CN102598946A - Local double regulation method for application of starter fertilizer and top dressing for maize - Google Patents
Local double regulation method for application of starter fertilizer and top dressing for maize Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a local double regulation method for application of starter fertilizer and top dressing for maize, which includes the steps: applying the starter fertilizer to one side of each seeding row by furrow application; and applying the top dressing to one side of each plant row by furrow application during maize jointing, namely the side opposite to the starter fertilizer; wherein each of the starter fertilizer and the top dressing is composed of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. By combining double local regulation of the starter fertilizer and the top dressing according to growth characters of maize, and compared with traditional application of fertilizer by farmers, the method meets the requirement of maize on nutrients during key growth period, fertilizing efficiency is improved, and both production and income are increased. A scientific high-yield and high-efficiency fertilizing method for maize is provided, and is effective. Especially, with popularization of agricultural mechanization, higher practical application value is achieved by combining fertilizing technology with agricultural machinery. Meanwhile, the combination of agriculture and agricultural machinery leads the development of modernized agriculture and is popularized internationally. The method has broad application prospect on domestic maize production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of corn and start fertile and the local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, belong to the corn fertilizing technical field.
Background technology
Corn is the third-largest economic crops of China, in agricultural production, occupies critical role.Carry out applying fertilizers scientifically, increasing production fertilising, economic fertilization, promote increases in grain production, increasing peasant income, become the problem that the whole society pays close attention to.Must the rational application of fertilizer could satisfy the corn different growth stage, realize that corn with high yield is efficient nutrient demand.But at present in China's Maize Production, the peasant usually applies fertilizer according to experience in the past, especially blindly uses seed manure and " one bombards " phenomenon ubiquity.For example, in some corn main producing regions, base manure consumption big or " bombards ", cause burn seedling, be short of seedling, disconnected ridge phenomenon is serious; The peasant household that has only payes attention to base manure, ignores and topdress, and cause the plant growth later stage fertile phenomenon to occur taking off, and it is significant to crop yield to topdress; There is the custom of spreading fertilizer over the fields fertilizer in the certain areas peasant; Also there is unscientific place on the kind of fertilizer, nutrient composition and the application process.These problems not only cause utilization rate of fertilizer low, contaminated environment, and reduce output, be unfavorable for peasant's increasing both production and income.
Cultivating strong sprout is the first step that realizes high yield, yet northeastward, northwest, spring corn main producing region, North China, sowing time, at this moment temperature was on the low side during May-June, and rainwater is few, causes fertilizer efficiency slow, also is prone to cause corn physiological in seedling stage fertilizer deficiency even use capacity base manure.Practice shows, during sowing, uses a spot of startup fertilizer and can play significantly short seedling effect, need not start fertile corn with routine and compare, and robust plant, leaf dark green, leaf area increase, and well developed root system is for high yield is laid a good foundation.Starting fertile title in the world is " Starter fertilizer ", and just domestic said seed manure is executed near the fertilizer seed when promptly sowing.Its principal character is, consumption is less, near apart from seed, in time accommodating seed germinates and the required nutrient of seedling growth, and short root effect in strong sprout is remarkable.According to various places soil types and working condition, it is many to start fertile kind, is widely used abroad.Yet it is slow to start fertile research and application development in China, and exists problems to need to solve.It is reported that 2009, Wuwei corn seed producing district, Gansu was because of using not science of inappropriate fertilizer work startup fertilizer and application process; Cause corn large-area burning seedling phenomenon to occur; Sowing has again had a strong impact on output after having at last turn over again, causes the loss that can't retrieve to the peasant.
It is the key that realizes corn with high yield that shooting stage topdresses, because at this moment corn is in and nourishes and grows and reproductive growth is gone forward side by side period cauline leaf vigorous growth; Tassel, female fringe begin differentiation, and dry-matter accumulation gets into the straight line rise period, are maximum periods of corn nutrient demand; Also be maximum period of nutrient benefit,, can obtain bigger amount of dry matter if nutrient is sufficient; And increase effective grain number per spike, promote raising the output.Research shows to topdress corn growth is had important function in the part, is an approach that realizes corn with high yield, also is the important measures that improve plant recovery of nutrient.The realization corn with high yield is efficient, needs the fertilizer practice of science, not only will consider soil physical and chemical property, more will have to ground and carry out the orientation regulation and control based on corn growth to the nutrient demand characteristic.
Though existing at present a large amount of research about the corn fertilizing aspect, yet most researchs are only stressed to start fertile (being seed manure) application technique, ignore top dressing technique; Perhaps stress top dressing technique, ignore and start fertilizer technology, fertilely carry out the omnidistance also rare report of regulating and control of technology, and the low problem of China's plant recovery of nutrient is more and more serious with topdressing to combine and will start.The researcher of China Agricultural University has summed up 1333 field test results of carrying out in national major grain producing area in recent years; Analyzed under the present condition China's staple food crop wilfully force of labor, agronomy efficient, utilization rate of fertilizer and physiology availability etc., found that the nitrogenous fertilizer agronomy efficient of corn is 9.8kg kg
-1, utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer 26.1% far below world level, is compared with the eighties in 20th century (Zhang Fusuo etc., 2008) on a declining curve.Apply fertilizer unscientific present situation of China is badly in need of changing, and reach the target of high-yield and high-efficiency, must grab the crucial fertile period that needs according to the corn growth rule, adopts the fertilizing method of science.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is is only to pay attention to base manure (or start fertile) in the production and think little of topdressing in order to solve; Perhaps only paying attention to topdresses thinks little of starting fertilizer; Startup fertilizer topdresses to take into account simultaneously with the shooting stage and causes the problem of fertilization that utilization rate of fertilizer is low, output is not high, and provides a kind of corn to start fertile and the part regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, adopts the nutrient prescription and the application process of science; Promote strong sprout and middle and later periods corn growth, realize corn yield increasing.
A kind of corn provided by the present invention starts fertile and the local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, comprises the steps:
During sowing, with starting the side of fertile row replacement at the sowing row; The corn shooting stage is with the side of row replacement at the plant row of topdressing, promptly with the said relative side of fertilizer that starts; Said startup is fertile to be formed by nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer with topdressing.
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method; The said fertilizer that starts can be 5cm～6cm with the horizontal range of sowing row; Can be 5cm～6cm with the vertical range of corn seed, seed can be 4～6cm usually apart from ground, and can combine machinery to use also can use by artificial trench digging.
Above-mentioned corn starts in fertile and the twice local regulation and control fertilizing method of topdressing, and said horizontal range of topdressing with the plant row can be 10cm～12cm, can be 12cm～15cm with the vertical range on ground, and can combine machinery to use also can use by artificial trench digging.
Above-mentioned corn startup is fertile to be regulated and control in the fertilizing method with twice part of topdressing, and during row replacement, the nutrient content of said startup fertilizer is following: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 30～45kg ha
-1, P
2O
560～80kg ha
-1
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, and during row replacement, the said nutrient content that topdresses is following: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 110～130kg ha
-1, P
2O
50～30kg ha
-1
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, and during row replacement, the fertile nutrient content of said startup specifically can be: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 40kg ha
-1, P
2O
580kg ha
-1During row replacement, the said nutrient content that topdresses specifically can be: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 120kg ha
-1, P
2O
530kg ha
-1
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, and said nitrogenous fertilizer can be ammonium sulfate; Said phosphate fertilizer can be superphosphate.
Corn provided by the invention starts fertile and the twice local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdress specifically can be applied on the northern limy soil.
According to the various places soil physico-chemical characteristic, in base fertilizer, can use an amount of potash fertilizer and/or zinc fertilizer.
The present invention has the following advantages:
(1) the present invention is according to the rhizosphere regulate and control action principle, according to corn growth characteristic two suboptimization fertilising, promotes seedling stage and middle and later periods growth, improves nutrient agronomy efficient and force of labor wilfully, the promotion increasing both production and income.
(2) cultivating strong sprout is the first step that realizes corn with high yield.The present invention mixes the local row replacement in back (ditch spread) near seed with ammonium sulfate and superphosphate at corn seedling stage according to a certain percentage; The nutrient zone of a higher concentration is provided; Compare with conventional fertilizer application (urea adds superphosphate and spreads fertilizer over the fields); Short root effect in strong sprout is remarkable, 5 leaf phase leaf areas, overground part dry weight, underground part (root system) dry weight, the long significantly increase of total root.
(3) the present invention promotes corn growth and dry matter accumulation in shooting stage partial fertilizer regulation and control, and in harvest time, the upperground part biomass increases by 26.3%, and root biomass increases by 47.0%.
(4) ammonium nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) adds the local regulation and control of superphosphate promotion root system hyperplasia on limy soil; And through nutrient in the rhizosphere acidifying raising soil especially phosphorus nutrient availability; Corn field top nitrogen phosphorus cumulant significantly increases, and the nitrogen cumulant increases by 52.2%, and the phosphorus cumulant increases by 47.6%.
(5) the present invention adopts and starts fertile local regulate and control method and the shooting stage local regulate and control method that topdresses, and combines in twos, forms the nutrient supply module of " relay race " formula, and realization nutrient supply and corn growth are complementary to nutrient demand, promote to increase production and improve productivity.Increase by 7.7% than traditional fertilization (urea adds superphosphate) output, fertilizer cost practices thrift about 11%, and per hectare benefit (the corn kernel output deducts fertilizer cost) increases by 2061 yuan, and fertilizer wilfully force of labor improves 7.7%, and fertilizer agronomy efficient improves 35.0%.
To sum up, the present invention starts fertilizer and combines with the twice local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdress according to the growth characteristics of corn, than the peasant habit fertilising, satisfies the corn key developmental stages to nutrient demand, and the raising fertilizer efficiency promotes increasing both production and income.The fertilizing method of a science efficiently is provided for corn with high yield; Have good effect, especially, fertilizer practice is combined with agricultural machinery along with the popularizing of agricultural mechanization; To have higher actual application value; And agronomy to combine with agricultural machinery be modernized Agricultural Development direction, popularized in the world, the present invention has broad application prospects on China's Maize Production.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is for starting fertile band and topdressing the band position view among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 2 starts position view fertile and seed among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 3 is for starting fertile and the sketch map in the locus of plant both sides that topdresses among the embodiment 1.
Embodiment
Employed experimental technique is conventional method like no specified otherwise among the following embodiment.
Used material, reagent etc. like no specified otherwise, all can obtain from commercial sources among the following embodiment.
Embodiment 1,
(1) starts fertile application process
After corn is accomplished wholely, before the sowing, by weight getting the ammonium sulfate 200kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08%
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5>=18%, the normal superphosphate 444kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1Being mixed, evenly the back is subsequent use.
Method of application: during sowing, in the place of sowing row one side 5cm, trench digging is used and is started fertilely, and ditch depth adopts manual work to use apart from seed vertical range 5cm down.
(2) shooting stage topdressing method
The corn shooting stage is by weight getting the ammonium sulfate 600kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08%
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5>=18%, the normal superphosphate 150kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1Being mixed, evenly the back is subsequent use.
Method of application: the horizontal range of going with plant is 10～12cm * 12～15cm; With the other side of row application at the plant row, distribute relatively with startup is fertile, promptly the horizontal range with the plant row is 10～12cm; With the vertical range on ground be 12～15cm, adopt machinery to use.
In the said method, it is as shown in Figure 1 with the band position view that topdresses to start fertile band, and it is as shown in Figure 2 to start fertile position view with seed, starts fertile as shown in Figure 3 with the sketch map that topdresses in the locus of plant both sides.
Embodiment 2,
(1) starts fertile application process
After the corn arrangement is accomplished, before the sowing, by weight getting the ammonium sulfate 175kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08%
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5>=18%, the normal superphosphate 389kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1It is evenly subsequent use to be mixed.
Method of application: during sowing, in the place of sowing row one side 5cm, trench digging is used and is started fertilely, and ditch depth is apart from seed vertical range 5cm down.
(2) shooting stage topdressing method
The corn shooting stage is by weight getting the ammonium sulfate 650kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08%
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5>=18%, the normal superphosphate 100kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1Be mixed evenly.
Method of application: with the distance of plant row be 10cm * 12cm, fertilizer is executed the other side at the plant row, fertilely distribute relatively with starting, promptly the horizontal range with the plant row is 10cm, with the vertical range on ground be 12m.
For the high-yield field piece, can in base fertilizer, add potash fertilizer K
2O 80kg ha
-1, zinc fertilizer 30kg ha
-1, before flowering stage, apply N 60kg ha simultaneously
-1
Embodiment 3,
At 2010 and 2011, the land for growing field crops manure trial was carried out in China Agricultural University experiment station, the village, Hebei Quzhou China Agricultural University experiment station and pear tree area, Jilin on Haidian District Beijing.
1, materials and methods:
1.1 supply to study thing: corn
1.2 test method: field trial is positioned at proving ground, the village on China Agricultural University's Haidian District Beijing
1.3 experimental scheme:
Handle 1: conventional fertilizer application
Handle 2: startups provided by the invention is fertile regulates and control fertilizer practice with shooting stage twice part of topdressing
1.4 supply examination soil:
Test soil is the chiltern moisture soil, belongs to typical limy soil, and the 0-30cm soil layer bulk density of soil is 1.44gcm
-3, pH is 8.1 (Tu Shui was than 1: 5), the content of organic matter is 8.4g kg
-1, total nitrogen is 0.74g kg
-1, available phosphorus content is 6.1mg kg
-1, quick-acting potassium content is 78mg kg
-1Planting density is 60000plant ha
-1Plant method for planting and adopt wide-narrow row planting, the narrow row line-spacing is 30cm, and wide every trade distance is 60cm.Adopt the completely random block design, each processing has 4 repetitions, sub-district area 30m
2
1.5 fertilizer material is formed and application process
Handle 1 (conventional fertilizer application): the fertilizer type of selecting for use is that urea and superphosphate spread fertilizer over the fields, and consumption is N 40kg ha
-1, P
2O
580kg ha
-1Evenly spread fertilizer over the fields as starting fertile; Topdress in the shooting stage, used fertilizer type is that urea and superphosphate spread fertilizer over the fields, and consumption is N 120kg ha
-1, P
2O
530kg ha
-1Evenly spread fertilizer over the fields.
2 (methods provided by the invention) of processing: used fertilizer type is ammonium sulfate and superphosphate, and consumption is with handling 1; Start fertilizer and execute, in the position of seed side-lower, apart from sowing row 5cm, vertical range 5cm place in the corn narrow row; Topdress in the shooting stage, used fertilizer type is ammonium sulfate and superphosphate, and consumption is executed at the loose row of corn with handling 1, with the distance of plant row be 12cm, dark 12cm can manual work uses and also can combine machinery to use.
2, result and analysis
2.1 different disposal is to the influence of corn seedling growth
At after planting 28 days, sampling and measuring plant leaf area, the computational methods of leaf area (Sanderson et al., 1981) are: the width * K of leaf area=length of blade * blade the widest part
K is a form factor, is 0.5 for not launching leaf K value, is 0.75 for launching leaf K value fully.The plant sample determination is that uniform 5 strains of growing way are chosen in every sub-district, and sample is divided into the mensuration that overground part and underground part carry out plant dry weight respectively.
The long mensuration of root adopts the method for digging whole, and the degree of depth reaches 40cm.
Adopt SAS software that data are carried out variance analysis, the result is as shown in table 1:
Table 1 different disposal is to the influence of corn seedling growth
Use under the situation that starts fertilizer in seedling stage, compare with traditional fertilization, seedling stage, plant height increased by 9.0%, and the overground part dry weight increases by 32.0%, and underground part (root system) dry weight increases by 52.4%, and leaf area increases by 19.1%, and always root is long increases by 45.3%.
2.2 different disposal is to the influence of harvest time corn growth and Nutrient Absorption
Preceding 2 days of harvest time, sampling.The plant sample determination is that uniform 5 strains of growing way are chosen in every sub-district, and sample is divided into overground part and underground part, and at first sample is in 60 ℃ of baking ovens dry 3 days; After the constant weight; Take by weighing certain weight and pulverize, carry out nitre with sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution then and boil, nitre boils the mensuration that liquid is used for the macroelement nitrogen and phosphorus content.The mensuration of nitrogen adopts Kjeldahl, and the mensuration of phosphorus adopts the yellow colorimetric method of vanadium molybdenum (Johnson and Ulrich, 1959; Shi, 1986), the result is as shown in table 2.
Table 2 different disposal is to the influence of harvest time corn growth and Nutrient Absorption
Method provided by the invention under the situation of shooting stage partial fertilizer regulation and control, is compared with traditional fertilization; In harvest time, the upperground part biomass increases by 26.3%, and root biomass increases by 47.0%; Overground part nitrogen cumulative amount increases by 52.2%, and overground part phosphorus cumulative amount increases by 47.6%.
2.3 different disposal is to the influence of corn yield and benefit
The corn maturing stage, delimit certain area in the survey producing region, the real receipts surveyed product, is converted into a hectare output.Representational 6 corn ear are fetched in each sub-district simultaneously, and each processing amounts to 24 corn ear and carries out species test.The result is as shown in table 3:
Table 3 different disposal is to the influence of corn yield and yield index
Start under the situation of fertile and twice regulation and control of shooting stage partial fertilizer, compare with traditional fertilization, output significantly increases, growth rate 7.7%, and grain number per spike increases by 4.6%, and fertilizer cost practices thrift about 11%, and corn price is according to 2.2yuan kg
-1, per hectare benefit (the corn kernel output deducts fertilizer cost) increases by 2061 yuan, and fertilizer wilfully force of labor improves 7.7%, and fertilizer agronomy efficient improves 35.0%.
3, conclusion
Method provided by the invention was used under the situation that starts fertilizer in seedling stage, compared with traditional fertilization, and seedling stage, plant height increased by 9.0%, and the overground part dry weight increases by 32.0%, and underground part (root system) dry weight increases by 52.4%, and leaf area increases by 19.1%, and always root is long increases by 45.3%; Under the situation of the local for the second time regulation and control of topdressing of shooting stage, further promote the growth of corn, this effect lasts till harvest time; In harvest time, the upperground part biomass increases by 26.3%, and root biomass increases by 47.0%.Harvest time, output significantly increased, growth rate 7.7%, and grain number per spike increases by 4.6%; Fertilizer cost reduces about 11%; Per hectare benefit (the corn kernel output deducts fertilizer cost) increases by 2061 yuan, and fertilizer wilfully force of labor improves 7.7%, and fertilizer agronomy efficient improves 35.0%.
To sum up, startup provided by the invention fertile with the shooting stage local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses, not only promoted the corn seedling growth, cultivated strong sprout, and promoted the middle and later periods growth, reduce fertilizer cost, promotion peasant increasing both production and income.
Claims (7)
1. a corn starts fertile and the local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, comprises the steps:
During sowing, with starting the side of fertile row replacement at the sowing row; The corn shooting stage is with the side of row replacement at the plant row of topdressing, promptly with the said relative side of fertilizer that starts; Said startup is fertile to be formed by nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer with topdressing.
2. local regulation and control fertilizing method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: said to start fertile horizontal range with the sowing row be 5cm～6cm, with the vertical range of corn seed be 5cm～6cm.
3. local regulation and control fertilizing method according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: said topdress and the horizontal range of plant row is 10cm～12cm, with the vertical range on ground be 12cm～15cm.
4. according to arbitrary described local regulation and control fertilizing method among the claim 1-3, it is characterized in that: during row replacement, the nutrient content of said startup fertilizer is following: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 30～45kg ha
-1, P
2O
560～80kg ha
-1
5. according to arbitrary described local regulation and control fertilizing method among the claim 1-4, it is characterized in that: during row replacement, the said nutrient content that topdresses is following: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 110～130kg ha
-1, P
2O
50～30kg ha
-1
6. according to arbitrary described local regulation and control fertilizing method among the claim 1-5, it is characterized in that: during row replacement, the nutrient content of said startup fertilizer is following: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 40kg ha
-1, P
2O
580kg ha
-1During row replacement, the said nutrient content that topdresses is following: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 120kg ha
-1, P
2O
530kg ha
-1
7. according to arbitrary described local regulation and control fertilizing method among the claim 1-6, it is characterized in that: said nitrogenous fertilizer is ammonium sulfate; Said phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate.
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|---|---|---|---|
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104756659A (en) * | 2015-04-27 | 2015-07-08 | 中国农业大学 | Novel amino acid fertilizer and application thereof in chrysanthemum planting |
| CN106856773A (en) * | 2017-02-18 | 2017-06-20 | 蒙城县振兴永发农机有限公司 | A kind of fertilizing method of corn |
| CN109924081A (en) * | 2019-04-25 | 2019-06-25 | 石河子大学 | A kind of starting fertilizer method of administration promoting trickle irrigation seedling growth of corn |
| CN111418322A (en) * | 2020-05-06 | 2020-07-17 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | Multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102150553A (en) * | 2011-04-13 | 2011-08-17 | 山西省农业科学院作物科学研究所 | Method for culturing maize |
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2012
- 2012-03-16 CN CN 201210070869 patent/CN102598946B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102150553A (en) * | 2011-04-13 | 2011-08-17 | 山西省农业科学院作物科学研究所 | Method for culturing maize |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 周怀平等: "旱地玉米秋施肥增产机制和施用技术研究", 《山西农业科学》 * |
| 苗永建: "玉米施肥方法及建议", 《土壤肥料》 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104756659A (en) * | 2015-04-27 | 2015-07-08 | 中国农业大学 | Novel amino acid fertilizer and application thereof in chrysanthemum planting |
| CN106856773A (en) * | 2017-02-18 | 2017-06-20 | 蒙城县振兴永发农机有限公司 | A kind of fertilizing method of corn |
| CN109924081A (en) * | 2019-04-25 | 2019-06-25 | 石河子大学 | A kind of starting fertilizer method of administration promoting trickle irrigation seedling growth of corn |
| CN111418322A (en) * | 2020-05-06 | 2020-07-17 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | Multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn |
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| CN102598946B (en) | 2013-04-24 |
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