CN102598946B - Local double regulation method for application of starter fertilizer and top dressing for maize - Google Patents
Local double regulation method for application of starter fertilizer and top dressing for maize Download PDFInfo
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- CN102598946B CN102598946B CN 201210070869 CN201210070869A CN102598946B CN 102598946 B CN102598946 B CN 102598946B CN 201210070869 CN201210070869 CN 201210070869 CN 201210070869 A CN201210070869 A CN 201210070869A CN 102598946 B CN102598946 B CN 102598946B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a local double regulation method for application of starter fertilizer and top dressing for maize, which includes the steps: applying the starter fertilizer to one side of each seeding row by furrow application; and applying the top dressing to one side of each plant row by furrow application during maize jointing, namely the side opposite to the starter fertilizer; wherein each of the starter fertilizer and the top dressing is composed of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. By combining double local regulation of the starter fertilizer and the top dressing according to growth characters of maize, and compared with traditional application of fertilizer by farmers, the method meets the requirement of maize on nutrients during key growth period, fertilizing efficiency is improved, and both production and income are increased. A scientific high-yield and high-efficiency fertilizing method for maize is provided, and is effective. Especially, with popularization of agricultural mechanization, higher practical application value is achieved by combining fertilizing technology with agricultural machinery. Meanwhile, the combination of agriculture and agricultural machinery leads the development of modernized agriculture and is popularized internationally. The method has broad application prospect on domestic maize production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of corn and start fertile and the local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, belong to the corn fertilizing technical field.
Background technology
Corn is the third-largest economic crops of China, occupies critical role in agricultural production.Carry out applying fertilizers scientifically, increasing production fertilising, economic fertilization, promote increases in grain production, increasing peasant income, become whole society's problems of concern.Must the rational application of fertilizer could satisfy the corn different growth stage to the demand of nutrient, realize that corn with high yield is efficient.But in China's Maize Production, the peasant usually applies fertilizer according to previous experiences at present, especially blindly applying seed manure and " one bombards " phenomenon ubiquity.For example, at some main maize areas, base manure consumption large or " bombards ", cause burn seedling, be short of seedling, disconnected ridge phenomenon is serious; The peasant household that has only payes attention to base manure, ignores and topdress, and cause the plant growth later stage fertile phenomenon to occur taking off, and it is significant to crop yield to topdress; There is the custom of spreading fertilizer over the fields fertilizer in the certain areas peasant; Also there is unscientific place on the kind of fertilizer, nutrient composition and the application process.These problems not only cause utilization rate of fertilizer low, contaminated environment, and reduce output, be unfavorable for peasant's increasing both production and income.
Cultivating strong sprout is the first step that realizes high yield, yet northeastward, northwest, spring corn main producing region, North China, sowing time, at this moment temperature was on the low side during May-June, and rainwater is few, causes fertilizer efficiency slow, also easily causes Maize at Seedling Stage physiological fertilizer deficiency even use capacity base manure.Practice shows, during sowing, uses a small amount of startup fertilizer and can play significantly short seedling effect, need not start fertile corn with routine and compare, and robust plant, leaf dark green, leaf area increase, and well developed root system is for high yield is laid a good foundation.Starting fertile title in the world is " Starter fertilizer ", and namely domestic said seed manure is executed near the fertilizer seed when namely sowing.Its principal character is, consumption is less, near apart from seed, in time accommodating seed germinates and the required nutrient of seedling growth, and short root effect in strong sprout is remarkable.According to various places soil types and working condition, it is many to start fertile kind, is widely used abroad.Yet it is slow to start fertile research and application development in China, and exists problems to need to solve.It is reported that 2009, Gansu Wuwei corn seed producing district was because of using not science of inappropriate fertilizer work startup fertilizer and application process, cause corn large-area burning seedling phenomenon to occur, again sowing has had a strong impact on output after having at last again turn over, and causes the loss that can't retrieve to the peasant.
It is the key that realizes corn with high yield that shooting stage topdresses, because at this moment corn is in to nourish and grow and goes forward side by side period with reproductive growth, cauline leaf vigorous growth, tassel, female fringe begin differentiation, and dry-matter accumulation enters the straight line rise period, it is the period of corn nutrient demand maximum, also be the period of nutrient benefit maximum, if nutrient is sufficient, can obtain larger amount of dry matter, and increase effective grain number per spike, promote volume increase.Studies show that to topdress corn growth is had important function in the part, is an approach that realizes corn with high yield, also is the important measures that improve plant recovery of nutrient.The realization corn with high yield is efficient, needs the fertilizer practice of science, not only will consider soil physical and chemical property, more will according to the demand characteristics of corn growth to nutrient, carry out targeted specifically the orientation regulation and control.
Although at present existing a large amount of research about the corn fertilizing aspect, yet most researchs only emphasize to start fertile (being seed manure) application technique, ignore top dressing technique; Perhaps emphasize top dressing technique, ignore to start fertilizer technology, and will start fertile technology rare report also with topdressing and combining and carry out Regulation in all life process, and the low problem of China's plant recovery of nutrient is more and more serious.The researcher of China Agricultural University has summed up 1333 field test results of carrying out in national major grain producing area in recent years, analyzed under the present condition China's staple food crop wilfully force of labor, agronomy efficient, utilization rate of fertilizer and physiology availability etc., found that the nitrogenous fertilizer agronomy efficient of corn is 9.8kg kg
-1, utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer 26.1% far below world level, is compared with the eighties in 20th century (Zhang Fusuo etc., 2008) on a declining curve.Apply fertilizer unscientific present situation of China is badly in need of changing, and reach the target of high-yield and high-efficiency, must grab the crucial fertile period that needs according to the corn growth rule, adopts the fertilizing method of science.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is is only to pay attention to base manure (or start fertile) in the production and think little of topdressing in order to solve, perhaps only paying attention to topdresses thinks little of starting fertilizer, startup fertilizer topdresses to take into account simultaneously with the shooting stage and causes the problem of fertilization that utilization rate of fertilizer is low, output is not high, and provide a kind of corn to start fertile and the local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, nutrient prescription and the application process of employing science, promote strong sprout and middle and later periods corn growth, realize corn yield increasing.
A kind of corn provided by the present invention starts fertile and the local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, comprises the steps:
During sowing, the side of fertile row replacement at the sowing row will be started; The corn shooting stage is with the side of row replacement at the plant row of topdressing, namely with the described relative side of fertilizer that starts; Described startup is fertile to be formed by nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer with topdressing.
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, the described fertilizer that starts can be 5cm～6cm with the horizontal range of sowing row, can be 5cm～6cm with the vertical range of corn seed, seed can be 4～6cm usually apart from ground, can use also can manually ditch in conjunction with machinery and use.
Above-mentioned corn start fertile and the twice local regulation and control fertilizing method of topdressing in, described horizontal range of topdressing with the plant row can be 10cm～12cm, can be 12cm～15cm with the vertical range on ground, can use also can manually ditch in conjunction with machinery and use.
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, and during row replacement, the nutrient content of described startup fertilizer is as follows: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 30～45kg ha
-1, P
2O
560～80kg ha
-1
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, and during row replacement, the described nutrient content that topdresses is as follows: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 110～130kg ha
-1, P
2O
50～30kg ha
-1
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, and during row replacement, the nutrient content of described startup fertilizer specifically can be: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 40kg ha
-1, P
2O
580kg ha
-1During row replacement, the described nutrient content that topdresses specifically can be: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N 120kg ha
-1, P
2O
530kg ha
-1
Above-mentioned corn starts fertile and twice part of topdressing regulated and control in the fertilizing method, and described nitrogenous fertilizer can be ammonium sulfate; Described phosphate fertilizer can be superphosphate.
Corn provided by the invention starts fertile and the twice local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdress specifically can be applied on the northern limy soil.
According to the various places soil physico-chemical characteristic, in base fertilizer, can use an amount of potash fertilizer and/or zinc fertilizer.
The present invention has the following advantages:
(1) the present invention is according to the rhizosphere regulate and control action principle, according to twice Optimum of corn growth characteristic, promotes the growth of seedling stage and middle and later periods, improves nutrient agronomy efficient and force of labor wilfully, the promotion increasing both production and income.
(2) cultivating strong sprout is the first step that realizes corn with high yield.The present invention after Maize at Seedling Stage mixes ammonium sulfate and superphosphate according to a certain percentage local row replacement (ditch spread) near seed, the nutrient zone of a higher concentration is provided, compare with conventional fertilizer application (urea adds superphosphate and spreads fertilizer over the fields), short root effect in strong sprout is remarkable, 5 leaf phase leaf areas, overground part dry weight, underground part (root system) dry weight, the long significantly increase of total root.
(3) the present invention promotes corn growth and dry matter accumulation in shooting stage partial fertilizer regulation and control, and in harvest time, the upperground part biomass increases by 26.3%, and root biomass increases by 47.0%.
(4) ammonium nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) adds the local regulation and control of superphosphate in limy soil promotion root system hyperplasia, and by nutrient in the Rhizosphere acidification raising soil especially phosphorus nutrient availability, corn field top nitrogen phosphorus accumulation significantly increases, the nitrogen cumulant increases by 52.2%, and phosphorus accumulation increases by 47.6%.
(5) the present invention adopts and starts fertile local regulate and control method and the shooting stage local regulate and control method that topdresses, and in twos combination forms the nutrient supply module of " relay race " formula, realizes that nutrient supply and corn growth are complementary to the demand of nutrient, promote to increase production and improve productivity.Increase by 7.7% than traditional fertilization (urea adds superphosphate) output, fertilizer cost saves about 11%, per hectare benefit (the corn kernel output deducts fertilizer cost) increases by 2061 yuan, and fertilizer wilfully force of labor improves 7.7%, and fertilizer agronomy efficient improves 35.0%.
To sum up, the present invention starts fertilizer and combines with the twice local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdress according to the growth characteristics of corn, than the peasant habit fertilising, satisfies the corn key developmental stages to the demand of nutrient, raising fertilizer efficiency, promotion increasing both production and income.The fertilizing method of a science efficiently is provided for corn with high yield, has good effect, especially popularizing along with agricultural mechanization, fertilizer practice is combined with agricultural machinery, to have higher actual application value, and agronomy to combine with agricultural machinery be the developing direction of agricultural modernization, popularized in the world, the present invention has broad application prospects in China's Maize Production.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 starts fertile band and the pillar location schematic diagram that topdresses among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 2 starts position view fertile and seed among the embodiment 1.
Fig. 3 starts fertilizer and topdresses at the locus of plant both sides schematic diagram among the embodiment 1.
Embodiment
Employed experimental technique is conventional method if no special instructions among the following embodiment.
Used material, reagent etc. if no special instructions, all can obtain from commercial channels among the following embodiment.
Embodiment 1,
(1) starts fertile application process
After finishing, before the sowing, get by weight the ammonium sulfate 200kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08% corn
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5〉=18%, the normal superphosphate 444kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1For subsequent use after being mixed evenly.
Method of application: during sowing, in the place of sowing row one side 5cm, trench digging is used and is started fertilely, and ditch depth adopts and manually uses apart from seed vertical range 5cm down.
(2) shooting stage topdressing method
The corn shooting stage, get by weight the ammonium sulfate 600kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08%
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5〉=18%, the normal superphosphate 150kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1For subsequent use after being mixed evenly.
Method of application: the horizontal range of going with plant is 10～12cm * 12～15cm, with the other side of row application at the plant row, with the fertile relative distribution of startup, namely the horizontal range with the plant row is 10～12cm, with the vertical range on ground be 12～15cm, adopt machinery to use.
In the said method, start fertile band and topdress the pillar location schematic diagram as shown in Figure 1, the position view of startup fertilizer and seed starts fertilizer and topdresses at the locus of plant both sides schematic diagram as shown in Figure 3 as shown in Figure 2.
Embodiment 2,
(1) starts fertile application process
After the corn arrangement is finished, before the sowing, get by weight the ammonium sulfate 175kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08%
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5〉=18%, the normal superphosphate 389kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1It is evenly for subsequent use to be mixed.
Method of application: during sowing, in the place of sowing row one side 5cm, trench digging is used and is started fertilely, and ditch depth is apart from seed vertical range 5cm down.
(2) shooting stage topdressing method
The corn shooting stage, get by weight the ammonium sulfate 650kg ha that contains N 20%, free acid＜0.08%
-1Phosphorous P
2O
5〉=18%, the normal superphosphate 100kg ha of free acid≤5.5%
-1Be mixed evenly.
Method of application: with the distance of plant row be 10cm * 12cm, fertilizer is executed an other side at the plant row, and start fertile relative distribution, be 10cm with the horizontal range that plant goes namely, with the vertical range on ground be 12m.
For the high yield field, can in base fertilizer, add potash fertilizer K
2O 80kg ha
-1, zinc fertilizer 30kg ha
-1, before flowering stage, apply N 60kg ha simultaneously
-1
Embodiment 3,
At 2010 and 2011, the land for growing field crops manure trial was carried out in China Agricultural University experiment station, the village, Hebei Quzhou China Agricultural University experiment station and pear tree area, Jilin on Haidian District Beijing.
1, materials and methods:
1.1 for studying thing: corn
1.2 test method: field trial is positioned at proving ground, the village on China Agricultural University's Haidian District Beijing
1.3 experimental scheme:
Process 1: conventional fertilizer application
Process 2: fertilizer practice is regulated and control in fertile and shooting stage of startups provided by the invention twice part of topdressing
1.4 for trying soil:
Test soil is the chiltern moisture soil, belongs to typical limy soil, and the 0-30cm soil layer bulk density of soil is 1.44gcm
-3, pH is 8.1 (Tu Shui was than 1: 5), the content of organic matter is 8.4g kg
-1, total nitrogen is 0.74g kg
-1, available phosphorus content is 6.1mg kg
-1, quick-acting potassium content is 78mg kg
-1Planting density is 60000plant ha
-1Implantation methods adopts wide-narrow row planting, and the narrow row line-spacing is 30cm, and wide every trade distance is 60cm.Adopt randomized complete-block design, each processing has 4 repetitions, residential quarter area 30m
2
1.5 fertilizer material forms and application process
Process 1 (conventional fertilizer application): the fertilizer type of selecting is that urea and superphosphate spread fertilizer over the fields, and consumption is N 40kg ha
-1, P
2O
580kg ha
-1Evenly spread fertilizer over the fields as starting fertile; Topdress in the shooting stage, used fertilizer type is that urea and superphosphate spread fertilizer over the fields, and consumption is N 120kg ha
-1, P
2O
530kg ha
-1Evenly spread fertilizer over the fields.
2 (methods provided by the invention) of processing: used fertilizer type is ammonium sulfate and superphosphate, and consumption is with processing 1; Start fertilizer and execute in the corn narrow row, in the position of seed side-lower, apart from sowing row 5cm, vertical range 5cm place; Topdress in the shooting stage, used fertilizer type is ammonium sulfate and superphosphate, and consumption is executed at the loose row of corn with processing 1, and the distance of going with plant is 12cm, and dark 12cm can manually use also and can use in conjunction with machinery.
2, results and analysis
2.1 different disposal is on the impact of seedling growth of corn
At after planting 28 days, sampling and measuring Plant Leaf area, the computational methods of leaf area (Sanderson et al., 1981) are: the width * K of leaf area=length of blade * blade the widest part
K is form factor, is 0.5 for not launching leaf K value, is 0.75 for launching leaf K value fully.Plant samples is determined as every residential quarter and chooses uniform 5 strains of growing way, and sample is divided into the mensuration that overground part and underground part carry out respectively plant dry weight.
The long mensuration of root adopts the method for digging whole, and the degree of depth reaches 40cm.
Adopt SAS software that data are carried out variance analysis, the result is as shown in table 1:
Table 1 different disposal is on the impact of seedling growth of corn
Use in the situation that starts fertilizer in seedling stage, compare with traditional fertilization, seedling stage, plant height increased by 9.0%, and the overground part dry weight increases by 32.0%, and underground part (root system) dry weight increases by 52.4%, and leaf area increases by 19.1%, and always root is long increases by 45.3%.
2.2 different disposal is on the impact of harvest time corn growth and Nutrient Absorption
Front 2 days of harvest time, sampling.Plant samples is determined as every residential quarter and chooses uniform 5 strains of growing way, and sample is divided into overground part and underground part, and at first sample is in 60 ℃ of baking ovens dry 3 days, after the constant weight, take by weighing certain weight and pulverize, then carry out nitre with sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide and boil, nitre boils the mensuration that liquid is used for the macroelement nitrogen and phosphorus content.Nitrogen determination adopts Kjeldahls method, and the mensuration of phosphorus adopts the yellow colorimetric method of vanadium molybdenum (Johnson and Ulrich, 1959; Shi, 1986), the result is as shown in table 2.
Table 2 different disposal is on the impact of harvest time corn growth and Nutrient Absorption
Method provided by the invention in the situation of shooting stage partial fertilizer regulation and control, is compared with traditional fertilization, in harvest time, the upperground part biomass increases by 26.3%, and root biomass increases by 47.0%, overground part nitrogen cumulative amount increases by 52.2%, and overground part phosphorus cumulative amount increases by 47.6%.
2.3 different disposal is on the impact of corn yield and benefit
The corn maturing stage, delimit certain area in the survey producing region, paid survey is produced, and is converted into a hectare output.Representational 6 corn ear are fetched in each residential quarter simultaneously, and each processing amounts to 24 corn ear and carries out species test.The result is as shown in table 3:
Table 3 different disposal is on the impact of corn yield and yield index
Start in the situation of fertile and twice regulation and control of shooting stage partial fertilizer, compare with traditional fertilization, output significantly increases, growth rate 7.7%, and grain number per spike increases by 4.6%, and fertilizer cost saves about 11%, and corn price is according to 2.2yuan kg
-1, per hectare benefit (the corn kernel output deducts fertilizer cost) increases by 2061 yuan, and fertilizer wilfully force of labor improves 7.7%, and fertilizer agronomy efficient improves 35.0%.
3, conclusion
Method provided by the invention was used in the situation that starts fertilizer in seedling stage, compared with traditional fertilization, seedling stage, plant height increased by 9.0%, and the overground part dry weight increases by 32.0%, and underground part (root system) dry weight increases by 52.4%, leaf area increases by 19.1%, and total root is long to increase by 45.3%; In the situation of for the second time local regulation and control of topdressing of shooting stage, further promote the growth of corn, this effect lasts till harvest time; In harvest time, the upperground part biomass increases by 26.3%, and root biomass increases by 47.0%.Harvest time, output significantly increased, growth rate 7.7%, and grain number per spike increases by 4.6%, fertilizer cost reduces about 11%, per hectare benefit (the corn kernel output deducts fertilizer cost) increases by 2061 yuan, and fertilizer wilfully force of labor improves 7.7%, and fertilizer agronomy efficient improves 35.0%.
To sum up, fertile and shooting stage of startup provided by the invention local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses has not only promoted seedling growth of corn, has cultivated strong sprout, and has promoted the middle and later periods growth, reduces fertilizer cost, promotion peasant increasing both production and income.
Claims (7)
1. a corn starts fertile and the local regulation and control fertilizing method that topdresses twice, comprises the steps:
During sowing, the side of fertile row replacement at the sowing row will be started; The corn shooting stage is with the side of row replacement at the plant row of topdressing, namely with the described relative side of fertilizer that starts; Described startup is fertile to be formed by nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer with topdressing.
2. local regulation and control fertilizing method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described to start fertile horizontal range with the sowing row be 5cm ~ 6cm, with the vertical range of corn seed be 5cm ~ 6cm.
3. local regulation and control fertilizing method according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: described horizontal range of topdressing with the plant row is 10cm～12cm, with the vertical range on ground be 12cm～15cm.
4. fertilizing method is regulated and control in part according to claim 3, and it is characterized in that: during row replacement, the nutrient content of described startup fertilizer is as follows: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N30～45kgha
-1, P
2O
560～80kgha
-1
5. fertilizing method is regulated and control in part according to claim 4, and it is characterized in that: during row replacement, the described nutrient content that topdresses is as follows: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N110～130kgha
-1, P
2O
50～30kgha
-1
6. fertilizing method is regulated and control in part according to claim 5, and it is characterized in that: during row replacement, the nutrient content of described startup fertilizer is as follows: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N40kg ha
-1, P
2O
580kg ha
-1During row replacement, the described nutrient content that topdresses is as follows: wherein, the content of P is with P
2O
5Meter, N120kgha
-1, P
2O
530kgha
-1
7. fertilizing method is regulated and control in part according to claim 6, and it is characterized in that: described nitrogenous fertilizer is ammonium sulfate; Described phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate.
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| CN104756659B (en) * | 2015-04-27 | 2017-10-31 | 中国农业大学 | A kind of novel amino fertilizer and its application in chrysanthemum plantation |
| CN106856773A (en) * | 2017-02-18 | 2017-06-20 | 蒙城县振兴永发农机有限公司 | A kind of fertilizing method of corn |
| CN109924081A (en) * | 2019-04-25 | 2019-06-25 | 石河子大学 | A kind of starting fertilizer method of administration promoting trickle irrigation seedling growth of corn |
| CN111418322B (en) * | 2020-05-06 | 2022-02-11 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | Multilayer accurate fertilization and planting method for corn |
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