in time after field planting, wherein the strawberry seedlings are required to be watered thoroughly, watering is carried out in the morning and at night every three days before the strawberry seedlings are watered thoroughly, watering is carried out in the evening every four to seven days every day, watering is stopped from the eighth day, weeding is carried out by combining intertillage on the tenth day, the diseased and disabled leaves are picked off, probiotics are added when three leaves grow out, the leaves are irrigated for half an hour, and the leaves are fertilized with urea once. The preferable scheme can rapidly increase beneficial floras in soil, improve the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, repair soil aggregate structures, increase soil permeability, enable strawberry seedlings to rapidly delay seedlings, enable strawberry roots to be developed, enable strawberry seedlings to grow more robustly and promote rapid growth of inflorescences.
Preferably, the method also comprises the steps of covering a black mulching film for heat preservation and physically weeding, and particularly has the advantages that when the air temperature begins to fall in the middle ten days of October, last intertillage weeding is completed, then the black mulching film is covered, and the method is carried out in the afternoon of a fine day when the black mulching film is covered: firstly, the heat accumulated by the ground temperature in the greenhouse reaches the peak value in one day; secondly, when the flexibility of each organ of the strawberry is the best, the harm can be reduced during the agriculture; thirdly, the front and back of the leaf are dry and loose without dew.
Preferably, the application dosage of the base fertilizer is 400kg of microbial organic fertilizer, 5.0 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 40 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 10 kg/mu of balanced compound fertilizer; the optimal application dosage of the base fertilizer can ensure better growth of the strawberries, and the input-output ratio is maximum.
Preferably, the row spacing is 20cm and the plant spacing is 10 cm.
Preferably, only 3 cm of petiole branches are left in the operation of the third step and the fourth step.
The invention is further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
A greenhouse strawberry high-ridge wide-row close planting high-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:
the following ridging standards are adopted to realize the mechanical ridging operation of the strawberries:
ridging standard: ridging in the north-south direction in the greenhouse, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 100cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 20cm, the width of the top of each ridge is 38cm, and the height of each ridge is 28 cm;
secondly, planting two lines in each ridge, wherein the line spacing is 22cm, and the planting distance is 8 cm;
thirdly, adopting forced cultivation or semi-forced cultivation, and after the first inflorescence of the strawberry is harvested and the inner branches of the strawberries begin to tillere in the late 1 month of the next year, adopting a measure of cutting off the strawberries, wherein the cut off strawberries are completely cut off by using scissors, only 2cm of leaf stalks are left, and spraying bacillus subtilis once after the operation of cutting off the strawberries by cutting off the strawberries is completed;
fourthly, after 22-28 days of removing the second inflorescence of the strawberry, when the cut strawberry begins to fruit after the second inflorescence of the strawberry leaves is finished, cutting off all leaves of the strawberry leaves left last time, only leaving 2 centimeters of petioles, and spraying bacillus subtilis once after the process is finished;
and fifthly, repeating the step IV repeatedly until the whole strawberry harvesting period is finished.
Example 2
A greenhouse strawberry high-ridge wide-row close planting high-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:
the following ridging standards are adopted to realize the mechanical ridging operation of the strawberries:
ridging standard: ridging in the north-south direction in the greenhouse, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 100cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 25cm, the width of the top of each ridge is 42cm, and the height of each ridge is 32 cm;
two lines are fixedly planted on each ridge, the line spacing is 18cm, and the planting distance is 12 cm;
thirdly, forcing culture or semi-forcing culture is adopted, and when tillering of inner branches of strawberry plants starts after the first inflorescence of the strawberry is harvested in the next 1 th ten days, measures for separating the plants and removing the plants are adopted, wherein the leaves of the removed strawberries are completely cut off by scissors, only 4 cm of leaf stem branches are left, and after the operation of separating the plants and removing the plants is completed, bacillus subtilis is sprayed once;
fourthly, after 22-28 days of removing the second inflorescence of the strawberry, when the cut strawberry begins to fruit after the second inflorescence of the strawberry leaves is finished, cutting off all leaves of the strawberry leaves left last time, only leaving 4 cm of petioles, and spraying bacillus subtilis once after the cutting is finished;
and fifthly, repeating the step IV repeatedly until the whole strawberry harvesting period is finished.
Example 3
A greenhouse strawberry high-ridge wide-row close planting high-yield cultivation method comprises the following steps:
the following ridging standards are adopted to realize the mechanical ridging operation of the strawberries:
ridging standard: ridging in the north-south direction in the greenhouse, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 100cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 22cm, the width of the top of each ridge is 40cm, and the height of each ridge is 30 cm;
before ridging, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, base fertilizer is uniformly spread on the ground, and then the soil is ploughed to a depth of 25 cm;
the base fertilizer is microbial organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and balanced compound fertilizer; the application dosage is 420kg of microbial organic fertilizer, 4.5 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 35 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 15 kg/mu of monoammonium phosphate;
secondly, planting two lines in each ridge, wherein the line spacing is 20cm, and the planting distance is 10 cm;
thirdly, forcing culture or semi-forcing culture is adopted, when tillering of inner branches of strawberry plants starts after the first inflorescence of the strawberry is harvested in the next 1 th ten days, a plant-separating and plant-removing measure is adopted, wherein all leaves of the removed strawberry are cut off by scissors, only leaf stalks are left for 3 cm, and after the plant-separating and plant-removing operation is completed, bacillus subtilis is sprayed once;
fourthly, after 22-28 days of removing the second inflorescence of the strawberry, when the cut strawberry begins to fruit after the second inflorescence of the strawberry leaves is finished, cutting off all leaves of the strawberry leaves left last time, only leaving 3 cm of petioles, and spraying bacillus subtilis once after the process is finished;
and fifthly, repeating the step IV repeatedly until the whole strawberry harvesting period is finished.
Example 4
A greenhouse strawberry high-ridge wide-row close planting high-yield cultivation method comprises the steps of any one of the methods in the embodiment 3, and further comprises the following steps:
before ridging, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, base fertilizer is uniformly spread on the ground, and then the soil is ploughed to a depth of 25 cm;
the base fertilizer is microbial organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and monoammonium phosphate; the application dosage is 400 kg/mu of microbial organic fertilizer, 5.0 ton/mu of organic fertilizer, 40 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 10 kg/mu of monoammonium phosphate.
The ridging operation process comprises the following steps: preparing fermented bean cake fertilizer, uniformly spreading the fermented bean cake fertilizer on the surfaces of the rudiment ridges after the first ridging is completed, then carrying out the second ridging by covering soil, wrapping the fermented bean cake fertilizer in the ridges, and carrying out permanent planting after one week of ridging is completed;
during field planting, strawberry seedlings are selected: when selecting strawberry seedlings, the thickness of new stems of the strawberry seedlings is required to be more than 0.8cm, more than three complete leaves without plant diseases and insect pests are provided, and root systems are required to have no black roots and no diseased roots;
the strawberry seedling planting selection is to begin planting after one week after the beginning of autumn;
during planting, two rows of strawberry seedlings in each ridge are symmetrically planted in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', the backs of the strawberries face to the south of furrows, and the parts below half of new stems are tightly buried in soil and compacted;
managing after planting, specifically: watering the strawberry seedlings in time after field planting, wherein the strawberry seedlings are required to be watered thoroughly, watering is carried out in the morning and at night every three days before the strawberry seedlings are watered thoroughly, watering is carried out in the evening every four to seven days every day, watering is stopped from the eighth day, weeding is carried out by combining intertillage on the tenth day, the diseased and disabled leaves are picked off, probiotics are added when three leaves grow out, the leaves are irrigated for half an hour, and the leaves are fertilized with urea once.
The method comprises the following steps of covering a black mulching film, preserving heat and physically weeding, specifically, finishing last intertillage weeding when the air temperature begins to fall in the middle ten days of October, covering a black mulching film, and selecting the afternoon in sunny days when the black mulching film is covered.
The strawberries can be harvested when the fruits are fully colored, when the strawberries are harvested at 8-9 ripeness, the harvesting time is 8-10 am or 16-18 pm, the fruits have no dew in the time period, the temperature of the strawberries is not high, the strawberries are convenient to store and transport, the strawberries need to be lightly taken and lightly placed during the harvesting without damaging calyces, and the strawberries are contained in small delicate packaging boxes after the strawberries are harvested, so that the commodity value can be improved, and higher benefits can be obtained.
Comparative example 1
The ridging standard is the same as that of the embodiment 3, and during field planting, two rows are planted in each ridge, the row spacing is 20cm, and the plant spacing is 20 cm; the remaining water and fertilizer disease steps were the same as for the strawberry of example 3.
Carrying out field tests by adopting the steps of examples 1-4 and comparative example 1 in a greenhouse with 8 mu, and planting 2 mu of plants in each method, wherein the planted variety is octopus; in addition, the same conventional method is adopted for water, fertilizer and disease management in examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1, and the comparison of the yield at the early stage (before operation of removing the strawberry every other plant) and the yield at the later stage (2 months to 5 months) when the strawberries are harvested is recorded, as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 strawberry seedling dosage, cost and strawberry yield and benefit tables for various planting methods
The previous single fruits of examples 1-4 and the previous single fruit of comparative example 1 were compared, and the experimental process and results were as follows:
the strawberry fruits at the second picking in the earlier stage are taken out, 100 strawberry fruits are randomly taken out and weighed, and the results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 strawberry Single fruit weight table
As can be seen from the data in tables 1 and 2, the row spacing of example 1 is too dense, so that although 4000 strawberry seedlings are more than that of example 3 per acre, the yield in the previous stage is not in direct proportion to the number of strawberry seedlings, and because the row spacing is too dense, the strawberry seedlings are worse than that of example 3 in growth vigor, and the fruits are smaller (the single fruit weight is lower), so that the price per kilogram is lower by 2 yuan than that of the common first-crop strawberries (the common first-crop strawberries are calculated by 30 yuan per kilogram), thereby also affecting the overall benefit; the plant spacing of the later-stage example 1 is too dense, the growth is not vigorous, and when the temperature is increased in the later stage, the growth vigor of strawberry seedlings is not vigorous, so that the yield is not high.
The row spacing of example 2 is thinner, so the yield per acre is also less than that of other examples, but the row spacing is sparse and the single fruit quality of example 2 is not obviously increased.
Claims (4)
1. A greenhouse strawberry high-yield cultivation method by high-ridge wide-row close planting is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
the following ridging standards are adopted to realize the mechanical ridging operation of the strawberries:
ridging standard: ridging in the north-south direction in the greenhouse, wherein the width of the bottom of each ridge is 100cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 20-25 cm, the width of the top of each ridge is 38-42 cm, and the height of each ridge is 28-32 cm;
before ridging, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, base fertilizer is uniformly spread on the ground, and then the soil is ploughed to a depth of 25 cm;
the base fertilizer is microbial organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and balanced compound fertilizer; the application dosage is 380-420 kg of microbial organic fertilizer, 4.5-5.5 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 35-45 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 5-15 kg/mu of balanced compound fertilizer;
the ridging operation process comprises the following steps: preparing fermented bean cake fertilizer, uniformly spreading the fermented bean cake fertilizer on the surfaces of the rudiment ridges after the first ridging is completed, then carrying out the second ridging by covering soil, wrapping the fermented bean cake fertilizer in the ridges, and carrying out permanent planting after one week of ridging is completed;
planting two lines in each ridge, wherein the line spacing is 18-22 cm, and the planting distance is 8-12 cm;
during field planting, strawberry seedlings are selected: when selecting strawberry seedlings, the thickness of new stems of the strawberry seedlings is required to be more than 0.8cm, more than three complete leaves without plant diseases and insect pests are provided, and root systems are required to have no black roots and no diseased roots;
the strawberry seedling planting selection is to begin planting after one week after the beginning of autumn;
during planting, two rows of strawberry seedlings in each ridge are symmetrically planted in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', the backs of the strawberries face to the south of furrows, and the parts below half of new stems are tightly buried in soil and compacted;
managing after planting, specifically: watering the seedling-reviving water in time after the strawberry seedlings are fixedly planted, watering thoroughly, watering once in the morning and at night every three days before, watering once in the evening every four to seven days every day, stopping watering from the eighth day, weeding by combining intertillage on the tenth day, removing the diseased and disabled leaves, adding probiotics when three leaves grow out and one heart grows out, carrying out drip irrigation for half an hour, and topdressing urea on the leaves for one time;
the method also comprises the steps of covering a black mulching film for heat preservation and physical weeding, specifically, finishing last intertillage weeding when the air temperature begins to fall in the middle ten days of October, covering the black mulching film, and selecting the afternoon of sunny days when the black mulching film is covered;
thirdly, forcing culture or semi-forcing culture is adopted, when tillering of inner branches of strawberry plants starts after the first inflorescence of the strawberry is harvested in the next 1 th ten days, measures for separating the plants and removing the plants are taken, wherein the leaves of the removed strawberries are completely cut off by scissors, only 2-4 cm of leaf stem branches are left, and after the operation of separating the plants and removing the plants is completed, the bacillus subtilis is sprayed once; selecting a sunny day for operation when taking measures for removing plants in a blocking way;
fourthly, after 22-28 days of removing the strawberry from every other strawberry, ending fruiting of the second inflorescence of the left strawberry, when the cut strawberry begins to fruit, cutting off all leaves of the strawberry left last time, only leaving 2-4 cm twigs of the petioles, and spraying bacillus subtilis once after finishing;
and fifthly, repeating the step IV repeatedly until the whole strawberry harvesting period is finished.
2. The greenhouse strawberry high-yield cultivation method through high-ridge wide-row close planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: before ridging, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, base fertilizer is uniformly spread on the ground, and then the soil is ploughed to a depth of 25 cm;
the base fertilizer is microbial organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate and balanced compound fertilizer; the application dosage is 400kg of microbial organic fertilizer, 5.0 tons/mu of organic fertilizer, 40 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 10 kg/mu of balanced compound fertilizer.
3. The greenhouse strawberry high-yield cultivation method through high-ridge wide-row close planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: the row spacing is 20cm, and the plant spacing is 10 cm.
4. The greenhouse strawberry high-yield cultivation method through high-ridge wide-row close planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: and in the operation of the third step and the fourth step, only 3 centimeters of petioles are left.
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