CN103518586B - A kind of cultivation mode of macadamia nut transplanting big tree - Google Patents
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- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
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- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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Abstract
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及植物栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种澳洲坚果大树移栽的栽培技术。 The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a cultivation technique for transplanting macadamia nut trees.
背景技术 Background technique
目前我国耕地资源稀缺，而澳洲坚果常绿乔木或灌木，其占地面积大，本发明根据澳洲坚果内膛结果特性，利用前期密植，后期移栽的管理模式，有效提高耕地的利用率，提高澳洲坚果种植的经济效益，对加速澳洲坚果的开发，扩大森林覆盖面积，对恢复和保护生态环境，提高农民的收入都具有重大意义。 At present, my country's cultivated land resources are scarce, and the evergreen trees or shrubs of macadamia nuts occupy a large area. According to the characteristics of macadamia nuts, the present invention uses the management mode of dense planting in the early stage and transplanting in the later stage to effectively improve the utilization rate of cultivated land and improve the quality of the cultivated land. The economic benefits of macadamia planting are of great significance to accelerate the development of macadamia nuts, expand forest coverage, restore and protect the ecological environment, and increase farmers' income.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种澳洲坚果大树移栽的栽培模式。采取前期密植，待果树长大封行之后，再后期移栽，有效提高土地利用率，同时移栽出去的澳洲坚果大树（成龄树）能够当年实现坐果，提高经济效益。 The purpose of the invention is to provide a cultivation mode for transplanting macadamia nut trees. Close planting is adopted in the early stage, and after the fruit trees grow up, they are transplanted in the later stage to effectively improve the land utilization rate. At the same time, the transplanted macadamia trees (mature trees) can achieve fruit setting in the same year and improve economic benefits.
为了达到上述目的，本发明的技术方案是如下： In order to achieve the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
一种澳洲坚果大树移栽的栽培模式，主要包括以下五个方面： A cultivation mode for transplanting a macadamia tree mainly includes the following five aspects:
（1）施肥管理，所述施肥管理包括幼龄树施肥管理和成龄树施肥管理； (1) Fertilization management, the fertilization management includes young tree fertilization management and mature tree fertilization management;
a. 幼龄树施肥管理： a. Young tree fertilization management:
为了促使幼龄澳洲坚果树快速生长，肥料的施用应与枝梢生长情况相结合。 In order to promote rapid growth of young macadamia trees, fertilizer application should be combined with shoot growth.
1年以上的澳洲坚果幼龄树，在每年开春枝梢萌芽前7~10d至植株有少量枝梢萌芽之间，施下促梢肥；然后待60~80%梢基部的新叶由淡绿变深绿时，施下壮稍肥； For young macadamia trees over 1 year old, apply a shoot-promoting fertilizer between 7-10 days before the sprouting of the shoots and a small amount of shoots sprouting in the spring every year; When it turns dark green, apply a little fertilizer;
2年以上的澳洲坚果幼龄树，除了需要施促梢肥和壮稍肥外，还需在每年11月上旬春梢前施基肥； Young macadamia trees over 2 years old need to apply basal fertilizer before the spring shoots in the first ten days of November every year, in addition to the need to apply fertilizers to promote shoots and strong fertilizers;
通常情况下，所述促梢肥的施用为1年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施尿素20~30g/株；2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树40~50g/株。 Under normal circumstances, the application of the shoot-promoting fertilizer is 20-30 g/plant of urea for 1-year-old young macadamia trees; 40-50 g/plant for 2-year-old young macadamia trees.
所述壮稍肥的施用为1年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施复合肥20~30g/株配合硫酸钾10~15g/株；2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施复合肥40~50g/株配合硫酸钾15~20g/株。 The application of the strong fertilizer is 20-30g/plant of compound fertilizer for 1-year-old young macadamia tree and 10-15g/plant of potassium sulfate; 40-50g/plant of compound fertilizer for 2-year-old young macadamia tree Potassium sulfate 15~20g/plant.
所述基肥的施用为每株施腐熟的有机肥4~6kg。有机肥如鸡粪、牛粪、滤泥等。 The application of the base fertilizer is 4-6kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per plant. Organic fertilizers such as chicken manure, cow manure, filter mud, etc.
b. 成龄树施肥管理： b. Fertilization management for mature trees:
对于3年以上生的澳洲坚果成龄树按照开花结果发育情况可分为五个施肥阶段： For mature macadamia trees that are more than 3 years old, they can be divided into five fertilization stages according to the development of flowering and fruiting:
① 花前肥 ① Fertilizer before flowering
因为 1~3月是果树抽穗开花季节，对氮、磷需求较多。因此通常在每年的2月上旬，澳洲坚果树抽穗前期施以速效氮肥为主，施尿素100~150g/株/次，同时配合磷钾肥使用，施磷酸二氢钾50~80g/株/次；以提供抽穗开花时的营养需要，提高开花质量，促进开花结果。 Because January to March is the season for heading and flowering of fruit trees, the demand for nitrogen and phosphorus is higher. Therefore, usually in the first ten days of February every year, macadamia nut trees are mainly applied with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the early heading stage, urea 100-150g/plant/time, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used at the same time, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is applied 50-80g/plant/time; To provide the nutritional needs for heading and flowering, improve flowering quality, and promote flowering and fruiting.
② 花谢肥 ② Flowers and fertilizers
在花谢之后要及时补充营养，为幼果快速生长和抽生新梢所需的大量营养做准备，在每年的3月中旬，对澳洲坚果树施以复合肥为主，配合施加单一的氮肥，每株每次施加复合肥200~300g和尿素100~150g。 After the flowers fade, nutrition should be supplemented in time to prepare for the rapid growth of young fruit and the large amount of nutrition required for new shoots. In mid-March every year, compound fertilizers are mainly applied to macadamia trees, and a single nitrogen fertilizer is applied. , Each plant is applied with 200~300g of compound fertilizer and 100~150g of urea each time.
③ 保果壮果肥 ③ Fruit Preserving and Strong Fruit Fertilizer
在5月份叶片含氮量降至全年最低值，叶片中氮、磷、钾均明显下降之前的4 月底，对开始坐果的澳洲坚果树，施加第一次复合肥500~600 g/株，以起到保果壮果作用。 At the end of April, before the nitrogen content of the leaves dropped to the lowest value in the whole year in May, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves dropped significantly, the macadamia nut trees that started to set fruit were applied with 500-600 g/plant of compound fertilizer for the first time. To play the role of fruit protection and strong fruit.
随着果实的长大及坐果率的提高，到7月份叶片氮、磷、钾含量均明显下降，磷、钾降至全年最低值，而出现第二个落果小高峰，因此，为避免此现象，在6月中旬，施加第二次复合肥500~600 g/株，以起到保果壮果作用，防止落果。 With the growth of fruit and the increase of fruit setting rate, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves decreased significantly in July, phosphorus and potassium dropped to the lowest value in the whole year, and a second small peak of fruit drop appeared. Therefore, in order to avoid this Phenomenon, in mid-June, apply the second compound fertilizer 500~600 g/plant to play the role of preserving and strengthening the fruit and preventing fruit drop.
④ 果前肥 ④ Fruit fertilizer
由于果实油分的积累和抽生枝梢的营养消耗，果树挂果量越大，树体表现的缺肥就越突出，植株叶片色泽变浅绿，因此，这时要增施一次氮、磷、钾复合肥。那么7月底至8月中旬，再次施加复合肥300~500 g/株，以保持植株健康生长，减少收获前非成熟果提前掉落，同时可以提高果仁质量。 Due to the accumulation of fruit oil and the nutrient consumption of pumping shoots, the greater the amount of fruit hanging on the fruit tree, the more prominent the lack of fertilizer in the tree, and the color of the leaves of the plant will become light green. Therefore, at this time, it is necessary to add nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound Fat. Then, from the end of July to mid-August, apply 300-500 g/plant of compound fertilizer again to maintain the healthy growth of the plants, reduce the premature drop of immature fruits before harvest, and improve the quality of kernels.
同时果树进入收获期后，因果实成熟从树上掉落后定期集中收拣的，从收获期开始到结束长达一个多月，在进入收获季前安排这次果前肥，这样既可以补充前期消耗的营养，也可以保证收获季节不便施肥期间植株的营养需要。 At the same time, after the fruit trees enter the harvest period, because the fruits are ripe and fall from the tree, they are collected regularly and collectively. It takes more than a month from the beginning to the end of the harvest period. The pre-fruit fertilizer is arranged before entering the harvest season, so as to replenish The nutrients consumed in the early stage can also ensure the nutritional needs of the plants during the inconvenient fertilization period during the harvest season.
⑤ 果后肥 ⑤ Fruit fat
9月是果实收获期，收获期结束之后树体消耗营养量较大，随之而来的是下一次活跃的营养生长，加之花芽分化亦需要营养，因此需要再10月上旬，施加复合肥1000~1500g和尿素500~800g混合；以便植株迅速恢复生势，提供树体抽梢营养。 September is the fruit harvest period. After the harvest period ends, the tree body consumes a large amount of nutrients, followed by the next active vegetative growth, and flower bud differentiation also requires nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to apply compound fertilizer 1000 in the first ten days of October. ~1500g mixed with 500~800g urea; so that the plants can quickly recover their vigor and provide nutrients for tree shoots.
（2）水分管理，包括淋水及排涝； (2) Water management, including water spraying and drainage;
a. 淋水：澳洲坚果对水分非常敏感。植后要及时淋定根水，定根水要足。 a. Watering: Macadamia nuts are very sensitive to moisture. After planting, it is necessary to pour water for rooting in time, and the water for rooting should be sufficient.
对于新定植的澳洲坚果幼年树，前2周应每天淋水1次；而后2个月内每周淋水1～2次；其后第1年内在干旱地区或无雨季节至少每周应淋水1次；2年以上生的澳洲坚果树，淋水量根据树龄增加，逐年提高，以淋水后水分能到达根际层为度； For newly planted macadamia juvenile trees, water should be watered once a day for the first 2 weeks; water should be watered 1-2 times a week for the next 2 months; water should be watered at least once a week for the first year in dry areas or in rainless seasons. Second; for macadamia trees that are more than 2 years old, the watering amount increases year by year according to the age of the tree, and the water can reach the rhizosphere after watering;
b. 排涝：除了抗旱淋水之外，澳洲坚果园地下水位高或积水，也会影响植株生长或导致根病，甚至死亡，因此在雨季或降雨量高的时节，针对大量的积水，需要疏通树根旁的排水沟及时排涝。 b. Drainage: In addition to drought resistance and waterlogging, high groundwater or stagnant water in macadamia orchards can also affect plant growth, cause root disease, or even death. It is necessary to dredge the drainage ditches next to the tree roots in time to drain waterlogging.
（3）定干与整形； (3) Drying and shaping;
树形一般采用疏散分层形。澳洲坚果树为三叶轮生，每叶腋内有3个垂直并排的芽；对于新定植的澳洲坚果幼龄树，在离地60~80cm处摘心，上面的3个腋芽将直立生长，选其中长势最旺的一个芽做主干，其余两个芽抽生后剪成1～2cm的残桩，以后选残桩下面长出的两个角度较大的芽留做主枝，当主干长到距上次分枝处40~50cm时摘心，重复上面的步骤；每主枝距基部30～40cm处摘心，上面的腋芽萌发成3个芽，只留一个芽继续生长做主枝，另外两个芽在其3～4节处摘心，当主枝顶芽长到距上次分枝点30~50cm左右时再摘心，留枝方法同上，依此方法进行更高级数的分枝。 The tree shape generally adopts the evacuation layered shape. The macadamia tree has three leaves in whorls, and there are 3 vertically side-by-side buds in the axil of each leaf; for the newly planted young macadamia tree, the top 3 axillary buds will grow upright, choose the middle growth The most prosperous bud is used as the trunk, and the other two buds are cut into stumps of 1 to 2 cm after extraction. Later, the two buds with larger angles growing under the stump are selected as the main branch. When the trunk grows to the distance from the last Pick the heart when the branch is 40-50cm away, and repeat the above steps; pick the heart at a distance of 30-40cm from the base of each main branch, and the upper axillary buds will germinate into 3 buds, leaving only one bud to continue to grow as the main branch, and the other two buds in the other 3 buds. Pick the heart at the 4th node, and then pick the heart when the top bud of the main branch grows to about 30-50cm away from the last branch point.
（4）主要病虫害防治； (4) Control of major pests and diseases;
针对危害枝条的枯梢螟，危害花蕾的蚜虫，危害枝叶的白腊蛾，果实成熟时的毛虫，采用40%的乐果乳油或40%的敌敌畏乳油稀释500倍至1000倍液喷雾防治；这样效果比较明显。 For the dead shoot borer that harms the branches, the aphid that harms the flower buds, the white wax moth that harms the branches and leaves, and the caterpillars when the fruit is ripe, use 40% dimethoate EC or 40% dichlorvos EC to dilute 500 times to 1000 times of liquid spray control; The effect is more obvious.
（5）成龄树移栽； (5) Transplanting mature trees;
按对土地的需求，种植密度的不同，封行时间的不同，而在定植3~4年的果树封行后要部分移栽出去，提高株行距。 According to the demand for land, the planting density is different, and the closing time is different. After 3 to 4 years of planting, the fruit trees should be partially transplanted to increase the distance between plants and rows.
通常定植时株行距为2×2.5m的澳洲坚果树在第3年封行，在收果后移栽出部分果树（66株）使得株行距变为2.5×4m。 Usually, macadamia trees with a row spacing of 2×2.5m are closed in the third year, and some fruit trees (66 trees) are transplanted after harvesting to make the row spacing 2.5×4m.
定植时株行距为2.5×4m的澳洲坚果树在第4年封行，在收果后移栽出部分果树（33株）使得株行距变为4×5m。 The macadamia trees with a row spacing of 2.5×4m at the time of planting were closed in the fourth year, and some fruit trees (33 trees) were transplanted after harvesting so that the row spacing became 4×5m.
第3年、第4年移栽出去的大树均按4×5m株行距栽种。 The large trees transplanted in the 3rd and 4th years were all planted with a row spacing of 4×5m.
本发明中所述的复合肥为氮磷钾复合肥，其含量配比为N：P：K=15：15：15，可从市场上直接购买得到。 The compound fertilizer described in the present invention is nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, and its content ratio is N:P:K=15:15:15, which can be purchased directly from the market.
本发明的澳洲坚果幼苗的定植的土地选择及具体定植方式等均采用现有的常规技术。 The land selection and specific planting methods of the macadamia seedlings of the present invention all adopt the existing conventional technology.
本发明从定植地移栽出去的3年生以上的澳洲坚果成龄数，当年就可以实现坐果收获，能够马上实现经济效益。 The macadamia nuts that are more than three years old and transplanted from the planting site of the present invention can achieve fruit setting and harvest in the same year, and can immediately realize economic benefits.
本发明的有益效果： Beneficial effects of the present invention:
本发明通过不同株行距适当的定植，配合合理的施肥、水分管理、整形修剪和科学的病虫害防治，合理的移栽方法，能够有效提高土地的使用率和提高澳洲坚果种植效益。相比于常规传统的种植方式（即一开始就设定株行距4×5m为）具体的优点体现在如下方面： The present invention can effectively improve the utilization rate of land and improve the planting efficiency of macadamia nuts through proper planting of different plant row spacing, reasonable fertilization, water management, pruning, scientific pest control and reasonable transplanting method. Compared with the conventional and traditional planting method (that is, the row spacing between plants and rows is set at 4×5m from the beginning), the specific advantages are reflected in the following aspects:
（1）采用2×2.5m株行距方法栽植，可以提高单位面积的种植量（如可种植133株），节省土地利用3年，第三年亩产量比常规种植（株行距4×5m，可种植33株）提高300%。 (1) Planting with a row spacing of 2×2.5m can increase the planting amount per unit area (for example, 133 plants can be planted), and save land use for 3 years. Plant 33 plants) increased by 300%.
（2）采用2.5×4m株行距方法栽植，也可以提高单位面积的种植量（如可种植66株），可以节省土地利用4年，第三年亩产量比常规种植（株行距4×5m，可种植33株）提高200%。 (2) Planting with a row spacing of 2.5×4m can also increase the planting amount per unit area (for example, 66 plants can be planted), which can save land use for 4 years, and the yield per mu in the third year is higher than that of conventional planting (row spacing 4×5m, 33 plants can be planted) increased by 200%.
（3）对第3年移出的大树按4×5m株行距栽种的新植地，第一年就可以产生与常规种植（株行距4×5m）三年大树相同的效益。 (3) For the new planting land where the big trees removed in the third year are planted at a row spacing of 4×5m, the same benefits as those of three-year-old trees in the conventional planting (row spacing of 4×5m) can be produced in the first year.
（4）对第4年移出的大树按4×5m株行距栽种的新植地，第一年就可以产生与常规种植（株行距4×5m）四年大树相同的效益。 (4) For the new planting land where the big trees removed in the fourth year are planted at a row spacing of 4×5m, the same benefits can be produced in the first year as the conventional planting (row spacing of 4×5m) four-year-old trees.
具体实施例 specific embodiment
下面通过具体实施例进一步说明本发明，以使本发明的优点和特征更易于被理解，应该理解的是，本发明的实施例仅仅是用于本发明，而不是对本发明的限制。 The present invention will be further described below through specific examples, so that the advantages and features of the present invention can be more easily understood. It should be understood that the examples of the present invention are only used for the present invention, rather than limiting the present invention.
实施例1 Example 1
一种澳洲坚果大树移栽的栽培模式，主要包括以下五个方面： A cultivation mode for transplanting a macadamia tree mainly includes the following five aspects:
（1）施肥管理，所述施肥管理包括幼龄树施肥管理和成龄树施肥管理； (1) Fertilization management, the fertilization management includes young tree fertilization management and mature tree fertilization management;
a. 幼龄树施肥管理： a. Young tree fertilization management:
为了促使幼龄澳洲坚果树快速生长，肥料的施用应与枝梢生长情况相结合。 In order to promote rapid growth of young macadamia trees, fertilizer application should be combined with shoot growth.
1年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树，在开春枝梢萌芽前7~10d至植株有少量枝梢萌芽之间，施下促梢肥；促梢肥的施用为1年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施尿素20~30g/株；2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树40~50g/株。 For 1-year-old young macadamia trees, apply a tip-promoting fertilizer between 7-10 days before the sprouting of branches in spring and a small amount of sprouting of the plants; the application of promoting fertilizer is urea for 1-year-old young macadamia trees 20~30g/plant; 40~50g/plant for 2-year-old young macadamia trees.
然后待60~80%梢基部的新叶由淡绿变深绿时，施下壮稍肥；壮稍肥的施用为1年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施复合肥20~30g/株配合硫酸钾10~15g/株；2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施复合肥40~50g/株配合硫酸钾15~20g/株。 Then, when 60-80% of the new leaves at the base of the tip turn from light green to dark green, apply a strong fertilizer; the application of strong fertilizer is 20-30g/plant of compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate for 1-year-old macadamia young trees 10~15g/plant; 40~50g/plant of compound fertilizer and 15~20g/plant of potassium sulfate are applied to 2-year-old macadamia young trees.
2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树，除了需要施促梢肥和壮稍肥外，还需在11月上旬春梢前施基肥；每株施腐熟的有机肥（鸡粪或牛粪、滤泥等）4~6kg。 For 2-year-old young macadamia trees, in addition to the need to apply shoot fertilizer and strong fertilizer, base fertilizer should be applied before spring shoot in early November; decomposed organic fertilizer (chicken manure or cow manure, filter mud, etc.) should be applied to each plant. ) 4~6kg.
所述基肥的施用为有机肥如鸡粪、牛粪、滤泥等。 The application of the base fertilizer is organic fertilizer such as chicken manure, cow manure, filter mud and the like.
b. 成龄树施肥管理： b. Fertilization management for mature trees:
对于3年以上生的澳洲坚果成龄树按照开花结果发育情况可分为五个施肥阶段： For mature macadamia trees that are more than 3 years old, they can be divided into five fertilization stages according to the development of flowering and fruiting:
① 花前肥 ① Fertilizer before flowering
因为 1~3月是果树抽穗开花季节，对氮、磷需求较多。因此通常在每年的2月上旬，澳洲坚果树抽穗前期施以速效氮肥为主，施尿素100~150g/株/次，同时配合磷钾肥使用，施磷酸二氢钾50~80g/株/次；以提供抽穗开花时的营养需要，提高开花质量，促进开花结果。 Because January to March is the season for heading and flowering of fruit trees, the demand for nitrogen and phosphorus is higher. Therefore, usually in the first ten days of February every year, macadamia nut trees are mainly applied with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the early heading stage, urea 100-150g/plant/time, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used at the same time, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is applied 50-80g/plant/time; To provide the nutritional needs for heading and flowering, improve flowering quality, and promote flowering and fruiting.
② 花谢肥 ② Flowers and fertilizers
在花谢之后要及时补充营养，为幼果快速生长和抽生新梢所需的大量营养做准备，在每年的3月中旬，对澳洲坚果树施以复合肥为主，配合施加单一的氮肥，每株每次施加复合肥200~300g和尿素100~150g。 After the flowers fade, nutrition should be supplemented in time to prepare for the rapid growth of young fruit and the large amount of nutrition required for new shoots. In mid-March every year, compound fertilizers are mainly applied to macadamia trees, and a single nitrogen fertilizer is applied. , Each plant is applied with 200~300g of compound fertilizer and 100~150g of urea each time.
③ 保果壮果肥 ③ Fruit Preserving and Strong Fruit Fertilizer
在5月份叶片含氮量降至全年最低值，叶片中氮、磷、钾均明显下降之前的4 月底，对开始坐果的澳洲坚果树，施加第一次复合肥500~600 g/株，以起到保果壮果作用。 At the end of April, before the nitrogen content of the leaves dropped to the lowest value in the whole year in May, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves dropped significantly, the macadamia nut trees that started to set fruit were applied with 500-600 g/plant of compound fertilizer for the first time. To play the role of fruit protection and strong fruit.
随着果实的长大及坐果率的提高，到7月份叶片氮、磷、钾含量均明显下降，磷、钾降至全年最低值，而出现第二个落果小高峰，因此，为避免此现象，在6月中旬，施加第二次复合肥500~600 g/株，以起到保果壮果作用，防止落果。 With the growth of fruit and the increase of fruit setting rate, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves decreased significantly in July, phosphorus and potassium dropped to the lowest value in the whole year, and a second small peak of fruit drop appeared. Therefore, in order to avoid this Phenomenon, in mid-June, apply the second compound fertilizer 500~600 g/plant to play the role of preserving and strengthening the fruit and preventing fruit drop.
④ 果前肥 ④ Fruit fertilizer
由于果实油分的积累和抽生枝梢的营养消耗，果树挂果量越大，树体表现的缺肥就越突出，植株叶片色泽变浅绿，因此，这时要增施一次氮、磷、钾复合肥。那么7月底至8月中旬，再次施加复合肥300~500 g/株，以保持植株健康生长，减少收获前非成熟果提前掉落，同时可以提高果仁质量。 Due to the accumulation of fruit oil and the nutrient consumption of pumping shoots, the greater the amount of fruit hanging on the fruit tree, the more prominent the lack of fertilizer in the tree, and the color of the leaves of the plant will become light green. Therefore, at this time, it is necessary to add nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound Fat. Then, from the end of July to mid-August, apply 300-500 g/plant of compound fertilizer again to maintain the healthy growth of the plants, reduce the premature drop of immature fruits before harvest, and improve the quality of kernels.
同时果树进入收获期后，因果实成熟从树上掉落后定期集中收拣的，从收获期开始到结束长达一个多月，在进入收获季前安排这次果前肥，这样既可以补充前期消耗的营养，也可以保证收获季节不便施肥期间植株的营养需要。 At the same time, after the fruit trees enter the harvest period, because the fruits are ripe and fall from the tree, they are collected regularly and collectively. It takes more than a month from the beginning to the end of the harvest period. The pre-fruit fertilizer is arranged before entering the harvest season, so as to replenish The nutrients consumed in the early stage can also ensure the nutritional needs of the plants during the inconvenient fertilization period during the harvest season.
⑤ 果后肥 ⑤ Fruit fat
9月是果实收获期，收获期结束之后树体消耗营养量较大，随之而来的是下一次活跃的营养生长，加之花芽分化亦需要营养，因此需要再10月上旬，施加复合肥1000~1500g和尿素500~800g混合；以便植株迅速恢复生势，提供树体抽梢营养。 September is the fruit harvest period. After the harvest period ends, the tree body consumes a large amount of nutrients, followed by the next active vegetative growth, and flower bud differentiation also requires nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to apply compound fertilizer 1000 in the first ten days of October. ~1500g mixed with 500~800g urea; so that the plants can quickly recover their vigor and provide nutrients for tree shoots.
（2）水分管理，包括淋水及排涝； (2) Water management, including water spraying and drainage;
a. 淋水：澳洲坚果对水分非常敏感。植后要及时淋定根水，定根水要足。 a. Watering: Macadamia nuts are very sensitive to moisture. After planting, it is necessary to pour water for rooting in time, and the water for rooting should be sufficient.
对于新定植的澳洲坚果幼年树，前2周应每天淋水1次；而后2个月内每周淋水1～2次；其后第1年内在干旱地区或无雨季节至少每周应淋水1次；2年以上生的澳洲坚果树，淋水量根据树龄增加，逐年提高，以淋水后水分能到达根际层为度。 For newly planted macadamia juvenile trees, water should be watered once a day for the first 2 weeks; water should be watered 1-2 times a week for the next 2 months; water should be watered at least once a week for the first year in dry areas or in rainless seasons. Second; for macadamia trees that are more than 2 years old, the amount of watering increases year by year according to the age of the tree, and the water can reach the rhizosphere after watering.
b. 排涝：除了抗旱淋水之外，澳洲坚果园地下水位高或积水，也会影响植株生长或导致根病，甚至死亡，因此在雨季或降雨量高的时节，针对大量的积水，需要疏通树根旁的排水沟及时排涝。 b. Drainage: In addition to drought resistance and waterlogging, high groundwater or stagnant water in macadamia orchards can also affect plant growth, cause root disease, or even death. It is necessary to dredge the drainage ditches next to the tree roots in time to drain waterlogging.
（3）定干与整形； (3) Drying and shaping;
树形一般采用疏散分层形。澳洲坚果树为三叶轮生，每叶腋内有3个垂直并排的芽；对于新定植的澳洲坚果幼龄树，在离地60~80cm处摘心，上面的3个腋芽将直立生长，选其中长势最旺的一个芽做主干，其余两个芽抽生后剪成1～2cm的残桩，以后选残桩下面长出的两个角度较大的芽留做主枝，当主干长到距上次分枝处40~50cm时摘心，重复上面的步骤；每主枝距基部30～40cm处摘心，上面的腋芽萌发成3个芽，只留一个芽继续生长做主枝，另外两个芽在其3～4节处摘心，当主枝顶芽长到距上次分枝点30~50cm左右时再摘心，留枝方法同上，依此方法进行更高级数的分枝。 The tree shape generally adopts the evacuation layered shape. The macadamia tree has three leaves in whorls, and there are 3 vertically side-by-side buds in the axil of each leaf; for the newly planted young macadamia tree, the top 3 axillary buds will grow upright, choose the middle growth The most prosperous bud is used as the trunk, and the other two buds are cut into stumps of 1 to 2 cm after extraction. Later, the two buds with larger angles growing under the stump are selected as the main branch. When the trunk grows to the distance from the last Pick the heart when the branch is 40-50cm away, and repeat the above steps; pick the heart at a distance of 30-40cm from the base of each main branch, and the upper axillary buds will germinate into 3 buds, leaving only one bud to continue to grow as the main branch, and the other two buds in the other 3 buds. Pick the heart at the 4th node, and then pick the heart when the top bud of the main branch grows to about 30-50cm away from the last branch point.
（4）主要病虫害防治； (4) Control of major pests and diseases;
针对危害枝条的枯梢螟，危害花蕾的蚜虫，危害枝叶的白腊蛾，果实成熟时的毛虫，采用40%的乐果乳油或40%的敌敌畏乳油稀释500倍至1000倍液喷雾防治；这样效果比较明显。 For the dead shoot borer that harms the branches, the aphid that harms the flower buds, the white wax moth that harms the branches and leaves, and the caterpillars when the fruit is ripe, use 40% dimethoate EC or 40% dichlorvos EC to dilute 500 times to 1000 times of liquid spray control; The effect is more obvious.
（5）成龄树移栽； (5) Transplanting mature trees;
按对土地的需求，种植密度的不同，封行时间的不同，而在果树封行后要部分果树移栽出去，提高株行距。 According to the demand for land, the planting density is different, and the closing time is different. After the fruit trees are closed, some fruit trees must be transplanted out to increase the distance between plants and rows.
定植时株行距为2×2.5m（133株）的澳洲坚果树在第3年封行，在收果后移栽出部分果树（66株）使得株行距变为2.5×4m。 Macadamia trees with a row spacing of 2×2.5m (133 trees) were closed in the third year after planting, and some fruit trees (66 trees) were transplanted after harvesting to make the row spacing 2.5×4m.
实施例2 Example 2
一种澳洲坚果大树移栽的栽培模式，主要包括以下五个方面： A cultivation mode for transplanting a macadamia tree mainly includes the following five aspects:
（1）施肥管理，所述施肥管理包括幼龄树施肥管理和成龄树施肥管理； (1) Fertilization management, the fertilization management includes young tree fertilization management and mature tree fertilization management;
a. 幼龄树施肥管理： a. Young tree fertilization management:
为了促使幼龄澳洲坚果树快速生长，肥料的施用应与枝梢生长情况相结合。 In order to promote rapid growth of young macadamia trees, fertilizer application should be combined with shoot growth.
1年以上的澳洲坚果幼龄树，在每年开春枝梢萌芽前7~10d至植株有少量枝梢萌芽之间，施下促梢肥；促梢肥的施用为1年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施尿素20~30g/株；2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树40~50g/株。 For macadamia young trees over 1 year old, apply a shoot-promoting fertilizer between 7-10 days before the sprouting of the branches in spring every year until a small amount of shoots sprout; the application of the shoot-promoting fertilizer is for young macadamia trees of one year Apply 20~30g/plant of urea; 40~50g/plant of 2-year-old young macadamia tree.
然后待60~80%梢基部的新叶由淡绿变深绿时，施下壮稍肥；壮稍肥的施用为1年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施复合肥20~30g/株配合硫酸钾10~15g/株；2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树施复合肥40~50g/株配合硫酸钾15~20g/株。 Then, when 60-80% of the new leaves at the base of the tip turn from light green to dark green, apply a strong fertilizer; the application of strong fertilizer is 20-30g/plant of compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate for 1-year-old macadamia young trees 10~15g/plant; 40~50g/plant of compound fertilizer and 15~20g/plant of potassium sulfate are applied to 2-year-old macadamia young trees.
2年生的澳洲坚果幼龄树，除了需要施促梢肥和壮稍肥外，还需在11月上旬春梢前施基肥；每株施腐熟的有机肥（鸡粪或牛粪、滤泥等）4~6kg。 For 2-year-old young macadamia trees, in addition to the need to apply shoot fertilizer and strong fertilizer, base fertilizer should be applied before spring shoot in early November; decomposed organic fertilizer (chicken manure or cow manure, filter mud, etc.) should be applied to each plant. ) 4~6kg.
所述基肥的施用为有机肥如鸡粪、牛粪、滤泥等。 The application of the base fertilizer is organic fertilizer such as chicken manure, cow manure, filter mud and the like.
b. 成龄树施肥管理： b. Fertilization management for mature trees:
对于3年以上生的澳洲坚果成龄树按照开花结果发育情况可分为五个施肥阶段： For mature macadamia trees that are more than 3 years old, they can be divided into five fertilization stages according to the development of flowering and fruiting:
① 花前肥 ① Fertilizer before flowering
因为 1~3月是果树抽穗开花季节，对氮、磷需求较多。因此通常在每年的2月上旬，澳洲坚果树抽穗前期施以速效氮肥为主，施尿素100~150g/株/次，同时配合磷钾肥使用，施磷酸二氢钾50~80g/株/次；以提供抽穗开花时的营养需要，提高开花质量，促进开花结果。 Because January to March is the season for heading and flowering of fruit trees, the demand for nitrogen and phosphorus is higher. Therefore, usually in the first ten days of February every year, macadamia nut trees are mainly applied with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the early heading stage, urea 100-150g/plant/time, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used at the same time, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is applied 50-80g/plant/time; To provide the nutritional needs for heading and flowering, improve flowering quality, and promote flowering and fruiting.
② 花谢肥 ② Flowers and fertilizers
在花谢之后要及时补充营养，为幼果快速生长和抽生新梢所需的大量营养做准备，在每年的3月中旬，对澳洲坚果树施以复合肥为主，配合施加单一的氮肥，每株每次施加复合肥200~300g和尿素100~150g。 After the flowers fade, nutrition should be supplemented in time to prepare for the rapid growth of young fruit and the large amount of nutrition required for new shoots. In mid-March every year, compound fertilizers are mainly applied to macadamia trees, and a single nitrogen fertilizer is applied. , Each plant is applied with 200~300g of compound fertilizer and 100~150g of urea each time.
③ 保果壮果肥 ③ Fruit Preserving and Strong Fruit Fertilizer
在5月份叶片含氮量降至全年最低值，叶片中氮、磷、钾均明显下降之前的4 月底，对开始坐果的澳洲坚果树，施加第一次复合肥500~600 g/株，以起到保果壮果作用。 At the end of April, before the nitrogen content of the leaves dropped to the lowest value in the whole year in May, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves dropped significantly, the macadamia nut trees that started to set fruit were applied with 500-600 g/plant of compound fertilizer for the first time. To play the role of fruit protection and strong fruit.
随着果实的长大及坐果率的提高，到7月份叶片氮、磷、钾含量均明显下降，磷、钾降至全年最低值，而出现第二个落果小高峰，因此，为避免此现象，在6月中旬，施加第二次复合肥500~600 g/株，以起到保果壮果作用，防止落果。 With the growth of fruit and the increase of fruit setting rate, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves decreased significantly in July, phosphorus and potassium dropped to the lowest value in the whole year, and a second small peak of fruit drop appeared. Therefore, in order to avoid this Phenomenon, in mid-June, apply the second compound fertilizer 500~600 g/plant to play the role of preserving and strengthening the fruit and preventing fruit drop.
④ 果前肥 ④ Fruit fertilizer
由于果实油分的积累和抽生枝梢的营养消耗，果树挂果量越大，树体表现的缺肥就越突出，植株叶片色泽变浅绿，因此，这时要增施一次氮、磷、钾复合肥。那么7月底至8月中旬，再次施加复合肥300~500 g/株，以保持植株健康生长，减少收获前非成熟果提前掉落，同时可以提高果仁质量。 Due to the accumulation of fruit oil and the nutrient consumption of pumping shoots, the greater the amount of fruit hanging on the fruit tree, the more prominent the lack of fertilizer in the tree, and the color of the leaves of the plant will become light green. Therefore, at this time, it is necessary to add nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound Fat. Then, from the end of July to mid-August, apply 300-500 g/plant of compound fertilizer again to maintain the healthy growth of the plants, reduce the premature drop of immature fruits before harvest, and improve the quality of kernels.
同时果树进入收获期后，因果实成熟从树上掉落后定期集中收拣的，从收获期开始到结束长达一个多月，在进入收获季前安排这次果前肥，这样既可以补充前期消耗的营养，也可以保证收获季节不便施肥期间植株的营养需要。 At the same time, after the fruit trees enter the harvest period, because the fruits are ripe and fall from the tree, they are collected regularly and collectively. It takes more than a month from the beginning to the end of the harvest period. The pre-fruit fertilizer is arranged before entering the harvest season, so as to replenish The nutrients consumed in the early stage can also ensure the nutritional needs of the plants during the inconvenient fertilization period during the harvest season.
⑤ 果后肥 ⑤ Fruit fat
9月是果实收获期，收获期结束之后树体消耗营养量较大，随之而来的是下一次活跃的营养生长，加之花芽分化亦需要营养，因此需要再10月上旬，施加复合肥1000~1500g和尿素500~800g混合；以便植株迅速恢复生势，提供树体抽梢营养。 September is the fruit harvest period. After the harvest period ends, the tree body consumes a large amount of nutrients, followed by the next active vegetative growth, and flower bud differentiation also requires nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to apply compound fertilizer 1000 in the first ten days of October. ~1500g mixed with 500~800g urea; so that the plants can quickly recover their vigor and provide nutrients for tree shoots.
（2）水分管理，包括淋水及排涝； (2) Water management, including water spraying and drainage;
a. 淋水：澳洲坚果对水分非常敏感。植后要及时淋定根水，定根水要足。 a. Watering: Macadamia nuts are very sensitive to moisture. After planting, it is necessary to pour water for rooting in time, and the water for rooting should be sufficient.
对于新定植的澳洲坚果幼年树，前2周应每天淋水1次；而后2个月内每周淋水1～2次；其后第1年内在干旱地区或无雨季节至少每周应淋水1次；2年以上生的澳洲坚果树，淋水量根据树龄增加，逐年提高，以淋水后水分能到达根际层为度； For newly planted macadamia juvenile trees, water should be watered once a day for the first 2 weeks; water should be watered 1-2 times a week for the next 2 months; water should be watered at least once a week for the first year in dry areas or in rainless seasons. Second; for macadamia trees that are more than 2 years old, the watering amount increases year by year according to the age of the tree, and the water can reach the rhizosphere after watering;
b. 排涝：除了抗旱淋水之外，澳洲坚果园地下水位高或积水，也会影响植株生长或导致根病，甚至死亡，因此在雨季或降雨量高的时节，针对大量的积水，需要疏通树根旁的排水沟及时排涝。 b. Drainage: In addition to drought resistance and waterlogging, high groundwater or stagnant water in macadamia orchards can also affect plant growth, cause root disease, or even death. It is necessary to dredge the drainage ditches next to the tree roots in time to drain waterlogging.
（3）定干与整形； (3) Drying and shaping;
树形一般采用疏散分层形。澳洲坚果树为三叶轮生，每叶腋内有3个垂直并排的芽；对于新定植的澳洲坚果幼龄树，在离地60~80cm处摘心，上面的3个腋芽将直立生长，选其中长势最旺的一个芽做主干，其余两个芽抽生后剪成1～2cm的残桩，以后选残桩下面长出的两个角度较大的芽留做主枝，当主干长到距上次分枝处40~50cm时摘心，重复上面的步骤；每主枝距基部30～40cm处摘心，上面的腋芽萌发成3个芽，只留一个芽继续生长做主枝，另外两个芽在其3～4节处摘心，当主枝顶芽长到距上次分枝点30~50cm左右时再摘心，留枝方法同上，依此方法进行更高级数的分枝。 The tree shape generally adopts the evacuation layered shape. The macadamia tree has three leaves in whorls, and there are 3 vertically side-by-side buds in the axil of each leaf; for the newly planted young macadamia tree, the top 3 axillary buds will grow upright, choose the middle growth The most prosperous bud is used as the trunk, and the other two buds are cut into stumps of 1 to 2 cm after extraction. Later, the two buds with larger angles growing under the stump are selected as the main branch. When the trunk grows to the distance from the last Pick the heart when the branch is 40-50cm away, and repeat the above steps; pick the heart at a distance of 30-40cm from the base of each main branch, and the upper axillary buds will germinate into 3 buds, leaving only one bud to continue to grow as the main branch, and the other two buds in the other 3 buds. Pick the heart at the 4th node, and then pick the heart when the top bud of the main branch grows to about 30-50cm away from the last branch point.
（4）主要病虫害防治； (4) Control of major pests and diseases;
针对危害枝条的枯梢螟，危害花蕾的蚜虫，危害枝叶的白腊蛾，果实成熟时的毛虫，采用40%的乐果乳油或40%的敌敌畏乳油稀释500倍至1000倍液喷雾防治；这样效果比较明显。 For the dead shoot borer that harms the branches, the aphid that harms the flower buds, the white wax moth that harms the branches and leaves, and the caterpillars when the fruit is ripe, use 40% dimethoate EC or 40% dichlorvos EC to dilute 500 times to 1000 times of liquid spray control; The effect is more obvious.
（5）成龄树移栽； (5) Transplanting mature trees;
按对土地的需求，种植密度的不同，封行时间的不同，而在果树封行后要部分果树移栽出去，提高株行距。 According to the demand for land, the planting density is different, and the closing time is different. After the fruit trees are closed, some fruit trees must be transplanted out to increase the distance between plants and rows.
定植时株行距为2.5×4m的澳洲坚果树（66株）在第4年封行，在收果后移栽出部分果树（33株）使得株行距变为4×5m。 The macadamia trees (66 trees) with a row spacing of 2.5×4m at the time of planting were closed in the fourth year, and some fruit trees (33 trees) were transplanted after harvesting to make the row spacing 4×5m.
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