CN112495451A - 一种利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法 - Google Patents
一种利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112495451A CN112495451A CN202011337351.3A CN202011337351A CN112495451A CN 112495451 A CN112495451 A CN 112495451A CN 202011337351 A CN202011337351 A CN 202011337351A CN 112495451 A CN112495451 A CN 112495451A
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/34—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation
- B01J37/349—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of flames, plasmas or lasers
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/053—Sulfates
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法。本发明制备的固体催化剂表面为微米‑纳米复合结构,并且具有高的比表面积,单位面积上具有更多的催化位点。激光烧蚀可以选择不同的激光功率、不同的打标速度、和激光器释放的时间和频率,进而可以改变样品表面的组成成分和形貌。因此,可以针对不同的催化反应需求,选择性地控制表面的组成和形貌。由于本发明利用激光将金属直接变为高比表面的金属氧化物微米‑纳米复合结构,而激光只消耗电能,有效地减少了制备过程中化学药品的消耗,因此污染更小、对环境更加友好。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种快速大量制造固体催化剂的方法,具体涉及用金属、合金、激光打标机、脉冲激光以及固体催化剂。
背景技术
催化剂在现代化学工业、石油化工、能源、制药和环境保护中起着非常重要的作用。满足人们日常生活的绝大部分的化学反应过程都需要催化剂的参与。催化剂的合成作为催化反应的核心,一直都以来备受国内外科学家的关注。其中用于多相催化的固体催化剂由于具有比表面积大、热稳定性好、催化活性高等优点受到了广泛研究。固体催化剂的最大优势在于与催化的液相反应便于分离。粉末状固体催化剂只需过滤即可去除;整体式固体催化剂只需将其从溶液中提起,即可实现与反应液的分离。若使用固体催化剂催化气相反应,则分离变得更加容易,只需增加一个分离装置即可。
通常制备固体催化剂的方法有混合法、沉淀法、浸渍法等。
(1)混合法就是将几种催化剂组分(包括粘合剂)机械混合在一起制备多组分催化剂。将粉料滚动混合粘结形成均匀直径的球体,再将词球体经干燥、焙烧即可制出催化剂。混合发的优势在于设备简单,操作方便;缺点是物料的分散性和均匀性较差。
(2)沉淀法借助沉淀反应,使用沉淀剂将可溶性的催化剂组分转化为难溶的化合物,再经过分离、洗涤、过滤、干燥、焙烧、成型等工序即可制得成品催化剂。沉淀法有利于杂质的清除、可以获得分散度较高的产品并且活性组分与载体的结合较为紧密,不易流失。但是也存在制备成本较高、工艺过程较长、凝胶后处理条件对制品影响较大以及一些工艺原料可能对人体及环境有害等缺点。
(3)浸渍法是通过浸渍将溶液中的某种组分结合到载体上的方法。制备步骤包括抽空载体、再将载体浸于浸渍溶液中一定时间,除去多余的溶液后将载体干燥、煅烧并活化。浸渍法的生产成本低,生产工艺简单,产能大。但是在干燥过程中活性组分易迁移,造成活性组分的流失。
针对传统固体催化剂存在以上制造困难、价格昂贵、重现性低等问题,发展一种快速大量制备固体催化剂并解决传统制备方法缺陷的技术显得尤为重要。激光-化学协同反应过程是国际上近年来新发展的制造功能材料的重要手段,其可用于加工各种物质表面。高能量密度的脉冲激光可以与物质表面的原子作用,使其脱离晶格,并与空气中的气体成分(如:氧气)发生化学反应,以改变表面的原子组成、价态和形貌。将激光处理后的金属片浸渍于含有不同活性离子的溶液中。再将浸渍后的金属片高温焙烧,即可得到对不同反应具有催化选择性的固体催化剂。选择合适的材料以及适合功率和波长的激光,则可能将金属或合金转化为具有高催化活性和选择性的固体催化剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法。
本发明的技术方案:
一种利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法,步骤如下:
(1)将金属/合金表面清洗干净,以去除表面油污和氧化层;
(2)将清洁的金属/合金表面置于激光打标机中,使用适当脉冲宽度和功率的激光处理,在表面得到微米-纳米复合的氧化物层;
打标速度为不大于4000mm/s、激光器电流为1~50A、激光频率为1~200kHz、激光的Q释放时间为1~100μs;
(3)将激光处理过表面的金属/合金浸渍于浓度为0.01-10mol/L的离子溶液中1~60小时;
(4)将浸渍后的金属/合金置于电炉中焙烧,即得固体催化剂。
所述的离子溶液包括钠离子、钾离子、铷离子、铯离子、钙离子、镁离子、钡离子、锶离子、铝离子、金离子、银离子、钌离子、铑离子、钯离子、氯离子、溴离子、碘离子、硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子、磷酸根离子中的一种或两种以上混合。
所述的金属/合金为镁、铝、钪、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、锗、钇、锆、铌、钼、锝、钌、铑、钯、银、镉、铟、锡、锑、镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铪、钽、钨、铼、锇、铱、铂、金、铊、铅、铋以及他们的合金中的一种或两种以上。
所述的焙烧温度为不大于3000K、焙烧时间为1~60小时。
本发明的效果和益处:本发明利用激光加工制备固体催化剂,为工业化大量快速低成本的制备性能优异的固体催化剂提供了一种可行性的通用办法。一、本发明减少了固体催化剂的制备时间,大大降低时间成本,并且所用原料价格低廉,制备方法简单易行。二、本发明制备的固体催化剂表面为微米-纳米复合结构,并且具有高的比表面积,单位面积上具有更多的催化位点。三、激光烧蚀可以选择不同的激光功率、不同的打标速度、和激光器释放的时间和频率,进而可以改变样品表面的组成成分(如氧含量)和形貌。因此,可以针对不同的催化反应需求,选择性地控制表面的组成和形貌。四、由于本发明利用激光将金属直接变为高比表面的金属氧化物微米-纳米复合结构,而激光只消耗电能,有效地减少了制备过程中化学药品的消耗,因此污染更小、对环境更加友好。
附图说明
图1为激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的示意图。
图中:1激光器探头;2激光器枕头;3金属或合金片。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图和技术方案,进一步对本发明进行详细描述。
一种利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法,具体步骤如下:
实施例1
(1)分别将金属锆片置于去离子水、无水乙醇、0.1mol/L稀硫酸、去离子水中各超声清洗10min,以除去金属表面的油污和氧化层,晾干。
(2)将清洁的锆片置于紫外纳秒脉冲激光打标机中,使用激光处理表面,其中涉及的参数为:电流30A,打标速度100mm/s,Q频率20kHz,Q释放30μs。
(3)将激光处理后的锆片浸渍于0.5mol/L的硫酸溶液中24h。
(4)将浸渍后的锆片置于电炉中,800℃焙烧4h,自然降温后即可得到具有超强酸性的固体酸催化剂。
实施例2
(1)分别将金属钛片浸渍于去离子水、无水乙醇、0.1mol/L稀盐酸、去离子水中各超声10min,以除去金属表面的油污和氧化层,晾干。
(2)将清洁的钛片置于紫外纳秒脉冲激光打标机中,使用激光处理表面,其中涉及的参数为:电流35A,打标速度80mm/s,Q频率30kHz,Q释放10μs。
(3)将激光处理后的钛片浸渍于1.5mol/L的硫酸铵溶液中30h。
(4)将浸渍后的钛片置于电炉中,600℃焙烧6h,自然降温后即可得到具有超强酸性的固体酸催化剂。
实施例3
(1)分别将金属钼片浸渍于去离子水、无水乙醇、0.1mol/L稀盐酸、去离子水中各超声10min,以除去金属表面的油污和氧化层,晾干。
(2)将清洁的钼片置于紫外纳秒脉冲激光打标机中,使用激光处理表面,其中涉及的参数为:电流33A,打标速度120mm/s,Q频率20kHz,Q释放15μs。
(3)将激光处理后的钼片浸渍于1.5mol/L的硫酸铵溶液中20h。
(4)将浸渍后的钼片置于电炉中,500℃焙烧4h,自然降温后即可得到具有超强酸性的固体酸催化剂。
实施例4
(1)分别将金属钨片浸渍于去离子水、无水乙醇、0.1mol/L稀硫酸、去离子水中各超声10min,以除去金属表面的油污和氧化层,晾干。
(2)将清洁的钨片置于紫外纳秒脉冲激光打标机中,使用激光处理表面,其中涉及的参数为:电流30A,打标速度80mm/s,Q频率25kHz,Q释放10μs。
(3)将激光处理后的钨片浸渍于1mol/L的硫酸溶液中18h。
(4)将浸渍后的钨片置于电炉中,550℃焙烧5.5h,自然降温后即可得到具有超强酸性的固体酸催化剂。
实施例5
(1)分别将铝镁合金片浸渍于去离子水、无水乙醇、0.02mol/L稀盐酸、去离子水中各超声10min,以除去金属表面的油污和氧化层,晾干。
(2)将清洁的铝镁合金片置于紫外纳秒脉冲激光打标机中,使用激光处理表面,其中涉及的参数为:电流38A,打标速度60mm/s,Q频率20kHz,Q释放15μs。
(3)将激光处理后的铝镁合金片浸渍于0.1mol/L的氯化钾溶液中20h。
(4)将浸渍后的铝镁合金片置于电炉中,400℃焙烧5h,自然降温后即可得到具有超强碱性的固体碱催化剂。
实施例6
(1)分别将金属铝片浸渍于去离子水、无水乙醇、0.03mol/L稀盐酸、去离子水中各超声10min,以除去金属表面的油污和氧化层,晾干。
(2)将清洁的金属铝片置于紫外纳秒脉冲激光打标机中,使用激光处理表面,其中涉及的参数为:电流35A,打标速度50mm/s,Q频率30kHz,Q释放10μs。
(3)将激光处理后的金属铝片浸渍于0.1mol/L的碳酸钾溶液中36h。
(4)将浸渍后的金属铝片置于电炉中,500℃焙烧6h,自然降温后即可得到具有超强碱性的固体碱催化剂。
Claims (5)
1.一种利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法,其特征在于,步骤如下:
(1)将金属/合金表面清洗干净,以去除表面油污和氧化层;
(2)将清洁的金属/合金表面置于激光打标机中,使用适当脉冲宽度和功率的激光处理,在表面得到微米-纳米复合的氧化物层;
打标速度为不大于4000mm/s、激光器电流为1~50A、激光频率为1~200kHz、激光的Q释放时间为1~100μs;
(3)将激光处理过表面的金属/合金浸渍于浓度为0.01-10mol/L的离子溶液中1~60小时;
(4)将浸渍后的金属/合金置于电炉中焙烧,即得固体催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述的离子溶液包括钠离子、钾离子、铷离子、铯离子、钙离子、镁离子、钡离子、锶离子、铝离子、金离子、银离子、钌离子、铑离子、钯离子、氯离子、溴离子、碘离子、硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子、磷酸根离子中的一种或两种以上混合。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述的金属/合金为镁、铝、钪、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、锗、钇、锆、铌、钼、锝、钌、铑、钯、银、镉、铟、锡、锑、镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铪、钽、钨、铼、锇、铱、铂、金、铊、铅、铋以及他们的合金中的一种或两种以上。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述的焙烧温度为不大于3000K、焙烧时间为1~60小时。
5.根据权利要求3所述的利用激光加工技术制造固体催化剂的方法,其特征在于,所述的焙烧温度为不大于3000K、焙烧时间为1~60小时。
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