CN111373996A - High-yield cultivation method for momordica grosvenori - Google Patents
High-yield cultivation method for momordica grosvenori Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori, and belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation. According to the method, the planting distance of the fixedly planted momordica grosvenori seedlings is 80-120 cm, the row distance is 500-700 cm, compared with the traditional cultivation method, the planting distance is narrowed, the row distance is widened, and the space architecture is more beneficial to growth, development and production management of momordica grosvenori; according to the invention, the number, the orientation and the spacing of the stems of the fruits are controlled through shaping and pruning, the stems of the momordica grosvenori are guided to grow in parallel in the same direction, the cross overlapping of the stems and the stems is avoided, the space architecture is more reasonable, two batches of fruits can be generated in summer and autumn respectively, and the yield, the quality and the economic benefit of momordica grosvenori planting are further improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a high-yield momordica grosvenori cultivation method.
Background
The fructus Siraitiae Grosvenorii is perennial vine of Cucurbitaceae, and is distributed in provinces such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi and Guizhou. When the momordica grosvenori is cultivated, a shed frame is required to be built to guide and support the growth of stems and tendrils of the momordica grosvenori, and the momordica grosvenori blooms and fruits. The existing cultivation method of the momordica grosvenori adopts a horizontal shed frame, specifically, a reinforced concrete column or bamboo is used as a support column, the top ends of the support columns are connected in a cross mode through iron wires and are tensioned and firmly fixed to form a planar support; then covering the iron wire bracket with a nylon net with the mesh width of about 0.15m to form a flat-topped shed surface.
In the process of cultivating the siraitia grosvenorii, particularly in the later period of flowering and fruiting, the spatial architecture of the siraitia grosvenorii plants is limited, so that vine interweaving is messy, a leaf curtain layer is too dense and thick, and the yield of the siraitia grosvenorii is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori, which can effectively improve the yield of momordica grosvenori.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori, wherein a cultivation frame adopted in the cultivation method is a horizontal shed frame; the cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) planting the momordica grosvenori seedlings, wherein the planting distance of the momordica grosvenori seedlings after planting is 80-120 cm, and the row spacing is 500-700 cm;
2) the main vines for cultivating the momordica grosvenori seedlings grow upwards vertically depending on the cultivation frame, and when the main vines grow to the top of the shed frame, terminal buds are removed;
3) after terminal buds are picked off, 4-5 lateral buds close to a cut are reserved, when the lateral buds germinate and grow to 5-10 cm, 2-3 robust lateral vines are reserved as first-level lateral vines, and the first-level lateral vines are distributed in a sector shape along the shed top towards the row space;
4) topping each first-stage lateral vine when 6-8 leaves grow out, reserving 4-6 leaves for each first-stage lateral vine, selecting 4-6 whole-plant momordica grosvenori seedlings as second-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the first-stage lateral vines germinate and grow into vines, and distributing the second-stage lateral vines in a fan shape towards the row space along the shed top;
5) topping each second-stage lateral vine when 5-6 leaves grow out of each vine, reserving 3-4 leaves for each second-stage lateral vine, selecting 6-8 whole-plant momordica grosvenori seedlings as third-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the second-stage lateral vines germinate and grow into vines, and distributing the third-stage lateral vines in parallel towards rows along the shed top;
6) taking three-stage lateral vines with continuous full buds within 10-15 nodes as first-batch fruiting vines; cutting off three-stage lateral vines without continuous full buds within 10-15 sections, reserving 2-3 leaves of a base part of each three-stage lateral vine after the three-stage lateral vines are cut off, reserving 1 of the three-stage lateral vines as four-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the three-stage lateral vines germinate and grow, judging whether the four-stage lateral vines reach a fruiting vine standard or not by taking the presence or absence of continuous full buds within 10-15 sections as a standard, and reserving or cutting off the four-stage lateral vines until a first batch of fruiting vines are formed;
the continuous plump buds refer to the fact that buds are arranged on each leaf axilla and are plump; the number of first fruiting vines on each momordica grosvenori seedling is 6-8;
7) after the total number of buds and fruits on each first fruiting vine reaches 10-20, selecting nodes with leaf buds on the first fruiting vine for topping;
8) step 7), after topping, germinating leaf buds to grow into second set of fruiting tendrils; and (4) topping the second fruiting vines after the total number of buds and fruits on each second fruiting vine reaches 5-10.
Preferably, before the field planting of the momordica grosvenori seedlings in the step 1), turning the soil and making furrows along the direction of the momordica grosvenori planting rows in sequence; the depth of the ploughed soil is 28-32 cm; the width of each ridge is 100-120 cm, and the height of each ridge is 28-32 cm.
Preferably, the cultivation method further comprises fertilization; the fertilization comprises base fertilizer application, first top dressing, second top dressing, third top dressing, fourth top dressing, fifth top dressing and sixth top dressing;
the application time of the base fertilizer is that before the momordica grosvenori seedlings are planted, the base fertilizer is placed in the furrows and mixed with soil for application; the application frequency of the base fertilizer is 1 time; the base fertilizer comprises organic farmyard manure and a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, wherein the mass of the organic farmyard manure applied to each siraitia grosvenorii is 10-12 kg, and the mass of the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer applied to each siraitia grosvenorii is 0.25-0.5 kg;
the application time of the first additional fertilizer is from after permanent planting to before topping of the main vines, and the application frequency is 1 time/week; the fertilizer for the first topdressing comprises a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer; the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is applied after being diluted by 50-200 times, and the mass of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer diluent applied to each momordica grosvenori seedling every time is 0.5-2 kg;
the application time of the secondary additional fertilizer is from the top of the main vines to the top of the secondary lateral vines, and the application times are 1-2 times; the fertilizer for the second topdressing comprises potassium sulfate, the application mode is root application, the application depth is 5-10 cm from the ground, and 0.2-0.3 kg of fertilizer is applied to each momordica grosvenori seedling.
The application time of the third additional fertilizer is 1 time after the first batch of fruiting vines are formed; the fertilizer for the third topdressing comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer, wherein 2-3 kg of the biological organic fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling;
the application time of the fourth topdressing is the first full-bloom period, and the application times are 1-2; the fourth topdressing fertilizer comprises humic acid water flush fertilizer or fulvic acid water flush fertilizer;
the application time of the fifth topdressing is 30-45 days after the first full-bloom period, and the application times are 1; the fertilizer for the fifth topdressing comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer, wherein 2-3 kg of the biological organic fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of the high-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling;
the application time of the sixth topdressing is the second full-bloom period, and the application times are 1-2 times; the fertilizer for the sixth topdressing comprises humic acid water flush fertilizer or fulvic acid water flush fertilizer.
Preferably, the horizontal shed frame comprises upright posts, iron wires and nylon nets; the height of the upright columns is 1.7-1.8 m, and the distance between every two adjacent upright columns is 2-3 m; the top ends of the upright posts are connected in a longitudinal and transverse mode through iron wires to form a planar support; the nylon net covers the plane support to form a flat ceiling surface of the horizontal canopy frame.
Preferably, in the step 2), when the height of the momordica grosvenori seedlings is more than or equal to 20cm, the main tendrils for culturing the momordica grosvenori seedlings grow vertically upwards in the attached cultivation frames.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides a high-yield momordica grosvenori cultivation method, wherein the planting distance of momordica grosvenori seedlings after field planting is 80-120 cm, the row distance is 500-700 cm, compared with the traditional cultivation method, the planting distance is narrowed, the row distance is widened, and the space architecture is more beneficial to growth, development and production management of momordica grosvenori; according to the invention, the number, the orientation and the spacing of the stems of the fruits are controlled through shaping and pruning, the stems of the momordica grosvenori are guided to grow in parallel in the same direction, the cross overlapping of the stems and the stems is avoided, the space architecture is more reasonable, two batches of fruits can be generated in summer and autumn respectively, and the yield, the quality and the economic benefit of momordica grosvenori planting are further improved. In 2019, the yield of the momordica grosvenori demonstration base adopting the cultivation method is measured on site in 9 months, the number of fruits reaches 15334 per mu, and the percentage of large and medium fruits is more than 80%, so that the yield is obviously improved compared with the average yield of the momordica grosvenori in 10000 per mu in the traditional cultivation method.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a real shot view of Momordica grosvenori cultivated by the cultivation method of Momordica grosvenori of high yield in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a photograph of a traditional method for cultivating Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori, wherein a cultivation frame adopted in the cultivation method is a horizontal shed frame, and the height of the horizontal shed frame is preferably 1.7-1.8 m; the cultivation method comprises the following steps:
1) planting the momordica grosvenori seedlings, wherein the planting distance of the momordica grosvenori seedlings after planting is 80-120 cm, and the row spacing is 500-700 cm;
2) the main vines for cultivating the momordica grosvenori seedlings grow upwards vertically depending on the cultivation frame, and when the main vines grow to the top of the shed frame, terminal buds are removed;
3) after terminal buds are removed, 4-5 lateral buds close to the cut are reserved, when the lateral buds germinate and grow to 5-10 cm, 2-3 lateral tendrils are reserved as first-level lateral tendrils, and the first-level lateral tendrils are distributed in a fan shape along the shed top towards the row space;
4) topping each first-stage lateral vine when 6-8 leaves grow out, reserving 4-6 leaves for each first-stage lateral vine, selecting 4-6 whole-plant momordica grosvenori seedlings as second-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the first-stage lateral vines germinate and grow into vines, and distributing the second-stage lateral vines in a fan shape towards the row space along the shed top;
5) topping each second-stage lateral vine when 5-6 leaves grow out of each vine, reserving 3-4 leaves for each second-stage lateral vine, selecting 6-8 whole-plant momordica grosvenori seedlings as third-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the second-stage lateral vines germinate and grow into vines, and distributing the third-stage lateral vines in parallel towards rows along the shed top;
6) taking three-stage lateral vines with continuous full buds within 10-15 nodes as first-batch fruiting vines; cutting short third-stage lateral vines without continuous full buds within 10-15 sections, reserving 2-3 leaves close to a cut of each of the three-stage lateral vines after the three-stage lateral vines are cut short, reserving 1 of the three-stage lateral vines as fourth-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the third-stage lateral vines germinate and grow vines, judging whether the fourth-stage lateral vines reach a fruiting vine standard or not by taking the fact that continuous full buds exist within 10-15 sections as a standard, and reserving or cutting the fourth-stage lateral vines until a first batch of fruiting vines are formed;
the continuous plump buds refer to the fact that buds are arranged on each leaf axilla and are plump; the number of first fruiting vines on each momordica grosvenori seedling is 6-8;
7) after the total number of buds and fruits on each first fruiting vine reaches 10-20, selecting nodes with leaf buds on the first fruiting vine for topping;
8) step 7), after topping, germinating leaf buds to grow into second set of fruiting tendrils; and (4) topping the second fruiting vines after the total number of buds and fruits on each second fruiting vine reaches 5-10.
In the invention, the horizontal shed frame preferably comprises upright posts, iron wires and nylon nets; the height of the upright posts is preferably 1.7-1.8 m, and the distance between every two adjacent upright posts is preferably 2-3 m; the top ends of the upright posts are connected in a longitudinal and transverse mode through iron wires to form a planar support; the nylon net covers the plane support to form a flat ceiling surface of the horizontal canopy frame; the mesh width of the nylon net is preferably 0.15 m.
Firstly, turning the soil and making ridges along the direction of the planting rows of the siraitia grosvenorii; the depth of the plowing is preferably 28-32 cm, and more preferably 30 cm; the width of each ridge is preferably 100-120 cm, more preferably 110cm, the height of each ridge is preferably 28-32 cm, more preferably 30cm, and the distance between the central axes of two adjacent ridges is preferably 5-7 m; the method plants the momordica grosvenori seedlings on the ridges, adopts long strip ridge-shaped land preparation, replaces a point hole digging and land preparation mode, and enables soil and fertilizer water management to be more convenient and efficient.
The method also comprises the step of applying a base fertilizer before field planting, wherein the base fertilizer is placed in the furrow and mixed with the soil for application; the application frequency of the base fertilizer is preferably 1 time; the base fertilizer preferably comprises organic farmyard manure and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, wherein 8-12 kg of organic farmyard manure, preferably 10kg of organic farmyard manure and 0.2-0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, preferably 0.3kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are applied to each momordica grosvenori seedling; the organic farmyard manure preferably comprises chicken manure or pig manure.
After the field is turned, furrowed and base fertilizer is applied, transplanting and field planting are carried out on the momordica grosvenori seedlings, the plant spacing of the momordica grosvenori seedlings after field planting is 80-120 cm, preferably 100cm, the row spacing is 500-700 cm, preferably 600 cm; according to the method, the row spacing of the planted momordica grosvenori seedlings is 80-120 cm, the row spacing is 500-700 cm (narrow row spacing and wide row spacing), the row spacing is 500-700 cm, the growth rule of the fruit vines of the momordica grosvenori is met, and the space framework is more beneficial to growth development and production management of the momordica grosvenori.
After the momordica grosvenori seedlings are fixedly planted, preferably after the seedlings are 20cm high, the main vines are enabled to grow vertically upwards along the supports through manual vine guiding, in the actual cultivation process, a long and thin bamboo is inserted or a cotton line is dropped from the top of a shed to guide the momordica grosvenori main vines to climb to the top of the shed, all the side vines are timely erased, and when the main vines grow to the top of the shed frame, top buds are removed; in the specific implementation process of the invention, the soil is kept moist after the planting and before the main vines are topped, and preferably, the method further comprises the step of applying a first additional fertilizer, wherein the frequency of applying the first additional fertilizer is preferably 1 time per week; the fertilizer for the first topdressing preferably comprises a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer; the dosage of the diluent for applying the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer to each momordica grosvenori seedling is preferably 0.5-2 kg, more preferably 1-1.5 kg, the application amount is based on the principle of first dilution and then concentration, and less and more, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is firstly diluted by 50-200 times during each application, and then each momordica grosvenori seedling is applied with the diluent by spraying 0.5-2 kg; the invention can promote the strong growth of the momordica grosvenori seedlings by applying the first additional fertilizer and keeping the soil moist.
The invention can promote the momordica grosvenori to bloom and fruit in advance by topping the main vines.
After terminal buds are picked off, 4-5 side buds close to a cut are reserved, when the side buds germinate and grow to 5-10 cm, 2-3 side buds are reserved as first-level side vines, 2 robust side buds close to the cut are preferably reserved as first-level side vines, and the first-level side vines are distributed in a fan shape towards the row space along the shed top.
When each first-stage lateral vine grows 6-8 leaves, the method performs topping on the first-stage lateral vines, 4-6 leaves are reserved on each first-stage lateral vine, 4-6 of the whole plant momordica grosvenori seedlings are selected and reserved as second-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the first-stage lateral vines germinate and grow vines, and the second-stage lateral vines are distributed in a sector shape along the shed top towards the row spaces.
When each two-stage lateral vine grows to have 5-6 leaves, the method performs topping on the two-stage lateral vines, each two-stage lateral vine keeps 3-4 leaves, when leaf buds on the two-stage lateral vines germinate and grow vines, 6-8 whole-plant momordica grosvenori seedlings are selected and kept as three-stage lateral vines, the three-stage lateral vines are distributed in parallel towards rows along the shed top, and the vines cannot be overlapped in a crossing mode.
According to the invention, after topping of the main vines and before topping of the secondary side vines, secondary top dressing is preferably applied, wherein the application time of the secondary top dressing is that the application frequency is preferably 1-2; the fertilizer for the second topdressing preferably comprises potassium sulfate, preferably potassium sulfate Kao-phosphate, and is applied in a root application mode, wherein the application depth is 5-10 cm from the ground, and 0.2-0.3 kg of fertilizer is applied to each mogrosia seedlings.
According to the method, three-stage lateral vines with continuous full buds within 10-15 knots are used as first-batch fruiting vines; cutting off three-stage lateral vines without continuous full buds within 10-15 sections, reserving 2-3 leaves of a base part of each three-stage lateral vine after the three-stage lateral vines are cut off, reserving 1 of the three-stage lateral vines as four-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the three-stage lateral vines germinate and grow, judging whether the four-stage lateral vines reach a fruiting vine standard or not by taking the presence or absence of continuous full buds within 10-15 sections as a standard, and reserving or cutting off the four-stage lateral vines until a first batch of fruiting vines are formed; the continuous plump buds refer to the fact that buds are arranged on each leaf axilla and are plump; the number of the first fruiting vines on each siraitia grosvenorii seedling is 6-8, preferably 7, and the redundant first fruiting vines are subjected to thinning shearing.
The method preferably further comprises applying a third additional fertilizer after the first fruiting vine is formed, wherein the application frequency of the third additional fertilizer is preferably 1; the fertilizer for the third topdressing preferably comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer, wherein 2-3 kg of the biological organic fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling; the biological organic fertilizer preferably comprises a giant microbial organic fertilizer; the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is preferably Kaiping nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer; the third topdressing is used for strengthening flowers and fruits.
In the first full-bloom stage (corresponding to the full-bloom stage of the first fruiting vine), the method preferably further comprises the step of applying a fourth additional fertilizer, wherein the application frequency is preferably 1-2, and the interval time between the two times is 15 d; the fourth topdressing fertilizer preferably comprises humic acid water flush fertilizer or fulvic acid water flush fertilizer so as to improve fruit setting rate and promote the swelling and growth of young fruits.
In the invention, 30-45 days after the first full-bloom period, the method preferably further comprises applying a fifth additional fertilizer for 1 time; the fertilizer for the fifth topdressing preferably comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer, wherein 2-3 kg of the biological organic fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of the high-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling; the fifth topdressing is used for strengthening flowers and fruits.
After the total number of buds and fruits on each first fruit vine reaches 10-20, the invention selects the nodes with leaf buds on the first fruit vine to carry out topping so as to concentrate nutrients to supply the first fruit, and in the process of expanding and developing the first fruit, all the other branches are cut except the selected leaf buds.
After topping is carried out on the nodes with leaf buds on the first set of fruiting tendrils, the leaf buds germinate and grow into a second set of fruiting tendrils; and when the total number of buds and fruits on each second fruit vine is 5-10, topping the second fruit vine to promote nutrients to be supplied to the second fruit vine in a centralized manner.
In the second full-bloom stage (corresponding to the second batch of fruiting vines), the method preferably further comprises the step of applying a sixth additional fertilizer, wherein the application frequency is preferably 1-2 times; the fertilizer for the sixth topdressing preferably comprises a humic acid water flush fertilizer or a fulvic acid water flush fertilizer so as to improve the fruit setting rate and promote the swelling and growth of young fruits.
According to the invention, the Momordica grosvenori fruits grow for 80-85 days, the Momordica grosvenori fruits have the characteristics of green fading of fruit peels, yellow turning of fruit stalks and high elasticity of fruit surfaces, and the Momordica grosvenori fruits can be harvested in batches after the fruits are ripe.
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Selecting an orchard in a forward-to-osmanthus region in Guilin city as an embodiment, wherein the orchard belongs to a medium-subtropical climate region, has an elevation of 198 m and is gentle in hilly slope land; the soil is zonal red soil formed by the development of sand shale, and is weakly acidic and moderate in fertility. The annual average temperature is 18.8 ℃, the annual sunshine is 1501.2 hours, and the annual rainfall is 1905.4 mm.
Example 1
A high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori comprises the following specific steps:
(1) and (3) applying base fertilizer to the soil preparation in the first 12 months, turning the soil along the Momordica grosvenori planting rows according to the requirement of the row spacing of 500cm, and making furrows, wherein the turning depth is 30cm, the furrow width is 100cm, and the furrow height is 30 cm. Meanwhile, 10kg of decomposed pig fertilizer and 0.25kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are applied to each momordica grosvenori plant, and a base fertilizer is put into the furrow and uniformly mixed with soil.
(2) And 3, 20 days after 3 months, transplanting the momordica grosvenori seedlings to the well-prepared ridges according to the requirement of the plant spacing of 100 cm.
(3) In order to promote the strong growth of the seedlings, after planting and before topping the main tendrils, except keeping the soil moist, the phosphorus-opened nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer with the mass percentage concentration of 0.5-2% is applied once a week, and the fertilizer is diluted and then concentrated.
(4) After the seedlings are 20cm high, the main vines are vertically and upwards grown along the supports by manually leading the vines, and all the lateral vines are timely erased.
(5) When the main vine grows to the shed roof, the terminal bud is removed.
(6) And (3) after the main vines are topped, keeping 4-5 lateral buds below the cut, selecting 2-3 strong branches as first-level lateral vines of plants when the lateral buds germinate and grow to 5-10 cm, and wiping the rest.
(7) Guiding the first-stage lateral vines to be distributed in a fan shape along the shed top towards the row space, cutting off the top when 6-8 leaves grow out of each vine, and keeping 4-6 leaves.
(8) After the top of the first-level tendrils is topped, 0.25kg of potassium phosphate potassium sulfate is applied to each plant.
(9) After the second-level lateral vines germinate from axilla of the first-level lateral vines, 4-6 strong lateral vines are selected and retained, the second-level lateral vines are also guided to extend in a fan-shaped distribution, and the vines cannot be overlapped in a crossed mode.
(10) And when 5-6 leaves grow on each vine of the second-level lateral vines, cutting off the tops and keeping 3-4 leaves.
(11) After the third-level lateral vines germinate and grow out from the axilla of the second-level lateral vines, 6-8 strong lateral vines are selected and left, and the strong lateral vines are guided to grow towards the rows in parallel.
(12) Observing the flower bud differentiation condition of the three-stage lateral vines, and taking the stems as the fruits to allow the stems to continue to grow if continuous full buds appear within 10-15 knots on the stems; and if no continuous full buds appear within 10-15 knots, shortening and retracting to 2-3 leaves of the base part to promote the growth of the fourth-level lateral vines, treating the fourth-level lateral vines in the same way as the third-level lateral vines, and so on until fruiting vines appear. The number of the vines of each plant is controlled to be 6-8, and the surplus vines are cut off.
(13) After the fruiting vines are formed in the step 12), ditching and applying heavy fertilizer once along the rhizosphere of the seedlings, wherein 2.5kg of giant microbial organic fertilizer and 0.25kg of phosphate-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each seedling.
(14) After the total number of flowers and fruits on each fruiting vine reaches 10-20, the node with leaf buds is selected for topping so as to concentrate nutrients to supply the first batch of fruits.
(15) When the first full-bloom stage comes, 0.25kg of humic acid water flush fertilizer is applied to each plant to improve the fruit setting rate and promote the expansion and growth of young fruits.
(16) During the first fruit expansion and development process, the rest of the forking tendrils are cut except the selected leaf buds.
(17) After 40 days after the first full bloom period, when the first batch of fruits stops expanding, 2.5kg of giant microbial organic fertilizer and 0.25kg of phosphate-brand high-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling;
(18) and after the leaf buds selected and remained on the first fruit vines grow into second fruit vines, topping again after the total number of the flowering and fruit setting of each vine reaches 5-10, and promoting the nutrients to be supplied to the second fruits in a centralized manner.
(19) When the second full-bloom stage comes, each plant is applied with 0.25kg of fulvic acid water flush fertilizer.
(20) The momordica grosvenori fruits grow for 80-85 days, the momordica grosvenori fruits have the properties of green removing of fruit peels, yellow handle, elasticity of fruit surfaces and the like, the fruits are marked to be mature, and then the momordica grosvenori fruits can be harvested in batches.
Through yield measurement statistics, the average yield of the momordica grosvenori in the orchard is 16001/mu (see figure 1), wherein the large fruits and the medium fruits account for 82.7% of the total fruits, and the yield is remarkable compared with the average yield (about 10000/mu) of the current momordica grosvenori production area (see figure 2).
Example 2
A high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori comprises the following specific steps:
(1) and (3) applying base fertilizer to the soil preparation in the first 12 months, turning the soil along the planting rows of the momordica grosvenori to form furrows according to the requirement of the row spacing of 600cm, wherein the turning depth is 30cm, the furrow width is 100cm, and the furrow height is 30 cm. Meanwhile, 10kg of decomposed pig fertilizer and 0.25kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are applied to each momordica grosvenori plant, and a base fertilizer is put into the furrow and uniformly mixed with soil.
(2) And 3, transplanting the momordica grosvenori seedlings to the finished ridges on 28 days after 3 months according to the requirement of the plant spacing of 100 cm.
(3) In order to promote the strong growth of the seedlings, after planting and before topping the main vines, besides keeping the soil moist, the phosphorus-opened brand nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer with the concentration of 0.5-2% is applied once a week, and the fertilizer is diluted and then concentrated.
(4) After the seedlings are 20cm high, the main vines are vertically and upwards grown along the supports by manually leading the vines, and all the lateral vines are timely erased.
(5) When the main vine grows to the shed roof, the terminal bud is removed.
(6) After the main vines are topped, 0.1kg of potassium sulfate phosphate is applied to each plant.
(7) And (3) after the main vines are topped, keeping 4-5 lateral buds below the cut, selecting 2-3 strong branches as first-level lateral vines of plants when the lateral buds germinate and grow to 5-10 cm, and wiping the rest.
(8) Guiding the first-stage lateral vines to be distributed in a fan shape along the shed top towards the row space, cutting off the top when 6-8 leaves grow out of each vine, and keeping 4-6 leaves.
(9) After the second-level lateral vines germinate from axilla of the first-level lateral vines, 4-6 strong lateral vines are selected and retained, the second-level lateral vines are also guided to extend in a fan-shaped distribution, and the vines cannot be overlapped in a crossed mode.
(10) And when 5-6 leaves grow on each vine of the second-level lateral vines, cutting off the tops and keeping 3-4 leaves.
(11) After the second-level lateral tendrils are topped, 0.2kg of potassium phosphate potassium sulfate is applied to each plant.
(12) After the third-level lateral vines germinate and grow out from the axilla of the second-level lateral vines, 6-8 strong lateral vines are selected and left, and the strong lateral vines are guided to grow towards the rows in parallel.
(13) Observing the flower bud differentiation condition of the three-stage lateral vines, and taking the stems as the fruits to allow the stems to continue to grow if continuous full buds appear within 10-15 knots on the stems; and if no continuous full buds appear within 10-15 knots, shortening and retracting to 2-3 leaves of the base part to promote the growth of the fourth-level lateral vines, treating the fourth-level lateral vines in the same way as the third-level lateral vines, and so on until fruiting vines appear. The number of the vines of each plant is controlled to be 6-8, and the surplus vines are cut off.
(14) After the fruiting vines are formed in the step 13), ditching and applying heavy fertilizer once along the rhizosphere of the seedlings, wherein 2.5kg of giant microbial organic fertilizer and 0.25kg of phosphate-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each plant.
(15) After the total number of flowers and fruits on each fruiting vine reaches 10-20, the node with leaf buds is selected for topping so as to concentrate nutrients to supply the first batch of fruits.
(16) When the first full-bloom stage comes, 0.25kg of humic acid water flush fertilizer is applied to each plant to improve the fruit setting rate and promote the expansion and growth of young fruits.
(17) During the first fruit expansion and development process, the rest of the forking tendrils are cut except the selected leaf buds.
(18) After 40 days after the first full bloom period, when the first batch of fruits stops expanding, 2.5kg of giant microbial organic fertilizer and 0.25kg of phosphate-brand high-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling;
(19) and after the leaf buds selected and remained on the first fruit vines grow into second fruit vines, topping again after the total number of the flowering and fruit setting of each vine reaches 5-10, and promoting the nutrients to be supplied to the second fruits in a centralized manner.
(20) When the second full-bloom stage comes, each plant is applied with 0.25kg of fulvic acid water flush fertilizer.
(21) The momordica grosvenori fruits grow for 80-85 days, the momordica grosvenori fruits have the properties of green removing of fruit peels, yellow handle, elasticity of fruit surfaces and the like, the fruits are marked to be mature, and then the momordica grosvenori fruits can be harvested in batches.
Through measurement and statistics, the average output of the momordica grosvenori in the orchard is 15334 fruits/mu, wherein the large fruits and the medium fruits account for 85.2% of the total fruits, and the momordica grosvenori has remarkable high yield compared with the average output (about 10000 fruits/mu) in the current momordica grosvenori production area.
Example 3
A high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori comprises the following specific steps:
(1) and (3) applying base fertilizer to the soil preparation in the first 12 months, turning the soil along the planting rows of the momordica grosvenori to form furrows according to the requirement of the row spacing of 700cm, wherein the turning depth is 30cm, the furrow width is 100cm, and the furrow height is 30 cm. Meanwhile, 10kg of decomposed pig fertilizer and 0.25kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are applied to each momordica grosvenori plant, and a base fertilizer is put into the furrow and uniformly mixed with soil.
(2) And 4, month and 2, transplanting the momordica grosvenori seedlings to the finished ridges according to the requirement of the plant spacing of 80 cm.
(3) In order to promote the strong growth of the seedlings, after planting and before topping the main vines, besides keeping the soil moist, the phosphorus-opened brand nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer with the concentration of 0.5-2% is applied once a week, and the fertilizer is diluted and then concentrated.
(4) After the seedlings are 20cm high, the main vines are vertically and upwards grown along the supports by manually leading the vines, and all the lateral vines are timely erased.
(5) When the main vine grows to the shed roof, the terminal bud is removed.
(6) After the main vines are topped, 0.1kg of potassium sulfate phosphate is applied to each plant.
(7) And (3) after the main vines are topped, keeping 4-5 lateral buds below the cut, selecting 2-3 strong branches as first-level lateral vines of plants when the lateral buds germinate and grow to 5-10 cm, and wiping the rest.
(8) Guiding the first-stage lateral vines to be distributed in a fan shape along the shed top towards the row space, cutting off the top when 6-8 leaves grow out of each vine, and keeping 4-6 leaves.
(9) After the second-level lateral vines germinate from axilla of the first-level lateral vines, 4-6 strong lateral vines are selected and retained, the second-level lateral vines are also guided to extend in a fan-shaped distribution, and the vines cannot be overlapped in a crossed mode.
(10) And when 5-6 leaves grow on each vine of the second-level lateral vines, cutting off the tops and keeping 3-4 leaves.
(11) After the second-level lateral tendrils are topped, 0.2kg of potassium phosphate potassium sulfate is applied to each plant.
(12) After the third-level lateral vines germinate and grow out from the axilla of the second-level lateral vines, 6-8 strong lateral vines are selected and left, and the strong lateral vines are guided to grow towards the rows in parallel.
(13) Observing the flower bud differentiation condition of the three-stage lateral vines, and taking the stems as the fruits to allow the stems to continue to grow if continuous full buds appear within 10-15 knots on the stems; and if no continuous full buds appear within 10-15 knots, shortening and retracting to 2-3 leaves of the base part to promote the growth of the fourth-level lateral vines, treating the fourth-level lateral vines in the same way as the third-level lateral vines, and so on until fruiting vines appear. The number of the vines of each plant is controlled to be 6-8, and the surplus vines are cut off.
(14) After the fruiting vines are formed in the step 13), ditching and applying heavy fertilizer once along the rhizosphere of the seedlings, wherein 2.0kg of giant microbial organic fertilizer and 0.2kg of phosphate-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each plant.
(15) After the total number of flowers and fruits on each fruiting vine reaches 10-20, the node with leaf buds is selected for topping so as to concentrate nutrients to supply the first batch of fruits.
(16) When the first full-bloom stage comes, 0.25kg of humic acid water flush fertilizer is applied to each plant to improve the fruit setting rate and promote the expansion and growth of young fruits.
(17) During the first fruit expansion and development process, the rest of the forking tendrils are cut except the selected leaf buds.
(18) After 40 days after the first full bloom period, when the first batch of fruits stops expanding, 2.0kg of giant microbial organic fertilizer and 0.2kg of phosphate-brand high-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling;
(19) and after the leaf buds selected and remained on the first fruit vines grow into second fruit vines, topping again after the total number of the flowering and fruit setting of each vine reaches 5-10, and promoting the nutrients to be supplied to the second fruits in a centralized manner.
(20) When the second full-bloom stage comes, each plant is applied with 0.25kg of fulvic acid water flush fertilizer.
(21) The momordica grosvenori fruits grow for 80-85 days, the momordica grosvenori fruits have the properties of green removing of fruit peels, yellow handle, elasticity of fruit surfaces and the like, the fruits are marked to be mature, and then the momordica grosvenori fruits can be harvested in batches.
Through measurement and statistics, the average yield of the momordica grosvenori in the orchard is 14668 fruits/mu, wherein the large fruits and the medium fruits account for 83.3 percent of the total fruits, and the momordica grosvenori has remarkable high yield compared with the average yield (about 10000 fruits/mu) of the current momordica grosvenori production area.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A cultivation method of high-yield momordica grosvenori is characterized in that a cultivation frame adopted in the cultivation method is a horizontal shed frame; the cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) planting the momordica grosvenori seedlings, wherein the planting distance of the momordica grosvenori seedlings after planting is 80-120 cm, and the row spacing is 500-700 cm;
2) the main vines for cultivating the momordica grosvenori seedlings grow upwards vertically depending on the cultivation frame, and when the main vines grow to the top of the shed frame, terminal buds are removed;
3) after terminal buds are picked off, 4-5 lateral buds close to a cut are reserved, when the lateral buds germinate and grow to 5-10 cm, 2-3 robust lateral vines are reserved as first-level lateral vines, and the first-level lateral vines are distributed in a sector shape along the shed top towards the row space;
4) topping each first-stage lateral vine when 6-8 leaves grow out, reserving 4-6 leaves for each first-stage lateral vine, selecting 4-6 whole-plant momordica grosvenori seedlings as second-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the first-stage lateral vines germinate and grow into vines, and distributing the second-stage lateral vines in a fan shape towards the row space along the shed top;
5) topping each second-stage lateral vine when 5-6 leaves grow out of each vine, reserving 3-4 leaves for each second-stage lateral vine, selecting 6-8 whole-plant momordica grosvenori seedlings as third-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the second-stage lateral vines germinate and grow into vines, and distributing the third-stage lateral vines in parallel towards rows along the shed top;
6) taking three-stage lateral vines with continuous full buds within 10-15 nodes as first-batch fruiting vines; cutting off three-stage lateral vines without continuous full buds within 10-15 sections, reserving 2-3 leaves of a base part of each three-stage lateral vine after the three-stage lateral vines are cut off, reserving 1 of the three-stage lateral vines as four-stage lateral vines after leaf buds on the three-stage lateral vines germinate and grow, judging whether the four-stage lateral vines reach a fruiting vine standard or not by taking the presence or absence of continuous full buds within 10-15 sections as a standard, and reserving or cutting off the four-stage lateral vines until a first batch of fruiting vines are formed;
the continuous plump buds refer to the fact that buds are arranged on each leaf axilla and are plump; the number of first fruiting vines on each momordica grosvenori seedling is 6-8;
7) after the total number of buds and fruits on each first fruiting vine reaches 10-20, selecting nodes with leaf buds on the first fruiting vine for topping;
8) step 7), after topping, germinating leaf buds to grow into second set of fruiting tendrils; and (4) topping the second fruiting vines after the total number of buds and fruits on each second fruiting vine reaches 5-10.
2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein before the field planting of the momordica grosvenori seedlings in the step 1), the steps of turning over the land and making furrows along the direction of the momordica grosvenori planting rows are sequentially included; the depth of the ploughed soil is 28-32 cm; the width of each ridge is 100-120 cm, and the height of each ridge is 28-32 cm.
3. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising fertilizing; the fertilization comprises base fertilizer application, first top dressing, second top dressing, third top dressing, fourth top dressing, fifth top dressing and sixth top dressing;
the application time of the base fertilizer is that before the momordica grosvenori seedlings are planted, the base fertilizer is placed in the furrows and mixed with soil for application; the application frequency of the base fertilizer is 1 time; the base fertilizer comprises organic farmyard manure and a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, wherein the mass of the organic farmyard manure applied to each siraitia grosvenorii is 10-12 kg, and the mass of the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer applied to each siraitia grosvenorii is 0.25-0.5 kg;
the application time of the first additional fertilizer is from after permanent planting to before topping of the main vines, and the application frequency is 1 time/week; the fertilizer for the first topdressing comprises a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer; the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer is applied after being diluted by 50-200 times, and the mass of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer diluent applied to each momordica grosvenori seedling every time is 0.5-2 kg;
the application time of the secondary additional fertilizer is from the top of the main vines to the top of the secondary lateral vines, and the application times are 1-2 times; the fertilizer for the second topdressing comprises potassium sulfate, the application mode is root application, the application depth is 5-10 cm from the ground, and 0.2-0.3 kg of fertilizer is applied to each momordica grosvenori seedling.
The application time of the third additional fertilizer is 1 time after the first batch of fruiting vines are formed; the fertilizer for the third topdressing comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer, wherein 2-3 kg of the biological organic fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling;
the application time of the fourth topdressing is the first full-bloom period, and the application times are 1-2; the fourth topdressing fertilizer comprises humic acid water flush fertilizer or fulvic acid water flush fertilizer;
the application time of the fifth topdressing is 30-45 days after the first full-bloom period, and the application times are 1; the fertilizer for the fifth topdressing comprises a biological organic fertilizer and a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer, wherein 2-3 kg of the biological organic fertilizer and 0.2-0.3 kg of the high-potassium ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each siraitia grosvenorii seedling;
the application time of the sixth topdressing is the second full-bloom period, and the application times are 1-2 times; the fertilizer for the sixth topdressing comprises humic acid water flush fertilizer or fulvic acid water flush fertilizer.
4. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the horizontal shelving comprises columns, iron wires and nylon mesh; the height of the upright columns is 1.7-1.8 m, and the distance between every two adjacent upright columns is 2-3 m; the top ends of the upright posts are connected in a longitudinal and transverse mode through iron wires to form a planar support; the nylon net covers the plane support to form a flat ceiling surface of the horizontal canopy frame.
5. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2), when the height of the seedling of the momordica grosvenori is more than or equal to 20cm, the main vine for cultivating the momordica grosvenori seedling grows vertically upwards depending on the cultivation frame.
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