CN110547158A - Strawberry field cultivation method - Google Patents
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of strawberry cultivation, and discloses a strawberry field cultivation method, which comprises the technical tests of tissue culture propagation and seedling exercising rooting of strawberry varieties such as Hongyan, zhuiji, Qian hong, Jingzang incense, princess, all star, flange land, princess, banana, Suizhu and the like; establishing a tissue culture seedling variety resource garden by adopting an original seed cultivation technology; the production of the virus-free test-tube plantlet of the Hongyan, the zhuizhu and the liuzhu adopts the technical rules of virus-free test-tube plantlet of strawberry stem tip and rapid propagation. The method develops the tissue culture seedling hardening and transplanting, the mountain-crossing over summer breeding technical test of the original species and the rapid seedling breeding and cultivating technical test of 10 varieties of strawberries, plants 5600 seedlings of tissue culture seedlings in the Wulong base and breeds more than 5 thousands of original strawberry seedlings. The strawberry seedlings in the central female parent garden of the potato are transplanted in the pots, about 1200 pots are formed, and pollination rate and fruit setting rate of the strawberry seedlings in the net room of the female parent garden are improved by releasing bees.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of strawberry cultivation, and particularly relates to a field cultivation method for strawberries.
Background
Currently, the closest prior art: strawberry has abundant nutritive value, is called as 'fruit queen', contains nutrient substances such as vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B1, carotene, calcium, iron, anthocyanin and the like, is beneficial to human body, and has the effects of protecting eyesight and helping digestion. The strawberry growth prefers a warm and cool climate environment, and the soil is preferably fertile and loose. The strawberry has high nutritive value, contains multiple nutrients, and has health promoting effect. In recent years, with the scientific and technological progress of China and the innovation of rural economic systems, strawberries as a new fruit industry with short production period, quick response and high income are rapidly developed all over the country, and good economic and social benefits are brought to main production areas. In addition to supplying domestic markets, quick-frozen strawberries have been introduced into the international market, with a annual average export amount of 6.93 billion dollars in 2010-2014. The strawberry industry has ever-increasing market demands and broad development prospects.
The strawberry cultivation technology comprises the steps of 1, sowing and seedling raising, soaking seeds for about 10 hours in advance, covering screened fine soil with the thickness of about 0.2 cm on the soil after the seeds are swelled, covering a plastic film, and sprouting about 10 days after sowing. 2, field planting, thinning out seedlings properly after seedling emergence, making beds before field planting, wherein the width of each bed is 80 cm, the height of each bed is 15cm, and the length of each bed is 20cm, and directional field planting is carried out during field planting so that inflorescences face one direction, and one plant is planted in one hole, and the depth is proper so that the inflorescences do not bury seedling centers. And 3, managing, watering and permeating water once after planting, watering once in the morning and evening within one week after planting, applying enough fertilizer from planting to flowering, applying 10 kilograms of diammonium phosphate in the fruit expanding period and the harvesting period, watering together, and spraying 2-3 times of 0.1-0.2% monopotassium phosphate if the fruits grow well to achieve high yield. And 4, controlling diseases and pests, wherein the diseases and pests of the strawberries comprise powdery mildew, gray mold, aphids, whiteflies and the like, and the method for controlling the diseases and pests comprises the step of spraying 50% of 800 times of sterile solution and 30% of 5000 times of tefurazoline solution. The gray mold can be sprayed with 300 times of 25% carbendazim wettable powder, 800 times of 50% captan wettable powder, 500 to 700 times of 50% prohydantoin and the like. The aphids can be prevented and controlled by 50 percent of Pimpinella piricola fog. The trialeurodes vaporariorum can be prevented and treated by 2500 times of liquid of 25 percent of chlorpyrifos wettable powder and the like.
Seedlings required for producing the strawberries are mainly obtained by asexual propagation modes such as plant division and the like, but the problems of variety aging, seedling toxicity, continuous cropping diseases and the like are prominent due to long-time self-propagation and self-breeding; the problems of single variety, serious pest and disease damage, blind application and the like exist in strawberry production. Meanwhile, the production of the seedlings depends on external adjustment for a long time, the introduction of the seedlings is very blind, the quality of the seedlings is uneven, a large number of non-detoxified inferior seedlings occupy the market, the problems of high seedling cost, difficult quality guarantee and the like are prominent, and the problems become bottleneck problems restricting the development of the strawberry industry.
Therefore, a new strawberry field cultivation method is urgently needed to reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests in the strawberry planting process, reduce the use amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improve the quality safety of fruits and ensure that consumers eat high-quality strawberries with reassurance; meanwhile, a new way is opened up for the income increase of farmers and the efficiency increase of agriculture.
In summary, the problems of the prior art are as follows:
(1) The problems of aging of strawberry varieties, toxic seedlings, continuous cropping diseases and the like cultured by the prior art are prominent.
(2) The problems of single variety, serious pest and disease damage, blind application and the like exist in strawberry production.
(3) The production of seedlings depends on external regulation for a long time, the introduction of the seedlings is very blind, the quality of the seedlings is uneven, a large number of non-detoxified inferior seedlings occupy the market, the cost of the seedlings is high, the quality is difficult to ensure, and the like.
the difficulty and significance for solving the technical problems are as follows:
By using the novel strawberry field cultivation method, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests in the strawberry planting process is reduced, the use amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is reduced, the quality safety of fruits is improved, and consumers can eat high-quality strawberries with reassurance; meanwhile, a new way is opened up for the income increase of farmers and the efficiency increase of agriculture.
Disclosure of Invention
aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a field cultivation method for strawberries.
The invention is realized in such a way that a strawberry field cultivation method comprises the following steps:
Firstly, carrying out tissue culture propagation and seedling exercising rooting technical tests on strawberry varieties such as red skin, chapter Ji, Qian red, Jingzang incense, princess, whole star, flange land, princess, banana, Suizhu and the like;
Secondly, establishing a tissue culture seedling variety resource garden by adopting an original seed cultivation technology;
Thirdly, producing the virus-free test-tube plantlet of the Hongyan, the zhuiji and the Suizhu, and adopting the technical specifications of virus-free test-tube plantlet of strawberry stem tip and rapid propagation of the virus-free test-tube plantlet.
further, the strawberry field cultivation method optimizes the strawberry stem tip virus-free rapid propagation technology, and completes the technical test work of tissue culture propagation and seedling exercising and rooting of strawberry varieties such as red color, Qizhu, Qian hong, Jingzang incense, princess, all star, flange land, imperial concubine, banana, Suizhu and the like.
Further, the strawberry field cultivation method comprises the following steps: training and transplanting strawberry tissue culture seedlings, performing high mountain over summer breeding technical test on original seeds, and performing rapid seedling breeding and cultivation technical test.
Further, the strawberry field cultivation method further comprises the following steps:
Selecting improved varieties: selecting good varieties such as Hongyan and Suizhu, and adopting detoxicated seedling.
temporary planting in due time
separating the stolon seedlings from the mother plants for temporary planting when 2-3 leaves of the stolon seedlings are unfolded: transplanting in late 8 months with plant row spacing of 15 cm; building a shed to shade, promoting growth of fertilizer and water in the early period, and stopping fertilizing and watering after 8 late months to promote flower bud differentiation; 5-6 leaves of the seedling are unfolded, the rootstock is thick and 1.4cm, the seedling weight is more than 25 g, the leaf stalk is short and thick, the fibrous root is more, and the thick and white strong seedling is standard and is transplanted to a field.
Step three, compartment making and multilayer covering
high-compartment deep groove cultivation; firstly, deep-groove high-compartment cultivation; secondly, high-compartment cultivation; thirdly, the high-compartment cultivation is convenient for mulching a mulching film; in deep groove high-compartment cultivation, the width of a groove is generally 35cm, the width of a compartment is 60cm, the depth of the groove is 20-25cm, and two rows of strawberries are cultivated in each compartment; and (4) multilayer covering, namely covering a mulching film besides the greenhouse film, so as to ensure the temperature required by the growth and development of the strawberries in the greenhouse.
Step four, fertilizing
Re-applying a base fertilizer; when the compartment is prepared for land preparation, base fertilizer is applied in the compartment, then the compartment is deeply ploughed, finely leveled, and fertilizer is applied according to the position of the compartment ditch, the fertilizer is uniformly spread on the planting position, the fertilizer is not spread outside the ditch, loose soil at the ditch is spread on the compartment surface, the compartment with the width of 60cm and the height of 20-25cm is built for planting, 3000 plus organic fertilizer and 3500kg compound fertilizer are applied every 667 square meters.
Fifthly, planting
Planting in last 9 months; a one-compartment double-row planting mode is adopted, the row spacing is 30cm, the planting distance is 15-20cm, the curved convex surface of the root and stem base of the strawberry faces the outer side of the ridge during planting, and the planting depth needs to be 'deep without burying the core, shallow without exposing roots'.
step six, managing fertilizer and water
Fully irrigating water after planting, keeping soil moist before flowering after the strawberries turn green, and not fully irrigating ten days before buckling a shed, so that the strawberries are not beneficial to growth, flowering and fruit setting; the flower buds are spitted out from the first pre-inflorescence, and after 10 th of the month, the top dressing is carried out on the first-order fruits in the rapid growth period and the mature period according to the condition; the application can be made 1 time 20 days before 12 months, and once every month after 12 months.
The pre-flowering topdressing is mainly carried out by foliage spraying; the foliage fertilizer is not generally applied during the flowering period, the top dressing of the fruit development period mainly comprises N fertilizer and P fertilizer, 0.3-0.5% of monopotassium phosphate or 0.2-0.5% of urea is selected for top dressing, the monopotassium phosphate is used for re-application after being soaked in water for 15 hours one day before top dressing, and the top dressing is performed for 3-4 times during the fruiting period, so that less application is realized.
Step seven, covering the shed and covering the mulching film in due time
covering the shed in due time, covering a mulching film when covering the shed, and selecting a black mulching film to inhibit weeds.
step eight, regulating and controlling chemical hormone to break dormancy
Spraying gibberellin for the first time on sunny days after buckling the greenhouse and preserving moisture, and spraying gibberellin for each plant once aiming at heart leaves of the plants; and after the first fruit harvest is finished, spraying gibberellin once 7 days after the old leaves are stripped, and spraying gibberellin once 7 days after the old leaves are stripped similarly after the second fruit harvest.
Ninth, field management
Plant adjustment with leaf picking as the key point; removing all lateral buds at the base of a plant in the initial flowering period, generally keeping 6-7 leaves when seedlings are planted to buds, picking off the leaves after harvesting fruits each time, keeping 5-6 normal healthy leaves for each plant, removing all the other base leaves, and removing stolons which are few in the flowering and fruiting period at any time; note that small branches and weak small fruits are removed, and typically 7-8 fruits are left per inflorescence.
The auxiliary pollination is performed in a shed, and bees are put in a box at about 200 square meters per shed; and (5) applying additional fertilizer again to promote fruit growth. In addition to sufficient base fertilizer application, additional fertilizer application is carried out again, N, P, K and 10kg of compound fertilizer are applied to 667 square meters as high-yield relay fertilizers before mulching film laying, bud fertilizer, expanding fertilizer and leaf fertilizer are respectively applied in the bud emergence period and the initial flowering period, the fruit expanding period and the fruit harvesting period, and the fertilizer application is carried out 3 times in each batch of flowering and fruiting periods.
Step ten, comprehensively preventing and treating diseases and pests
The diseases and pests mainly occurring in production comprise anthracnose, gray mold, powdery mildew, aphid, spider mite (red and yellow spider), cutworm, trialeurodes vaporariorum and prodenia litura; the soil is disinfected, after the soil is deeply ploughed, the soil is disinfected by 48% lesben missible oil, and meanwhile, underground overwintering pests are prevented and treated.
Agricultural control adopts high-compartment cultivation, mulching in a greenhouse is carried out, reasonable dense planting is carried out, ventilation and light transmission are kept, irrigation and drainage work with good water is carried out, old leaves and residual leaves, fruits falling on the ground and fruit leaves with diseases and insects are removed in time, centralized destruction is carried out, the base numbers of diseases and insects are reduced, and propagation and diffusion are avoided.
physical prevention and control, wherein first, bait is used for killing insects, asparagus lettuce leaves or vegetable leaves are cut into pieces to be used as bait, the pieces are mixed and stirred in the same proportion, the mixture is uniformly stirred, and the mixture is scattered into a compartment in the early six hours or five hours in the afternoon every day to trap and kill cutworm larvae; and secondly, yellow plate trapping, wherein 10 yellow plates of 20 x 25 are placed on each 667 square meters of the greenhouse in the adult generation period, and are fixed on the ground at 50 cm by using a stick to trap aphids and phylloxera.
Chemical prevention and control, namely preventing and controlling powdery mildew, gray mold and anthracnose of strawberry, spraying 32% of enoxadol wettable powder, 30% of pentoxazole thiram wettable powder, 75% of chlorothalonil wettable powder and 70% of mancozeb wettable powder once every seven days at the early stage of disease attack, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times; preventing and treating strawberry aphid and whitefly, and spraying and killing by using 10% imidacloprid wettable powder or 70% imidacloprid water dispersant; the key period for preventing and controlling prodenia litura and cutworm is the low-instar larva period, and the spraying and killing are carried out by using 10 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin missible oil or 18 percent of bisultap water aqua; for preventing and treating spider mites, when inflorescence is initially shown, 0.3-degree lime sulphur can be sprayed, and spraying is carried out again every seven days; before picking fruit, 20 percent of synergistic killing pyrethrin with low residual toxicity is used for killing 5000 times to 8000 times of liquid, and the liquid is sprayed twice at intervals of five days; the pesticide is forbidden for two weeks before fruit picking.
Eleventh, strawberry harvesting
spraying the fruits with 0.1-0.5% calcium chloride solution before harvesting, or soaking the fruits with calcium chloride solution after harvesting; the method is characterized in that the strawberry ripens about 30 days after blooming, the strawberry is divided and batched according to the ripeness degree, the strawberry is generally harvested once every 1-2 days in the mature period, the storage fruits are generally harvested 1-2 days before the fruits are fully ripe, and the proper harvest ripeness degree is that the eight-color fruits turn into red or pink.
The harvesting time is preferably selected after the morning is dried with dew or at the evening; grading while mining; when picking, removing diseased and inferior berries at any time, placing the good berries in a special small container gently, and using a perforated basket with the height within 10 cm; the strawberries are prevented from being turned over after being placed, so that the skin is prevented from being damaged, the strawberries are timely treated after the baskets are full, and the strawberries are stored in a refrigeration house or transported after being precooled.
In summary, the advantages and positive effects of the invention are:
The method develops the tissue culture seedling hardening and transplanting, the mountain-crossing over summer breeding technical test of the original species and the rapid seedling breeding and cultivating technical test of 10 varieties of strawberries, plants 5600 seedlings of tissue culture seedlings in the Wulong base and breeds more than 5 thousands of original strawberry seedlings. The strawberry seedlings in the central female parent garden of the potato are transplanted in the pots, about 1200 pots are formed, and pollination rate and fruit setting rate of the strawberry seedlings in the net room of the female parent garden are improved by releasing bees.
The method realizes the integration of the high-quality and high-yield cultivation technology of the strawberries, develops the demonstration of the high-quality and high-yield cultivation technology of the detoxified strawberries, and effectively improves the yield of the strawberries and produces the green high-quality strawberries by selecting excellent varieties and high-quality detoxified seedlings and adopting the technical measures of greenhouse heat preservation, forcing cultivation, ridging cultivation, drip tube micro-irrigation under the film, water and fertilizer integration, balanced nutrient fertilization, increased application of organic fertilizer, reasonable water control, green prevention and control of. Meanwhile, the field cultivation method for the strawberries can effectively improve the yield and quality of the strawberries and the technical level of farmers, and drive farmers to increase the yield and income.
The invention forms a set of high-yield cultivation technology and has good demonstration and popularization effects. The invention has made a high-quality and high-yield cultivation technique for planting 'Hongyan' and 'Suizhu' strawberries, and provides technical guidance for farmers to scientifically plant 'Hongyan' and 'Suizhu' strawberries to obtain high yield. During the implementation of the method, the consciousness and the skill of farmers for scientific field planting are improved by arranging the high-yield demonstration template, developing technical training and issuing technical data. Through multiple training, the high-yield matching production technology of the Hongyan and the Suizhu is delivered to strawberry growers, and 200 mu of detoxified seedlings of the Hongyan and the Suizhu are demonstrated and popularized through dotting and taping. The yield of fresh strawberry can reach more than 2000 kg through test, the new yield value is 504 ten thousand yuan, and the effect of increasing both production and income is obvious.
By implementing and popularizing the cultivation technology, the yield and efficiency of the strawberry cultivation industry are promoted, the seedling culture industry is driven to develop rapidly, a good interaction is formed, the sustainable and healthy development of the strawberry industry is kept, the development of the second and third production industries such as the strawberry processing industry, the rural tourism industry and the like is driven, employment posts and entrepreneurial opportunities are provided for farmers and rural college students, and the farmers are helped to defy poverty and become rich.
drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a strawberry field cultivation method provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a field cultivation method for strawberries, and the invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the strawberry field cultivation method provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
S101: performing tissue culture propagation expanding and seedling exercising rooting technical tests on strawberry varieties such as Hongyan, Zhangji, Qianhong, Jingzang incense, princess, all star, flange land, princess, banana, Suizhu and the like;
S102: establishing a tissue culture seedling variety resource garden by adopting an original seed cultivation technology (a central greenhouse);
S103: the production of the virus-free test-tube plantlet of the Hongyan, the zhuizhu and the liuzhu adopts the technical rules of virus-free test-tube plantlet of strawberry stem tip and rapid propagation.
the strawberry field cultivation method provided by the embodiment of the invention further comprises the following steps:
s101, selecting improved varieties: selecting good varieties such as Hongyan and Suizhu, and adopting detoxicated seedling.
S102, timely temporary planting
Separating the stolon seedlings from the mother plants for temporary planting when 2-3 leaves of the stolon seedlings are unfolded: transplanting after planting in the last ten days of 8 months, wherein the row spacing of the plants is about 15 cm. And (4) building a shed to shade, promoting the growth of the flower by using fertilizer and water in the early period, and stopping fertilizing and watering after 8 late months to promote the differentiation of flower buds. 5-6 leaves of the seedling are unfolded, the rootstock is about 1.4cm thick, the seedling weight is more than 25 g, the leaf stalk is short and thick, the fibrous root is more, thick and white, the seedling is standard, and the seedling is transplanted to a field.
S103, making compartments and multi-layer covering
and (5) high-compartment deep groove cultivation. Firstly, deep-groove high-compartment cultivation is convenient to irrigate, and is beneficial to increasing the soil permeability and promoting the root growth; secondly, the strawberries can be hung on two sides of the high compartment for high compartment cultivation, so that the strawberries are beneficial to being ventilated by light, the quality of the strawberries is improved, and the fruit diseases are reduced; and thirdly, mulching is convenient for high-compartment cultivation, the temperature of soil at the root growth part of the strawberry is high in daytime, the temperature is quickly reduced at night, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the nutrient accumulation of the fruits is facilitated. In deep-groove high-compartment cultivation, the width of a groove is 35cm, the width of a compartment is 60cm, the depth of the groove is 20-25cm, and two rows of strawberries are cultivated in each compartment. And (4) covering with multiple layers. Besides the greenhouse film, the plastic film is covered to ensure the temperature required by the growth and development of the strawberries in the greenhouse.
S104, fertilizing
and (5) re-applying the base fertilizer. When the compartment is prepared for land preparation, base fertilizer is applied in the compartment, then the compartment is deeply ploughed, finely leveled, and fertilizer is applied according to the position of the compartment ditch, the fertilizer is uniformly spread on the planting position, the fertilizer is not spread outside the ditch, loose soil at the ditch is spread on the compartment surface, the compartment with the width of 60cm and the height of 20-25cm is built for planting, 3000 plus organic fertilizer and 3500kg compound fertilizer are applied every 667 square meters.
S105, planting
Permanent planting in last 9 months. A one-compartment double-row planting mode is adopted, the row spacing is 30cm, the planting distance is 15-20cm, the curved convex surface of the root and stem base of the strawberry faces the outer side of the ridge during planting, and the planting depth needs to be 'deep without burying the core, shallow without exposing roots'.
s106, managing fertilizer and water
and after the strawberries are turned green, soil is kept moist before the strawberries bloom, and the strawberries cannot be fully irrigated ten days before shed covering, so that the strawberries are not beneficial to growth, blooming and fruit setting. The bud is just spitted out by the first pre-inflorescence, and after about 10 months, additional fertilizer is applied according to the condition at the rapid growth period and the mature period of the first-order fruits; the application can be made 1 time 20 days before 12 months, and once every month after 12 months.
The pre-flowering topdressing is mainly carried out by foliage spraying. The foliage fertilizer is not generally applied during the flowering period, the top dressing of the fruit development period mainly comprises N fertilizer and P fertilizer, 0.3-0.5% of monopotassium phosphate or 0.2-0.5% of urea is selected for top dressing, the monopotassium phosphate is used for re-application after being soaked in water for 15 hours one day before top dressing, and the top dressing is performed for 3-4 times during the fruiting period, so that less application is realized.
S107, covering the shed and mulching the mulching film in due time
The shed covering time is not suitable to be too early, the premature plant grows vigorously, the lateral inflorescences cannot normally differentiate flower buds, the fruit bearing number is reduced, and the yield is reduced; and the early maturing is not obvious, otherwise, the plant is easy to enter a dormant state and grows slowly, so that the yield is low. Covering with mulching film is started when the shed is buckled, the black mulching film is selected to inhibit weeds, the mulching film cannot be too early, the root system is prevented from being injured due to too high ground temperature, the flower bud differentiation of lateral inflorescences is delayed, and the covering effect cannot be influenced too late.
S108, chemical hormone regulation and dormancy breaking
Spraying gibberellin for the first time on sunny days after buckling the greenhouse and preserving moisture, and spraying gibberellin for each plant once aiming at heart leaves of the plants; and after the first fruit harvest is finished, spraying gibberellin once 7 days after the old leaves are stripped, and spraying gibberellin once 7 days after the old leaves are stripped after the second fruit harvest.
S108, applying additional fertilizer again to promote big fruits; besides applying N, P, K and 10kg compound fertilizer as high-yield relay fertilizer to 667 square meters before mulching, applying bud fertilizer, expanding fertilizer and leaf fertilizer in bud emergence and initial flowering period, fruit expanding period and fruit harvesting period, respectively, applying fertilizer 3 times in each batch of flowering and fruiting period to promote bud differentiation, and multiple flowering and fruiting.
S109, field management
Plant adjustment with leaf picking as the key point. Generally removing all lateral buds generated at the base of a plant in the initial flowering period, generally keeping 6-7 leaves when seedlings are planted to buds, picking off the leaves after harvesting fruits each time, keeping 5-6 normal healthy leaves for each plant, removing all the other base leaves, and removing stolons which are few in the flowering and fruiting period at any time. Note that small branches and weak small fruits are removed, and typically 7-8 fruits are left per inflorescence. The auxiliary pollination is performed in a shed, and bees are put in a box of about 200 square meters per shed. And (5) applying additional fertilizer again to promote fruit growth. In addition to sufficient base fertilizer application, additional fertilizer application is carried out again, N, P, K and 10kg of compound fertilizer are applied to 667 square meters as high-yield relay fertilizers before mulching film laying, then bud fertilizer, expansion fertilizer and leaf fertilizer are respectively applied in bud emergence and initial flowering period, fruit expansion period and fruit harvesting period, and fertilizer application is carried out for 3 times in each batch of flowering and fruiting period to promote flower bud differentiation, multiple flowering and fruiting and fruit bearing.
S110, comprehensive pest control
The diseases and pests mainly generated in production comprise anthracnose, gray mold, powdery mildew, aphid, spider mite (red and yellow spider), cutworm, trialeurodes vaporariorum, prodenia litura and the like. The soil is disinfected, after the soil is deeply ploughed, the soil is disinfected by 48% lesben missible oil, and meanwhile, underground overwintering pests are prevented and treated.
And (4) agricultural prevention and control. High-compartment cultivation is adopted, mulching in a greenhouse is carried out, reasonable dense planting is carried out, ventilation and light transmission are kept, water drainage and irrigation are carried out, old leaves and residual leaves, fruits falling on the ground and fruit leaves with diseases and insects are removed in time, concentrated destruction is carried out, the base numbers of diseases and insects are reduced, and propagation and diffusion are avoided.
and (4) physical prevention and control. Firstly, bait disinsection, using asparagus lettuce leaves or vegetable leaves to cut up and make into bait, mixing and stirring the medicament with the same proportion, stirring evenly, scattering into the carriage six morning or five afternoon every day, and trapping and killing cutworm larvae. And secondly, yellow plate trapping, wherein 10 yellow plates of 20 x 25 are placed on each 667 square meters of the greenhouse in the adult generation period, and are fixed on the ground at 50 cm by using a stick to trap aphids and phylloxera.
Chemical prevention and control. The wettable powder of 32 percent of Enconazole carbendazim, the wettable powder of 30 percent of pentoxazole thiram, the wettable powder of 75 percent of chlorothalonil and the wettable powder of 70 percent of mancozeb are sprayed for 2 to 3 times every seven days in succession to prevent and treat powdery mildew, gray mold and anthracnose of strawberries. For preventing and treating strawberry aphid and whitefly, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder or 70% imidacloprid water dispersant can be used for spray killing. The key period for preventing and controlling prodenia litura and black cutworm is the low-instar larva period, and the prodenia litura and black cutworm can be killed by spraying 10% of high-efficiency cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate or 18% of double pesticides. For preventing and treating spider mites, when inflorescence is initially shown, 0.3-degree lime sulphur can be sprayed, and spraying is carried out again every seven days; before picking fruit, 20 percent of synergistic killing pyrethrin with low residual toxicity is used for killing 5000 times to 8000 times of liquid, and the liquid is sprayed twice at intervals of five days. The pesticide is forbidden for two weeks before fruit picking.
S111, harvesting strawberries
The strawberry is preferably sprayed with 0.1-0.5% calcium chloride solution before harvesting, or soaked with calcium chloride solution after harvesting to inhibit softening of strawberry. The method is characterized in that the strawberry ripens about 30 days after blooming, the strawberry is divided and batched according to the ripeness degree, the strawberry is generally harvested once every 1-2 days in the mature period, the storage fruits are generally harvested 1-2 days before the fruits are fully ripe, and the proper harvest ripeness degree is that the eight-color fruits turn into red or pink. The harvesting time is preferably selected after the morning is dried with dew or at the evening. And the classification is carried out while the mining, so that the mechanical damage caused by the turning is reduced as much as possible. When picking, the diseased and inferior berries are removed at any time, and the good berries are lightly placed in a special small container, or a perforated basket with the height within 10cm can be used. The strawberries are prevented from being turned over after being placed, so that the skin is prevented from being damaged, the strawberries are timely treated after the baskets are full, and the strawberries are stored in a refrigeration house or transported after being precooled.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described with reference to the following specific examples.
Example 1
The embodiment of the invention carries out the bidding work of experimental instruments and production data, and marks and signs a contract with Chongqing Yonghao company. And (5) completing the construction of a strawberry mother garden breeding greenhouse and completing the purchasing and acceptance work of experimental instruments and equipment and production data. Optimizing the research of strawberry stem tip detoxification and rapid propagation technology, completing the experimental work of tissue culture propagation and seedling training and rooting technology of strawberry varieties such as red color, chapter Ji, Qian hong, Jingzang incense, princess, all stars, flange land, princess, banana, Suizhu and the like, groping the original seed cultivation technology (central greenhouse), and establishing a tissue culture seedling variety resource garden. The production of 30000 seedlings of Hongyan, zhuiji and liuzhu virus-free test-tube seedlings preliminarily explores the technical procedures of strawberry stem tip virus-free and rapid propagation of virus-free test-tube seedlings. And (3) carrying out training seedling transplanting, mountain-crossing over summer propagation technical test and rapid propagation cultivation technical test on the tissue culture seedlings of 10 varieties of strawberries, planting 5600 seedlings of the tissue culture seedlings in the Wulong base and propagating more than 5 thousands of seedlings of the original strawberry seedlings. The strawberry seedlings in the central female parent garden of the potato are transplanted in the pots, about 1200 pots are formed, and pollination rate and fruit setting rate of the strawberry seedlings in the net room of the female parent garden are improved by releasing bees.
The method is cooperated with Wuling mountain research institute to develop strawberry virus-free seedling breeding, and provides virus-free test-tube seedlings of strawberry fine varieties and later-stage propagation technical guidance for the other side.
example 2
Testing the high-quality and high-yield strawberry cultivation technology: the test area is 1 mu, and the test area comprises a density test, a decrement pesticide application test, a pest and disease medicament screening test, a biological pesticide control and organic fertilizer balance fertilization test and 1 integrated strawberry high-quality high-yield cultivation technology. Training the high-quality and high-yield cultivation technology of the tissue strawberries for 2 times, training the basic technicians for 10 times, and training the production farmers and the farmers for 40 times; the science popularization is publicized for 1 time.
Meanwhile, 1 each of the detoxified strawberry nursery garden and the over-summer seedling breeding base is built, and the area is 15 mu in total. 1 high-yield cultivation technology demonstration base is constructed, and the area is 5 mu. The yield per mu of the strawberries in the demonstration area reaches more than 1000 kilograms, and is increased by more than 20 percent compared with the average yield per mu of the strawberries in China.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The strawberry field cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
Firstly, carrying out tissue culture propagation and seedling exercising rooting technical tests on strawberry varieties such as red skin, chapter Ji, Qian red, Jingzang incense, princess, whole star, flange land, princess, banana, Suizhu and the like;
Secondly, establishing a tissue culture seedling variety resource garden by adopting an original seed cultivation technology;
Thirdly, producing the virus-free test-tube plantlet of the Hongyan, the zhuiji and the Suizhu, and adopting the technical specifications of virus-free test-tube plantlet of strawberry stem tip and rapid propagation of the virus-free test-tube plantlet.
2. the strawberry field cultivation method of claim 1, wherein the strawberry field cultivation method optimizes a strawberry stem tip detoxification and rapid propagation technology, and completes technical test works of tissue culture propagation and seedling exercising rooting of strawberry varieties of Hongyan, chapter Ji, Qian hong, Jing Tibetan incense, princess, all star, flange land, Queen, banana and Suizhu.
3. The strawberry field cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the strawberry field cultivation method comprises: training and transplanting strawberry tissue culture seedlings, performing high mountain over summer breeding technical test on original seeds, and performing rapid seedling breeding and cultivation technical test.
4. The strawberry field cultivation method according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
Selecting improved varieties: selecting good varieties such as Hongyan and Suizhu, and adopting detoxified seedlings;
Temporary planting in due time
Separating the stolon seedlings from the mother plants for temporary planting when 2-3 leaves of the stolon seedlings are unfolded: transplanting in late 8 months with plant row spacing of 15 cm; building a shed to shade, promoting growth of fertilizer and water in the early period, and stopping fertilizing and watering after 8 late months to promote flower bud differentiation; 5-6 leaves of the seedlings are unfolded, the rootstocks are 1.4cm thick, the weight of the seedlings is more than 25 g, the leaf stalks are short and thick, the fibrous roots are many, and the seedlings are transplanted to a field;
Step three, compartment making and multilayer covering
high-compartment deep groove cultivation; firstly, deep-groove high-compartment cultivation; secondly, high-compartment cultivation; thirdly, the high-compartment cultivation is convenient for mulching a mulching film; in deep groove high-compartment cultivation, the width of a groove is 35cm, the width of a compartment is 60cm, the depth of the groove is 20-25cm, and two rows of strawberries are planted in each compartment; multilayer covering, namely covering a mulching film besides a greenhouse film to ensure the temperature required by the growth and development of the strawberries in the greenhouse;
step four, fertilizing
Re-applying a base fertilizer; when preparing a compartment, applying base fertilizer in the compartment, deeply ploughing, finely leveling, applying fertilizer according to the position of a compartment ditch, uniformly spreading the fertilizer on a planting part without spreading the fertilizer outside the ditch, spreading loose soil at the ditch on the compartment surface, building a compartment with the width of 60cm and the height of 20-25cm for planting, applying 3000 plus organic fertilizer and 3500kg compound fertilizer per 667 square meters;
Fifthly, planting
Planting in last 9 months; adopting a one-compartment double-row planting mode, wherein the row spacing is 30cm, the planting spacing is 15-20cm, and the curved convex surface of the base of the strawberry root is towards the outer side of the ridge during planting;
Step six, managing fertilizer and water
Fully irrigating water after planting, keeping soil moist before flowering after the strawberries turn green, and not fully irrigating ten days before buckling the greenhouse; the flower buds are spitted out from the first pre-inflorescence, and after 10 th of the month, the top dressing is carried out on the first-order fruits in the rapid growth period and the mature period according to the condition; 1-time dressing can be carried out 20 days before 12 months, and one-time dressing can be carried out every month after 12 months;
The pre-flowering topdressing is mainly carried out by foliage spraying; during flowering period, no leaf fertilizer is applied, the top dressing of the fruit in the development period mainly comprises N fertilizer and P fertilizer, 0.3-0.5% of monopotassium phosphate or 0.2-0.5% of urea is selected for top dressing, monopotassium phosphate is used for reuse after being soaked in water for 15 hours one day before top dressing, and the top dressing is performed for 3-4 times in the fruiting period, so that less application is performed frequently;
Step seven, covering the greenhouse in due time, and covering a black mulching film when covering the greenhouse;
Step eight, regulating and controlling chemical hormone to break dormancy
Spraying gibberellin for the first time on sunny days after buckling the greenhouse and preserving moisture, and spraying gibberellin for each plant once aiming at heart leaves of the plants; after the first fruit harvest is finished, spraying gibberellin for 7 days after the old leaves are stripped, and spraying gibberellin for 7 days after the old leaves are stripped in the same way after the second fruit harvest;
Ninth, field management
Plant adjustment with leaf picking as the key point; removing all lateral buds at the base of the plant in the initial flowering period, reserving 6-7 leaves when the seedlings are planted to buds, picking off the leaves after harvesting the fruits each time, reserving 5-6 normal healthy leaves for each plant, removing all the other base leaves, and removing stolons which are few in the flowering and fruiting period at any time; note that small branches and weak small fruits are removed, and 7-8 fruits are left in each inflorescence;
the auxiliary pollination is performed in a shed, and 200 square meters of bees are placed in each shed for one box; applying additional fertilizer again to promote fruit growth; applying additional fertilizer, applying N, P, K and compound fertilizer 10kg per 667 square meters before mulching film laying as high-yield relay fertilizer, then respectively applying bud fertilizer, expanding fertilizer and leaf fertilizer in bud emergence and initial flowering period, fruit expanding period and fruit harvesting period, and applying fertilizer 3 times in each batch of flowering and fruiting period;
Step ten, comprehensively preventing and treating diseases and pests
the diseases and pests mainly occurring in production comprise anthracnose, gray mold, powdery mildew, aphid, leaf mite, cutworm, trialeurodes vaporariorum and prodenia litura; disinfecting the soil, deeply ploughing the soil, disinfecting the soil by using 48% lesiben missible oil, and simultaneously preventing and controlling underground overwintering pests;
agricultural prevention and control, adopting high-compartment cultivation, covering plastic film in a greenhouse, reasonably and densely planting, keeping ventilation and light transmission, performing irrigation and drainage work of good water, timely removing old leaves and residual leaves, fruits falling on the ground and fruit leaves with diseases and insects, intensively destroying, and reducing the base numbers of diseases and insects;
physical prevention and control, wherein first, bait is used for killing insects, asparagus lettuce leaves or vegetable leaves are cut into pieces to be used as bait, the pieces are mixed and stirred in the same proportion, the mixture is uniformly stirred, and the mixture is scattered into a compartment in the early six hours or five hours in the afternoon every day to trap and kill cutworm larvae; secondly, yellow-board trapping, wherein 10 yellow boards of 20 x 25 are placed in each 667 square meters of the greenhouse and fixed on 50 cm above the ground by a stick to trap aphids and phylloxera in the adult period;
Chemical prevention and control, namely, prevention and control of powdery mildew, gray mold and anthracnose of strawberries, wherein 20 percent of synergistic killing pyrethroid with low residual toxicity is used for 5000 times liquid to 8000 times liquid before fruit picking, and the liquid is sprayed twice at intervals of five days; the pesticide is forbidden for two weeks before picking;
eleventh, strawberry harvesting
spraying the fruits with 0.1-0.5% calcium chloride solution before harvesting, or soaking the fruits with calcium chloride solution after harvesting; the method comprises the following steps of (1) maturing the strawberries 30 days after blooming, performing batch operation according to maturity, harvesting once every 1-2 days generally, harvesting once every day in a mature period, harvesting 1-2 days before full maturity of fruits for storage, wherein the proper harvest maturity is that the eight-color surfaces of the fruits are converted into red or pink;
The harvesting time is preferably selected after the morning is dried with dew or at the evening; grading while mining; when picking, removing diseased and inferior berries at any time, placing the good berries in a special small container gently, and using a perforated basket with the height within 10 cm; the strawberries are prevented from being turned over after being placed, so that the skin is prevented from being damaged, the strawberries are timely treated after the baskets are full, and the strawberries are stored in a refrigeration house or transported after being precooled.
5. A strawberry field cultivation method according to claim 4, characterized in that in step ten, the chemical control comprises: spraying 32% of alkene azole carbendazim wettable powder, 30% of pentoxazole thiram wettable powder, 75% of chlorothalonil wettable powder and 70% of mancozeb wettable powder once every seven days at the early stage of disease incidence, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times; preventing and treating strawberry aphid and whitefly, and spraying and killing by using 10% imidacloprid wettable powder or 70% imidacloprid water dispersant; the key period for preventing and controlling prodenia litura and cutworm is the low-instar larva period, and the spraying and killing are carried out by using 10 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin missible oil or 18 percent of bisultap water aqua; for preventing and treating spider mite, when the inflorescence is first shown, 0.3 degree lime sulphur can be sprayed, and spraying is carried out again every seven days.
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| CN112913595B (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2022-04-08 | 山东省农业科学院科技信息研究所 | High-ridge wide-row close-planting high-yield cultivation method for greenhouse strawberries |
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| CN112042488B (en) * | 2020-10-13 | 2022-05-06 | 山东省农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 | Under-forest strawberry seedling culture method |
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| CN112379711B (en) * | 2020-11-12 | 2021-09-03 | 浙江宜葆生物科技有限公司 | Strawberry gray mold forecasting system based on Internet of things |
| CN114830974A (en) * | 2022-06-02 | 2022-08-02 | 遵义市农业科学研究院 | Strawberry powdery mildew green prevention and control method |
| CN114830974B (en) * | 2022-06-02 | 2024-02-02 | 遵义市农业科学研究院 | Green prevention and control method for powdery mildew of strawberries |
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