CN112313239B - 用于酰胺的选择性氢解的固定化钌-triphos催化剂 - Google Patents
用于酰胺的选择性氢解的固定化钌-triphos催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112313239B CN112313239B CN201980044120.2A CN201980044120A CN112313239B CN 112313239 B CN112313239 B CN 112313239B CN 201980044120 A CN201980044120 A CN 201980044120A CN 112313239 B CN112313239 B CN 112313239B
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- IKVDMBQGHZVMRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyldecan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCNC IKVDMBQGHZVMRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKEKKGKDCHCOSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methylpentanamide Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)NC XKEKKGKDCHCOSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBTCHCWUNMZNEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-phenylhexanamide Chemical compound CCCCCC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 JBTCHCWUNMZNEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010534 nucleophilic substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IWELDVXSEVIIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperazin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CNCCN1 IWELDVXSEVIIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXRNXXXXHLBUKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperazine-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1CNC(=O)CN1 BXRNXXXXHLBUKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003880 polar aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001749 primary amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003140 primary amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000005588 protonation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- QBERHIJABFXGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M rhodium;triphenylphosphane;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Rh].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 QBERHIJABFXGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002827 triflate group Chemical group FC(S(=O)(=O)O*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1B(C=1C(=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C=1F)F)C1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F OBAJXDYVZBHCGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004295 valine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一种由式(I)的结构表示的化合物:
Description
技术领域
本发明大致涉及有机化学领域。其特别涉及甲硅烷基醚triphos化合物,含有甲硅烷基醚triphos化合物的有机金属配合物,含有固定在氧化物载体上的有机金属配合物的催化剂,制备所述化合物、配合物和催化剂的方法,和/或使用所述化合物、配合物和催化剂的方法。
背景技术
在温和反应条件下将酰胺氢解为胺代表了一种具有挑战性的化学转化,并且最近已经被定义为制药工业的高度优先研究领域。传统上,需要化学计量的量的还原剂,例如LiAlH4、DIBAL或NaBH4将酰胺还原为胺。然而,所有这些还原剂具有差的原子经济性并产生对环境危险的产物。
相反,元素氢,最简单的还原剂,仅产生水作为副产物,因此使得反应更原子经济且对环境更友好。然而,仅在最近才开发了有效的分子催化剂来使用氢作为还原剂,为更经济、安全和环境良好的药物生产铺平道路。
尽管有它们的发展,但是这些分子催化剂仍然遭受各种缺点,例如不能容易地分离和再循环。此外,它们中的一些由于其对双分子失活的敏感性,所以具有相对短的寿命。
因此,本领域需要提供用于将酰胺氢解以形成胺和任选的醇的替代和/或改进的催化剂和方法,特别是不遭受这些缺点中的一个或多个的催化剂和方法。
本发明解决这一需求以及其它需求,其将由下面的描述和所附权利要求而变得显而易见。
发明内容
本发明在所附权利要求中阐述。
简言之,一方面,本发明提供具有式(I)结构的化合物:
另一方面,本发明提供具有式(II)结构的化合物:
其中L表示离去基团。
在又一方面,本发明提供一种催化剂组合物,其包含:
(a)氧化载体;以及
(b)固定在载体上的式(II)化合物。
在另一个方面,本发明提供了氢解酰胺的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:
在催化剂组合物存在下,在有效形成胺和任选的醇的条件下,使酰胺与氢接触,其中所述催化剂组合物包含:
(a)氧化载体;以及
(b)固定在载体上的式(II)化合物。
附图说明
附图是在实施例4中将2-哌啶酮氢解为哌啶的循环和底物添加实验中,催化剂循环数(TON)对时间的图。
发明详细描述
一方面,本发明提供了一种由结构式(I)表示的化合物:
式(I)的化合物(或简称化合物(I))含有通过丙氧基连接的triphos和三乙氧基甲硅烷基。如式(I)可见,triphos是指1,1,1-三(二苯基膦基甲基)乙烷。
化合物(I)可通过包括以下步骤的方法制备:
(a)在碱的存在下使三溴新戊醇与烯丙基碘反应,以形成具有式(A)的结构的醚化合物:
(b)在铂-N-杂环卡宾(platinum-N-heterocyclic carbene)(Pt-NHC)催化剂的存在下,使醚化合物(A)与三乙氧基硅烷反应,以形成具有式(B)结构的甲硅烷基醚化合物:
(c)使甲硅烷基醚化合物(B)与二苯基磷化钾反应,以形成式(I)化合物。
步骤(a)-(c)可在相容的溶剂中进行。溶剂在各步骤中可相同或不同,并且不特别限制,只要其可以充分溶解反应物/碱/催化剂。合适的溶剂包括非极性溶剂,例如己烷、苯和甲苯;和极性非质子溶剂,例如四氢呋喃(THF)和二甲亚砜(DMSO)。
步骤(a)中采用的碱也不受特别限制。合适的碱包括碱金属醇盐,例如叔丁醇钾。
尽管各种已知的Pt-NHC催化剂和Wilkinson催化剂(氯化三(三苯基膦)合铑(I))可以促进步骤(b)的反应,但优选具有式(C)结构的Pt-NHC催化剂:
催化剂(C)可通过本领域已知的方法制备。
步骤(a)-(c)可在室温或升高的温度,例如40-200℃下进行。
化合物(I)可用作钌的配体,以制备结构式(II)的化合物:
其中L表示离去基团。
因此,在另一方面,本发明提供了具有式(II)结构的有机金属化合物。
离去基团L代表一种或多种“挥发性”或易于除去的配体,其稳定配合物,使得其可在氢解反应之前维持,但是在反应过程中,其通常被一种或多种反应物取代。这种挥发性配体的实例包括三亚甲基甲烷、烯丙基、甲基烯丙基、乙烯、环辛二烯、乙酰丙酮化物和乙酸酯。
在各种实施方式中,离去基团L包括三甲基甲烷(TMM)。
化合物(II)可以通过使化合物(I)与含钌化合物反应来制备。
对含Ru化合物没有特别的限制。它可以是含钌的盐或配合物,与其形式氧化态无关。合适的含Ru化合物包括Ru(acac)3、[Ru(COD)(甲基烯丙基)2]、Ru(NBD)(甲基烯丙基)2、Ru(乙烯)2(甲基烯丙基)2、[(COD)RuCl2]n、RuCl3、[(PPh3)3Ru(H)(CO)Cl]和[(环戊二烯基三羰基锰)RuCl2]2([(cymanthren)RuCl2]2)。
在各种实施方式中,含Ru化合物包括[Ru(COD)(甲基烯丙基)2]。
形成化合物(II)的反应可在相容的溶剂中进行。溶剂没有特别限制,只要它可以充分溶解反应物。合适的溶剂包括非极性溶剂,例如己烷、苯和甲苯。
形成化合物(II)的反应可在室温或升高的温度下进行,例如60至210℃、100至200℃或120至180℃。
有利地,化合物(II)可以固定在氧化载体上,以形成固体或多相催化剂组合物。
因此,在另一方面,本发明提供了一种催化剂组合物,其包含氧化载体和固定在载体上的化合物(II)。
氧化载体的实例包括氧化镁(MgO)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、氧化铝(Al2O3)和二氧化硅(SiO2)。优选地,氧化载体包括二氧化硅,特别是无定形二氧化硅。
固定在氧化载体上的化合物(II)的量没有特别限制。例如,催化剂组合物可含有0.01至1、0.05至0.5或0.05至0.3mmol的Ru/克载体。
催化剂组合物可通过本领域已知的方法制备。例如,在二氧化硅的情况下,催化剂组合物可通过以下制备:首先在真空下在升高的温度(例如500℃)下将二氧化硅脱羟基化,并然后将含有二氧化硅与含化合物(II)的溶液的混合物在非极性溶剂(例如甲苯)中回流一段时间(例如过夜)。催化剂组合物可通过过滤从混合物中回收。
已经令人惊奇地发现,在氧化载体上含有化合物(II)的固定化催化剂对于催化酰胺氢解以形成胺和任选的醇特别有效。这种催化剂表现出高性能,例如在将2-哌啶酮氢解为哌啶中,以及长期稳定性和低浸出率。
因此,在另一方面,本发明提供了氢解酰胺的方法。该方法包括在催化剂组合物存在下,在有效形成胺和任选的醇的条件下,使酰胺与氢气接触,其中催化剂组合物包含固定在氧化载体上的化合物(II)。
应注意的是,在反应过程中,不必使所有膦都与钌结合。此外,并非所有磷原子都可催化地参与反应。
用于进行反应的催化剂的量可以在宽范围内变化。例如,催化剂负载量可为0.01至10摩尔%、0.1至5摩尔%或0.1至1摩尔%。
氢解方法可以在没有加入酸的情况下进行。
或者,氢解方法可在酸存在下进行。
在氢解反应中使用一种或多种酸的情况下,酸的(初始)浓度可在钌浓度的0.5-20倍范围内,基于摩尔计。其它酸浓度包括钌浓度的0.8至10倍、1至5倍、或1至2倍,基于摩尔计。
酸没有特别限制。例如,它可为有机或无机的,如磺酸,尤其是甲磺酸、三氟甲磺酸、对甲苯磺酸和硫酸;三氟乙酸;高氯酸;和它们的混合物。其它合适的酸包括在去质子化后提供弱配位阴离子的那些,例如双(三氟甲烷)磺酰亚胺(HNTf2)或其与上述酸的混合物。
在各种实施方式中,酸可为HNTf2、甲磺酸(MSA)、三(五氟苯基)硼烷(B(C6F5)3)或三氟甲磺酸铝(Al(OTf)3)。
氢解接触步骤优选在升高的温度下进行,例如40-250℃。其它接触步骤温度包括60至210℃、120至200℃或140至180℃。
根据待反应的酰胺,方法可在添加溶剂不存在或存在的情况下进行。溶剂可为普通的非极性溶剂,例如脂族或芳族烃,或弱极性、非质子溶剂,例如醚。脂族溶剂的实例包括戊烷和己烷。芳族溶剂的实例包括苯、二甲苯、甲苯和三甲苯。醚溶剂的实例包括四氢呋喃、二噁烷、二乙醚和聚醚。
接触步骤可以在至少1巴、至少10巴或至少20巴的初始氢气压力下进行,并且在每种情况下,至多1000巴、至多750巴、至多500巴、至多250巴或至多100巴。
对可以在本发明氢解方法中转化的酰胺类型没有特别限制。例如,酰胺可为伯、仲或叔酰胺,尽管伯酰胺可比仲或叔酰胺更少选择性还原。在各种实施方案中,酰胺是仲或叔酰胺。可以用于本发明方法的酰胺的具体实例包括N-甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基丙酰胺、N,N-二甲基丙酰胺、N-甲基异丁酰胺、N,N-二甲基异丁酰胺、N-甲基丁酰胺、N,N-二甲基丁酰胺、N-甲基戊酰胺、N,N-二甲基戊酰胺、N-甲基己酰胺、N,N-二甲基己酰胺、N-甲基苯甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基苯甲酰胺、N-甲基苯乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基苯乙酰胺、2-乙基-N-甲基己酰胺、2-乙基-N,N-二甲基己酰胺、N-甲基癸酰胺、N,N-二甲基癸酰胺、N-己基己酰胺、N-乙酰基吡咯烷、N-乙酰基哌啶、N-乙酰基吗啉、N-苄基-2-甲氧基乙酰胺、N-甲基羟基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基羟基乙酰胺、N-己基-2-甲氧基乙酰胺、N-己基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷-3-甲酰胺、N-己基-2-呋喃基甲酰胺、N-苄基苯甲酰胺、N-乙基乙酰胺、N-甲基丙酰胺、N-环己基-2-甲氧基乙酰胺、N-苯基己酰胺、N-苯基己基酰胺、2-甲氧基-N-苯基乙酰胺、N-苯基苯甲酰胺、乙二胺-N,N’-(2-甲氧基乙酰胺)、N-己酰基吗啉、N-丁酰基吗啉、N-2-甲氧基乙酰基吡咯烷、N-甲酰基吗啉、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基苯甲酰胺、四甲基草酰胺、N,N,N',N'-四甲基-1,4-环己烷二甲酰胺和N,N'-二甲基-1,4-环己烷二甲酰胺。
本发明的方法也可以氢解环状酰胺,例如χ-丁内酰胺、δ-戊内酰胺、ε-己内酰胺、哌嗪-2-酮(piperizin-2-one)、环二甘氨酸、环甘氨酰-L-缬氨酸、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N-苯基吡咯烷酮、N-乙基吡咯烷酮、N-丁基吡咯烷酮、N-甲基哌啶酮、N-甲基-5-甲基哌啶酮、N-甲基己内酰胺和N-乙基己内酰胺。
在各种实施方案中,酰胺是δ-戊内酰胺、N-己基己酰胺、N-甲基癸基酰胺或N-二甲基癸基酰胺。
在各种实施方案中,方法还包括在氢解反应过程中从反应区中除去产物胺的步骤。
为了消除任何疑问,本发明包括并明确地预期和公开了本文提及的实施方案、特征、特性、参数和/或范围的任何和所有组合。也就是说,本发明的主题可由本文提及的实施方案、特征、特性、参数和/或范围的任何组合来限定。
据预期,没有被具体命名或确定为本发明的一部分的任何成分、组分或步骤可以被明确地排除。
本发明的任何过程/方法、设备、化合物、组合物、实施方案或组分可由过渡术语“包含”、“基本上由其组成”或“由…组成”或这些术语的变体修饰。
如本文所用,不定冠词“一”和“一个”是指一个或多个,除非上下文另外明确表明。类似地,名词的单数形式包括其复数形式,并且反之亦然,除非上下文清楚地另外表明。
尽管已经做出了精确的尝试,但是除非上下文另有说明,否则本文所述的数值和范围应被认为是近似值。这些值和范围可根据本公开内容所寻求获得的期望性质以及由测量技术中发现的标准偏差所产生的变化而不同于它们的规定数值。此外,本文所述的范围旨在并且具体地预期包括所述范围内的所有子范围和值。例如,50至100的范围旨在包括该范围内的所有值,包括诸如60至90、70至80等的子范围。
在工作实施例中报告的相同性质或参数的任何两个数值可限定范围。那些数字可以四舍五入到最接近的千分之一、百分之一、十分之一、整数、十、百或千以限定范围。
本文引用的所有文件,包括专利以及非专利文献的内容,均以其全文通过引用本文。在任何所并入的主题与本文的任何公开相矛盾的程度上,本文的公开内容应优先于所并入的内容。
本发明可以通过下列工作实施例进一步举例说明,但是应当理解,这些实施例仅为了举例说明的目的而包括,且不是为了限制本发明的范围。
实施例
实施例1
二氧化硅上的[Ru(甲硅烷基-Triphos)TMM]的制备
根据上述方案合成固定化的复合物III-b。特别是,醚5可容易地从市售的三溴新戊醇3通过与烯丙基碘4的亲核取代得到。使用Pt-NHC-催化剂6使得化合物5转化为化合物7,其对于线性产物是特别选择性的。其它Pt-NHC催化剂以及Wilkinson催化剂产生相当大量的副产物。化合物7与二苯基磷化钾8的后续反应得到改性的甲硅烷基-Triphos配体9。使用描述于T.vom Stein等人,ChemCatChem 2013,5,439-441中的合成方案,通过配体9与[Ru(2-甲基烯丙基)2(COD)]10反应获得配合物III-a。
为了在载体表面上强制实施单一分子限定的配合物,在合成顺序的最后步骤中进行定制配合物的接枝。发现与MgO、TiO2和Al2O3相比,在二氧化硅(作为坚固和化学稳定的材料)上固定化是对于膦的固定最合适的载体。
将配合物III-a接枝到二氧化硅11上,所述二氧化硅11已预先在500℃真空下通过在甲苯中回流过夜脱羟基。过滤和洗涤催化剂III-b后的上清液中不含有通过NMR可检测到的量的配合物III-a。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)进行的元素分析表明Ru的负载量在理论值的误差范围内。出于可比性原因,使用理论负载量进行催化和分析。
在29Si交叉极化魔角旋转(CPMAS)NMR中,-57.8ppm的特征信号对应于接枝的三乙氧基甲硅烷基官能团,证实了配合物通过甲硅烷基连接基共价连接。催化剂III-b的31P-MASNMR在31.7ppm显示了一种主要物类,其对应于游离配合物III-a。还存在51.3ppm的次要物类,其可为Ru直接配位到二氧化硅表面的物类。在接枝过程中少量异丁烯的存在支持了这一工作。IR光谱显示triphos配体的特征CH-伸缩和能带弯曲。所有这些数据证实催化剂III-b主要含有[Ru(甲硅烷基-Triphos)(TMM)]配合物,其通过甲硅烷基连接基共价连接到二氧化硅表面。
通用氢解步骤
在设计成适合高压釜反应器内部并装有搅拌棒的玻璃插入物中,在Ar气氛下称量催化剂III-b和IV(见下文)。如果使用添加剂,则加入添加剂在溶剂中的储备溶液,并将玻璃插入物置于10mL钢(steal)高压釜中。将高压釜在室温下用100巴氢气加压,置于氧化铝锥体(cone)中,并在指定温度下搅拌悬浮液指定时间。然后,将反应冷却至环境温度并小心减压至大气压。转化率和收率通过1H NMR光谱使用均三甲苯作为内标物来测定。通过ICP-MS测定浸出率。
实施例2
2-哌啶酮氢解为哌啶
如上式所示,选择2-哌啶酮氢解为哌啶作为基准反应,以研究催化剂III-b在各种溶剂和各种条件下的催化活性和浸出表现。
根据上述一般程序在七个实验中使2-哌啶酮经受氢解。试验1-4的条件如下:0.25摩尔%催化剂负载量(在无定形二氧化硅上0.06mmol/g);1.0mmol底物;1.0mL溶剂;160℃;和100巴H2。试验5-7的条件与试验1-4相同,除了使用0.50mol%催化剂负载量。结果示于表1。
表1
从表1可以看出,THF和甲苯是用于该转化的最佳溶剂,具有最佳转化率(高达95%)和最低的浸出率(总Ru浸出在0.24和0.99%之间)。在160℃下使用0.5mol%催化剂III-b观察到几乎完全转化(试验7)。较低温度使收率急剧下降。令人惊奇的是,较低的温度也导致更多的浸出。
不希望受理论的束缚,根据该转化中所呈现的反应机理,在低温下浸出率的这种增加可以由中间体直链氨基醇的浓度增加来解释。为了测试这一理论,用过量中间体进行另外的试验。数据显示加入过量的中间体导致高得多的浸提率。相反,加入过量的水,类似于通过完全氢解底物而产生的水,则不会导致浸出增加。
实施例3
固定化催化剂与非固定化催化剂的比较
按照以上一般程序,使用三种催化剂将2-哌啶酮还原成哌啶:(1)均相配合物IV([Ru(Triphos)(TMM)])(试验1-2);(2)在使用前吸附在无定形二氧化硅上的配合物IV(试验3);和(3)固定化催化剂III-b(试验4-5)。试验条件如下:1.0mmol底物;1.0mL THF;160℃;和100巴H2于室温下。结果示于表2。
表2
n.d.=未测出。
从表2可以看出,固定化催化剂III-b在两种不同的Ru负载下进行测试(试验4-5)。该催化剂提供了相对高的收率和低的浸出率。在相同条件下,均相配合物IV得到较低的收率(试验1)。在反应中加入MsOH(甲磺酸)和存在二氧化硅都略微提高了活性(试验2-3)。在所有情况下,使用配合物IV的反应溶液的NMR分析表明形成了有色的、无活性的二聚体物类V(试验1-3)。
该数据表明,位点分离是催化剂III-b活性增加的一个因素。
实施例4
催化剂III-b的长期稳定性研究
通过循环和底物添加实验,使用上述一般氢解程序,测试催化剂III-b在2-哌啶酮氢解中的长期稳定性。
对于循环实验,将催化剂悬浮液从高压釜中移出,离心,洗涤,并与新的底物溶液再利用。每个循环用1mol%催化剂III-b(0.06mmol/g,在无定形二氧化硅上)、1.0mmol 2-哌啶酮、2.0mLTHF在160℃下用100巴H2在室温下进行16小时。
在底物添加实验中,在所需的反应时间之后,取样,并添加更多的底物溶液。
这些实验的结果图示在图中。
从图中可以看出,两个实验都表明催化剂可以在催化后再利用,再循环实验的活性比添加试验的活性稍高。
在长期稳定性实验过程中,在试验四和五期间的活性低于先前阶段。在以前的实验中,在催化条件下观察到了无活性的配合物[(Triphos)Ru(CO)(H)2]VI的形成,其可以通过加入酸的质子化而被再活化。
为了测试催化剂活性是否可以再生,在第五次再循环实验之后,向反应混合物中加入三当量的MsOH。从图中可以看出,在两种情况下加入MsOH都提高了催化性能。在每个步骤中的浸出率低,其中再循环实验的第一次试验是最高的(0.38ppm,0.16%总Ru)。
在最后的在循环试验之后,回收催化剂材料,干燥,并通过扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)分析。观察到在催化剂表面上形成少量的纳米颗粒。
为了确定何时形成纳米颗粒,在苯甲醚作为共底物的存在下重复再循环实验。已知钌纳米颗粒在反应条件下快速氢化苯甲醚。因此,在催化期间甲氧基环己烷的形成将表明在催化剂表面上形成纳米颗粒。在第二次和最后一次催化试验之间,仅观察到少量痕量的甲氧基环己烷(小于一个TON)。这证实了纳米颗粒在催化剂III-b的催化性质中起微弱作用或不起作用。
在单独的实验中,观察到在产物哌啶的存在下催化剂的总活性降低,这通过封闭配位点抑制催化剂。因此,在再循环研究中或在流动反应过程中,通过除去产物可以实现更高的活性。
已经特别参考本发明的具体实施方案详细描述了本发明,但是应当理解,可以在本发明的精神和范围内进行变化和修改。
Claims (14)
1.一种具有式(I)结构的化合物:
2.一种用于制备权利要求1所述的化合物的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)在碱的存在下使三溴新戊醇与烯丙基碘反应以形成具有式(A)的结构的醚化合物:
(b)在铂-N-杂环卡宾催化剂的存在下,使所述醚化合物(A)与三乙氧基硅烷反应,以形成具有式(B)的结构的甲硅烷基醚化合物:
(c)使甲硅烷基醚化合物(B)与二苯基磷化钾反应,形成式(I)化合物。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述铂-N-杂环卡宾催化剂具有式(C)的结构:
4.一种具有式(II)结构的化合物:
其中L表示选自三亚甲基甲烷、烯丙基、甲基烯丙基、乙烯、环辛二烯、乙酰丙酮和乙酸酯的配体。
5.如权利要求4所述的化合物,其中L为三亚甲基甲烷。
6.一种制备权利要求4的化合物的方法,其包括使具有式(I)结构的化合物:
与选自Ru(acac)3、[Ru(COD)(甲基烯丙基)2]、Ru(NBD)(甲基烯丙基)2、Ru(乙烯)2(甲基烯丙基)2、[(COD)RuCl2]n、[(PPh3)3Ru(H)(CO)Cl]和[(环戊二烯基三羰基锰)RuCl2]2的含Ru化合物反应。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述含Ru化合物为[Ru(COD)(甲基烯丙基)2]。
8.一种催化剂组合物,其包含:
(a)氧化载体;以及
(b)权利要求4或5所述的化合物,其中所述化合物固定在所述载体上。
9.如权利要求8所述的催化剂组合物,其中所述氧化载体选自二氧化硅、氧化镁、二氧化钛和氧化铝。
10.如权利要求8所述的催化剂组合物,其中所述氧化载体为二氧化硅。
11.一种氢解酰胺的方法,所述方法包括:
在催化剂组合物存在下,在有效形成胺和任选的醇的条件下,使酰胺与氢气接触,
其中所述催化剂组合物包含:
(a)氧化载体;以及
(b)固定在所述载体上的化合物,所述化合物具有式(II)的结构:
其中L表示选自三亚甲基甲烷、烯丙基、甲基烯丙基、乙烯、环辛二烯、乙酰丙酮和乙酸酯的配体,并且
其中所述酰胺为内酰胺。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述氧化载体选自二氧化硅、氧化镁、二氧化钛和氧化铝。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述氧化载体为二氧化硅。
14.如权利要求11-13中任一项所述的方法,其中L为三亚甲基甲烷。
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