CN111418322A - Multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn - Google Patents
Multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn Download PDFInfo
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- CN111418322A CN111418322A CN202010374573.6A CN202010374573A CN111418322A CN 111418322 A CN111418322 A CN 111418322A CN 202010374573 A CN202010374573 A CN 202010374573A CN 111418322 A CN111418322 A CN 111418322A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn, relating to a corn planting technology and a fertilization method, comprising the following steps: arranging fertilizer rows at the same distance on the two sides of the corn sowing row; fertilizer holes are arranged on the fertilizer rows, and a plurality of layers of fertilizer holes are arranged around each corn sowing hole; and sequentially placing each layer of the fertilizer to be applied in the multi-layer fertilizer holes to finish the fertilization. According to the precise fertilization method, soil drills with the diameters from large to small are used for sequentially taking soil columns from shallow to deep, the soil on the upper layer and the soil on the lower layer are not stirred, the original state of the soil is kept, the soil on the upper layer and the soil on the lower layer are prevented from being mixed and fertilizers are prevented from being mixed, and the field operation efficiency is improved; four fertilizer holes are uniformly distributed around each corn plant, the distance between each fertilizer hole and each corn plant is uniform, the distance between each fertilizer row and each corn plant is uniform, the fertilizer application amount is accurately calculated to 2 fertilizer application holes of each corn plant, and each fertilizer hole is applied with multiple layers of fertilizers, so that the fertilizer application amount, the fertilizer application depth and the high accuracy of the fertilizer application position are ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of corn planting, in particular to a multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn.
Background
With the popularization of the deep scarification technology, the multilayer fertilization technology gradually starts to be popularized. Under the drive of large tractor, the subsoiler can the subsoiling to the subsurface 25 ~ 32cm, through designing the fertilizer outlet of a plurality of fertilization pipes or a plurality of heights, can realize that the soil is executed into to the fertilizer multilayer, satisfies the needs of the different parenting periods of maize. Compared with the traditional single-layer fertilization (the depth is about 10 cm), the fertilization depth and the fertilization level of the multi-layer fertilization are increased, and the method plays an important role in guaranteeing the fertilizer supply in the middle and later periods of the corn.
The method has the following two problems that firstly, soil just filled is loose, an actual soil layer is shallow after watering porcelain, the actual fertilizer depth is smaller than the designed depth, secondly, the soil is loose by using a potting method, the fertility of upper and lower layers of soil is consistent, the actual situation that the fertility of upper and lower layers of soil is different from that of field cultivated soil is not consistent, ②, if a deep-loosening fertilizing seeder is adopted for testing, the fertilizer is applied for the first time, the fertilizer is applied for the second time, the fertility of the upper and lower layers of soil is consistent, the fertilizing amount of the upper and lower layers of soil is not consistent with that of the field cultivated soil, the actual situation that the fertility of the upper and lower layers of soil is different from that of the field cultivated soil is not consistent, the fertilizing amount of the upper and lower layers of soil is not consistent with that of the field cultivated soil, the fertilizing amount of the upper and lower layers of the soil is not consistent with that of the field cultivated soil, the walking wheels are not capable of accurately moving, the tractor when the fertilizing amount of the first time is equal to the first time, the fertilizing amount of the fertilizer is smaller than that the actual walking wheels, the walking wheels of the tractor is accurate, the fertilizer application, the walking wheels of the tractor is accurate fertilizer, the tractor, the walking wheels of the tractor is accurate fertilizer application, the tractor, the walking wheels of the tractor is not accurate fertilizer application, the tractor, the walking wheels, the tractor is not capable of the tractor, the walking wheels, the tractor is accurate fertilizer application of the tractor is not capable of the fertilizing amount of the fertilizer is not capable of the walking wheels when the fertilizer is not capable of achieving the fertilizing amount.
Therefore, a multilayer precise fertilization and planting method for corn planting needs to be provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn, so as to solve the problems in the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts a multilayer precise corn fertilization method, which comprises the following steps:
s1, arranging fertilizer rows at the same distance positions on the two sides of the corn sowing row where the corn is sowed;
s2, arranging fertilizer holes on the fertilizer rows, and arranging multiple layers of fertilizer holes around each corn sowing hole;
when a plurality of layers of fertilizer holes are arranged, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with a large diameter is taken out, and a first layer of soil column is placed beside the first layer of soil column; then sequentially using soil drills with smaller diameters, and sequentially taking out the lower soil columns to obtain a multi-layer fertilizer hole;
s3, when fertilizing, firstly putting the bottommost layer of fertilizer to be applied into the fertilizer hole, then putting the bottommost layer of soil column into the fertilizer hole, then putting each layer of fertilizer to be applied into the fertilizer hole in sequence, covering with corresponding soil columns until the first layer of soil column is put into the fertilizer hole, and flattening the soil layer.
Preferably, four equidistant multi-layer fertilizer holes are arranged around each corn sowing hole in the step S2, and the multi-layer fertilizer holes are two-layer fertilizer holes or three-layer fertilizer holes,
the manufacturing method of the two-layer fertilizer application hole comprises the following steps: taking out the first layer of soil column by using a large-diameter seedling transplanting device, and placing aside; then, using a soil drill with a larger diameter to take out the second layer of soil column and placing the second layer of soil column beside the second layer of soil column;
the manufacturing method of the three-layer fertilizing hole comprises the following steps: taking out the first layer of soil column by using a large-diameter seedling transplanting device, and placing aside; then, using a soil drill with a larger diameter to take out the second layer of soil column and placing the second layer of soil column beside the second layer of soil column; and then using a small-diameter earth drill to take out the third layer of earth pillar and placing the earth pillar beside the third layer of earth pillar.
Preferably, in step S3, when the fertilizing holes are two layers of fertilizing holes, the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8-10 cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15-17 cm, and the fertilizing amount of the first layer is greater than that of the second layer;
when the fertilizing holes are used for three-layer fertilization, the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8-10 cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15-17 cm, and the fertilizing depth of the third layer is 22-25 cm; the proportion of the fertilizing amount of the first layer, the fertilizing amount of the second layer and the fertilizing amount of the third layer is reduced in sequence.
Preferably, when the fertilizing holes are two layers of fertilizing holes, the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15cm, and the ratio of the fertilizing amount of the first layer to the fertilizing amount of the second layer is 2: 1;
when the fertilizing holes are used for three-layer fertilization, the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15cm, and the fertilizing depth of the third layer is 22 cm; the ratio of the fertilizing amount of the first layer to the fertilizing amount of the second layer to the fertilizing amount of the third layer is 7:5: 3.
The invention also discloses a corn planting method adopting multilayer accurate fertilization, which comprises the following steps:
a1, leveling the land to be sowed, watering, ditching and arranging sowing rows;
a2, arranging seeding holes at a certain distance on the seeding rows to plant corns;
a3, arranging fertilizer rows at the same distance from two sides of a sowing row, arranging fertilizer holes on the fertilizer rows, and arranging four equidistant multilayer fertilizer holes around each sowing hole;
a4, watering, weeding, thinning and final singling the fertilized land.
Preferentially, watering is carried out at the time of watering in the step S1 one day before sowing, and mainly for conveniently taking soil and making holes so as to shape drilled soil blocks;
before sowing, spraying phorate on the sowing row to control soil insects; the arrangement interval of the sowing rows is 60 cm; the depth of the sowing row is 3-5 cm.
Preferably, the distance between the sowing holes in the step A2 is 25-30 cm, and the specific distance is determined according to the characteristics of the corn variety and the land capability condition; in order to ensure that seedlings are not short in the field, 3 corn seeds are placed in each sowing hole, in order to facilitate thinning and final singling of the seeds, the seeds are distributed in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', and the distance between the seeds is 1-2 cm.
Preferably, the distance between the fertilizer rows and the sowing rows in the step A3 is 10cm, and the distance between the fertilizer application holes is the same as the distance between the sowing holes.
Preferably, the watering mode in the step A4 is drip irrigation, 1 drip irrigation tape in each row is uniformly laid and distributed, and the uniformity of test watering is guaranteed;
thinning and replanting when 3 leaves of the corn seedling are planted; when the corn seedlings have 5 leaves, the seedlings are fixed.
More preferably, weeding, hanging of bird prevention nets and the like are further included in the whole planting process so as to ensure that the growth environment of the corns is good.
Preferably, the fertilizing process of the multilayer fertilizing hole is as follows:
when two-layer fertilization is carried out, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with a large diameter is used, and a first layer of soil column is taken out and placed beside; then, taking out the second-layer soil column by using a soil drill with a smaller diameter; putting a second layer of fertilizer into the bottom of the hole, putting the second layer of soil column into the hole, compacting by using a wood stick marked with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the first layer of fertilizer application depth; finally, putting a first layer of fertilizer into the hole, and pressing the first layer of soil column into the hole;
when three-layer fertilization is carried out, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with a large diameter is used, and the first layer of soil column is taken out and placed beside; then, using an earth drill with the diameter of 8cm to take out the second layer of earth pillar and placing the second layer of earth pillar beside the earth drill; then, taking out the third layer of soil column by using a small-diameter soil drill; putting the third layer of fertilizer into the bottom of the hole, then putting back the third layer of soil column, compacting by using a wood stick with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the second layer of fertilizer application depth; putting a second layer of fertilizer, putting the second layer of soil column into the hole, compacting by using a wood stick with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the first layer of fertilizer application depth; and finally, putting the first layer of fertilizer into the hole, and pressing the first layer of soil column into the hole by feet.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn, which adopts an accurate fertilization method and has the following advantages:
the upper layer soil and the lower layer soil are not stirred, and the original state of the soil is kept; the fertilization amount is accurately calculated to 2 fertilization holes for each corn plant, and each fertilization hole is fertilized in multiple layers, so that the high accuracy of the fertilizer usage amount is ensured.
When fertilizer application holes are arranged, soil drills with the diameters from large to small are used for sequentially taking soil columns from shallow to deep, soil mixing and fertilizer mixing of the upper layer and the lower layer are prevented, field operation efficiency is improved, and high accuracy of fertilizer application depth is guaranteed.
Four fertilizer holes are uniformly distributed around each corn plant, the distance between the fertilizer holes and the corn plants is uniform, the distance between the fertilizer rows and the corn rows is uniform, and the high precision of the fertilizer positions is ensured.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of multi-layer precision-fertilized corn planting in example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The embodiment discloses a multilayer accurate fertilization method for corn, which comprises the following steps:
s1, arranging fertilizer rows at the same distance positions on the two sides of the corn sowing row where the corn is sowed;
s2, arranging fertilizer holes on the fertilizer rows, and arranging multiple layers of fertilizer holes around each corn sowing hole;
when a plurality of layers of fertilizer holes are arranged, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with a large diameter is taken out, and a first layer of soil column is placed beside the first layer of soil column; then sequentially using soil drills with smaller diameters, and sequentially taking out the lower soil columns to obtain a multi-layer fertilizer hole;
s3, when fertilizing, firstly putting the bottommost layer of fertilizer to be applied into the fertilizer hole, then putting the bottommost layer of soil column into the fertilizer hole, then putting each layer of fertilizer to be applied into the fertilizer hole in sequence, covering with corresponding soil columns until the first layer of soil column is put into the fertilizer hole, and flattening the soil layer.
In the embodiment, four equidistant multilayer fertilizer holes are arranged around each corn sowing hole, and the multilayer fertilizer holes are two layers of fertilizer holes or three layers of fertilizer holes,
when two-layer fertilization is carried out, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with a large diameter is used, and a first layer of soil column is taken out and placed beside; then, taking out the second-layer soil column by using a soil drill with a smaller diameter; placing a second layer of fertilizer at the bottom of the fertilizer hole, placing the second layer of soil column into the hole, compacting by using a graduated stick, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the first layer of fertilizer application depth; finally, putting a first layer of fertilizer into the hole, and pressing the first layer of soil column into the hole; the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8-10 cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15-17 cm, and the fertilizing amount of the first layer is larger than that of the second layer.
In the embodiment, the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15cm, and the ratio of the fertilizing amount of the first layer to the fertilizing amount of the second layer is 2: 1.
When three-layer fertilization is carried out, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with a large diameter is used, and the first layer of soil column is taken out and placed beside; then, using an earth drill with the diameter of 8cm to take out the second layer of earth pillar and placing the second layer of earth pillar beside the earth drill; then, taking out the third layer of soil column by using a small-diameter soil drill; putting the third layer of fertilizer into the bottom of the hole, then putting back the third layer of soil column, compacting by using a wood stick with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the second layer of fertilizer application depth; putting a second layer of fertilizer, putting the second layer of soil column into the hole, compacting by using a wood stick with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the first layer of fertilizer application depth; and finally, putting the first layer of fertilizer into the hole, and pressing the first layer of soil column into the hole by feet.
The fertilization depth of the first layer is 8-10 cm, the fertilization depth of the second layer is 15-17 cm, and the fertilization depth of the third layer is 22-25 cm; the proportion of the fertilizing amount of the first layer, the fertilizing amount of the second layer and the fertilizing amount of the third layer is reduced in sequence.
In the embodiment, the fertilization depth of the first layer is 8cm, the fertilization depth of the second layer is 15cm, and the fertilization depth of the third layer is 22 cm; the ratio of the fertilizing amount of the first layer to the fertilizing amount of the second layer to the fertilizing amount of the third layer is 7:5: 3.
Example 2
The embodiment discloses a multilayer precision fertilization corn planting method, which comprises the following steps:
a1, leveling the land to be sowed, watering one day before sowing, and ditching to set sowing rows;
a2, spreading phorate to the sowing rows before sowing to control soil insects, arranging sowing holes on the sowing rows according to a certain distance to plant corns, setting the hole distance according to the characteristics of corn varieties, and setting the distance between the sowing rows to be 60 cm; the depth of the sowing row is 3-5 cm;
a3, arranging fertilizer rows at the same distance from two sides of a sowing row, arranging fertilizer holes on the fertilizer rows, and arranging four equidistant multilayer fertilizer holes around each sowing hole; fertilization was carried out according to the fertilization method in example 1.
A4, watering, weeding, thinning and final singling the fertilized land.
The distance between the sowing holes in the step A2 is 25-30 cm, and the specific distance can be determined according to the characteristics of the corn variety and the land capability condition; in order to ensure that seedlings are not short in the field, 3 corn seeds are placed in each sowing hole, in order to facilitate thinning and final singling of the seeds, the seeds are distributed in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', and the distance between the seeds is 1-2 cm.
In the step A3, the distance between the fertilizer rows and the sowing rows is 10cm, the distance between the fertilizer application holes is the same as the distance between the sowing holes, and two-layer fertilization or three-layer fertilization is performed in the fertilizer application holes.
The watering mode in the step A4 is drip irrigation, 1 drip irrigation tape in each row is uniformly laid and distributed, and the uniformity of test watering is ensured;
thinning and replanting when 3 leaves of the corn seedling are planted; when the corn seedlings have 5 leaves, the seedlings are fixed.
In the whole planting process, weeding, hanging of the bird-preventing net and the like are further included, so that the good growth environment of the corn is ensured.
The specific test mode is as follows:
in order to prove that the planting method adopted in the invention has good effect, 8 fertilization methods are designed:
1. designing a test scheme: the total design experiment treatment is 8, namely treatment 1: no fertilizer is applied; and (3) treatment 2: applying fertilizer in a conventional single layer manner, wherein the depth is 8 cm; and (3) treatment: fertilizing two layers, wherein the proportion of the fertilizer amount in the depth of 8cm to that in the depth of 15cm is 1: 1; and (4) treatment: fertilizing two layers, wherein the proportion of the fertilizer amount in the depth of 8cm to that in the depth of 15cm is 1: 2; and (4) treatment 5: fertilizing two layers, wherein the ratio of the fertilizer amount at the depth of 8cm to that at the depth of 15cm is 2: 1; and (6) treatment: fertilizing three layers, wherein the fertilizer amount ratio of 8cm, 15cm and 22cm deep fertilizers is 1:1: 1; and (7) treatment: fertilizing three layers, wherein the fertilizer amount ratio of 8cm, 15cm and 22cm depth is 3:5: 7; and (4) treatment 8: fertilizing three layers, wherein the fertilizer amount ratio of 8cm, 15cm and 22cm depth is 7:5: 3.
The corn product is Jinhai No. 5, the fertilizer is a blended fertilizer produced by Jinzhengda, and the fertilizer has the nutrient of N: P2O5:K2O is 26:9:9, and the total fertilizing amount is 50 kg/mu. The total number of the cells is 8, the row length of the cell is 6.67m, the row spacing of the cell is 5, the row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 27.8cm, the total density is 4000 plants/mu, and the observation walkway of the cell is 1 m.
2. And leveling the test bed. Leveling original ridge ridges of the wheat field and other uneven places to ensure that the test area is level and consistent.
3. In order to accurately give the fertilizing amount, the fertilizer is weighed. According to the experimental design, the calculated requirements are that 320 parts of fertilizer of 1.5g, 1220 parts of fertilizer of 2.5g, 320 parts of fertilizer of 3.5g, 320 parts of fertilizer of 3.75g, 320 parts of fertilizer of 5.0g and 160 parts of fertilizer of 7.5g are weighed.
The toilet paper is wrapped simply by 4 layers of toilet paper, the toilet paper is sealed by a small amount of glue, the toilet paper is placed on a table top with the mouth facing downwards, the toilet paper is collected after 1-2 minutes, the fertilizer with the same fertilizing amount is placed in the same plastic bag, and the weight label and the parts of the fertilizer are written.
And 4, watering to make soil moisture. Proper amount of water is needed to be added one day before field fertilization, so that the drilled soil can be formed.
And 5, planning the field. According to the experimental scheme, the ropes are longitudinally pulled on the sowing rows, and the ropes are transversely pulled at the two ends of the sowing rows and the 5 th corn.
And 6, ditching and sowing. And (3) ditching below the longitudinal rope by using the small hoisting head, wherein the depth is about 3-5 cm. Spreading phorate to the seeding row to prevent and control soil insects; the seeds are sown from the 1 st plant in a sowing row strictly according to a sowing rod, 3 seeds are distributed in each hole in a shape of Chinese character 'pin', and the distance between the seeds is 1-2 cm.
And 7, perforating and fertilizing. Firstly, drawing a circle of red paint at the fertilization depth position (8cm) of a first layer outside a seedling transplanting device with the diameter of 10cm as a mark, drawing a circle of red paint at the fertilization depth position (15cm) of a second layer outside a soil drill with the diameter of 8cm as a mark, and drawing a circle of red paint at the fertilization depth position (22cm) of a third layer outside a soil drill with the diameter of 5cm as a mark.
The test treatment 2 is a single-layer fertilization treatment, in which a seedling transplanter having a diameter of 10cm is used to take out a first soil column having a depth of 8cm from the fertilization site, weighed fertilizer is put into the bottom of a fertilization hole, the soil column is put back into the fertilization hole in the original shape (the upper and lower ends cannot be reversed), and the soil column is compacted and flattened by foot treading.
Test treatment 3, treatment 4 and treatment 5 are two-layer fertilization, namely, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with the diameter of 10cm is used, and the soil column with the depth of 8cm on the first layer is taken out and placed beside; then using a soil drill with the diameter of 8cm to take out the second layer of soil column with the depth of 8cm-15 cm; putting a second layer of fertilizer into the bottom of the hole, putting the second layer of soil column into the hole, compacting by using a wood stick marked with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the first layer of fertilizer application depth; and finally, putting the first layer of fertilizer into the hole, and pressing the first layer of soil column into the hole by feet.
Test treatment 6, treatment 7 and treatment 8 are three-layer fertilization, namely, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with the diameter of 10cm is used, and a first layer of soil column with the depth of 8cm is taken out and placed beside; then using a soil drill with the diameter of 8cm to take out the second layer of soil column with the depth of 8cm-15cm and placing aside; then using a soil drill with the diameter of 5cm to take out the third layer of soil column with the depth of 15cm-22 cm; putting the third layer of fertilizer into the bottom of the hole, then putting back the third layer of soil column, compacting by using a wood stick with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the second layer of fertilizer application depth; putting a second layer of fertilizer, putting the second layer of soil column into the hole, compacting by using a wood stick with scales, and enabling the depth to meet the requirement of the first layer of fertilizer application depth; and finally, putting the first layer of fertilizer into the hole, and pressing the first layer of soil column into the hole by feet.
Test results
After the corns are ripe, testing and sorting the data of the corns subjected to different fertilization treatments in the growth process to obtain the following results:
(1) comparison of corn yields for different fertilization regimes
As can be seen from Table 1, the weight of the grains of the treatments 5 and 8 (fertilization mode in the invention) is 34.483g and 34.043g respectively, which are significantly higher than that of the conventional treatment 2, and the weight of the grains is increased by 2.366g and 1.996g respectively, and the increase reaches 7.4% and 6.0%.
The corn kernel yield of the treated corn 8 is the highest, and is increased by 8.76 percent compared with that of the conventional treated corn 2. The fertilization treatment was significantly higher than the no fertilizer treatment 1. From the overall trend, the yield of the two layers of fertilization seeds is higher than that of the single layer fertilization, and the yield of the three layers of fertilization is higher than that of the two layers of fertilization; the middle-upper layer high fertilizing amount treatment (treatment of 5, 8cm:10 cm: 2: 1; treatment of 8, 8cm:15cm:22 cm: 7:5:3) increases the hundred-grain weight of the corn and improves the grain yield.
TABLE 1 comparison of corn yields for different fertilization regimes
(2) Comparison of different fertilization modes on corn N element accumulation and distribution
As can be seen from the table 2, in the spinning period, the accumulation amount of N in the roots, stems and leaves of the corn is remarkably increased by the three-layer fertilization treatment, the accumulation amount of N in the whole plant is 8 percent at most, and is increased by 14.5 percent compared with the conventional fertilization treatment 2; the two-layer fertilization treatment was equal to or slightly lower than conventional treatment 2. The total plant proportion of the accumulated N in the main root system is 2.8-3.6%; the whole plant proportion of the accumulation amount of N in the stem is 45.5-47.9%, the treatment 4 is more than 2 and more than 6 and more than 8 and more than 3 and more than 7 and more than 1 and 5, and the difference between treatments is not obvious; the percentage of the whole plant with the accumulation amount of N in the leaves is 48.5-51.0%, the treatment 5>7>1>3>2>6>8>4, and the treatment 4 is significantly lower than the other treatments.
In the mature period, the N accumulation amount in the nutritive organ parts (root + stem + leaf) is the highest in treatment 5, the N accumulation amount in treatment 5, treatment 3 and treatment 8 is higher than that in conventional treatment 2, and the N accumulation amount in other treatments is lower than that in treatment 2; the accumulation of N in the kernels was highest with treatment 5, where treatment 5, treatment 8, treatment 7, and treatment 6 were higher than control treatment 2, and the other treatments were all lower than treatment 2. The total accumulation of the whole plant N is the highest in the treatment 5, and the total accumulation of the whole plant N is increased by 11.8 percent, 6.0 percent and 4.4 percent respectively compared with the conventional fertilization treatment 2 after the treatment 8 and the treatment 3 times.
TABLE 2 different treatments for N nutrient accumulation (kg/hm)2) Comparison with distribution
In the mature period, the total plant proportion of the accumulation amount of N in the main root system is 2.0-2.9 percent, so that the treatment is highest 3; the accumulation of N in the stem is 13.8-16.4% of the whole plant, the treatment ratio is 6>7>3>8>7>5>2>1, and the treatment ratio of 2 and 1 is obviously lower than that of other treatments; the total plant proportion of the accumulated N in the leaves is 19.1-16.4%, and the treatment rate is 3>5>2>1>8>4>6> 7; the whole plant proportion of the accumulation of N in the kernel (namely N fertilizer harvest index) is 57.0-62.5%, the treatment 7>4>1 is 6>8>2>5>3, and the treatment 5 and the treatment 3 are obviously lower than other treatments. The N accumulation of the nutrition part in the mature period accounts for 37.5-43.0% of the whole plant, the treatments 3>5>2>8>6 are 1>4>7, and the treatments 3 and 5 are obviously higher than other treatments.
(3) Comparison of P element accumulation and distribution after different fertilization treatments
In the spinning period, the P accumulation amount in the main root systems of the treatment 2 and the treatment 1 is obviously lower than that of other treatments, the P accumulation amount in the stem and the leaf is the highest by the treatment 8, the treatment 7 and the treatment 5, and the P accumulation amount of the whole plant of the treatment 8, the treatment 7 and the treatment 5 is respectively increased by 13.0 percent, 9.3 percent and 9.2 percent compared with that of the conventional treatment 2.
In the spinning period, the total plant percentage of the P accumulated in the main root system is 2.4-4.0%; the accumulation of P in the stem is 56.8-59.7% of the whole plant, the treatment is 4>8>6>1>7>3>2>5, and the treatment 5 is obviously lower than other treatments; the percentage of the total plants accumulated by P in leaves was 37.1% -40.3%, treatment 2>7>5>3>1>8>6>4, and treatment 4 was significantly lower than the other treatments.
TABLE 3 nutrient accumulation (kg/hm) of P for different fertilization treatments2) Comparison with distribution
In the mature stage, the P accumulation in the vegetative organ parts (root + stem + leaves) was highest for treatment 3 and lowest for treatment 1, with the P accumulation for treatments 3, 5, 8 being significantly higher than for conventional treatment 2; the P accumulation in the kernel was highest with treatment 5, and all fertilization treatments were significantly higher than control treatment 2 and blank treatment 1. The total accumulation of the whole plant P is the highest in the treatment 5, and the accumulation of the whole plant P is increased by 22.4 percent, 18.8 percent and 14.1 percent respectively after the treatment 8 compared with the conventional fertilization treatment 2.
In the maturation stage, the total plant proportion of P accumulated in the main root system is 0.9-1.6% to treat 3 the highest; the total plant proportion of the P accumulated in the stem is 5.3-9.0%, the treatment ratio is 6>7>3>2>4>5>1>8, and the treatment ratio is obviously lower than that of other treatments; the total plant proportion of the P accumulated in the leaves is 11.2-16.9%, the treatment 3 is more than 8 and more than 4 and more than 5 is more than 2 and more than 1 and more than 6 and 7, and the treatment 3, the treatment 8 and the treatment 4 are obviously higher than other treatments; the ratio of the whole plant to the accumulation amount of P in the grains (namely P fertilizer harvest index) is 74.3-79.8%, the treatment ratio is 7>1>5>6>2>8>4>3, and the treatment ratio 3 is obviously lower than that of other treatments. Overall, the P accumulation of the vegetative part of the whole plant in the maturation period is 20.2% -25.7%, treatment 3>4>8>2>6>5>1>7, treatment 3 is significantly higher than the other treatments.
(4) Comparison of K element accumulation and distribution in different fertilization treatment modes
In the spinning period, the accumulation of the whole K plant of the corn subjected to three-layer fertilization treatment is obviously higher than that of other treatments, the accumulation of the K plant in roots, stems and leaves is the highest in the treatment 8, and the accumulation of the whole K plant subjected to the treatment 8 is increased by 46.1% compared with that of the whole K plant subjected to the conventional fertilization treatment 2 and is increased by 66.3% compared with that of the whole K plant subjected to the blank treatment 1.
TABLE 4 corn K nutrient accumulation (kg/hm) for different fertilization treatments2) And distribution
In the spinning period, the total plant proportion of the K accumulated in the main root system is 2.3-4.1%, and the treatment and treatment are the lowest 7; the total plant percentage of the accumulated K in the stem is 48.2-54.0%, the treatment rate is 8>1>3>4>7>6>5>2, and the treatment rate 2 is obviously lower than that of other treatments; the percentage of the whole plant of K accumulated in the leaves was 42.9% -48.8%, treatments 2>6>5>7>1>4>3>8, treatments 1, 4, 3, 8 were significantly lower than the others.
During the maturation phase, the K accumulation in the vegetative organ parts (root + stem + leaves) was highest for treatment 8 and lowest for treatment 1, with the K accumulation for treatment 8, treatment 3, and treatment 5 being significantly higher than for conventional treatment 2; the accumulated amount of K in the seeds is treated for 5 times with 8 highest treatments. The total K accumulation of the whole plant is the highest by 8 times of treatment, and the total K accumulation is increased by 22.0 percent, 9.7 percent and 8.3 percent respectively compared with the total K accumulation of the whole plant treated by 5 times and 3 times of treatment in the conventional fertilization treatment 2.
In the mature period, the whole plant proportion of the accumulated amount of K in the main root system is 3.4-5.3%, and the highest treatment 3 is obviously higher than other treatments; the whole plant proportion of the accumulated amount of K in the stem is 42.8-53.7%, the treatment 7 is more than 8, more than 5, more than 6, more than 1, more than 3 and more than 4, the treatment 7 and the treatment 8 are obviously higher than other treatments, and the multi-layer fertilization treatment is obviously higher than other treatments; the whole plant proportion of the accumulation amount of K in the leaves is 26.1-37.7%, the treatment 2>4>3>1>5>8>6>7, the sequence is basically opposite to the sequence of the accumulation amount of K in the stems, and the multilayer fertilization treatment is obviously lower than other treatments; the whole plant proportion of the accumulated amount of K in grains (namely K fertilizer harvest index) is 14.2% -17.1%, the treatment ratio is 6>5>1>4>7>8>3>2, and the treatment ratio 2 is obviously lower than that of other treatments. In general, the percentage of the whole plant in the P accumulation amount of the nutrition body part in the mature period is 82.9-85.8%, and the treatment 2>3>8>7>4>1>5> 6.
(5) Comparison of transport capacity and transport efficiency of nutrients in fertilizers treated differently
Nutrient transport capacity (kg/hm)2) The root + stem + leaf nutrient accumulation amount in the spinning stage-the root + stem + leaf nutrient accumulation amount in the harvesting stage, and the nutrient transport efficiency (%) (nutrient transport amount/root + stem + leaf nutrient accumulation amount in the spinning stage) × 100%.
TABLE 5 comparison of nutrient transport for fertilizers treated with different fertilising treatments
The transport amount of N nutrients in the three-layer fertilization treatment is obviously higher than that in the conventional treatment 2, and the treatment 3 and the treatment 5 are obviously lower than that in other treatments; the N nutrient transport efficiency of the three-layer fertilization treatment is higher than that of the comparison treatment 1 and the conventional treatment 2, wherein the treatment 8, the treatment 7 and the treatment 6 are respectively increased by 6.4 percent, 3.0 percent and 2.5 percent compared with the conventional treatment 2; both single-layer and two-layer fertilization treatments were lower than blank treatment 1, with treatment 3 and treatment 5 being 6.7 and 7.0 percentage points lower than treatment 2, respectively.
The P nutrient transport amount of the three-layer fertilization treatment is higher, and the treatment 3 and the treatment 1 are obviously lower than that of other treatments. The P transport efficiency of treatment 7 was significantly 5 percentage points higher than that of conventional treatment 2, while treatment 3 was significantly 10.4 percentage points lower than treatment 2.
The transport amount of K nutrients in the three-layer fertilization treatment is obviously higher than that in other treatments, and the treatment 3 is obviously lower than that in other treatments. The K nutrient transfer efficiency of the three-layer fertilization treatment is obviously higher than that of the conventional treatment 2, the treatment 6, the treatment 7 and the treatment 8 are respectively 19.9 percent, 18.8 percent and 14.2 percent higher than that of the treatment 2, and the treatment 3 is obviously lower than that of other treatments.
(6) Comparison of season utilization rate of nutrients and fertilizer requirement of hundred kilograms of seeds in different fertilization treatments
The current utilization rate (%) of the fertilizer nutrients is 100% × (the total nutrient accumulation amount of the whole plant subjected to fertilization in the harvest period-the blank treatment nutrient accumulation amount in the harvest period)/the nutrient application amount, and the fertilizer requirement (kg) of hundred kilograms of seeds is × 100 (the total nutrient accumulation amount of the whole plant subjected to fertilization in the harvest period/the nutrient application amount).
The season utilization rate of the N nutrients in the treatment 5, the treatment 8 and the treatment 3 is obviously higher than that in the conventional treatment 2, and the N nutrient utilization rates are respectively 11.5 percent, 5.8 percent and 4.3 percent; treatment 4 was the lowest, 4.1 percentage points lower than treatment 2. The season utilization rate of the P nutrient is the highest in the treatment 5, and the season utilization rate of the P nutrient is the lowest in the treatment 2, wherein the treatment 5, the treatment 8 and the treatment 3 are respectively increased by 21.1 percent, 17.6 percent and 13.2 percent compared with the conventional treatment 2. The season utilization rate of the K nutrient is the highest in treatment 8, wherein the treatment 8, the treatment 5 and the treatment 3 are 57.6 percent, 25.2 percent and 19.7 percent higher than the conventional treatment 2 respectively.
It is generally accepted that per 100kg of corn kernel produced, N: P is required2O5:K2O is 3:1:3, and the Oenoki duckweed and gold transport propose that the yield of each 100kg of kernels of spring corn needs N1.954kg and P0.376 kg (P combination)2O50.861kg), K1.390 kg (total K)2O1.675kg)。
The fertilizer requirements of 100kg of kernels treated 2 in this study were N2.280 kg and P respectively2O50.760kg、K2O2.101kg，N:P2O5:K2O ═ 3.0:1:2.8, the analytical results were similar to what is generally considered. N and K of summer maize compared to the fertilizer requirement of spring maize2Slightly higher demand for O, P2O5The demand is slightly low, and the summer corn has short growth period probably.
As can be seen from Table 6, N, P in the fertilizer requirement for processing 5 hundred kilograms of grains2O5Is obviously higher than other treatments, and requires 0.122kg of N and 0.122kg of P more than the treatment 22O50.117 kg. P of treatment 82O5、K2The O fertilizer demand is obviously higher than that of the treatment 2, and more P is needed than that of the treatment 22O50.07kg、K2O0.261 kg, and N less 0.058 kg. From the aspect of three nutrient demand ratios, N and K are reduced by multi-layer fertilization treatment2The nutrient requirement ratio of O.
TABLE 6 nutrient in-season utilization ratio and hundred kg kernel fertilizer requirement
Through the research and analysis of the above experimental modes, the following conclusions can be drawn:
① from the overall analysis, the accumulation amount of root, stem and leaf N, K, nutrient transport amount and transport efficiency in the spinning period of the three-layer fertilization are obviously higher than those of other treatments, the accumulation amount of seeds N, K in the three-layer fertilization is generally higher, and the hundred-grain weight and the seed yield in the three-layer fertilization are higher than those in the two-layer and single-layer fertilization.
② the accumulation amount of N, P, K in the spinning period, the nutrient transport amount in the harvesting period, the whole plant nutrient accumulation amount and the current nutrient utilization rate are all the highest or higher, the hundred grain weight and the grain yield are obviously higher than those of other treatments, therefore, the treatment 8 is the optimal fertilization technical mode recommended by the research, namely three-layer fertilization, and the proportion of the fertilizer amount in the depth of 8cm, 15cm and 22cm is 7:5: 3.
③ the nutrient accumulation amount of the treatment 5 in the spinning period is at a medium level, but the accumulation amounts of the seeds and the whole plant N, P, K in the harvesting period are at the highest or higher level, the utilization rate of N, P in season is the highest, the utilization rate of K in season is slightly lower than that of the treatment 8, and the weight of the seeds and the yield of the seeds are both at higher levels, therefore, the treatment 5 is the second fertilization technical mode recommended by the research, namely, two-layer fertilization, and the deep fertilizer amount ratio of 8cm to 15cm is 2: 1.
By adopting the technical scheme disclosed by the invention, the following beneficial effects are obtained:
the invention provides a multilayer precise fertilization and planting method for corn, wherein the multilayer precise fertilization method adopted in the method has the following advantages:
the upper layer soil and the lower layer soil are not stirred, and the original state of the soil is kept; the fertilization amount is accurately calculated to 2 fertilization holes for each corn plant, and each fertilization hole is fertilized in multiple layers, so that the high accuracy of the fertilizer usage amount is ensured.
Soil with the diameter from large to small is used for drilling the soil columns from shallow to deep, so that the soil mixing and fertilizer mixing of the upper layer and the lower layer are prevented, the field operation efficiency is improved, and the high precision of the fertilization depth is ensured.
Four fertilizer holes are uniformly distributed around each corn plant, the distance between the fertilizer holes and the corn plants is uniform, the distance between the fertilizer rows and the corn rows is uniform, and the high precision of the fertilizer positions is ensured.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and such modifications and improvements should also be considered within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A multilayer precise fertilization method for corn is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, arranging fertilizer rows at the same distance positions on the two sides of the corn sowing row where the corn is sowed;
s2, arranging fertilizer holes on the fertilizer rows, and arranging multiple layers of fertilizer holes around each corn sowing hole;
when a plurality of layers of fertilizer holes are arranged, firstly, a seedling transplanting device with a large diameter is taken out, and a first layer of soil column is placed beside the first layer of soil column; then sequentially using soil drills with smaller diameters, and sequentially taking out the lower soil columns to obtain a multi-layer fertilizer hole;
s3, when fertilizing, firstly putting the bottommost layer of fertilizer to be applied into the fertilizer hole, then putting the bottommost layer of soil column into the fertilizer hole, then putting each layer of fertilizer to be applied into the fertilizer hole in sequence, covering with corresponding soil columns until the first layer of soil column is put into the fertilizer hole, and flattening the soil layer.
2. The multi-layer precise corn fertilization method according to claim 1, wherein four equidistant multi-layer fertilizer holes are arranged around each corn sowing hole in step S2, and the multi-layer fertilizer holes are two-layer fertilizer holes or three-layer fertilizer holes,
the manufacturing method of the two-layer fertilizer application hole comprises the following steps: taking out the first layer of soil column by using a large-diameter seedling transplanting device, and placing aside; then, using a soil drill with a larger diameter to take out the second layer of soil column and placing the second layer of soil column beside the second layer of soil column;
the manufacturing method of the three-layer fertilizing hole comprises the following steps: taking out the first layer of soil column by using a large-diameter seedling transplanting device, and placing aside; then, using a soil drill with a larger diameter to take out the second layer of soil column and placing the second layer of soil column beside the second layer of soil column; and then using a small-diameter earth drill to take out the third layer of earth pillar and placing the earth pillar beside the third layer of earth pillar.
3. The multi-layer precise corn fertilization method according to claim 2, wherein in step S3, when the fertilization holes are two-layer fertilization holes, the fertilization depth of the first layer is 8-10 cm, the fertilization depth of the second layer is 15-17 cm, and the fertilization amount of the first layer is greater than that of the second layer;
when the fertilizing holes are used for three-layer fertilization, the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8-10 cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15-17 cm, and the fertilizing depth of the third layer is 22-25 cm; the proportion of the fertilizing amount of the first layer, the fertilizing amount of the second layer and the fertilizing amount of the third layer is reduced in sequence.
4. The multilayer precise fertilization method for corn according to claim 3, wherein when the fertilization hole is a two-layer fertilization hole, the fertilization depth of the first layer is 8cm, the fertilization depth of the second layer is 15cm, and the ratio of the fertilization amount of the first layer to the fertilization amount of the second layer is 2: 1;
when the fertilizing holes are used for three-layer fertilization, the fertilizing depth of the first layer is 8cm, the fertilizing depth of the second layer is 15cm, and the fertilizing depth of the third layer is 22 cm; the ratio of the fertilizing amount of the first layer to the fertilizing amount of the second layer to the fertilizing amount of the third layer is 7:5: 3.
5. A multilayer precision fertilization corn planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a1, leveling the land to be sowed, watering, ditching and arranging sowing rows;
a2, arranging seeding holes at a certain distance on the seeding rows to plant corns;
a3, performing multi-layer precision fertilization on corn by using the multi-layer precision fertilization method of any one of claims 1 to 3;
a4, watering, weeding, thinning and final singling the fertilized land.
6. The method for planting corn with multi-layer precision fertilization according to claim 5, wherein the watering in step A1 is performed at the time of one day before sowing;
the arrangement interval of the sowing rows is 60 cm; the depth of the sowing row is 3-5 cm.
7. The method for planting corn with multi-layer precision fertilization according to claim 5, wherein the spacing between the sowing holes in the step A2 is 25-30 cm; 3 corn seeds are placed in each sowing hole.
8. The method for planting corn with multi-layer precision fertilization according to claim 5, wherein the spacing between the fertilizer rows and the sowing rows in the step A3 is 10cm, and the spacing between the fertilizer application holes is the same as the spacing between the sowing holes.
9. The method for planting corn with multi-layer precision fertilization according to claim 5, wherein the watering mode in the step A4 is drip irrigation;
thinning and replanting when 3 leaves of the corn seedling are planted; when the corn seedlings have 5 leaves, the seedlings are fixed.
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