CN108307906A - A kind of method of mechanized cultivation harvest cassava - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for mechanized planting and harvesting of cassava, which is characterized in that it comprises the following steps: A. Ditching and ridge building: using a rotary tillage ridge machine to carry out rotary tillage, broken soil and leveling on the cultivated land, and using the rotary tiller ridge machine to open Ditch ridges, after forming ridges, form ridges for tractor wheels to walk on both sides of the ridges; B, planting: use a real-time seed-cutting double-row cassava planter pulled by a tractor along the longitudinal direction on the ridge surface of the ridge. Planting of cassava plants in two rows; C. Field management; D. Straw crushing; E. Harvesting: After the cassava straws are processed, they are harvested with a cassava digging harvester pulled by a tractor. The present invention completes cassava planting by means of large ridges, double-row planting on ridges, and different widths of cassava rows on and between ridges. The whole process of management can realize mechanized operations, greatly improve cassava production efficiency, and greatly reduce manpower input. Loss rate and potato damage rate, to achieve high efficiency and low cost harvesting.

Description

A method for mechanized planting and harvesting cassava

technical field

The invention relates to the field of cassava planting, in particular to a method for planting and harvesting cassava.

Background technique

Cassava is one of the three largest potato crops in the world. It is the food that more than 600 million people in the world depend on for survival. It is also an important starch raw material crop and biomass energy crop. Cassava is mainly used as a starch raw material crop in my country. According to FAO data, in 2016, the harvested area of cassava in my country was 291,100 hectares, and the output was 4.7943 million tons. In 2017, my country's cassava harvested area was about 247,400 hectares, and the output was about 4.0752 million tons.

Traditional cassava planting is mainly manual, with low efficiency, poor standardization and regulation of planting, and cannot meet the requirements of large-scale and mechanized production. With the sharp increase of agricultural labor costs and the reduction of agricultural labor force in my country, the mechanization of cassava production is an inevitable choice. Cassava mechanized planting and harvesting operations have begun in southern my country, Southeast Asia, Africa and other regions. However, due to the diversity of cassava planting agronomy, the agronomic model cannot meet the requirements of implementing mechanized operations.

The artificial planting of cassava is mainly planted with equal row spacing. The deviation of row spacing is large, the row straightness is poor, and the ridge shape is low. The following problems exist in the implementation of mechanized operations: 1. Planting row spacing and tractor wheelbase and planting machinery, management machinery, and harvesting machinery The tires of tractors and agricultural implements are not pressed in the furrows but on the cassava ridges during mechanized operations, which may damage cassava plants or crush cassava roots; The planting row spacing does not match, it is impossible to excavate the rows, and it is difficult to control the direction and depth of the excavation, resulting in cassava roots being easily shoveled by the harvester, and the harvest loss rate is high; Large, high energy consumption, accelerated wear and tear. The above problems are the most important reasons for restricting the large-scale and mechanized production of cassava. It is necessary to introduce a cassava planting mode suitable for the whole process of mechanized operation.

Contents of the invention

In order to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies, the object of the present invention is to provide a method for mechanized planting and harvesting cassava that is easy to operate, high in efficiency, and has a small harvest loss rate.

In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:

A method for mechanized planting and harvesting cassava is characterized in that comprising the following steps:

A. Ditching and ridge building: Use the rotary tiller to break up and level the arable land, and use the rotary tiller to ditch and ridge. After forming the ridge, form a ridge on both sides of the ridge for the tractor wheels to walk on. ;

B. Planting: Along the longitudinal direction on the ridge surface of the ridge, use a real-time seed-cutting double-row cassava planter pulled by a tractor to plant two rows of cassava plants, forming narrow rows on the ridge and wide rows between adjacent ridges The cassava wide and narrow double-row planting pattern;

C. Field management: After cassava emerges, artificially replant the missing plants, and use a tractor-drawn cultivator to cultivate soil and protect ridges, and use a tractor-drawn weeder to weed; if necessary, use a tractor-drawn sprayer for spraying Insect control and disease prevention; artificial thinning of seedlings at the seedling stage; tractor-driven work tools for cultivating soil and topdressing at the tuber forming stage;

D. Straw crushing: After the cassava tubers are mature, the cassava stalks are crushed and returned to the field machine pulled by a tractor to process the cassava straws;

E. Harvesting: After the cassava stalks are processed, harvest them with a cassava digging harvester pulled by a tractor.

Further, in the step A, the formed ridge is a trapezoidal ridge, the depth of rotary tillage is 25-30 cm, the width of the ridge surface of the ridge body is 110 cm, the width of the ridge bottom of the ridge body is 120 cm, and the height of the ridge body is 30 cm. The width of the furrow is 50cm.

Further, in the planting of two rows of cassava plants in the step B, the row spacing between the two rows is 70cm, and the spacing of the cassava plants in each row is 60cm.

Further, in the step B, the planting of cassava plants, including opening planting furrows on the ridge, cutting cassava seeds, fertilizing and covering soil, are all completed by a real-time seed-cutting double-row cassava planter pulled by a tractor.

Further, in the step A, the rotary tiller ridging machine is modified by adding two mud-collecting plates to the rotary tiller, and the mud-collecting plates scrape the upper layer of soil from the furrows and accumulate them on the ridges to form trapezoidal ridges.

Further, in the step B, the planter is equipped with a pair of side ridge guards for maintaining the ridge shape and a rear ridge surface scraper, so that the ridge shape remains basically unchanged before and after planting.

Further, the tractor is a 90-horsepower tractor.

The beneficial effect of the present invention is that: the present invention completes cassava planting by means of large ridges, double-row planting on ridges, and different widths of cassava rows on and between ridges. The whole process management can realize mechanized operations, greatly improve cassava production efficiency, and greatly reduce human input. Double-row planting on the ridge ensures the planting density of cassava and the utilization rate of cultivated land; raising the ridge is conducive to drainage in the rainy season, ensuring high and stable cassava yields, and is also conducive to keeping the soil loose for digging and harvesting; standardized ridge shape, furrows and tractors and machines The wheelbase is compatible, so that the entire field management of cassava can be completed by agricultural machinery, especially the mechanized harvesting link, which can reduce the loss rate and damage rate of potatoes, and achieve high-efficiency and low-cost harvesting; through mechanized and efficient operations, it is important to ensure cassava production. , Promoting high and stable production is also of positive significance.

Description of drawings

Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment the present invention is described in further detail:

Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of ditching and ridge building according to the present invention.

In the figure: 1, furrow; 2, cassava plant; 3, ridge surface; 4, tractor wheel.

Detailed ways

As shown in Figure 1, a kind of method of mechanized plantation harvesting cassava is characterized in that comprising the following steps:

A. Ditching and ridge building: Utilize the rotary tillage ridge machine to carry out rotary plowing, crushing and leveling the arable land, and use the rotary tillage ridge machine to ditch and ridge. After forming the ridge, form a road for the tractor wheel 4 to walk on both sides of the ridge Ditch 1. The ridge formed is a trapezoidal ridge, the rotary tillage depth is 25～30cm, the ridge surface width of the ridge body is 110cm, the ridge bottom width of the ridge body is 120cm, the ridge height of the ridge body is 30cm, and the width of the furrow is 50cm; The tillage and ridging machine is modified by adding two mud-collecting plates to the rotary tiller. The mud-collecting plates scrape the upper layer of soil from the furrows and accumulate them on the ridges to form trapezoidal ridges; the tractor is a 90-horsepower tractor.

B, planting: along the longitudinal direction on the ridge surface 3 of the ridge, utilize the real-time seed-cutting type double row cassava planter towed by the tractor to carry out the planting of two rows of cassava plants 2, forming a double row on the ridge with a narrow row and between adjacent ridges. The cassava wide and narrow double-row planting pattern of wide row; In the plantation of two rows of cassava plants in the step B, the row spacing between the double rows is 70cm, and the spacing of the cassava plants in each row is 60cm; the plantation of cassava plants includes opening on the ridge The planting ditch, cassava seed cutting, fertilization and soil covering are all completed by a real-time seed-cutting double-row cassava planter pulled by a tractor; the planter is equipped with a pair of side ridge guards to maintain the ridge shape and a rear ridge surface scraper , so that the ridge shape remains basically unchanged before and after planting.

C. Field management: After cassava emerges, artificially replant the missing plants, and use a tractor-drawn cultivator to cultivate soil and protect ridges, and use a tractor-drawn weeder to weed; if necessary, use a tractor-drawn sprayer for spraying Insect control and disease prevention; manual seedling thinning at the seedling stage; cultivating soil and topdressing with tractor-driven work tools at the tuber forming stage; tractors and machine tires completely walk in the furrows, without pressing the ridges or seedlings;

D. Straw crushing: After the cassava tubers are mature, the cassava stalk crushing and returning machine pulled by a tractor is used to process the cassava straw; The ridge wheel runs completely in the ridge, and the tractor tires and grinder wheels do not press the ridge or potatoes;

E. Harvesting: After the cassava stalks are processed, use a cassava digging harvester pulled by a tractor to harvest; the working width of the cassava harvester pulled by a 90-horsepower tractor matches the width of the ridge, and the wheelbase matches the width of the bottom of the ridge Coordinated, tractor tires and harvester ground wheels do not press ridges or potatoes.

The present invention completes cassava planting by means of large ridges, double-row planting on ridges, and different widths of cassava rows on and between ridges. The whole process management can realize mechanized operations, greatly improve cassava production efficiency, and greatly reduce manpower input. According to estimates , artificially plant cassava, the planting efficiency is 1 mu/person/day, and the cost is 120 yuan/mu; according to the present invention, through mechanical ridge planting, the planting efficiency can reach 80 mu/3 people/day, and the machine+labor cost is 40 Yuan/mu, the efficiency of mechanical planting is 26 times that of manual planting, and the cost of mechanical planting is 1/3 of manual planting. Manual cutting and transportation of cassava stalks, the labor efficiency is 2 mu/person/day, and the cost is 80 yuan/mu; mechanical crushing of cassava stalks is used, the mechanical operation efficiency is 80 mu/person/day, and the cost of machinery + labor is 20 yuan/mu. The efficiency of mechanical work is 40 times that of manual work, and the cost of mechanical work is 1/4 of that of manual work. Manually harvesting cassava, the harvesting efficiency is generally 0.6 mu/person/day, and the cost is 150 yuan/mu; using mechanical harvesting, the harvesting efficiency is 48 mu/8 people/day, the cost of machinery + labor is 60 yuan/mu, and the mechanical harvesting efficiency is 10 times that of labor, and the cost of mechanical harvesting is 2/5 of that of labor.

In summary, the present invention is suitable for mechanized cassava planting method, planting cassava through the method of wide and narrow double-row ridges, realizing mechanization from planting, field management, cassava stalk crushing and harvesting, with easy operation, high efficiency, low cost, etc. advantage.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of method of mechanized cultivation harvest cassava, it is characterised in that include the following steps：

A, trench digging ridging：Rotary tillage hack, smooth is carried out to arable land using rotary tillage ridger, rotary tillage ridger ditching, ridging is used in combination, After forming ridge, the furrow walked for tractor wheels is formed in the both sides on ridge；

B, it plants：On the ridge face on ridge along the longitudinal direction, kind of a formula duplicate rows cassava planting machine is cut in real time using tractor-hitched The plantation for carrying out two row Manihot Esculentas, to form duplicate rows on ridge be between narrow row, adjacent ridge be wide row cassava width duplicate rows cropping pattern；

C, field management：After cassava emergence, it is short of seedling and locates artificial after-culture, and earthed up using the banking machine of tractor-drawn, Ridge is protected, the weeder of tractor-drawn is used in combination to carry out weeding；When necessary spray deinsectization is carried out using the spraying machine of tractor-drawn Diseases prevention；Neat seedling stage carries out artificial thinning；The potato phase is tied using the work tool progress cultivation and banking of tractor-drawn and top dressing；

D, stalk crushes：After tapioca root maturation, cassava stalk is handled using tractor-hitched Cassava stalk crushing and returning to field machine；

E, it harvests：After the processing of cassava stalk, harvested using tractor-hitched cassava digging harvester.

2. the method for mechanized cultivation harvest cassava according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In the step A, formed Ridge be trapezoidal ridge, rotary tillage depth is 25~30cm, and the ridge face width degree of ridge body is 110cm, and the ridge bottom width degree of ridge body is 120cm, The width of a height of 30cm in ridge of ridge body, furrow are 50cm.

3. the method for mechanized cultivation harvest cassava according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Two rows of the step B In the plantation of Manihot Esculenta, the line-spacing between duplicate rows is 70cm, and the spacing of Manihot Esculenta is 60cm in often going.

4. the method for mechanized cultivation harvest cassava according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In the step B, cassava The plantation of plant, including kind of a planting ditch is opened on ridge, cassava cuts kind, fertilising and earthing, it is tractor-hitched that cut kind of formula in real time double Row cassava planting machine is completed.

5. the method for mechanized cultivation harvest cassava according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：It is described in the step A Rotary tillage ridger is added 2 sludge collecting boards by rotary cultivator and is converted, and is heaped from furrow scraping upper layer soil to ridge by sludge collecting board It is upper to form trapezoidal ridge.

6. the method for mechanized cultivation harvest cassava according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：In the step B, plantation Machine is equipped with the side shield ridge plate and 1 faces Hou Long scraper plate of 1 pair of holding ridge shape, and ridge shape is held essentially constant before and after making plantation.

7. the method for mechanized cultivation harvest cassava according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The tractor uses 90 The tractor of horsepower.