CN111226723A - Cultivation method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus - Google Patents
Cultivation method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of crop intercropping cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus. The cultivation method for the konjak and astragalus root intercropping comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation, seed selection, sowing and cultivation, field management and pest control, wherein the sowing and cultivation comprises the following steps: sowing konjac and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching for opening moisture for planting according to the length of 120-150 cm, wherein the width of a furrow is 25-35 cm, the width of a moisture surface is 100-120 cm, the height of the moisture is 20-35 cm, the moisture surface is finished, operation is carried out on the moisture surface, transplanting is carried out in the form of strips and furrows, 3-6 rows are planted on each moisture surface, and the row spacing is 25-35 cm; the astragalus membranaceus and the konjac are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus membranaceus is 10-18 cm, 1 konjac is planted every 3-5 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjac is 35-50 cm. The invention intercrops the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus to achieve the effects of preventing diseases and reasonably utilizing sunlight, improves the field management efficiency, reduces the labor input, saves the working time and reduces the cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop intercropping cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus.
Background
Amorphophallus konjac (Amorphophalus konjac) also called Amorphophallus konjac belongs to Araceae (Araceae) Amorphophallus (Amorphophalus blume), perennial tuber plants, mainly distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, etc. The konjak tuber contains rich glucomannan, has the characteristics of water absorption, gel property, caking property and low-heat edible property, and has wide application in food processing, daily chemicals, health care products and the like. The rhizoma Amorphophalli has effects of lowering blood sugar level, reducing blood lipid, lowering blood pressure, removing toxic substance, caring skin, dredging collaterals, reducing weight, relaxing bowels, and promoting appetite, and is a health food.
The soft rot of konjak is commonly called as 'barbadosnut', is a main disease in konjak production, can occur in the growth period and the storage period, causes the rottenness of leaves, petioles and corms, is concurrent with southern blight, has larger harm and even can be completely recovered. In addition, the konjak planting is generally carried out in the field, weeds can grow rapidly if the konjak is not weeded, the konjak compete for nutrition and illumination with konjak, at present, two weeding modes of artificial weed pulling and herbicide weeding can be adopted, artificial weeding is usually carried out for several times, the workload is great, the efficiency is high when the herbicide is adopted for weeding, the herbicide has certain side effect, a lot of harm can be generated in the using process, generally, the herbicide has certain influence on plants, pathogens, soil microorganisms, the environment and the like, the environment pollution can be caused, and the human body can be indirectly injured.
Radix astragali (Milkvetch Root) also named as astragalus, hollyhock, baiben, baiyao cotton, radix astragali, sanguisorba, ginseng and herba nasturti, etc., is perennial herb, 50-100 cm high, thick in main Root, woody, frequently branched, grey-white, upright in stem, multi-branched at the upper part, with thin edges, and is produced in inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Gansu, Heilongjiang, etc. The astragalus membranaceus is cool in nature, cold-resistant, drought-resistant, heat-resistant, waterlogging-resistant and suitable for being planted in sandy loam with deep soil layer, rich humus and strong water permeability. Strong saline-alkali soil is not suitable for planting, the vertical growth of roots can reach more than 1 meter, and the saline-alkali soil is commonly called as 'flagpole stilbene'. The soil is viscous and heavy, the root grows slowly and has malformation, the soil layer is thin, the root grows more transversely, branches are more, the soil is in a shape of a chicken claw, the quality is poor, continuous cropping is avoided, the soil is not suitable for being crop-rotated with potatoes and flax, the seed hardening rate can reach 30% -60%, only stems and leaves grow but not flower in the current year of direct seeding, and the seeds can flower and fruit in the second year. Astragalus membranaceus is a pure natural product which is frequently eaten by people, and people have a smooth running of 'frequently drinking astragalus soup, preventing diseases and protecting health', which means that astragalus membranaceus is frequently used for decocting or soaking in water to replace tea for drinking, and the astragalus membranaceus has good disease prevention and health care effects. The astragalus root has been used for more than 2000 years, has high medicinal value, can enhance the immunologic function of organisms, protect the liver, promote urination, resist aging, resist stress, reduce blood pressure and have wide antibacterial action, but patients with excessive superficial excess pathogen, qi stagnation and damp obstruction, food stagnation, early carbuncle or excessive heat and toxin after ulceration and yin deficiency and yang excess need to be prohibited to take the astragalus root.
Intercropping means that more than two crops are planted at intervals according to a certain row number in the same period on one land, and the two intercropped organisms have long growth period together. The intercropping can improve the land utilization rate, and the crop compound group formed by the intercropping can increase the interception and absorption of sunlight and reduce the waste of light energy. The two crops can also produce complementary action when intercropping, and the intercropping effect is improved by reasonably matching the crops with different plant types and slightly different growth periods and arranging planting row spacing with different widths in the field.
The invention is especially put forward in order to explore plant groups suitable for intercropping with konjak, implement reasonable intercropping, have multiple purposes in one field and carry out three-dimensional planting, fully utilize light energy and places, improve the yield and the quality of crops in unit area, achieve the consideration of ecological, economic and social benefits and promote the beneficial change of agricultural economic structure.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus, which can increase biological diversity, inhibit growth of weeds in land, inhibit generation of plant diseases and insect pests and reduce economic loss caused by the plant diseases and insect pests. The konjak is a negative plant, is suitable for growing under vegetation with a shading effect, and can achieve the effects of preventing diseases and reasonably utilizing sunlight by intercropping the konjak and the astragalus. The two crops are intercropped and cultivated together, the growing environment requirements of the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus are similar, the planting and harvesting time is close, the field management is convenient, the labor input can be reduced, the working hours are saved, and the cost is reduced.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the cultivation method for the intercropping of the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation, seed selection, sowing cultivation, field management and pest control, wherein the sowing cultivation comprises the following steps:
sowing konjac and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching for opening moisture for planting according to the length of 120-150 cm, wherein the width of a furrow is 25-35 cm, the width of a moisture surface is 100-120 cm, the height of the moisture is 20-35 cm, the moisture surface is finished, operation is carried out on the moisture surface, transplanting is carried out in the form of strips and furrows, 3-6 rows are planted on each moisture surface, and the row spacing is 25-35 cm; the astragalus membranaceus and the konjac are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus membranaceus is 10-18 cm, 1 konjac is planted every 3-5 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjac is 35-50 cm.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the sowing and cultivation method in the cultivation method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus comprises:
sowing konjak and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching according to 150 cm, digging moisture to plant, planting, arranging the furrow width of 30cm, the furrow surface width of 120 cm and the furrow height of 30cm, finishing the furrow surface, operating on the furrow surface, transplanting the furrows, planting 4 rows on each furrow surface, and planting the row spacing of 30 cm; the astragalus and the konjak are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus is 15 cm, 1 konjak is planted at intervals of 3 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjak is 45 cm.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in the method for cultivating konjak and astragalus root by intercropping, the pest control includes controlling soft rot and southern blight of konjak, and the method comprises: the sterilization agent is mixed with the konjaku spirit to be watered and irrigated to roots or sprayed to leaf surfaces for preventing and treating; in 7-8 months, ditching and draining water, removing diseased plants and performing disinfection treatment.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in the method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus, the pest control includes controlling powdery mildew of astragalus membranaceus, and the method includes the steps of using lime sulphur agent 1: 120 parts of Bordeaux mixture, 800-1000 times of carbendazim and thiophanate are sprayed on the leaf surfaces once every half month.
Preferably, the carbendazim and the thiophanate are sprayed once every 7 to 10 days in the midsummer outbreak period.
In one embodiment of the invention, in the method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus, the pest control comprises astragalus membranaceus insect pest control, and dichlorvos or a quick-acting pesticide is sprayed for 2-3 times in the period from flower falling to fruiting.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the method for cultivating konjak and astragalus membranaceus includes the steps of: selecting a land with good drainage, sufficient sunlight and deep soil, deeply ploughing by 30-40 cm, applying 3000-4000 kg of farmyard manure and 25-30 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu, leveling and then raking ridges or furrows, wherein the distance between the ridges is 50-60 cm, and the width of the ridges is 1.2 m; when ditching, a 45-50 cm deep ditch is ditched every two ditches, a shallow trench with the depth of 20cm is arranged between two beds to serve as an operation road, and the height of each bed is 15-20 cm.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the soil preparation includes soil preparation of a field for konjak, and the method for soil preparation of a field for konjak includes: deep ploughing, drying soil and furrow-drying the pre-planted land at the bottom of 2 months and at the beginning of 3 months, ridging with the furrow surface width of 1.5m, wherein the ridge height is 20-30 cm, and the furrow width is 25-35 cm; preferably, the ridges are 25cm high and the furrows 30cm wide.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the field management includes fertilization of the konjac, and the method for fertilizing the konjac includes: applying 2000kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer as base fertilizer to each mu; the top dressing is carried out twice, 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the first ten days of the month 6, and 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the second ten days of the month 8.
In one embodiment of the present invention, in the method for cultivating konjak and astragalus membranaceus by intercropping, the method for selecting konjak seeds comprises: the konjak adopts Jindi No. 1, has the appearance form of round or oval corms, small and shallow bud pits, full corms, thick terminal buds, no diseases and no injuries, bright red terminal buds and single improved variety with the weight of 0.01-0.2 kg;
the method for selecting the astragalus comprises the following steps: selecting radix astragali single plant with more than 3 years old, pure variety, no plant diseases and insect pests, and strong growth as stock plant, harvesting immediately when the pod is drooping and yellow and the seed is browned in autumn, threshing, sun drying, storing, and selecting radix astragali seed with full grain and brown luster for sowing or seedling by water selection and air selection before sowing.
In one embodiment of the invention, the method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus comprises the steps of sowing astragalus membranaceus seeds at a time interval with an average temperature of 14-15 ℃ in spring, autumn or summer, forming a sowing ditch with a depth of 3-5 cm on a ridge, uniformly sowing astragalus membranaceus seeds doped with a set amount of sand into the sowing ditch, covering the sowing ditch with 1-1.5 cm of soil, and crushing, wherein the sowing amount of astragalus membranaceus seeds per mu is 1-1.5 kg; and (3) seedling raising and transplanting, wherein the row spacing of the astragalus seedlings which are directly sown is 20 multiplied by 40 cm, the depth of the ditch is 10-15 cm, the astragalus seedlings are placed in the ditch and covered by soil after sowing, and 13000-15000 astragalus seedlings are used per mu.
Preferably, the astragalus seeds are sown in summer for 6-7 months.
Preferably, the seed taro of the konjak is turned over and aired for 1-2 days before sowing, and the seed is dressed with the multi-element disinfection powder before sowing.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(I) ecological benefits
1. The biological diversity can be increased by the intercropping of the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus, the growth of land weeds is inhibited, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is inhibited, and the economic loss caused by the plant diseases and insect pests is reduced; the konjak is a negative plant, is suitable for growing under vegetation with a shading effect, and can achieve the effects of preventing diseases and reasonably utilizing sunlight by intercropping the konjak and the astragalus; the two crops are intercropped and cultivated together, the labor cost can be reduced, the planting and harvesting time of the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus is close, the field management is convenient, the labor input can be reduced, the working hours are saved, and the cost is reduced.
2. The stable yield and the conservation and the reasonable intercropping can utilize different crop characteristics of the konjak and the astragalus to enhance the stress resistance to plant diseases and insect pests and disaster weather, achieve the stable yield and the conservation, improve the land utilization rate, reduce land rent and coordinate the contradiction of land competition of crops.
(II) economic benefits
1. Economic benefit of intercropping konjak and astragalus
(1) Yield: the results of the intercropping planting test of the konjak and the astragalus root show that the yield of konjak (commercial konjak and seed konjak) in one mu of land is 1615 kg, the yield of commercial konjak is 1061 kg, the yield of seed konjak is 554 kg, and seed konjak comprises two types of konjak and seed konjak (wherein the yield of the two types of konjak is 413 kg, and the yield of the seed konjak is 141 kg); the yield of astragalus is 300 kg.
(2) Yield value: according to the market price of the fresh konjak in 2019, the commercial konjak is 6 yuan per kg, and the yield of 1061 kg is 6366 yuan; 15 yuan per kilogram of the second konjak, and 6195 yuan for the output of 413 kilograms; the yield of the yam per kilogram is 35 yuan, and the yield of 141 kilograms is 4935 yuan; the total yield of rhizoma Amorphophalli is 17496 yuan. According to the market price of the astragalus, the astragalus is 8 yuan per kg, and the yield of the astragalus with the yield of 300 kg is 2400 yuan. The total yield per mu of the intercropping between the konjak and the astragalus root is 19896 yuan.
(3) Cost and expense: the konjak seed purchase cost is 3500 yuan, the astragalus seed purchase cost is 120 yuan, the land lease cost is 600 yuan, the planting labor cost is 1000 yuan, the collection labor cost is 1500 yuan, the management cost is 200 yuan, and the fertilizer cost is 500 yuan. The cost for intercropping konjak and astragalus root in one mu is 7420 yuan.
(4) Profit: the pure profit income of 12476 yuan can be obtained by intercropping konjak and astragalus root in one mu of land.
2. Economic benefit of pure konjak
(1) Yield: 1730 kg per unit of pure konjak planted in one mu of land, (wherein 1140 kg of commercial konjak, 423 kg of secondary konjak and 167 kg of seed konjak).
(2) Yield value: according to the market price of the fresh konjak in 2019 years, the yield of the commercial konjak is 6 yuan per kg, and the commercial konjak yield of 1140 kg is 6840 yuan; the yield of the konjac II is 15 yuan per kg, and the yield of the konjac II with the yield of 423 kg is 6345 yuan; the yield of the seed taro is 35 yuan per kilogram, and the yield of the seed taro with the yield of 167 kilograms is 5845 yuan. And (4) comprehensively calculating, wherein the total yield of the pure konjac planted in one mu of land is 19030 yuan.
(3) Cost and expense: the purchasing cost of the konjak seeds is 3500 yuan, the land lease cost is 600 yuan, the planting labor cost is 1000 yuan, the weed removal labor cost is 1500 yuan, the collection labor cost is 1500 yuan, the management cost is 220 yuan, the fertilizer cost is 500 yuan, and the pesticide cost is 200 yuan. The total number is 9020 yuan.
(4) Profit: the pure konjak planted in one mu of land can obtain the pure profit income of 10010 yuan.
3. Test comparison conclusion
(1) Although the yield of the konjak intercropping astragalus membranaceus is reduced by 115 kilograms and 6.6 percent compared with that of the pure konjak, the total benefit is increased (firstly, the artificial weeding cost is reduced by 1500 yuan, the pesticide is 200 yuan, the total cost is 1700 yuan, and secondly, the income of the planted astragalus membranaceus is increased by 2400 yuan), the total profit of the konjak and astragalus membranaceus intercropping is increased by 2466 yuan compared with that of the pure konjak, the profit is increased by 24.63 percent compared with that of the pure konjak, the environmental pollution pressure is reduced by not applying the pesticide, and the raw materials of the produced pollution-free food are ecological and social benefits which cannot be calculated.
(2) The konjak and the astragalus root can generate two economic benefits, the reasonable intercropping has the effect of increasing the yield compared with the single intercropping, the income can be increased, and the reasonable intercropping with the effect enhancement can exchange less investment for more economic income. According to the national policy, two reductions are implemented in agricultural production, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is reduced, and the use of the chemical fertilizers and the pesticides can be reduced by intercropping the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus, so that the production cost is reduced, and the pollution to the environment is reduced.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments that can be derived by one of ordinary skill in the art from the embodiments given herein are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
(one) land selection
The land selection standards of the konjak or the astragalus are similar, the selection is leeward and sunny, the irrigation and drainage are convenient, the illumination condition is better, but the gentle slope of the semi-yin and semi-yang without strong illumination and the mountain valley land are suitable, the sandy soil which is deep in soil layer, loose and fertile, contains organic matters and partial acid of humus and is easy to drain is used, and the selection of land blocks (namely crop rotation) where the konjak or the astragalus are planted recently is avoided.
(II) soil preparation
The land preparation method for the konjak land comprises the following steps: deep ploughing, sunning and furrow-spreading the pre-planted land at the bottom of 2 months and 3 months, uniformly mixing 2000kg of fully-decomposed farmyard manure and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer per mu, then applying the mixture on the surface layer of the soil, deep ploughing for 30cm, ridging with a furrow surface width of 1500cm, and making ridges with a height of 20cm and a furrow width of 35 cm.
The land preparation method of the astragalus membranaceus land comprises the following steps: selecting a land with good drainage, sufficient sunlight and deep soil, deeply ploughing by 30-40 cm, applying 3000-4000 kg of farmyard manure and 25-30 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu, leveling and then raking ridges or furrows, wherein the distance between the ridges is 50-60 cm, and the width of the ridges is 1.2 m; when ditching, a 45-50 cm deep ditch is ditched every two ditches, a shallow trench with the depth of 20cm is arranged between two beds to serve as an operation road, and the height of each bed is 15-20 cm.
(III) seed selection
Selecting a new variety Jindi No. 1 with strong disease resistance from the konjac seeds, wherein the appearance form is round or oval corms, small and shallow bud pits, full corms, thick terminal buds, no diseases or injuries, bright red terminal buds and a single fine variety with the weight of 0.01-0.2 kg, turning over and drying the seeds for 1-2 days before sowing, and mixing the seeds with multi-element disinfection powder to disinfect the surface branches and main buds of the konjac at one time before sowing;
the method for selecting the astragalus comprises the following steps: selecting radix astragali single plant with more than 3 years old, pure variety, no plant diseases and insect pests, and strong growth as stock plant, harvesting immediately when the pod is drooping and yellow and the seed is browned in autumn, threshing, sun drying, storing, and selecting radix astragali seed with full grain and brown luster for sowing or seedling by water selection and air selection before sowing.
(IV) sowing and cultivating
The konjak can be directly planted by using the taro, and the astragalus can be transplanted after sowing and seedling raising, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: sowing astragalus seeds in spring, autumn or summer season with the average temperature of 14-15 ℃, forming a sowing ditch with the depth of 3-5 cm on a ridge, uniformly scattering the astragalus seeds doped with a set amount of sand into the sowing ditch, covering 1-1.5 cm of soil, and crushing, wherein the sowing amount of the astragalus seeds per mu is 1-1.5 kg; and (3) seedling raising and transplanting, wherein the row spacing of the astragalus seedlings which are directly sown is 20 multiplied by 40 cm, the depth of the ditch is 10-15 cm, the astragalus seedlings are placed in the ditch and covered by soil after sowing, and 13000-15000 astragalus seedlings are used per mu.
Sowing konjak and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching according to 150 cm, digging moisture to plant, planting, arranging the furrow with the width of 35cm, the furrow surface with the width of 20cm and the furrow height of 35cm, finishing the furrow surface, operating on the furrow surface, transplanting the seedlings, planting 5 rows on each furrow surface, and planting the rows at the row spacing of 35 cm; the astragalus and the konjak are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus is 12 cm, 1 konjak is planted at intervals of 4 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjak is 35 cm.
(V) field management and pest control
After the konjak seedlings emerge or when the konjak leaves are put in the spring, the rotten-eliminating agent is mixed with the konjak spirit to be watered and irrigated into roots or sprayed on the leaf surfaces to prevent and control; in 7-8 months, rainwater is more, and is the peak period of konjak disease, and in the period, ditching and drainage are required to be paid attention to ensure that a water path is smooth, and meanwhile, diseased plants are removed and disinfected;
the prevention and treatment of powdery mildew of astragalus adopt lime sulphur mixture 1 with Baume 0.3-0.5 degrees: spraying 120 parts of Bordeaux mixture, 800-1000 times of carbendazim and thiophanate on the leaf surfaces once every half month; and spraying the carbendazim and the thiophanate once every 7-10 days in the midsummer disease period. The astragalus mongholicus pod borer pest control is carried out by spraying dichlorvos or a quick-killing insecticide for 2-3 times in the period from flower falling to fruiting.
The topdressing of the konjak is carried out twice, wherein 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the first ten days of 6 months, and 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the second ten days of 8 months.
(VI) harvesting
Before and after 11 months, the konjak plants begin to fall off, the seedlings are dug and collected in sunny days, the collected tubers are sorted according to size, and the tubers are packed and transported by a basket or a mesh bag. Digging the whole root of Astragalus membranaceus growing for 2-3 years before and after 10 ten days, and packaging and transporting the Astragalus membranaceus by using a basket or a mesh bag.
Example 2
(one) land selection
The land selection standards of the konjak or the astragalus are similar, the gentle slope and the mountain valley land which are leeward and sunny, convenient to drain and irrigate, good in illumination condition and free of strong illumination and are semi-yin and semi-sunny are selected, the sandy loam which is deep in soil layer, loose and fertile, contains organic matters and partial acid of humus and is easy to drain is used, and the land parcel which is planted with the konjak or the astragalus recently (namely crop rotation) is avoided.
(II) soil preparation
The land preparation method for the konjak land comprises the following steps: deep ploughing, sunning and furrow-spreading the pre-planted land at the bottom of 2 months and 3 months, uniformly mixing 2000kg of fully-decomposed farmyard manure and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer per mu, then applying the mixture on the surface layer of the soil, deep ploughing for 30cm, ridging with a furrow surface width of 1500cm, and making ridges 25cm high and furrows 30cm wide.
The land preparation method of the astragalus membranaceus land comprises the following steps: selecting a land with good drainage, sufficient sunlight and deep soil, deeply ploughing by 30-40 cm, applying 3000-4000 kg of farmyard manure and 25-30 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu, leveling and then raking ridges or furrows, wherein the distance between the ridges is 50-60 cm, and the width of the ridges is 1.2 m; when ditching, a 45-50 cm deep ditch is ditched every two ditches, a shallow trench with the depth of 20cm is arranged between two beds to serve as an operation road, and the height of each bed is 15-20 cm.
(III) seed selection
Selecting a new variety Jindi No. 1 with strong disease resistance from the konjac seeds, wherein the appearance form is round or oval corms, small and shallow bud pits, full corms, thick terminal buds, no diseases or injuries, bright red terminal buds and a single fine variety with the weight of 0.01-0.2 kg, turning over and drying the seeds for 1-2 days before sowing, and mixing the seeds with multi-element disinfection powder to disinfect the surface branches and main buds of the konjac at one time before sowing;
the method for selecting the astragalus comprises the following steps: selecting radix astragali single plant with more than 3 years old, pure variety, no plant diseases and insect pests, and strong growth as stock plant, harvesting immediately when the pod is drooping and yellow and the seed is browned in autumn, threshing, sun drying, storing, and selecting radix astragali seed with full grain and brown luster for sowing or seedling by water selection and air selection before sowing.
(IV) sowing and cultivating
The konjak can be directly planted by using the taro, and the astragalus can be transplanted after sowing and seedling raising, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: sowing astragalus seeds in spring, autumn or summer season with the average temperature of 14-15 ℃, forming a sowing ditch with the depth of 3-5 cm on a ridge, uniformly scattering the astragalus seeds doped with a set amount of sand into the sowing ditch, covering 1-1.5 cm of soil, and crushing, wherein the sowing amount of the astragalus seeds per mu is 1-1.5 kg; and (3) seedling raising and transplanting, wherein the row spacing of the astragalus seedlings which are directly sown is 20 multiplied by 40 cm, the depth of the ditch is 10-15 cm, the astragalus seedlings are placed in the ditch and covered by soil after sowing, and 13000-15000 astragalus seedlings are used per mu.
Sowing konjak and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching according to 150 cm, opening the soil moisture for planting, wherein the width of a furrow is 30cm, the width of a soil moisture surface is 120 cm, the height of the soil moisture is 30cm, the soil moisture surface is finished, operation is performed on the soil moisture surface, transplanting is performed in the form of furrows, 4 seeds are planted on each soil moisture surface, and the row spacing is 30 cm; the astragalus and the konjak are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus is 15 cm, 1 konjak is planted at intervals of 3 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjak is 45 cm.
(V) field management and pest control
After the konjak seedlings emerge or when the konjak leaves are put in the spring, the rotten-eliminating agent is mixed with the konjak spirit to be watered and irrigated into roots or sprayed on the leaf surfaces to prevent and control; in 7-8 months, rainwater is more, and is the peak period of konjak disease, and in the period, ditching and drainage are required to be paid attention to ensure that a water path is smooth, and meanwhile, diseased plants are removed and disinfected;
the prevention and treatment of powdery mildew of astragalus adopt lime sulphur mixture 1 with Baume 0.3-0.5 degrees: spraying 120 parts of Bordeaux mixture, 800-1000 times of carbendazim and thiophanate on the leaf surfaces once every half month; and spraying the carbendazim and the thiophanate once every 7-10 days in the midsummer disease period.
The astragalus mongholicus pod borer pest control is carried out by spraying dichlorvos or a quick-killing insecticide for 2-3 times in the period from flower falling to fruiting.
The topdressing of the konjak is carried out twice, wherein 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the first ten days of 6 months, and 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the second ten days of 8 months.
(VI) harvesting
Before and after 11 months, the konjak plants begin to fall, the konjak plants are dug and collected in sunny days, the collected tubers are sorted according to size, and the tubers are packed and transported by basket or mesh bags. Digging the whole root of Astragalus membranaceus growing for 2-3 years before and after 10 ten days, and packaging and transporting the Astragalus membranaceus by using a basket or a mesh bag.
Example 3
(one) land selection
The land selection standards of the konjak or the astragalus are similar, the gentle slope and the mountain valley land which are leeward and sunny, convenient to drain and irrigate, good in illumination condition and free of strong illumination and are semi-yin and semi-sunny are selected, the sandy loam which is deep in soil layer, loose and fertile, contains organic matters and partial acid of humus and is easy to drain is used, and the land parcel which is planted with the konjak or the astragalus recently (namely crop rotation) is avoided.
(II) soil preparation
The land preparation method for the konjak land comprises the following steps: deep ploughing, sunning and furrow-spreading the pre-planted land at the bottom of 2 months and 3 months, uniformly mixing 2000kg of fully-decomposed farmyard manure and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer per mu, then applying the mixture on the surface layer of the soil, deep ploughing for 35cm, ridging with a furrow surface width of 1500cm, and making ridges with a height of 30cm and a furrow width of 35 cm.
The land preparation method of the astragalus membranaceus land comprises the following steps: selecting a land with good drainage, sufficient sunlight and deep soil, deeply ploughing by 30-40 cm, applying 3000-4000 kg of farmyard manure and 25-30 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu, leveling and then raking ridges or furrows, wherein the distance between the ridges is 50-60 cm, and the width of the ridges is 1.2 m; when ditching, a 45-50 cm deep ditch is ditched every two ditches, a shallow trench with the depth of 20cm is arranged between two beds to serve as an operation road, and the height of each bed is 15-20 cm.
(III) seed selection
Selecting a new variety Jindi No. 1 with strong disease resistance from the konjac seeds, wherein the appearance form is round or oval corms, small and shallow bud pits, full corms, thick terminal buds, no diseases or injuries, bright red terminal buds and a single fine variety with the weight of 0.01-0.2 kg, turning over and drying the seeds for 1-2 days before sowing, and mixing the seeds with multi-element disinfection powder to disinfect the surface branches and main buds of the konjac at one time before sowing;
the method for selecting the astragalus comprises the following steps: selecting radix astragali single plant with more than 3 years old, pure variety, no plant diseases and insect pests, and strong growth as stock plant, harvesting immediately when the pod is drooping and yellow and the seed is browned in autumn, threshing, sun drying, storing, and selecting radix astragali seed with full grain and brown luster for sowing or seedling by water selection and air selection before sowing.
(IV) sowing and cultivating
The konjak can be directly planted by using the taro, and the astragalus can be transplanted after sowing and seedling raising, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: sowing astragalus seeds in spring, autumn or summer season with the average temperature of 14-15 ℃, forming a sowing ditch with the depth of 3-5 cm on a ridge, uniformly scattering the astragalus seeds doped with a set amount of sand into the sowing ditch, covering 1-1.5 cm of soil, and crushing, wherein the sowing amount of the astragalus seeds per mu is 1-1.5 kg; and (3) seedling raising and transplanting, wherein the row spacing of the astragalus seedlings which are directly sown is 20 multiplied by 40 cm, the depth of the ditch is 10-15 cm, the astragalus seedlings are placed in the ditch and covered by soil after sowing, and 13000-15000 astragalus seedlings are used per mu.
Sowing konjak and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching by 120 cm, opening soil moisture for planting, wherein the width of a furrow is 25cm, the width of a soil moisture surface is 100 cm, the height of the soil moisture is 20cm, finishing the soil moisture surface, operating on the soil moisture surface, transplanting the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus into the furrows, planting 6 rows on each soil moisture surface, and keeping the row spacing at 25 cm; the astragalus and the konjak are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus is 18 cm, 1 konjak is planted every 5 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjak is 50 cm.
(V) field management and pest control
After the konjak seedlings emerge or when the konjak leaves are put in the spring, the rotten-eliminating agent is mixed with the konjak spirit to be watered and irrigated into roots or sprayed on the leaf surfaces to prevent and control; in 7-8 months, rainwater is more, and is the peak period of konjak disease, and in the period, ditching and drainage are required to be paid attention to ensure that a water path is smooth, and meanwhile, diseased plants are removed and disinfected;
the prevention and treatment of powdery mildew of astragalus adopt lime sulphur mixture 1 with Baume 0.3-0.5 degrees: spraying 120 parts of Bordeaux mixture, 800-1000 times of carbendazim and thiophanate on the leaf surfaces once every half month; and spraying the carbendazim and the thiophanate once every 7-10 days in the midsummer disease period.
The astragalus mongholicus pod borer pest control is carried out by spraying dichlorvos or a quick-killing insecticide for 2-3 times in the period from flower falling to fruiting.
The topdressing of the konjak is carried out twice, wherein 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the first ten days of 6 months, and 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the second ten days of 8 months.
(VI) harvesting
Before and after 11 months, the konjak plants begin to fall off, the seedlings are dug and collected in sunny days, the collected tubers are sorted according to size, and the tubers are packed and transported by a basket or a mesh bag. Digging the whole root of Astragalus membranaceus growing for 2-3 years before and after 10 ten days, and packaging and transporting the Astragalus membranaceus by using a basket or a mesh bag.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example differs from example 3 in that: sowing konjak and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching according to 101 cm, opening the soil moisture for planting, wherein the furrow width is 23 cm, the furrow surface width is 95 cm, the furrow height is 15 cm, the furrow surfaces are arranged, operation is carried out on the furrow surfaces, transplanting is carried out for the rows, 2 rows are planted on each furrow surface, and the row spacing is 21 cm; the astragalus and the konjak are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus is 8 cm, 1 konjak is planted every 2 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjak is 30 cm. The rest of the process is the same as that of example 3, and will not be described herein.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example differs from example 3 in that: sowing konjak and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching according to 155 cm, digging moisture for planting, wherein the furrow width is 38 cm, the furrow surface width is 125 cm, the furrow height is 40 cm, finishing the moisture surface, operating on the moisture surface, transplanting the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus, planting 7 rows on each moisture surface, and the row spacing is 40 cm; the astragalus and the konjak are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus is 20cm, 1 konjak is planted at intervals of 6 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjak is 55 cm. The rest of the process is the same as that of example 3, and will not be described herein.
Comparative example 3
This comparative example differs from example 3 in that: konjak is planted only, and astragalus is not intercropped. The rest of the process is the same as that of example 3, and will not be described herein.
Test example 1
The test examined and tested the acre yields, weeds and pests of the above examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-3, and the results are shown in table 1 below, which is an average result of several tests and is representative.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from the comparative tests, comparative examples 1-2 do not follow the following technical solution according to the present invention: sowing konjac and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching for opening moisture for planting according to the length of 120-150 cm, wherein the width of a furrow is 25-35 cm, the width of a moisture surface is 100-120 cm, the height of the moisture is 20-35 cm, the moisture surface is finished, operation is carried out on the moisture surface, transplanting is carried out in the form of strips and furrows, 3-6 rows are planted on each moisture surface, and the row spacing is 25-35 cm; the astragalus membranaceus and the konjac are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus membranaceus is 10-18 cm, 1 konjac is planted every 3-5 plants, the plant spacing of the konjac is 35-50 cm, plant diseases and insect pests are more serious compared with the embodiment of the invention, and the yield is relatively poor. Comparative example 3 no intercropping of konjak and astragalus membranaceus was adopted, and the pest and disease damage was severe compared with example 3 of the present invention, the yield was poor, and the income per mu was low.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the interplanting of konjak and astragalus can increase biological diversity, inhibit the growth of weeds in the land, inhibit the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and reduce economic loss caused by the plant diseases and insect pests.
The konjak is a negative plant, is suitable for growing under vegetation with a shading effect, and can achieve the effects of preventing diseases and reasonably utilizing sunlight by intercropping the konjak and the astragalus.
The two crops are intercropped and cultivated together, the labor cost can be reduced, the planting and harvesting time of the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus is close, the field management is convenient, the labor input can be reduced, the working hours are saved, and the cost is reduced.
(2) Experiments and comparative analysis show that the konjak and astragalus membranaceus intercropping can generate two economic benefits, reasonable intercropping has a yield increasing effect compared with single intercropping, income can be increased, and reasonable intercropping with synergism can be replaced by less investment for more economic income.
(3) The stable yield and the conservation and the reasonable intercropping can utilize different crop characteristics of the konjak and the astragalus to enhance the stress resistance to plant diseases and insect pests and disaster weather, achieve the stable yield and the conservation, improve the land utilization rate, reduce land rent and coordinate the contradiction of land competition of crops.
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present invention, and it is not limited to the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The cultivation method for the intercropping of the konjak and the astragalus membranaceus comprises the steps of land selection, land preparation, seed selection, sowing and cultivation, field management and pest control, and is characterized in that the sowing and cultivation comprises the following steps:
sowing konjac and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching for opening moisture for planting according to the length of 120-150 cm, wherein the width of a furrow is 25-35 cm, the width of a moisture surface is 100-120 cm, the height of the moisture is 20-35 cm, the moisture surface is finished, operation is carried out on the moisture surface, transplanting is carried out in the form of strips and furrows, 3-6 rows are planted on each moisture surface, and the row spacing is 25-35 cm; the astragalus membranaceus and the konjac are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus membranaceus is 10-18 cm, 1 konjac is planted every 3-5 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjac is 35-50 cm.
2. The method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, wherein the sowing and cultivation comprises the following steps:
sowing konjak and astragalus membranaceus in spring to clear sections, stretching according to 150 cm, digging moisture to plant, planting, arranging the furrow width of 30cm, the furrow surface width of 120 cm and the furrow height of 30cm, finishing the furrow surface, operating on the furrow surface, transplanting the furrows, planting 4 rows on each furrow surface, and planting the row spacing of 30 cm; the astragalus and the konjak are intercropped, the plant spacing of the astragalus is 15 cm, 1 konjak is planted at intervals of 3 plants, and the plant spacing of the konjak is 45 cm.
3. The method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, wherein the pest control comprises the control of soft rot and southern blight of konjak, and the method comprises the following steps: the sterilization agent is mixed with the konjaku spirit to be watered and irrigated to roots or sprayed to leaf surfaces for preventing and treating; in 7-8 months, ditching and draining water, removing diseased plants and performing disinfection treatment.
4. The method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, wherein the pest control comprises astragalus membranaceus powdery mildew control, and the pest control comprises the following steps of 1: spraying 120 parts of Bordeaux mixture, 800-1000 times of carbendazim and thiophanate on the leaf surfaces once every half month;
preferably, the carbendazim and the thiophanate are sprayed once every 7 to 10 days in the midsummer outbreak period.
5. The method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, wherein the pest control comprises astragalus membranaceus insect pest control, and dichlorvos or mebendazole is sprayed 2-3 times during the period from flower falling to fruiting.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the soil preparation comprises soil preparation of a field for the astragalus membranaceus, and the method for soil preparation of a field for the astragalus membranaceus comprises: selecting a land with good drainage, sufficient sunlight and deep soil, deeply ploughing by 30-40 cm, applying 3000-4000 kg of farmyard manure and 25-30 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu, leveling and then raking ridges or furrows, wherein the distance between the ridges is 50-60 cm, and the width of the ridges is 1.2 m; when ditching, a 45-50 cm deep ditch is ditched every two ditches, a shallow trench with the depth of 20cm is arranged between two beds to serve as an operation road, and the height of each bed is 15-20 cm.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the soil preparation comprises soil preparation of a field for konjak, and the method of soil preparation of a field for konjak comprises: deep ploughing, drying soil and furrow-drying the pre-planted land at the bottom of 2 months and at the beginning of 3 months, ridging with the furrow surface width of 1.5m, wherein the ridge height is 20-30 cm, and the furrow width is 25-35 cm; preferably, the ridges are 25cm high and the furrows 30cm wide.
8. The method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus according to claim 7, wherein the field management comprises fertilization of konjak, and the fertilization method comprises the following steps: applying 2000kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer as base fertilizer to each mu; the top dressing is carried out twice, 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the first ten days of the month 6, and 20kg of compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in the second ten days of the month 8.
9. The method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, wherein the seed selection method of konjak comprises: the konjak adopts Jindi No. 1, has the appearance form of round or oval corms, small and shallow bud pits, full corms, thick terminal buds, no diseases and no injuries, bright red terminal buds and single improved variety with the weight of 0.01-0.2 kg;
the method for selecting the astragalus comprises the following steps: selecting radix astragali single plant with more than 3 years old, pure variety, no plant diseases and insect pests, and strong growth as stock plant, harvesting immediately when the pod is drooping and yellow and the seed is browned in autumn, threshing, sun drying, storing, and selecting radix astragali seed with full grain and brown luster for sowing or seedling by water selection and air selection before sowing.
10. The method for intercropping konjak and astragalus membranaceus according to claim 9, wherein astragalus membranaceus seeds are sown at a time interval with an average temperature of 14-15 ℃ in spring, autumn or summer, a sowing trench 3-5 cm deep is formed in each ridge, astragalus membranaceus seeds doped with a set amount of sand are uniformly sown in the sowing trench, covered with 1-1.5 cm of soil and crushed, and the sowing amount of the astragalus membranaceus per mu is 1-1.5 kg; seedling raising and transplanting, wherein the row spacing of the astragalus seedlings which are directly sown is 20 multiplied by 40 cm, the depth of a ditch is 10-15 cm, the astragalus seedlings are placed in the ditch and covered by soil after sowing, and 13000-15000 astragalus seedlings are used per mu;
preferably, astragalus seeds are sown in 6-7 months in summer;
preferably, the seed taro of the konjak is turned over and aired for 1-2 days before sowing, and the seed is mixed with the multi-element disinfection powder before sowing.
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