CN111727827A - Northern greenhouse planting method for pitaya - Google Patents
Northern greenhouse planting method for pitaya Download PDFInfo
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- CN111727827A CN111727827A CN202010677183.6A CN202010677183A CN111727827A CN 111727827 A CN111727827 A CN 111727827A CN 202010677183 A CN202010677183 A CN 202010677183A CN 111727827 A CN111727827 A CN 111727827A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
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Abstract
The invention discloses a northern greenhouse planting method of pitaya, and belongs to the technical field of pitaya planting. The northern greenhouse planting method of the dragon fruits comprises the following steps: 1) covering planting soil on the surface of the flat land, arranging the planting soil to form planting ridges, and forming furrows between every two adjacent planting ridges; 2) planting dragon fruit seedlings on the tops of the planting ridges, then applying field planting water and fertilizer to the dragon fruit seedlings, and then applying the field planting water and fertilizer once every 15-20 days for 3-5 times; 3) after the planting water and fertilizer is completely applied, performing pre-flowering management, wherein the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied every 30-40 days during the pre-flowering management, and the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied for 3-6 times; 4) after the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are completely applied, flower and fruit are promoted and strengthened, the water and fertilizer for promoting the flower and strengthening the fruit are applied every 20 to 30 days, and the water and fertilizer for promoting the flower and strengthening the fruit are applied for 7 to 11 times; 5) repeating steps 3) -4). The planting method of the invention improves the fruiting quantity of the dragon fruits and improves the ornamental effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of dragon fruit planting, in particular to a northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits.
Background
Pitaya is a plant of trigonella of the family Cactaceae of vine, native to the tropical desert regions of Central America such as Mexico and Brazil, and is a typical tropical plant. The dragon fruits have a short cultivation history in China, only are planted in Taiwan, Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and other parts of provinces at present, and in northern areas, due to climate reasons, a large area of dragon fruits are rarely planted.
With the continuous development of the tourism industry, ornamental agriculture tourism is rapidly developed in many places. Ornamental agriculture tourism integrates agricultural production and tourism ornamental and is deeply popular with people. In some northern areas, the ornamental agricultural tourism projects of tropical fruits are very hot, people can not only appreciate tropical plants, but also taste fresh tropical fruits, and can know the planting process of the tropical fruits and teach through lively activities. Pitaya is a tropical fruit that is popular with its unique appearance and mouthfeel. However, the dragon fruits can only be planted in a greenhouse in the north, the planting conditions are harsh, and the planting process is complex.
The Chinese patent with application publication number CN106613103A discloses a greenhouse planting method for dragon fruits, which comprises the following steps: (1) the height of the greenhouse is 2.5-3 m, the temperature is controlled at 15-35 ℃, the illumination of the greenhouse is sufficient, and a ventilation opening is arranged; the pH value of the soil is controlled to be neutral and slightly acidic, and the pH value is 6-7.5; applying an organic fertilizer into soil, wherein 1800 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer and 150 kilograms of calcium superphosphate are applied to each mu of soil; making a furrow, wherein the width of the furrow is 150-; planting frames are inserted and built on the ridge surface, and the row spacing is 1.8-2 m; (2) cutting and planting, namely, during cutting, forming planting furrows with the depth of 4-6cm on the surface of the ridge, transplanting planting seedlings into the furrows, and binding the seedlings on a planting frame by using ropes; (3) after field planting, watering the seedlings for transplanting enough water, generally watering once every 2-3 days, and directly spraying 800 kilograms of humic organic fertilizer per mu on the surface of the ridge; (4) topping and pinching, pinching when the branches grow to be 4-6cm higher than the support, promoting branching and allowing the branches to naturally droop; (5) managing water and fertilizer, ensuring that the water content of the soil reaches 70-80%, and watering once every 15-20 days; applying organic fertilizer every 7-10 days; (6) managing flowering phase, artificially performing supplementary pollination, supplementing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and applying 200 kg of calcium superphosphate and 200 kg of potassium sulfate per mu; (7) picking, and adding organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer once after picking the fruits once. The greenhouse planting method for the pitaya has the advantages that the temperature of the greenhouse is reasonably controlled, the fertilizer is sufficiently applied, and the growth of the pitaya can be promoted. However, the planting method is complicated in water and fertilizer management, and watering and fertilizing are performed separately, so that the labor amount of water and fertilizer management is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a northern greenhouse planting method for pitaya, which is simple in water and fertilizer management and small in labor amount.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a northern greenhouse planting method of pitaya comprises the following steps:
1) soil covering and ridge leveling
Covering planting soil on the surface of the leveling soil in the greenhouse, arranging the planting soil to form planting ridges, and forming furrows between every two adjacent planting ridges;
2) planting fruit seedlings
Planting dragon fruit seedlings on the tops of the planting ridges, then applying field planting water and fertilizer to the dragon fruit seedlings, and then applying the field planting water and fertilizer once every 15-20 days for 3-5 times;
3) pre-anthesis management
After the planting water and fertilizer is completely applied, performing pre-flowering management, wherein the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied every 30-40 days during the pre-flowering management, and the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied for 3-6 times;
4) flower promoting and fruit strengthening method
After the water and fertilizer for strengthening seedlings are completely applied, carrying out flower and fruit promoting management, applying the water and fertilizer for promoting flowers and strengthening fruits once every 20-30 days during the flower and fruit promoting management, and applying the water and fertilizer for promoting flowers and strengthening fruits 7-11 times in total;
5) repeating steps 3) -4).
By adopting the technical scheme, the dragon fruit planting is carried out in a greenhouse, and after the dragon fruit seedlings are planted, the planting and water fertilizer application process is adopted to replace the fertilizing and watering process, so that the dragon fruit seedlings do not need to be independently fertilized. In the prior art, most of the fertilizers are applied to each fruit seedling after field planting of the pitaya, so that the labor amount is particularly large, and the fertilizing amount is not easy to accurately control, so that the fertilizing effect is not ideal; and the fertilizer needs to be watered regularly after fertilization, thereby further increasing the labor capacity. The method for applying the water fertilizer for planting integrates fertilization and watering, thereby greatly reducing the labor capacity. The fertilizer is mixed in water for fertilizing, so that the fertilizer can fully permeate to the position near the root system of the dragon fruit seedlings along with water flow, and the water and fertilizer irrigation mode of the invention can uniformly disperse the water and fertilizer to the root system of the dragon fruit due to the complex root system and no main root of the dragon fruit plants, thereby improving the absorption efficiency of the fertilizer and being beneficial to promoting the growth of the dragon fruit. Similarly, in the stages of managing before flowers and promoting flowers and fruits, a mode of applying seedling-strengthening water fertilizer and flower-promoting and fruit-strengthening water fertilizer is adopted to replace the processes of fertilizing and watering, so that the absorption efficiency of the dragon fruits on the fertilizer can be improved, and the growth is promoted. In addition, the fruit seedling planting, the pre-flowering management and the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening stages of the method all adopt a mode of applying water and fertilizer for multiple times, and the fertilizing process is dispersed in time, so that the dragon fruit seedlings can continuously absorb nutrients in the fertilizer, the fertilizing effect is further improved, the number of the dragon fruit fruits is increased, and the ornamental effect of the dragon fruits is improved.
The invention is further configured to: the water fertilizer planted in the step 2) is prepared by mixing at least one of ammonium bicarbonate, urea, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium nitrate with water.
By adopting the technical scheme, the nitrogen fertilizer and water are mainly adopted for mixing in the field planting water fertilizer, so that nitrogen elements are fully supplemented to the dragon fruit seedlings after field planting, the growth and the division of the dragon fruit seedlings are promoted, more branch strips grow after topping and pinching, and the fruit setting quantity is finally improved.
The invention is further configured to: the strong seedling liquid fertilizer is prepared by mixing at least one of monopotassium phosphate and potassium nitrate with urea and water.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the fertilizer in the strong seedling liquid manure adopts at least one in monopotassium phosphate, potassium nitrate and urea mixed use, can provide two kinds of nutrient elements of nitrogen and potassium for the dragon fruit simultaneously, can satisfy the growth demand of the dragon fruit of different cultivars under different environment, promotes the quick growth of dragon fruit seedling.
The invention is further configured to: the flower promoting and fruit strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate, boric acid powder and water according to a mass ratio of 0.5-0.8:0.3-0.5:0.3-0.5:0.01-0.05:0.003-0.01: 100.
By adopting the technical scheme, the flower-promoting and fruit-strengthening water fertilizer simultaneously contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers and trace elements, can provide sufficient and rich nutrients for plants in the stage of blooming and fruiting of the dragon fruits, and increases the fruiting quantity of the dragon fruits.
The invention is further configured to: applying 1.8-2.5kg of water fertilizer to each plant in the step 2) for field planting; 2.2-3.5kg of strong seedling water and fertilizer is applied to each plant in the step 3); in the step 4), 2.8-4kg of water fertilizer is applied per plant for promoting flower and strengthening fruit.
By adopting the technical scheme, on the basis of the components of the field planting water fertilizer, the seedling strengthening water fertilizer and the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer, the amount of the water fertilizer applied each time for the field planting water fertilizer and the seedling strengthening water fertilizer is limited to be smaller, the amount of the water fertilizer applied each time for the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening is larger, the nutrient supply in the flower and fruit promoting stage can be further ensured, and the fruiting number of the pitaya is increased.
The invention is further configured to: the planting density of the dragon fruit seedlings in the step 2) is 500-1000 seedlings/mu.
By adopting the technical scheme, on the basis of the fertilization types and the fertilization amount, the planting density of the dragon fruits is high, so that sufficient nutrient supply of the dragon fruits can be ensured, the yield of the dragon fruits in a single greenhouse can be improved, and the ornamental effect of the dragon fruit plants in the greenhouse is better.
The invention is further configured to: the planting soil in the step 2) comprises loam, sand, an organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, and the mass ratio of the loam to the sand to the organic fertilizer to the compound fertilizer is 8-12:1-3:0.8-1.5: 0.3-0.5.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the loam in the planting soil can provide comparatively comprehensive nutrition for the dragon fruit, still has good water holding capacity, guarantees that the moisture supply of dragon fruit plant is sufficient. The addition of the sand can improve the void ratio of the planting soil, provide sufficient space for the root system growth of the dragon fruits and promote the dragon fruits to form developed root systems. The organic fertilizer and the compound fertilizer are used simultaneously, so that the dragon fruit seedlings can absorb rich and sufficient nutrients, and the growth speed is accelerated.
The invention is further configured to: the mass fraction of water in the loam is 60-70%, and the pH of the loam is 6.2-7.0.
By adopting the technical scheme, the moisture content in the loam is higher and reaches 60-70%, the sufficient wetting degree of the planting soil is maintained, the requirement of the dragon fruit seedlings on a large amount of moisture can be met, and convenience is provided for the diffusion and transmission of nutrients in the soil. The pH of the loam is weakly acidic, so that the loam is more suitable for the growth of the dragon fruits.
The invention is further configured to: the top of the planting ridge is paved with perlite layers.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the moisture in the ridge can be prevented to plant in the setting of pearlite excessively volatilizees, further guarantees to plant the moisture in the ridge sufficient. In addition, the perlite layer can keep the shape of the planting ridge, and the planting soil on the surface of the planting ridge is prevented from being washed when water and fertilizer are applied.
The invention is further configured to: when the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 10 ℃, hot air is fed into the greenhouse, and the temperature of the hot air is 50-80 ℃.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, send hot-blast in to the greenhouse, can make and keep relatively invariable higher temperature throughout in the greenhouse, avoid the low dragon fruit that causes in the greenhouse to stop growing.
In conclusion, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
firstly, the method for planting the dragon fruit in the northern greenhouse adopts the mode of applying water and fertilizer in the field planting stage, the growth stage before the flowering period and the flowering and fruiting stage of the dragon fruit seedlings, combines the operations of fertilizer application and watering into a whole, greatly saves the labor amount of greenhouse management of the dragon fruit, continuously and uniformly provides sufficient nutrients for the growth of the dragon fruit, promotes the growth of the dragon fruit, improves the fruiting quantity of the dragon fruit, and greatly improves the ornamental value of the greenhouse of the dragon fruit.
Secondly, the water fertilizer for promoting flower and strengthening fruit applied in the stage of promoting flower and strengthening fruit in the northern greenhouse planting method for the pitaya is formed by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate, boric acid powder and water, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the water fertilizer are sufficient, more trace elements are provided, and the number of blossoming and fruit bearing of the pitaya is further increased.
Thirdly, the method for planting the dragon fruits in the greenhouse in the north supplies hot air to the greenhouse when the temperature is lower than 10 ℃, so that the relatively constant high temperature can be moderately kept in the greenhouse, the dragon fruits can be prevented from stopping growing due to the fact that the temperature in the greenhouse is too low, and the influence of low temperature in the northern area on the planting of the dragon fruits can be relieved.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail below.
The greenhouse adopted by the invention is located in the spring city of the Henan province, has proper geographical position and is clear in four seasons. The length of the greenhouse is arranged along the east-west direction, the east-west length is 60-100m, and the north-south width is 15-20 m. The greenhouse comprises a rear wall, a left wall, a right wall and a top film, wherein the height of the rear wall is about 4-6 m. The light transmittance of the top film of the greenhouse top is 60-80%. Preferably, the light transmittance of the top film of the greenhouse top is 80%.
The northern greenhouse planting method of the dragon fruits comprises the following steps:
1) soil covering and ridge leveling
Covering planting soil on the surface of the flat land, arranging the planting soil to form planting ridges, and forming furrows between every two adjacent planting ridges;
2) planting fruit seedlings
Planting dragon fruit seedlings on the tops of the planting ridges, then applying field planting water and fertilizer to the dragon fruit seedlings, and then applying the field planting water and fertilizer once every 15-20 days for 3-5 times;
3) pre-anthesis management
After the planting water and fertilizer is completely applied, performing pre-flowering management, wherein the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied every 30-40 days during the pre-flowering management, and the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied for 3-6 times;
4) flower promoting and fruit strengthening method
After the water and fertilizer for strengthening seedlings are completely applied, carrying out flower and fruit promoting management, applying the water and fertilizer for promoting flowers and strengthening fruits once every 20-30 days during the flower and fruit promoting management, and applying the water and fertilizer for promoting flowers and strengthening fruits 7-11 times in total;
5) repeating steps 3) -4).
In the step 1), planting frames are arranged on the planting ridges. The planting frame can be built before the ridge is planted in the arrangement mode, and can also be built after the ridge is planted in the arrangement mode.
The number of the planting frames is equal to the number of the planting ridges formed after soil covering and ridge arranging, and each planting frame is fixedly arranged on the planting ridges. The planting frames comprise two single-row planting frames which are arranged at intervals along the width direction of the planting ridge, each single-row planting frame comprises a cross beam and more than two vertical beams, the cross beams are horizontally arranged along the length direction of the planting ridge, the vertical beams are vertically arranged and are sequentially distributed at intervals along the length direction of the planting ridge, the lower ends of the vertical beams are embedded in the planting ridge, and the upper ends of the vertical beams are fixedly or movably connected with the cross beams; the crossbeams of the two single-row planting frames are arranged in parallel.
The planting frame can also adopt the following structure: the planting frame comprises more than two brackets which are sequentially arranged at intervals along the length direction of the planting ridge and cross beams arranged on the brackets, and the cross beams are horizontally arranged along the length direction of the planting ridge; every support includes two perpendicular roof beams that set up planting ridge width direction parallel interval, and the lower extreme of erecting the roof beam is buried underground in planting the ridge, erects the upper end of roof beam and is connected with the connecting rod that the level extends, the both ends of connecting rod respectively with two upper end fixed connection or the swing joint who erects the roof beam, fixedly on each connecting rod be provided with the crossbeam of two parallel interval settings. Preferably, the cross beam is fixedly connected to the end of the horizontal connecting rod. Further preferably, the number of the horizontal connecting rods is two, and the two horizontal connecting rods are arranged at intervals up and down.
The total height of the vertical beams is 1.5-2 m. The distance between two adjacent groups of planting frames is 1.5-2 m.
The crossbeam is also fixedly connected with a planting rod, the upper end of the planting rod is fixedly connected to the crossbeam, and the lower end of the planting rod is buried in the planting ridge. The horizontal distance between the lower end of the planting rod and the dragon fruit seedlings is 10-15 cm.
The planting soil in the step 1) comprises loam, sand, an organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, and the mass ratio of the loam to the sand to the organic fertilizer to the compound fertilizer is 8-12:1-3:0.8-1.5: 0.3-0.5.
The loam contains 60-70% of water by mass. The void ratio of the loam is 50-65%. The pH of the loam is 6.2-7.0. Preferably, the pH of the loam is 6.4-6.8. Further preferably, the loam has a pH of 6.5.
The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure or decomposed cow manure. The compound fertilizer is one of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, potassium nitrate and potassium phosphate.
Further preferably, the planting soil also comprises clay, and the mass ratio of the clay to the loam is 1-2: 8-12. Further preferably, the clay is red clay. Further preferably, the mass ratio of the clay to the loam is 1: 12. The clay is added to enable the planting ridges to keep good shapes, the planting soil added with loam and sand is prevented from being excessively dispersed, and the water retention capacity of the planting soil is also improved.
Further preferably, the planting soil also comprises humic acid, and the mass ratio of the humic acid to the loam is 0.3-0.8: 8-12. Preferably, the mass ratio of the humic acid to the loam is 0.5: 8-12. Further preferably, the mass ratio of humic acid to loam is 0.5: 12.
Further preferably, the planting soil also comprises plant ash, and the mass ratio of the plant ash to the loam is 0.1-0.3: 8-12. Preferably, the mass ratio of the plant ash to the loam is 0.2: 8-12. Further preferably, the mass ratio of the plant ash to the loam is 0.2: 12.
The cross section of the planting ridge is trapezoidal. The width of the ridge top of the planting ridge is 1.4-1.6m, and the width of the ridge bottom is 1.6-2.2 m. The height of the planting ridges is 20-40 cm. A furrow is formed between two adjacent planting ridges, and the cross section of the furrow is in an inverted trapezoid shape. The width of the upper opening of the furrow is 50-90 cm. The width of the bottom of the furrow at the lower part of the furrow is 30-50 cm.
Preferably, a perlite layer is paved on the surface of the planting ridges. The thickness of the perlite layer is 1-2cm, preferably 2 cm.
The time for planting the soil is generally 7 months. The time between the planting of the soil and the customization of the fruit seedlings is 2 months.
The distance between two adjacent planting frames is 2-2.5 m.
The time of field planting of fruit seedlings is 9-10 months. When the fruit seedlings are planted, the trunk length of the selected dragon fruit seedlings is 0.4-0.8 m. The diameter of the trunk breast is 3-8 cm. Preferably, the trunk length is 0.5-0.6 m. The diameter of the trunk breast is 5-6 cm.
The dragon fruit seedlings include red-core dragon fruit seedlings and white-meat dragon fruit seedlings (white-core dragon fruit seedlings). And alternately planting 1-2 ridges of white-pulp pitaya in each 6-8 continuous ridges of red-core pitaya seedlings. Preferably, every 6 continuous red-core dragon fruit seedlings are planted with 1 ridge of white-pulp dragon fruit in a crossed manner.
When the fruit seedlings are planted in a fixed mode, two rows of dragon fruit seedlings are planted on each planting ridge. The row spacing of the dragon fruit seedlings in each row is 0.7-1 m. Preferably, the row spacing of the dragon fruit seedlings is 0.8 m. The planting depth is 3-10 cm. Preferably, the planting depth is 4-6 cm. Further preferably, the planting depth is 5 cm.
The planting density of the dragon fruit seedlings is 500-1000 plants/mu. Preferably, the planting density is 700-900 plants/mu. Further preferably, the planting density is 720-820 plants/mu.
After the fruit seedlings are planted, the water and fertilizer for planting is applied once, and then the water and fertilizer for planting is applied every 15-20 days. The first planting water fertilizer is applied immediately after planting. The planting water fertilizer is prepared by mixing at least one of ammonium bicarbonate, urea, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium nitrate with water. Preferably, the planting water fertilizer is prepared by mixing at least two of ammonium bicarbonate, urea, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium nitrate with water. Further preferably, the planting water fertilizer is prepared by mixing at least one of ammonium bicarbonate, urea and ammonium nitrate with diammonium hydrogen phosphate and water. Further preferably, the mass ratio of at least one of ammonium bicarbonate, urea and ammonium nitrate to diammonium hydrogen phosphate and water is 1-2:0.5-1: 100. Further preferably, the mass ratio is 1:0.5: 100. 1.8-2.5kg of water fertilizer is planted per plant each time. When the length of the planting ridge is 15-20m, 70-100kg of water and fertilizer for planting is applied to each ridge every time.
The time managed before the flower is 11 months to 3 months of the next year. When the management is performed before the flower, strong seedling water and fertilizer are applied every 30-40 days. The seedling strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing at least one of urea, monopotassium phosphate and potassium nitrate with water. Preferably, the strong seedling water fertilizer is prepared by mixing at least one of monopotassium phosphate and potassium nitrate with urea and water. Further preferably, the seedling strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing urea, monopotassium phosphate and water. The mass ratio of the urea to the monopotassium phosphate to the water is 0.6-0.8:1.5-2: 100. Further preferably, the mass ratio is 0.6:2: 100. 2.2-3.5kg of water and fertilizer are applied to each plant for strengthening the seedlings each time. When the length of the planting ridge is 15-20m, each ridge is drip-irrigated with 100-120kg of strong seedling water and fertilizer.
When the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 10 ℃ in winter, hot air is fed into the greenhouse, and the temperature of the hot air is 50-80 ℃. The height of a hot air outlet for sending hot air into the greenhouse from the ground is 2-2.5 m. Preferably 2 m.
The time for promoting flower and strengthening fruit is 4-10 months. Organic fertilizer is applied once at the beginning and the end of the flower and fruit promoting stage. The amount of the organic fertilizer applied at the beginning of the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening stage is less than that applied at the end of the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening stage. Generally, the organic fertilizer is applied once in the beginning of 4 months, and the organic fertilizer is applied once again in the end of 10 months. The amount of the organic fertilizer applied for the previous time is less than that of the organic fertilizer applied for the next time.
When the flower and fruit are promoted and strengthened, the organic fertilizer is applied for the first time at the beginning of 4 months. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure or decomposed cow manure. Preferably decomposed cow dung. The fertilizing amount of the organic fertilizer is 0.5-0.8kg per plant. When the organic fertilizer is applied, a fertilizer application pit is dug at a position 20-30cm away from the dragon fruit, the organic fertilizer is added into the fertilizer application pit, and then soil covering and flattening are carried out.
Then applying water fertilizer for promoting flower and strengthening fruit every 20-30 days. The flower promoting and fruit strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate, boric acid powder and water according to a mass ratio of 0.5-0.8:0.3-0.5:0.3-0.5:0.01-0.05:0.003-0.01: 100. 2.8-4kg of water fertilizer for promoting flower and strengthening fruit is applied each time. When the length of the planting ridges is 15-20m, 120-150kg of flower-promoting and fruit-strengthening water fertilizer is applied to each ridge every time.
And applying organic fertilizer in 10 months at the end of the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening stage. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure or decomposed cow manure. Preferably decomposed cow dung. The fertilizing amount of the organic fertilizer is 0.5-1kg per plant. Preferably 0.8 to 1kg per strain. When the organic fertilizer is applied, a fertilizer application pit is dug at a position 20-30cm away from the dragon fruit, the organic fertilizer is added into the fertilizer application pit, and then soil covering and flattening are carried out.
And (3) repeating the steps 3) to 4), starting from the second year of field planting of the fruit seedlings (the first year from the growth period of the dragon fruits, namely from the field planting of the fruit seedlings to the end of the first flower promoting and fruit strengthening period), applying more water and fertilizer than the first year of field planting of the fruit seedlings. Specifically, from the second year of field planting of fruit seedlings, the fertilizing amount of the strong seedling water fertilizer in the step 3) is increased by 1 kg/plant compared with the fertilizing amount of the strong seedling water fertilizer in the step 3) in the first year. From the second year of field planting of fruit seedlings, the fertilizing amount of the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer in the step 4) is increased by 1 kg/plant compared with the fertilizing amount of the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer in the step 4) in the first year.
Preferably, the water and fertilizer application is performed by drip irrigation.
The fruit seedling planting stage is 9-10 months, and the humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 80%. The planting time of the fruit seedlings is preferably 9 months. And (3) after fruit seedlings are planted, the period from 11 months to 3 months of the next year is a pre-flowering management period, and the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 60% during the pre-flowering management period. The 4-10 months per year is a flower and fruit promoting and strengthening management stage, and the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 75% during the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening management period.
During pre-flowering management, when the branch strips are long, part of the branch strips bypass from the upper part of the cross beam corresponding to the dragon fruit plant and are erected on the other cross beam at the same height of the planting frame on the same ridge, so that new branches hang down from the other cross beam.
Example 1
The length of the greenhouse of the embodiment is arranged along the east-west direction, the east-west length is 60m, and the north-south width is 15 m. The greenhouse comprises a rear wall, a left wall, a right wall and a top film, wherein the height of the rear wall is about 4.5 m.
The northern greenhouse planting method for the dragon fruits comprises the following steps:
1) put up and plant frame
According to the length of the greenhouse, a plurality of groups of planting frames are arranged in the greenhouse, the planting frames are uniformly arranged at intervals along the length direction of the greenhouse, and the distance between every two adjacent groups of planting frames is 1.8 m.
Each group of planting frames comprises two single-row planting frames, each single-row planting frame comprises a cross beam, and the cross beams horizontally extend along the width direction of the greenhouse. The crossbeam is fixedly connected with a plurality of vertical beams which extend along the vertical direction and are uniformly distributed at intervals in the width direction of the greenhouse. The distance between two adjacent vertical beams is 3 m. The lower ends of the vertical beams are embedded in soil on the ground of the greenhouse, and the embedding depth is 30 cm. The total height of the vertical beams is 1.5 m. The upper ends of the vertical beams are movably connected with the cross beams, specifically, the cross beams can be bound to the upper end of each vertical beam through iron wires, and the iron wires are loosened and bound again when the upper position and the lower position of the cross beams need to be moved. Of course, the cross beam can be movably connected with the vertical beam in other modes, such as fixing by bolts and nuts. The cross beam and the vertical beam are both made of galvanized pipes or plastic pipes.
Two single-row planting frames of each group of planting frames are arranged at intervals in the length direction of the greenhouse, the cross beams of the two single-row planting frames are arranged in parallel, and the distance between the two single-row planting frames is 60 cm.
The distance between two adjacent groups of planting frames is 1.8m, namely, the distance between one single-row planting frame, close to the other planting frame, in two single-row planting frames of one group of planting frames and one single-row planting frame, close to the planting frame, in the other group of planting frames is 1.8 m.
2) Soil covering and ridge leveling
Mixing and uniformly stirring loam, sand, organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 8:1:0.8:0.3 to obtain the planting soil. The mass fraction of water in the loam is 70%, and the pH of the loam is 6.8. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure, and the compound fertilizer is calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
And filling and covering the planting soil under the planting frame, laying a layer of planting soil, and shaping into planting ridges with trapezoidal cross sections. The planting ridges extend along the width direction of the greenhouse, the ridge height is 20cm, the cage top width is 1.6m, and the ridge bottom width is 2 m. The minimum distance between the edge of the ridge top and the vertical beam of the single-row planting frame is 50 cm. A furrow is formed between two adjacent ridges, the cross section of the furrow is of an inverted trapezoidal structure, the width of an opening at the upper part of the furrow is 80cm, and the width of a furrow bottom at the lower part of the furrow is 40 cm.
The planting soil is in 7 months.
3) Planting fruit seedlings
The fruit seedling planting stage is 9-10 months, and the humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 80%.
And (4) planting dragon fruit seedlings at the top of the ridge in 9 months. The dragon fruit seedlings include red-core dragon fruit seedlings and white-meat dragon fruit seedlings (white-core dragon fruit seedlings). Every 8 continuous red-core dragon fruit seedlings are planted with 1 ridge of white-pulp dragon fruit alternately.
The length of the main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 0.4m, a lateral bud stem section is arranged on the main stem, the length of the lateral bud stem section is about 20cm, and the diameter of the main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 4 cm.
The dragon fruit seedlings are planted below the cross beams of the planting frame, and the planting distance of the dragon fruit seedlings below the same cross beam is 0.7 m. The planting depth is 4 cm. The planting density of the dragon fruit seedlings is about 750 plants/mu.
After the dragon fruit seedlings are planted, a planting rod is inserted near each dragon fruit seedling, and the planting rods can be bamboo rods. The distance between the planting rod and the root of the dragon fruit seedling is 15 cm. The height of planting pole is about 1.2m, sets up along vertical direction, and the lower extreme is buried underground in soil, and the upper end is fixed on the crossbeam.
After the planting rods are fixed, water and fertilizer are drip-planted on the dragon fruit seedlings. And then, drip-irrigating the field planting water fertilizer every 15 days, wherein the field planting water fertilizer is formed by mixing ammonium bicarbonate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 2:1: 100. The water and fertilizer for the field planting is 1.8kg per plant each time.
And when the branches approach or are higher than the cross beam, topping and pinching.
4) Pre-anthesis management
The month 11 to the month 3 of the following year are the pre-anthesis management stages, during which the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 60%.
Drip irrigation for strengthening the seedlings once every 30 days during the management period before flowers appear. The seedling strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing urea, monopotassium phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 0.8:1: 100. 2.2kg of water fertilizer for strengthening seedlings per plant is dripped each time.
When the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 10 ℃ in winter, two hot air blowers are arranged at one end of the greenhouse along the length direction, hot air is sent into the greenhouse, the temperature of the hot air is 80 ℃, and the height of an air outlet of each hot air blower from the ground is 2.5 m.
5) Flower promoting and fruit strengthening method
The flower and fruit promoting stage is 4-10 months, and the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 75% during the flower and fruit promoting period.
Applying an organic fertilizer once in 4 months, and when applying the organic fertilizer, digging fertilizer application pits 20cm away from each dragon fruit, and applying 0.5kg of the organic fertilizer to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure.
And then drip irrigation with a flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer every 20 days, wherein the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate, boric acid powder and water according to the mass ratio of 0.5:0.3:0.3:0.01:0.003: 100. The drip irrigation for promoting flower and strengthening fruit each time is 2.8 kg/plant.
Applying organic fertilizer once at the bottom of 10 months, and digging fertilizer application pits 20cm away from each dragon fruit when applying the organic fertilizer, wherein 0.8kg of the organic fertilizer is applied to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure.
6) Repeating steps 4) -5).
Example 2
The length of the greenhouse of the embodiment is arranged along the east-west direction, the east-west length is 60m, and the north-south width is 15 m. The greenhouse comprises a rear wall, a left wall, a right wall and a top film, wherein the height of the rear wall is about 4.5 m.
The northern greenhouse planting method for the dragon fruits comprises the following steps:
1) put up and plant frame
According to the length of the greenhouse, a plurality of rows of planting frames are arranged in the greenhouse, the planting frames are uniformly arranged at intervals along the length direction of the greenhouse, and the distance between every two adjacent rows of planting frames is 1.5 m.
Every row of planting frame includes the crossbeam that extends along greenhouse width direction level and the support that links to each other with the crossbeam, and the support has a plurality of, along the even interval setting of greenhouse width direction (being the length direction of crossbeam), and the distance between two adjacent supports is about 3 m. Each support comprises two vertical beams arranged in the vertical direction, the two vertical beams are arranged at intervals along the length direction of the greenhouse, and the distance between the two vertical beams is about 50 cm. The top and the middle part of erecting the roof beam all are provided with horizontal connecting rod, and horizontal connecting rod all extends along the horizontal direction, and among two horizontal connecting rod, the both ends of the last horizontal connecting rod that is in upper portion respectively with the top fixed connection of two perpendicular roof beams, the both ends of the lower horizontal connecting rod that is in the middle part respectively with the middle part fixed connection of two perpendicular roof beams. The lower ends of the two vertical beams are buried in the soil, and the burying depth is about 30 cm. The vertical beam has a total height of about 1.6m and the horizontal connecting rod has a length of about 50 cm. The two horizontally extending cross beams are erected on the upper horizontal connecting rods of the support, specifically, the positions of the horizontal connecting rods fixedly connected with the corresponding vertical beams are located at the positions slightly lower than the end parts of the vertical beams, so that one part of the end parts of the vertical beams exceeds the horizontal connecting rods, and the length of the part of the end parts of the vertical beams exceeding the upper horizontal connecting rods is about 5 cm. The crossbeam is fixed to be set up on "L" type structure that vertical beam surpasss the tip of horizontal connecting rod and the horizontal connecting rod corresponds the tip and constitutes, and the crossbeam can weld on the horizontal connecting rod, also can take the iron wire to bind.
The number of the upper cross beams of each row of planting frames is four, the two cross beams are positioned on the same horizontal plane and fixedly connected with the upper horizontal connecting rod of each support, and in addition, the two cross beams are positioned on the same horizontal plane and fixedly connected with the lower horizontal connecting rod of each support.
The distance between two adjacent rows of planting frames is 1.5m, namely, one support of one row of planting frames is provided with another support corresponding to the position of the support in the other adjacent row of planting frames, and the minimum distance between the vertical beam of one support and the vertical beam of the other support in the two supports is 1.5 m.
2) Soil covering and ridge leveling
Mixing and uniformly stirring loam, sand, organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and red clay according to the mass ratio of 12:3:1.5:0.5:2 to obtain the planting soil. The mass fraction of water in the loam is 60%, and the pH of the loam is 6.4. The organic fertilizer is decomposed cow dung, and the compound fertilizer is calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
And filling and covering the planting soil under the planting frame, laying a layer of planting soil, and shaping into planting ridges with trapezoidal cross sections. The planting ridges extend along the width direction of the greenhouse, the ridge height is 30cm, the cage top width is 1.4m, and the ridge bottom width is 1.7 m. The minimum distance between the edge of the ridge top and the vertical beam of the support is 45 cm. A furrow is formed between two adjacent ridges, the cross section of the furrow is of an inverted trapezoidal structure, the width of an opening at the upper part of the furrow is 60cm, and the width of a furrow bottom at the lower part of the furrow is 30 cm.
The planting soil is in 7 months.
3) Planting fruit seedlings
The fruit seedling planting stage is 9-10 months, and the humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 80%.
And (3) planting dragon fruit seedlings at the top of the ridge in 9 months, preferably at the beginning of 9 months. The dragon fruit seedlings include red-core dragon fruit seedlings and white-meat dragon fruit seedlings (white-core dragon fruit seedlings). Every 6 continuous ridges of red-core dragon fruit seedlings are alternately planted with 1 ridge of white-meat dragon fruit.
The main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 0.5m long, a lateral bud stem section is arranged on the main stem, the length of the lateral bud stem section is about 20cm, and the diameter of the main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 5 cm.
The dragon fruit seedlings are planted below the cross beams of the planting frame, and the planting distance of the dragon fruit seedlings below the same cross beam is 0.9 m. The planting depth is 5 cm. The planting density of the dragon fruit seedlings is about 730 plants/mu.
After the dragon fruit seedlings are planted, a planting rod is inserted near each dragon fruit seedling, and the distance between the planting rod and the root of each dragon fruit seedling is 10 cm. The height of planting pole is about 1.5m, sets up along vertical direction, and the lower extreme buries underground in soil, and the upper end is fixed on the crossbeam.
After the planting rods are fixed, water and fertilizer are drip-planted on the dragon fruit seedlings. And then, drip-irrigating a planting water fertilizer every 20 days, wherein the planting water fertilizer is formed by mixing urea, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 1:0.5: 100. The water and fertilizer for planting is 2.5 kg/plant each time.
And when the branches approach or are higher than the cross beam, topping and pinching.
4) Pre-anthesis management
The month 11 to the month 3 of the following year are the pre-anthesis management stages, during which the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 60%.
And in the management period before flowering, drip irrigation for strengthening the seedlings once every 40 days. The seedling strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing urea, monopotassium phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 0.6:2: 100. 3.5kg of water fertilizer for strengthening seedlings per plant is dripped each time.
When the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 10 ℃ in winter, two hot air blowers are arranged at one end of the greenhouse along the length direction, hot air is sent into the greenhouse, the temperature of the hot air is 50 ℃, and the height of an air outlet of each hot air blower from the ground is 2 m.
When the branch is longer, part of the branch bypasses above the cross beam corresponding to the pitaya plant and is erected on the other cross beam at the same height of the planting frame on the same ridge, so that a new branch hangs down from the other cross beam.
5) Flower promoting and fruit strengthening method
The flower and fruit promoting stage is 4-10 months, and the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 75% during the flower and fruit promoting period.
Applying an organic fertilizer once in 4 months, and when applying the organic fertilizer, digging fertilizer application pits at a distance of 30cm from each dragon fruit, and applying 0.8kg of the organic fertilizer to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed cow dung.
And then drip irrigation is carried out on the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer every 30 days, wherein the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate, boric acid powder and water according to the mass ratio of 0.8:0.5:0.5:0.05:0.01: 100. The drip irrigation for promoting flower and strengthening fruit each time is 4kg per plant.
Applying organic fertilizer once at the bottom of 10 months, digging fertilizer application pits 30cm away from each dragon fruit when applying the organic fertilizer, and applying 1kg of the organic fertilizer to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed cow dung.
During the period of promoting flower and strengthening fruit, in each period of flowering, a fan is used for blowing air from one end of the length of the greenhouse to the other end at night. The temperature of the wind does not exceed 30 ℃.
6) Repeating steps 4) -5).
Example 3
The length of the greenhouse of the embodiment is arranged along the east-west direction, the east-west length is 60m, and the north-south width is 15 m. The greenhouse comprises a rear wall, a left wall, a right wall and a top film, wherein the height of the rear wall is about 4.5 m.
The northern greenhouse planting method for the dragon fruits comprises the following steps:
1) put up and plant frame
The structure of the planting frame is the same as that of the embodiment 2;
2) soil covering and ridge leveling
Mixing and uniformly stirring loam, sand, organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, red clay, humic acid and plant ash according to the mass ratio of 12:3:1.5:0.5:1:0.5:0.2 to obtain the planting soil. The moisture mass fraction in the loam is 65%, and the pH of the loam is 6.5. The organic fertilizer is decomposed cow dung, and the compound fertilizer is potassium phosphate.
And filling and covering the planting soil under the planting frame, laying a layer of planting soil, and shaping into planting ridges with trapezoidal cross sections. The planting ridges extend along the width direction of the greenhouse, the ridge height is 30cm, the cage top width is 1.5m, and the ridge bottom width is 1.8 m. The minimum distance between the edge of the ridge top and the vertical beam of the support is 50 cm. A furrow is formed between two adjacent ridges, the cross section of the furrow is of an inverted trapezoidal structure, the width of an opening at the upper part of the furrow is 50cm, and the width of a furrow bottom at the lower part of the furrow is 20 cm.
The planting soil is in 7 months.
3) Planting fruit seedlings
The fruit seedling planting stage is 9-10 months, and the humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 80%.
And (3) planting dragon fruit seedlings at the top of the ridge in 9 months, preferably at the beginning of 9 months. The dragon fruit seedlings include red-core dragon fruit seedlings and white-meat dragon fruit seedlings (white-core dragon fruit seedlings). Every 6 continuous ridges of red-core dragon fruit seedlings are alternately planted with 1 ridge of white-meat dragon fruit.
The length of the main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 0.6m, a lateral bud stem section is arranged on the main stem, the length of the lateral bud stem section is about 20cm, and the diameter of the main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 6 cm.
The dragon fruit seedlings are planted below the cross beams of the planting frame, and the planting distance of the dragon fruit seedlings below the same cross beam is 0.8 m. The planting depth is 5 cm. The planting density of the dragon fruit seedlings is about 820 plants/mu.
After the dragon fruit seedlings are planted, a planting rod is inserted near each dragon fruit seedling, and the horizontal distance between the planting rod and the root of each dragon fruit seedling is 20 cm. The height of planting pole is about 1.5m, sets up along vertical direction, and the lower extreme buries underground in soil, and the upper end is fixed on the crossbeam.
After the planting poles are fixed, the dragon fruit seedlings are dripped and watered with water and fertilizer. And then, drip-irrigating a planting water fertilizer every 20 days, wherein the planting water fertilizer is formed by mixing ammonium nitrate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 1:0.5: 100. 2kg of water fertilizer per plant is planted in each drip irrigation.
And when the branches approach or are higher than the cross beam, topping and pinching.
4) Pre-anthesis management
The month 11 to the month 3 of the following year are the pre-anthesis management stages, during which the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 60%.
And in the pre-flowering management period, drip irrigation for strengthening the seedlings once every 35 days. The seedling strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing urea, monopotassium phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 0.6:2: 100. The drip irrigation for each time is used for strengthening the seedlings, and the water and fertilizer content is 2.8kg per plant.
When the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 10 ℃ in winter, two hot air blowers are arranged at one end of the greenhouse along the length direction, hot air is sent into the greenhouse, the temperature of the hot air is 50 ℃, and the height of an air outlet of each hot air blower from the ground is 2 m.
When the branch is longer, part of the branch bypasses above the cross beam corresponding to the pitaya plant and is erected on the other cross beam at the same height of the planting frame on the same ridge, so that a new branch hangs down from the other cross beam.
5) Flower promoting and fruit strengthening method
The flower and fruit promoting stage is 4-10 months, and the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 75% during the flower and fruit promoting period.
Applying an organic fertilizer once in 4 months, and when applying the organic fertilizer, digging fertilizer application pits at a distance of 25cm from each dragon fruit, and applying 0.8kg of the organic fertilizer to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed cow dung.
And then drip irrigation is carried out on the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer every 30 days, wherein the flower and fruit promoting and strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate, boric acid powder and water according to the mass ratio of 0.8:0.5:0.5:0.05:0.01: 100. The drip irrigation for promoting flower and strengthening fruit each time is 3.5 kg/plant.
Applying an organic fertilizer once at the bottom of 10 months, and digging fertilizer application pits at the positions 25cm away from each dragon fruit when applying the organic fertilizer, wherein 1kg of the organic fertilizer is applied to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed cow dung.
During the period of promoting flower and strengthening fruit, in each period of flowering, a fan is used for blowing air from one end of the length of the greenhouse to the other end at night. The temperature of the wind does not exceed 30 ℃.
6) Repeating steps 4) -5).
Example 4
The northern greenhouse planting method for dragon fruits in the embodiment is different from the northern greenhouse planting method in the embodiment 3 in that the steps 4) -5) are repeated in the step 6), but 4.5kg of strong seedling water fertilizer is dripped every time when strong seedling water fertilizer is applied in the step 4); and 5) applying the water fertilizer for promoting flower and strengthening fruit in the step 5), and dripping 4kg of the water fertilizer for promoting flower and strengthening fruit per plant each time.
Example 5
The northern greenhouse planting method for pitaya in the embodiment is different from the northern greenhouse planting method in the embodiment 3 in that a layer of perlite layer covers the ridge top after the planting ridges are formed in the step 2). The thickness of the perlite layer was 2 cm.
Comparative example
The length of the greenhouse in this comparative example was set in the east-west direction, the east-west length was 60m, and the north-south width was 15 m. The greenhouse comprises a rear wall, a left wall, a right wall and a top film, wherein the height of the rear wall is about 4.5 m.
The northern greenhouse planting method of the dragon fruit in the comparative example comprises the following steps:
1) put up and plant frame
According to the length of the greenhouse, a plurality of groups of planting frames are arranged in the greenhouse, the planting frames are uniformly arranged at intervals along the length direction of the greenhouse, and the distance between every two adjacent groups of planting frames is 1.8 m.
Each group of planting frames comprises two single-row planting frames, each single-row planting frame comprises a cross beam, and the cross beams horizontally extend along the width direction of the greenhouse. The crossbeam is fixedly connected with a plurality of vertical beams which extend along the vertical direction and are uniformly distributed at intervals in the width direction of the greenhouse. The distance between two adjacent vertical beams is 3 m. The lower ends of the vertical beams are embedded in soil on the ground of the greenhouse, and the embedding depth is 30 cm. The total height of the vertical beams is 1.5 m. The upper ends of the vertical beams are movably connected with the cross beams, specifically, the cross beams can be bound to the upper end of each vertical beam through iron wires, and the iron wires are loosened and bound again when the upper position and the lower position of the cross beams need to be moved. Of course, the cross beam can be movably connected with the vertical beam in other modes, such as fixing by bolts and nuts. The cross beam and the vertical beam are both made of galvanized pipes or plastic pipes.
Two single-row planting frames of each group of planting frames are arranged at intervals in the length direction of the greenhouse, the cross beams of the two single-row planting frames are arranged in parallel, and the distance between the two single-row planting frames is 60 cm.
The distance between two adjacent groups of planting frames is 1.8m, namely, the distance between a single-row planting frame, close to the other planting frame, in two single-row planting frames of one group of planting frames and a single-row planting frame, close to the planting frame, in the other group of planting frames is 1.8 m.
2) Soil covering and ridge leveling
Mixing and uniformly stirring loam, sand, organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 8:1:0.8:0.3 to obtain the planting soil. The mass fraction of water in the loam is 70%, and the pH of the loam is 6.8. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure, and the compound fertilizer is calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
And filling and covering the planting soil under the planting frame, laying a layer of planting soil, and shaping into planting ridges with trapezoidal cross sections. The planting ridges extend along the width direction of the greenhouse, the ridge height is 20cm, the cage top width is 1.6m, and the ridge bottom width is 2 m. The minimum distance between the edge of the ridge top and the vertical beam of the single-row planting frame is 50 cm. A furrow is formed between two adjacent ridges, the cross section of the furrow is of an inverted trapezoidal structure, the width of an opening at the upper part of the furrow is 80cm, and the width of a furrow bottom at the lower part of the furrow is 40 cm.
The planting soil is in 7 months.
3) Planting fruit seedlings
The fruit seedling planting stage is 9-10 months, and the humidity in the greenhouse is kept at 80%.
And (4) planting dragon fruit seedlings at the top of the ridge in 9 months. The dragon fruit seedlings include red-core dragon fruit seedlings and white-meat dragon fruit seedlings (white-core dragon fruit seedlings). Every 8 continuous red-core dragon fruit seedlings are planted with 1 ridge of white-pulp dragon fruit alternately.
The length of the main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 0.4m, a lateral bud stem section is arranged on the main stem, the length of the lateral bud stem section is about 20cm, and the diameter of the main stem of the dragon fruit seedling is about 4 cm.
The dragon fruit seedlings are planted below the cross beams of the planting frame, and the planting distance of the dragon fruit seedlings below the same cross beam is 0.7 m. The planting depth is 4 cm. The planting density of the dragon fruit seedlings is about 750 plants/mu.
After the dragon fruit seedlings are planted, a planting rod is inserted near each dragon fruit seedling, and the planting rods can be bamboo rods. The distance between the planting rod and the root of the dragon fruit seedling is 15 cm. The height of planting pole is about 1.2m, sets up along vertical direction, and the lower extreme is buried underground in soil, and the upper end is fixed on the crossbeam.
After the planting rods are fixed, 1kg of chemical fertilizer is applied to each dragon fruit seedling, and the chemical fertilizer is formed by mixing ammonium bicarbonate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate according to the mass ratio of 2: 1. And then the dragon fruit seedlings are watered by drip irrigation once every 3 days.
And when the branches approach or are higher than the cross beam, topping and pinching.
4) Pre-anthesis management
The month 11 to the month 3 of the following year are the pre-anthesis management stages, during which the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 60%.
Applying the fertilizer once every 30 days in the management period before flowering, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 0.8kg per plant. The fertilizer is prepared by mixing urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate according to the mass ratio of 0.8:1. And drip irrigation and watering once after fertilization.
When the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 10 ℃ in winter, two hot air blowers are arranged at one end of the greenhouse along the length direction, hot air is sent into the greenhouse, the temperature of the hot air is 80 ℃, and the height of an air outlet of each hot air blower from the ground is 2.5 m.
5) Flower promoting and fruit strengthening method
The flower and fruit promoting stage is 4-10 months, and the humidity of the greenhouse is kept at 75% during the flower and fruit promoting period.
Applying an organic fertilizer once in 4 months, and when applying the organic fertilizer, digging fertilizer application pits 20cm away from each dragon fruit, and applying 0.5kg of the organic fertilizer to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure.
Then applying the fertilizer once every 20 days, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 1.5kg per plant. The fertilizer is prepared by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate and boric acid powder according to the mass ratio of 0.5:0.3:0.3:0.01: 0.003. After each fertilization, drip irrigation and watering are carried out once.
Applying organic fertilizer once at the bottom of 10 months, and digging fertilizer application pits 20cm away from each dragon fruit when applying the organic fertilizer, wherein 0.8kg of the organic fertilizer is applied to each pit. And then covering soil and flattening. The organic fertilizer is decomposed chicken manure.
6) Repeating steps 4) -5).
Test examples
The dragon fruit planting is carried out according to the method in the embodiment 1-5 and the comparative example, the planting position of the dragon fruit is selected from the Wanbao ecological farm village in the spring city of the Henan province, and the greenhouse mainly adopts a Wanbao garden 1# to 3# greenhouse.
(1) Yield of dragon fruit
The yield of pitaya is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 yield of dragon fruit planted by the method of examples 1-5 and comparative example
As can be seen from the table 1, the northern greenhouse planting method for pitaya has a large number of fruits per year, and greatly improves the ornamental value of the pitaya planted in the greenhouse. On the whole, the yield per mu of the dragon fruits is very high, and the economic benefit is good.
(2) Nutritional ingredients of dragon fruit
The nutrient contents of the dragon fruits produced by the methods of examples 1-5 and comparative example are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 nutritional ingredients of dragon fruits planted by the methods of examples 1-5 and comparative example
As can be seen from Table 2, the dragon fruit produced by the northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruit of the present invention has very high sugar content and good taste, which may be related to the components of the planting soil and the components of the applied water fertilizer. In addition, the dragon fruit produced by the northern greenhouse planting method of the dragon fruit has higher vitamin content, and is suitable for deep processing in the later period.
Claims (10)
1. A northern greenhouse planting method of pitaya is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
1) soil covering and ridge leveling
Covering planting soil on the surface of the leveling soil in the greenhouse, arranging the planting soil to form planting ridges, and forming furrows between every two adjacent planting ridges;
2) planting fruit seedlings
Planting dragon fruit seedlings on the tops of the planting ridges, then applying field planting water and fertilizer to the dragon fruit seedlings, and then applying the field planting water and fertilizer once every 15-20 days for 3-5 times;
3) pre-anthesis management
After the planting water and fertilizer is completely applied, performing pre-flowering management, wherein the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied every 30-40 days during the pre-flowering management, and the water and fertilizer for strengthening the seedlings are applied for 3-6 times;
4) flower promoting and fruit strengthening method
After the water and fertilizer for strengthening seedlings are completely applied, carrying out flower and fruit promoting management, applying the water and fertilizer for promoting flowers and strengthening fruits once every 20-30 days during the flower and fruit promoting management, and applying the water and fertilizer for promoting flowers and strengthening fruits 7-11 times in total;
5) repeating steps 3) -4).
2. The northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits according to claim 1, characterized in that: the water fertilizer planted in the step 2) is prepared by mixing at least one of ammonium bicarbonate, urea, diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium nitrate with water.
3. The northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits according to claim 2, characterized in that: the strong seedling liquid fertilizer is prepared by mixing at least one of monopotassium phosphate and potassium nitrate with urea and water.
4. The northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits according to claim 3, characterized in that: the flower promoting and fruit strengthening water fertilizer is prepared by mixing potassium sulfate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, urea, magnesium sulfate, boric acid powder and water according to a mass ratio of 0.5-0.8:0.3-0.5:0.3-0.5:0.01-0.05:0.003-0.01: 100.
5. The northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits according to claim 4, characterized in that: applying 1.8-2.5kg of water fertilizer to each plant in the step 2) for field planting; 2.2-3.5kg of strong seedling water and fertilizer is applied to each plant in the step 3); in the step 4), 2.8-4kg of water fertilizer is applied per plant for promoting flower and strengthening fruit.
6. The northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits according to claim 5, characterized in that: the planting density of the dragon fruit seedlings in the step 2) is 500-1000 seedlings/mu.
7. The northern greenhouse cultivation method of dragon fruit according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: the planting soil in the step 2) comprises loam, sand, an organic fertilizer and a compound fertilizer, and the mass ratio of the loam to the sand to the organic fertilizer to the compound fertilizer is 8-12:1-3:0.8-1.5: 0.3-0.5.
8. The northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits according to claim 7, characterized in that: the mass fraction of water in the loam is 60-70%, and the pH of the loam is 6.2-7.0.
9. The northern greenhouse planting method of dragon fruits according to claim 8, characterized in that: the top of the planting ridge is paved with perlite layers.
10. The northern greenhouse cultivation method of dragon fruit according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: when the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 10 ℃, hot air is fed into the greenhouse, and the temperature of the hot air is 50-80 ℃.
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| CN202010677183.6A CN111727827A (en) | 2020-07-14 | 2020-07-14 | Northern greenhouse planting method for pitaya |
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