CN112715822A - 一种石斛保鲜工艺 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种石斛保鲜工艺，包括：鲜石斛的预处理；第一次预冻结处理；第一次冻干处理；浸泡或喷涂保鲜液；浸泡或喷涂保鲜液后，恒温干燥处理，或进行第二次预冻结处理及第二次冻干处理。本发明的石斛保鲜工艺，通过将真空干燥工艺与涂膜保鲜有机结合，解决了真空冷冻干燥后，石斛的持久保鲜的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品保鲜技术领域，特别涉及一种石斛保鲜工艺。
背景技术
石斛，又名禁生、林兰。功能主治诸多，与不同药物配伍调和呈不同功效作用，是具有延年益寿的佳品，素有“九大仙草之首”、“救命仙草”和“草中黄金”之称。具有益胃生津，滋阴清热之效，用于热病津伤，口干烦渴，胃阴不足，食少干呕，病后虚热不退，阴虚火旺，骨蒸劳热，目暗不明，筋骨痰软。石斛品种主要包含金钗石斛、霍山石斛与鼓槌石斛、流苏石斛等。其中霍山石斛又称米斛，是石斛中的极品，具有独特的养阴生津效果，受到历代医家和医学典籍的推崇。2020年霍山石斛收载于2020版《中国药典》(一部)中药石斛项下，并正式拥有了国家药品标准。现代研究发现，石斛中富含多糖、生物碱、黄酮、多酚等生物活性物质，具有抗氧化、增强免疫功能、抗炎等活性其中多糖为霍山石斛主要活性成分。由于石斛鲜药保存困难，传统加工工艺需经干燥处理，真空冷冻干燥能有效的保存其活性成分。目前，在干燥处理后的保存中，如何保持品质也需要进一步研究解决。
发明内容
针对上述问题，本发明涉及一种石斛保鲜工艺。
一种石斛保鲜工艺，包括：
(1)鲜石斛的预处理；
(2)第一次预冻结处理；
(3)第一次冻干处理；
(4)浸泡或喷涂保鲜液；
(5)浸泡或喷涂保鲜液后，恒温干燥处理，或进行第二次预冻结处理及第二次冻干处理。
进一步地，所述预处理包括清洗、切段、灭菌处理。
进一步地，所述灭菌处理采用80-90℃水处理2-3min，随后冷水冷却。
进一步地，所述预冻结处理，包括测定预处理石斛的共晶点，预冻结处理温度选择低于共晶点温度5-15℃，预冻结处理时间1-3小时。
进一步地，所述测定预处理石斛的共晶点采用电阻法测定。
进一步地，所述第一次冻干处理和第二次冻干处理中，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，升华压力为20-80Pa，干燥处理时间5-10小时。
进一步地，浸泡或喷涂的保鲜液为含有以下成分的水溶液：0.1-1.0水溶性淀粉，0.1-1.0甘油，0.1-0.5羧甲基纤维素，0.01-0.1麝香草酚，以上含量为重量百分比。
进一步地，水溶液含有：0.1wt％的水溶性淀粉，0.2wt％的甘油，0.1wt％的羧甲基纤维素，0.05wt％的麝香草酚。
进一步地，保鲜液进一步含有：0.1-1.0wt％的NaCl。
进一步地，水溶液含有：0.1wt％的水溶性淀粉，0.2wt％的甘油，0.1wt％的羧甲基纤维素，0.05wt％的麝香草酚，0.1wt％的NaCl。
本发明的石斛保鲜工艺，通过将真空干燥工艺与涂膜保鲜有机结合，解决了真空冷冻干燥后，石斛的持久保鲜的问题。本发明的其它特征和优点将在随后的说明书中阐述，并且，部分地从说明书中变得显而易见，或者通过实施本发明而了解。本发明的目的和其他优点可通过在说明书和权利要求书中所指出的结构来实现和获得。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明多个实施例，对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地说明，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
新鲜霍山石斛茎，用去离子水洗净，沥干，切成0.5cm小段，采用85℃热水漂洗3min，冷却并沥水。其中，所述预处理包括清洗、切段和灭菌处理。灭菌处理采用80-90℃水处理2-3min，随后冷水冷却。采用电阻法测定出石斛的共晶点为-30.5℃,设定冻结温度为-40和预冻结处理时间2h。随后立即进行第一次冻干处理，干燥机热板的温度不超过40℃，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，保证石斛的活性成分不被高温所破坏,升华压力为70Pa，干燥处理时间10h，测得的料温与热板温度趋于一致,干燥完成，随后，喷涂保鲜液，保鲜液成分如下：0.1wt％的水溶性淀粉，0.2wt％的甘油，0.1wt％的羧甲基纤维素，0.05wt％的麝香草酚。30℃进行恒温干燥，得到制品1。
实施例2
新鲜霍山石斛茎，用去离子水洗净，沥干，切成0.5cm小段，采用85℃热水漂洗3min，冷却并沥水。其中，所述预处理包括清洗、切段和灭菌处理。灭菌处理采用80-90℃水处理2-3min，随后冷水冷却。采用电阻法测定出石斛的共晶点为-30.5，设定冻结温度为-40和预冻结处理时间2h。随后立即进行第一次冻干处理，干燥机热板的温度不超过40℃，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，保证石斛的活性成分不被高温所破坏，升华压力为70Pa，干燥处理时间5小时(不必完全冻干，测得的料温与热板温度趋于一致即认为是完全冻干)。随后，立即浸泡在5℃保鲜液中，保鲜液成分如下：0.1wt％的水溶性淀粉，0.2wt％的甘油，0.1wt％的羧甲基纤维素，0.05wt％的麝香草酚。浸泡30min，沥干，随后进行预冻结处理，设定冻结温度为-40℃和预冻结处理时间2h。随后立即进行第二次冻干处理，干燥机热板的温度不超过40℃，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，保证石斛的活性成分不被高温所破坏，升华压力为70Pa，干燥处理时间8h时，测得的料温与热板温度趋于一致，干燥完成，得到制品2。
实施例3
新鲜霍山石斛茎，用去离子水洗净，沥干，切成0.5cm小段，采用85℃热水漂洗3min，冷却并沥水。其中，所述预处理包括清洗、切段、灭菌处理。灭菌处理采用80-90℃水处理2-3min，随后冷水冷却。采用电阻法测定出石斛的共晶点为-30.5℃,设定冻结温度为-40和预冻结处理时间2h。随后立即进行第一次冻干处理，干燥机热板的温度不超过40℃，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，保证石斛的活性成分不被高温所破坏，升华压力为70Pa，干燥处理时间5小时。随后，立即浸泡在5℃保鲜液中，保鲜液成分如下：0.1wt％的水溶性淀粉，0.2wt％的甘油，0.1wt％的羧甲基纤维素，0.05wt％的麝香草酚，0.1的NaCl。浸泡30min，沥干，随后进行预冻结处理，设定冻结温度为-40℃和预冻结处理时间2h。随后立即进行第二次冻干处理，干燥机热板的温度不超过40℃，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，保证石斛的活性成分不被高温所破坏，升华压力为70Pa，干燥处理时间8h时，测得的料温与热板温度趋于一致，干燥完成，得到制品3。
对比例1
新鲜霍山石斛茎，用去离子水洗净，沥干，切成0.5cm小段，采用85℃热水漂洗3min，冷却并沥水。其中，所述预处理包括清洗、切段和灭菌处理。灭菌处理采用80-90℃水处理2-3min，随后冷水冷却。采用电阻法测定出石斛的共晶点为-30.5℃,设定冻结温度为-40℃和预冻结处理时间2h。随后立即进行第一次冻干处理，干燥机热板的温度不超过40℃，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，保证石斛的活性成分不被高温所破坏，升华压力为70Pa，干燥处理时间10时时，测得的料温与热板温度趋于一致，干燥完成，得到制品4。
四种方法所制得的制品均呈现淡绿色，真空避光环境下，制品4相较于制品1-3在一年后会略泛黄，制品1形成的保鲜膜层容易脱落，产生粉状渣，制品2在半年后也容易出现少许粉渣，而制品3的膜层最为紧密，一年后也只有极少量粉渣。
总多糖含量的测定，每种制品取10个样品进行测定，采用2020版《中国药典》照紫外－可见分光光度法(通则0401)测定其总多糖含量。随后将制品1-4的样品放入37℃/75％相对湿度的恒温干燥箱中，3个月后测定其总多糖含量，相对于各样品放入前，制品1-4所对应样品的总多糖含量分别下降5.1％，4.0％，4.0％，10.4％。
尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，包括：
(1)鲜石斛的预处理；
(2)第一次预冻结处理；
(3)第一次冻干处理；
(4)浸泡或喷涂保鲜液；
(5)浸泡或喷涂保鲜液后，恒温干燥处理，或进行第二次预冻结处理及第二次冻干处理。
2.根据权利要求1所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，所述预处理包括清洗、切段、灭菌处理。
3.根据权利要求2所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，所述灭菌处理采用80-90℃水处理2-3min，随后冷水冷却。
4.根据权利要求1所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，所述预冻结处理，包括测定预处理石斛的共晶点，预冻结处理温度选择低于共晶点温度5-15℃，预冻结处理时间1-3小时。
5.根据权利要求4所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，所述测定预处理石斛的共晶点采用电阻法测定。
6.根据权利要求1所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，所述第一次冻干处理和第二次冻干处理中，确保升华温度为共晶点以下，升华压力为20-80Pa，干燥处理时间5-10小时。
7.根据权利要求1所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，浸泡或喷涂的保鲜液为含有以下成分的水溶液：0.1-1.0水溶性淀粉，0.1-1.0甘油，0.1-0.5羧甲基纤维素，0.01-0.1麝香草酚，以上含量为重量百分比。
8.根据权利要求7所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，水溶液含有：0.1wt％的水溶性淀粉，0.2wt％的甘油，0.1wt％的羧甲基纤维素，0.05wt％的麝香草酚。
9.根据权利要求7所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，保鲜液进一步含有：0.1-1.0wt％的NaCl。
10.根据权利要求9所述的石斛保鲜工艺，其特征在于，水溶液含有：0.1wt％的水溶性淀粉，0.2wt％的甘油，0.1wt％的羧甲基纤维素，0.05wt％的麝香草酚，0.1wt％的NaCl。
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