CN110604022A - Cassava cultivation method suitable for whole-process mechanized operation - Google Patents
Cassava cultivation method suitable for whole-process mechanized operation Download PDFInfo
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- CN110604022A CN110604022A CN201910828986.4A CN201910828986A CN110604022A CN 110604022 A CN110604022 A CN 110604022A CN 201910828986 A CN201910828986 A CN 201910828986A CN 110604022 A CN110604022 A CN 110604022A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D82/00—Crop conditioners, i.e. machines for crushing or bruising stalks
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M7/00—Special adaptations or arrangements of liquid-spraying apparatus for purposes covered by this subclass
- A01M7/0003—Atomisers or mist blowers
- A01M7/0014—Field atomisers, e.g. orchard atomisers, self-propelled, drawn or tractor-mounted
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a cassava cultivation method suitable for full-range mechanized operation, which comprises the following steps of rotary tillage and ridging: the method comprises the following steps of (1) turning a land block loose by using a machine, then crushing soil, leveling the ground surface, and then carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a double-ridge or four-ridge ridger to form a required ridge shape; the ridge platforms are isosceles trapezoids, and the line spacing between two adjacent ridge platforms adopts a mode of alternating narrow line spacing and wide line spacing; selecting cassava seed stems; planting cassava seed stems; field management: completing the work of seedling supplementing and thinning by manpower; the operations of intertillage, weeding, fertilization and topdressing are completed by machines; pest control; harvesting: before harvesting, a tractor is used for dragging the cassava straw smashing and returning machine to smash and return the cassava straw to the field; then a tractor pulls the double-row four-shovel vibration cassava digger to dig and harvest. The method is beneficial to realizing the whole-process mechanized operation of the cassava planting industry, reducing the planting cost and improving the profit rate of the cassava planting industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cassava cultivation, in particular to a cassava cultivation method suitable for whole-process mechanized operation.
Background
The original cassava is originally produced in Brazil and is widely cultivated in tropical regions all over the world. The cassava is cultivated in Fujian provinces, Taiwan provinces, Guangdong provinces, Hainan provinces, Guangxi provinces, Guizhou provinces, Yunnan provinces and the like, and the cassava root tuber is rich in starch and is one of important raw materials of industrial starch. With the implementation of new energy policy, the cassava is used as a main raw material for producing biofuel ethanol, and the demand of the cassava is necessarily huge. Due to the fact that the existing cassava planting modes in China are not unified, the mechanization level of the cassava planting industry is difficult to promote, the labor cost is high, the profit rate of the cassava planting industry is reduced, and the enthusiasm of farmers for cassava planting is further reduced. In order to improve the mechanized operation level of the cassava planting industry, the existing rotary tillage ridging machinery, intertillage plant protection machinery, harvesting machinery and the like need to be considered comprehensively, and a cassava planting and cultivating mode suitable for the whole mechanized operation needs to be made.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a cassava cultivation method for the whole-process mechanized operation, which can realize the mechanized operation from the rotary tillage ridging to the harvesting mode.
In order to achieve the above purposes, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a cassava cultivation method suitable for whole-process mechanized operation comprises the following steps:
(1) rotary tillage and ridging: the method comprises the following steps of (1) turning a land block loose by using a machine, then crushing soil, leveling the ground surface, and then carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a double-ridge or four-ridge ridger to form a required ridge shape;
the ridge is in an isosceles trapezoid shape, the line spacing between two adjacent ridges adopts a mode of alternating narrow line spacing and wide line spacing, the narrow line spacing is 200mm, and the wide line spacing is 400 mm;
(2) selecting cassava seed stems: the length of the cassava seed stem is 150-;
(3) planting cassava seed stems: the tractor pulls the oblique transplanting type cassava planter to move forward along the ridge shape, and cassava stems are planted in the center of the top surface of the ridge; every time the tractor works, two wheels of the tractor run on the ground between two ridges with wide row spacing;
when planting, the seed stems and the top surface of the ridge form an angle of 15-45 degrees and are buried in the center of the top of the ridge, and the plant distance on the same ridge platform is 800-1000mm after planting;
(4) field management: after planting, completing the work of seedling supplement and thinning by manpower; the subsequent operations of intertillage, weeding, fertilization and topdressing are completed by machinery;
(5) and (3) pest control: a mechanical pesticide spraying machine or a manual pesticide spraying machine is adopted for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests;
(6) harvesting: before harvesting, a tractor is used for dragging the cassava straw smashing and returning machine to smash and return the cassava straw to the field; then a tractor pulls the double-row four-shovel vibration cassava digger to dig and harvest.
In the step (1), the ridge bottom width of the ridge is 700mm, the ridge top width is 354mm, the ridge height is 300mm, and the lower bottom angle is 60 degrees.
In the step (1), a plough or a subsoiler is used for scarifying the land, the scarification depth is 350mm, a rotary cultivator is used for breaking soil and leveling the ground surface, and the rotary tillage depth is 300 mm.
In the step (1), during ridging, the ridge shape trend adopts a north-south trend.
In the step (3), at least two ridges of cassava are planted simultaneously when the cassava is advanced each time.
In the step (3), when the environmental temperature is below 15 ℃ during planting, the cassava seed stems are completely buried in soil below the top surfaces of the ridge platforms after planting, and the distance between the upper top ends of the cassava seed stems and the top surfaces of the ridge platforms is 30-50 mm.
In the step (3), when the environmental temperature is above 15 ℃ during planting, 2/3 with the length of cassava seed stems are buried in the soil below the top surface of the ridge platform after planting.
In the step (4), the operations of intertillage, weeding, fertilization and topdressing are completed by a small-sized hand-held mini-tiller or a suspension type intertillage cultivator which is towed by a tractor.
In the step (5), the mechanical pesticide spraying machine is a traction type pesticide spraying machine or an unmanned plant protection machine.
In the step (6), harvesting of at least two rows of cassava tuberous roots can be completed by one digging and harvesting operation.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the general and special machinery or the modified machinery, the whole-process mechanized operation of the cassava planting industry can be basically realized, and the mechanized operation level of the cassava planting industry is greatly improved.
In the wide-narrow row ridge culture mode, soil is not easy to harden, the growth of cassava is facilitated, and the excavation resistance during harvesting is reduced; the wide-narrow row planting can enhance ventilation and light transmission, fully play the roles of water, heat, gas and fertilizer in soil, relieve the contradiction of light and fertilizer disputes among crops, improve the quality, improve the yield and the like.
The ridge culture improves the illumination area of the land, and the heat absorption and dissipation speed is higher than that of the flat culture, so that the temperature difference between day and night is increased, and the accumulation of starch is facilitated; the ridge furrows in ridge culture are favorable for drainage and waterlogging prevention, the cassava grows in the ridge, the centralized fertilization and pesticide application are favorable, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is reduced;
the ridge space is set according to the wheel track of the tractor and the operation width of the harvester and other machines, and the problem that the planting mode is not matched with the operation machine is solved. Meanwhile, the mechanical ridging planting solves the problems of low ridge straightness and inconsistent cuttage depth of cassava seed stems, which bring to harvest zones.
The method solves the problems that a tractor cannot enter the cassava harvester, the harvesting of the cassava harvester is not aligned and the digging depth is not consistent and the like caused by non-uniformity of planting modes and non-uniformity of manual planting in the later period of field management, pest control and harvesting, and is beneficial to realizing the whole-process mechanized operation of the cassava planting industry, reducing the planting cost and improving the profit margin of the cassava planting industry.
Drawings
The invention has the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of ridge structure and structural parameters of the present invention
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a seed stem planting pattern at a low ambient temperature;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a seed stem planting pattern at a high ambient temperature;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the tractor of the present invention walking over two narrow rows;
the numerical values in the figures are in millimeters;
in the figure: 1 wide furrow, 2 narrow furrows, 3 ridge tops and 4 cassava seed stems.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1-4, the cassava cultivation method suitable for the full-process mechanized operation, provided by the invention, comprises the following steps:
(1) rotary tillage and ridging: after the plough or the subsoiler is used for scarifying the land mass (the scarification depth is about 350mm, the operation of the later-stage rotary cultivator and the ridger is facilitated), the rotary cultivator is used for crushing soil and leveling the earth surface (the rotary cultivation depth is about 300mm), and then the double-ridge or four-ridge ridger is used for forming the required ridge shape. During ridging, the ridge shape trend is preferably south-north trend, which is beneficial to lighting in the growth period of cassava and increases the output of cassava.
The rotary tillage ridging is a single-ridge wide-narrow-row ridge planting mode. The ridge platform is isosceles trapezoid, and the width at the bottom of the ridge (the lower bottom of isosceles trapezoid) is 700mm, and the width at ridge top 3 (the upper bottom of isosceles trapezoid) is 354mm, and the ridge height (the height of isosceles trapezoid) is 300mm, and the lower base angle is 60 °. The furrow between two adjacent ridges is called a furrow, the length of the bottom surface of the furrow is the row spacing between the two adjacent ridges, and the furrow is divided into a wide furrow 1 and a narrow furrow 2 according to the difference of the row spacing. The line spacing between two adjacent ridge platforms adopts a mode of alternating narrow line spacing and wide line spacing, and the narrow line spacing is 200 mm; the wide row spacing is 400 mm.
(2) Selecting cassava seed stems: the length of the cassava seed stem 4 is preferably 150-200mm, and the seed stem is provided with 3-5 bud points.
(3) Planting cassava seed stems: the tractor pulls the oblique transplanting type cassava planter to move forward along the ridge shape, and cassava seed stems 4 are planted in the center of the top surface of the ridge. When the tractor works at each time, two wheels of the tractor are ensured to walk on the ground between two ridges with wide row spacing, and the two ridges of cassava are planted when the tractor moves forwards at each time.
When planting, the seed stems and the top surfaces of the ridge platforms form an angle of 15-45 degrees and are buried in the middle of the ridge top; under the condition of low environmental temperature (below 15 ℃) during planting, after planting, the cassava seed stems are completely buried in soil below the top surface of the ridge platform, and the distance between the upper top ends of the cassava seed stems and the top surface of the ridge platform is about 30-50 mm; under the condition of higher environmental temperature (more than 15 ℃) during planting, after planting, 2/3 with the length of the cassava seed stems is buried in soil below the top surface of the ridge, and 1/3 with the length of the cassava seed stems is exposed out of the top surface of the ridge. The plant spacing is 800-1000mm, and the maximum number of plants per mu is about 850.
(4) Field management: after planting, the work of seedling supplement and thinning is finished manually. Subsequent operations of intertillage, weeding, fertilization, topdressing and the like can be completed by a small-sized hand-held mini-tiller or a tractor-drawn rear suspension type intertillage cultivator.
(5) And (3) pest control: the pest and disease damage condition of the cassava planting industry in China is light, most of the pest and disease damage condition is bacterial wilt of cassava, red mites of cassava, termites, mice and the like, and the pest and disease damage can be prevented and controlled by adopting a traction type pesticide spraying machine, an unmanned plant protection machine or a manual pesticide spraying machine and the like.
(6) Harvesting: the harvesting period of the cassava is generally 10 months in the current year to 2 months in the next year, and before harvesting, a tractor is used for drawing the cassava straw smashing and returning machine to smash the cassava straw and return the cassava straw to the field. After the cassava straws are crushed and returned to the field, a tractor pulls a double-row four-shovel vibration type cassava excavator to perform excavating and harvesting operation, and the harvesting of at least two rows of cassava roots can be completed by one-time excavating and harvesting operation.
The invention can realize mechanized operation in the whole process from rotary tillage ridging to harvesting, and meanwhile, under the condition of abundant manpower resources or lack of related machinery, part of mechanical operation links can be replaced by manual operation or manual operation with simple and easy machinery, and the ratio of manual operation and mechanical operation is free.
The cassava planting method is suitable for full-process mechanical operation, is particularly suitable for large-area cassava planting and large-scale operation, and can further reduce the planting cost.
Those not described in detail in this specification are within the skill of the art.
Claims (10)
1. A cassava cultivation method suitable for whole-process mechanized operation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) rotary tillage and ridging: the method comprises the following steps of (1) turning a land block loose by using a machine, then crushing soil, leveling the ground surface, and then carrying out rotary tillage and ridging by using a double-ridge or four-ridge ridger to form a required ridge shape;
the ridge is in an isosceles trapezoid shape, the line spacing between two adjacent ridges adopts a mode of alternating narrow line spacing and wide line spacing, the narrow line spacing is 200mm, and the wide line spacing is 400 mm;
(2) selecting cassava seed stems: the length of the cassava seed stem is 150-;
(3) planting cassava seed stems: the tractor pulls the oblique transplanting type cassava planter to move forward along the ridge shape, and cassava stems are planted in the center of the top surface of the ridge; every time the tractor works, two wheels of the tractor run on the ground between two ridges with wide row spacing;
when planting, the seed stems and the top surface of the ridge form an angle of 15-45 degrees and are buried in the center of the top of the ridge, and the plant distance on the same ridge platform is 800-1000mm after planting;
(4) field management: after planting, completing the work of seedling supplement and thinning by manpower; the subsequent operations of intertillage, weeding, fertilization and topdressing are completed by machinery;
(5) and (3) pest control: a mechanical pesticide spraying machine or a manual pesticide spraying machine is adopted for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests;
(6) harvesting: before harvesting, a tractor is used for dragging the cassava straw smashing and returning machine to smash and return the cassava straw to the field; then a tractor pulls the double-row four-shovel vibration cassava digger to dig and harvest.
2. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the ridge bottom width of the ridge is 700mm, the ridge top width is 354mm, the ridge height is 300mm, and the lower bottom angle is 60 degrees.
3. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), a plough or a subsoiler is used for scarifying the land, the scarification depth is 350mm, a rotary cultivator is used for breaking soil and leveling the ground surface, and the rotary tillage depth is 300 mm.
4. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), during ridging, the ridge shape trend adopts a north-south trend.
5. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (3), at least two ridges of cassava are planted simultaneously when the cassava is advanced each time.
6. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (3), when the environmental temperature is below 15 ℃ during planting, the cassava seed stems are completely buried in soil below the top surfaces of the ridge platforms after planting, and the distance between the upper top ends of the cassava seed stems and the top surfaces of the ridge platforms is 30-50 mm.
7. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (3), when the environmental temperature is above 15 ℃ during planting, 2/3 with the length of cassava seed stems are buried in the soil below the top surface of the ridge platform after planting.
8. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (4), the operations of intertillage, weeding, fertilization and topdressing are completed by a small-sized hand-held mini-tiller or a suspension type intertillage cultivator which is towed by a tractor.
9. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (5), the mechanical pesticide spraying machine is a traction type pesticide spraying machine or an unmanned plant protection machine.
10. The cassava cultivation method suitable for full-mechanized operations according to claim 1, wherein: in the step (6), harvesting of at least two rows of cassava tuberous roots can be completed by one digging and harvesting operation.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111034569A (en) * | 2019-12-25 | 2020-04-21 | 中国热带农业科学院农业机械研究所 | Alpinia officinarum planting method suitable for mechanization |
| CN111316877A (en) * | 2020-02-28 | 2020-06-23 | 广西南亚热带农业科学研究所 | Cassava lodging-resistant efficient yield-increasing cultivation method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111034569A (en) * | 2019-12-25 | 2020-04-21 | 中国热带农业科学院农业机械研究所 | Alpinia officinarum planting method suitable for mechanization |
| CN111316877A (en) * | 2020-02-28 | 2020-06-23 | 广西南亚热带农业科学研究所 | Cassava lodging-resistant efficient yield-increasing cultivation method |
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