CN1103329C - 乙炔基取代的芳族化合物,其合成,聚合物及其用途 - Google Patents
乙炔基取代的芳族化合物,其合成,聚合物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1103329C CN1103329C CN96197525A CN96197525A CN1103329C CN 1103329 C CN1103329 C CN 1103329C CN 96197525 A CN96197525 A CN 96197525A CN 96197525 A CN96197525 A CN 96197525A CN 1103329 C CN1103329 C CN 1103329C
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- compound
- polymkeric substance
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- alkyl
- aryl
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- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 title claims description 46
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- -1 Ethynyl aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
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- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
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- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 17
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical group [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002529 biphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 claims description 5
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- 150000003053 piperidines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WJKHJLXJJJATHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic anhydride Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F WJKHJLXJJJATHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQDJYEQOELDLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsilane Chemical compound C[SiH](C)C PQDJYEQOELDLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940094989 trimethylsilane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HYUFXBPAIGJHRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphane;dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 HYUFXBPAIGJHRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphane Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)C1=CC=CC=C1C COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C13/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing rings other than, or in addition to, six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C13/28—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof
- C07C13/32—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings
- C07C13/54—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings with three condensed rings
- C07C13/547—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings with three condensed rings at least one ring not being six-membered, the other rings being at the most six-membered
- C07C13/567—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with condensed rings with three condensed rings at least one ring not being six-membered, the other rings being at the most six-membered with a fluorene or hydrogenated fluorene ring system
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- C07C15/50—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts substituted by unsaturated carbon radicals polycyclic non-condensed
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- C07C17/263—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions
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- C07C22/04—Cyclic compounds containing halogen atoms bound to an acyclic carbon atom having unsaturation in the rings containing six-membered aromatic rings
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- C07C321/24—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides, or polysulfides having thio groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C321/28—Sulfides, hydropolysulfides, or polysulfides having thio groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C321/30—Sulfides having the sulfur atom of at least one thio group bound to two carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
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- C07C43/257—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to carbon atoms both belonging to six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C43/285—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to carbon atoms both belonging to six-membered aromatic rings having unsaturation outside the six-membered aromatic rings
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- C07C2603/06—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members
- C07C2603/10—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members containing five-membered rings
- C07C2603/12—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing at least one ring with less than six ring members containing five-membered rings only one five-membered ring
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Abstract
具有结构式(I)的乙炔基芳族化合物形成热稳定性高的聚合物:其中各Ar为芳族基团或惰性取代的芳族基团,各R独立地为氢,烷基,芳基或惰性取代的烷基或芳基;L为共价键或将一个Ar与至少另一个Ar相连的基团;n和m为至少2的整数;以及q为至少1的整数。该单体可用于涂敷许多种物质,如希望耐热性高的介电涂层,包括电子元件如计算机芯片。
Description
本发明涉及乙炔基取代的芳族化合物,涉及乙炔基取代的芳族化合物的聚合物,以及该乙炔基取代的芳族化合物及其聚合物的制备和应用。
较易加工且能耐300℃至450℃温度的聚合材料对制备层压材料、薄膜、涂料、纤维、电子元件和复合材料来说是有利的。取决于具体的最终应用,聚合物应具有一种或多种如下性能:机械完整性,低吸湿性,热氧化稳定性,热稳定性,耐溶剂性,水解稳定性,耐高度酸性或碱性溶液性能,低热膨胀系数和低介电常数。例如,在电子学领域,材料应表现出低介电常数,良好热稳定性和耐溶剂性以及低吸湿性和热膨胀系数的平衡。此外,可加工性对获得均匀且无缺陷的薄膜也是重要的。
聚酰亚胺树脂是一类常用于制备高强度薄膜、纤维、复合材料和涂料(包括电子工业中的绝缘涂料或保护涂料)的材料。然而,聚酰亚胺树脂倾向于吸水并水解,这导致腐蚀和金属离子的迁移。此外,聚酰亚胺通常具有差的平面化性能(planarization)和填缝性能。非氟化的聚酰亚胺具有不希望地高的介电常数。
聚亚芳基是热稳定的聚合物,但通常难于加工,这是因为其在常见有机溶剂中的低溶解性。业已提出许多不同的途径来制备可溶于有机溶剂中的高分子量聚亚苯基。例如USP 5,227,457教导在聚合物链上引入增溶基团如苯基。不幸的是,这些取代基也可使所得聚合物对加工溶剂敏感。在另一方法中,制备开始时分子量较低,但在受热时交联形成呈现耐溶剂性的聚合物的可交联聚亚苯基组合物(例如见USP 5,334,668;5,236,686;5,169,929和5,338,823)。然而,这些组合物不能充分流动以填缝,特别是亚微1,3,5-三甲苯级缝,且不能平面化表面,这在许多应用(包括电子应用)中是一个关键的局限。可加工的聚亚苯基也通过二乙炔与双环戊二烯酮的反应制备。然而,所得聚合物为热塑性材料且对其加工中所用的有机溶剂敏感。
其他可用于电子应用中的聚合物包括含有交替萘亚乙烯基链的聚(萘亚乙烯基)(例如见Antoun,S.;Gagnon,D.K.;Darasz,F.E.;Lenz,R.W.;《聚合物科学杂志,C部分:聚合物快报》(J.Polym.Sci.PartC:Polym.Lett.)1986,24,503);聚(苝)或聚(苝萘)或取代的聚(苝)或聚(苝萘)(例如见Lehmann,G.,《合成金属》(SyntheticMetals)1991,41-43,1615-1618);以及单芳基邻二乙决如苯基-1,2-二(苯基乙炔)及其反应形成的线型聚萘(例如见John,Jens A.和Tour,James M.,《美国化学会志》(J.Amer.Chem.Soc.),1994,(116)5011-5012)。然而,这些聚合物可溶于有机溶剂且为热塑性材料。
鉴于现有技术中的上述缺陷,希望提供一种物理和加工性能得到理想平衡的化合物。
因此,本发明一方面为一种下式的乙炔基芳族化合物:其中各Ar为芳族基团或惰性取代的芳族基团;各R独立地为氢,烷基,芳基或惰性取代的烷基或芳基;L为共价键或将一个Ar与至少另一个Ar相连的基团;n和m为至少2的整数;以及q为至少1的整数。这样,本发明的乙炔基芳族化合物具有4个或更多个乙炔基(例如四乙炔基芳族化合物)且可在聚合物(包括其低聚前体)制备中用作单体。
在另一方面,本发明是一种聚合物(包括共聚物),包括以下单元:其中Ar′为(C≡CnAr或ArC≡C)m部分的反应产物的残基以及R和L如上所定义。
在基本固化之前的本发明的乙炔基芳族化合物,例如低聚体或最终聚合物的低聚前体,具有良好的溶液和熔融加工性。所得热固性聚合物通常能耐高温和其加工中所常用的溶剂。此外,聚合物在交联时呈现耐溶剂性和机械强度的优异平衡,不损失其电学性能如低介电常数和损耗因子。该聚合物在各种基材上的涂层可使用常规技术如施加单体的低聚体溶液,然后形成聚合物来制备。该聚合物能耐高温如使铝退火所要求的可能高达450℃的温度累计2小时或更长。此外,该聚合物可以在较低聚合和交联温度下制备,在聚合过程中不形成挥发性物质。
因其介电强度高,对热、氧、水分以及许多化学品引起的降解的耐性,本发明的聚合物特别可用作电容器介电(薄膜);用于显示器如平板显示器,尤其是液晶(LC)显示器;以及用作集成电路(IC)封装材料。
这样,该聚合物可用于诸如层压材料,制造集成电路如微处理器、存储和多芯片组件中的涂层或薄膜以及复合结构体如碳基体之类的应用,用作用于航空和飞行工业中的高性能基体树脂,高温粘合剂和复合基体,纤维前体或碳玻璃。在另一方面,本发明为涂有所述聚合物的基材,如具有所述聚合物涂层的计算机芯片,如具有作为中间介电绝缘涂层的聚合物的计算机芯片。
在又一个方面,本发明为具有至少两层的层压材料,其中至少一层包含本发明的聚合物。这些聚合物的层压材料在电子材料、建筑材料、用于飞行和航空应用以及用于要求耐热性或耐候性的应用的基体树脂中特别有用。
本发明还提供一种制备式(I)单体的方法。该方法包括:
(a)选择性卤化多元酚以用卤素在相邻于酚羟基的两个可用位置中的一个上卤化各个酚环;
(b)将所得多元(邻卤代酚)上的酚羟基转化为能与乙炔端基反应的离去基团,例如磺酸酯;以及
(c)使步骤(b)的产物与含乙炔基的化合物或乙炔基合成子(synthon)在芳基乙炔化催化剂和酸受体存在下反应,以用含乙炔基的基团代替卤素和离去基团(例如三氟甲基磺酸酯)。
这些用保护基团(如三甲基甲硅烷基或2-羟基-2-丙基)取代的含乙炔基的基团然后可任意性地被处理,以除去保护基团,得到本发明的单体。或者,保护基团可在聚合过程中保留。
在又一方面,本发明提供一种下式化合物:其中X为卤素,优选溴、碘或氯,更优选溴;m、n和q如前所定义,而R为任何使RSO2O为离去基团的基团,优选全氟烷基。
本发明的化合物是下式的乙炔基芳族单体:其中各Ar、L、R、n、m和q如前所定义。术语“惰性取代的”指的是某一基团或部分具有一个或多个对该化合物的随后聚合以及在随后加工中所用的任何试剂或溶剂基本上呈惰性(即,或者不反应,或者如果呈反应性的话将不会明显且有害地影响该化合物或由其制得的聚合物的性能),优选呈惰性的取代基。例如,Ar基团可以用烷基如1-12个碳原子的烷基;卤素如氟或氯;链烯烃或共轭链烯烃;磷;硅;硫;氮;或氧及其组合进行惰性取代。类似地,各R基团可用卤素如氟、氯和溴;磷;硅;硫;氮;-CF3,-OCH3,-OCF3或-O-Ph取代。用氟取代对于在所得聚合物中获得低介电常数尤为优选。在形成耐高温的聚合物时,通常优选避免在苄基或烯丙基位中存在氢原子或Ar基团或芳族R基团被直链或支链烷基、酯或醚取代。
Ar和R的大小对本发明并不特别重要;然而基团Ar和R的大小,特别是基团R的大小可能因空间位阻而不希望地影响该化合物的随后聚合,因此要对Ar和R进行选择。通常,可以使用任何不会阻碍由乙炔基在热处理时反应而形成芳环的R基团。通常各个Ar具有6-50,优选6-40,更优选6-30个碳原子,且各R在为芳族基团时具有1-20,优选6-15,最优选6-10个碳原子。
当R为芳族基团时,ArC≡C-R的代表性实例包括:以及代表性的L-ArC≡C-Rm基团是Ar和芳族R基团优选为苯基,亚苯基,萘基,亚萘基,联苯基,亚联苯基,2,2-二苯基-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷,9,9-二苯基芴,二苯基硫醚,二苯醚,三氟甲基苯基,三氟甲氧苯基,蒽,菲,蒽醌,三苯基膦,氧化三苯基膦基团,或芳族含硅基团。
除为芳族外,R也可以是氢或烷基或惰性取代的烷基或环烷基。当需要较大反应性时,R优选为氢或1-8个碳原子的烷基。优选R为未取代或惰性取代的苯基,最优选一个或多个氟原子或1-6个碳原子的氟代烷基取代的苯基。
尽管L可以为共价键或任何连接基团Ar的基团;但优选L为一根键,未取代的烃基,或惰性取代的烃基,如用卤素取代的烃基(如全氟烷基);硅或取代的甲硅烷基;氧;硫;氮或取代胺;磷或取代膦。基团L也可以是聚合物链如基本上任何分子量的聚亚芳基或聚芳基醚(例如聚亚苯基,聚萘或聚苯醚),取决于乙烯基取代的芳族聚合物的所需性能。优选的L与所得聚合物的所需性能有关,通常优选L为一根键,氧,或未取代或惰性取代的1-12个碳原子,更优选3-6个碳原子的烷基(例如六氟丙烷或9,9-芴)。
式(I)结构的化合物的代表性实例包括:优选Ar-L-Ar为二苯基如联苯基;2,2-二苯基丙烷;9,9′-二苯基芴;2,2-二苯基六氟丙烷;二苯硫醚;氧基二亚苯基;二苯醚;双(亚苯基)二苯基硅烷;双(亚苯基)氧化膦;双(亚苯基)苯;双(亚苯基)萘;双(亚苯基)蒽;硫代二亚苯基;1,1,1-三亚苯基乙烷;1,3,5-三亚苯基苯;1,3,5-(2-亚苯基-2-丙基)苯;1,1,1-三亚苯基甲烷;1,1,2,2-四亚苯基-1,2-二苯基乙烷;双(1,1-二亚苯基乙基)苯;2,2′-二亚苯基,1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷;1,1-二亚苯基-1-苯基乙烷;萘;蒽;或双(亚苯基)并四环;更优选亚联苯基;亚萘基;p,p′-(2,2-二亚苯基丙烷)[-C6H4-C(CH3)2-C6H4-];p,p′-(2,2-二亚苯基-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷)和[-C6H4-C(CF3)2-C6H4-]。最优选Ar-L-Ar为联苯基;2,2-二苯基丙烷;9,9′-二苯基芴;2,2-二苯基六氟丙烷;二苯硫醚;二苯醚;双(亚苯基)二苯基硅烷;双(亚苯基)氧化膦;双(亚苯基)苯;双(亚苯基)萘;双(亚苯基)蒽;或双(亚苯基)并四环。
各Ar上的乙炔基在该环的邻位碳原子上。据信它们在受热时二聚,形成具有1,4-二基的芳环,该1,4-二基用来聚合和/或交联该化合物。尽管不受理论束缚,但据信该二聚经Bergman环化发生,该环化例如由Warner等人公开于《科学》(Science),268,1995年8月11日,pp.814-816中。
乙炔基芳族单体优选为双(邻二乙炔基)单体(也称作BODA(双(邻二乙炔)单体),这意味着在该单体上具有至少两组相邻乙炔基,即每一Ar基团上至少一组乙炔基。优选乙炔基芳族化合物含有2-4,最优选2或3个二乙炔基组,最优选2组(即4个)乙炔基,除了需要额外交联的情形外。
本发明的单体有利地通过如下方式制备:
(a)选择性卤化多元酚(优选双酚),优选在溶剂中,以选择性地用一个卤素在酚羟基的两个邻位之一上卤化,优选溴化各酚环;
(b)将所得多元(邻卤代酚)上的酚羟基优选在溶剂中转化为离去基团如磺酸酯(例如由三氟甲磺酰卤或三氟甲磺酸酐制备的三氟甲磺酸酯),该基团可与端乙炔基化合物反应并被其代替;和
(c)使步骤(b)的反应产物与含乙炔基的化合物或乙炔基合成子在芳基乙炔化催化剂,优选铂催化剂和酸受体存在下反应,用含乙炔基的基团(例如乙炔,苯乙炔,取代的苯乙炔或取代的乙炔)同时代替卤素和三氟甲磺酸酯。
在卤化步骤(a)中,多元酚对应于(HO)-Ar-L-Ar-(OH),其中Ar和L如前所述。优选的多元酚包括4,4′-双酚;9,9-双(4′-羟苯基)芴;4,4′-二羟基二苯醚;4,4′-二羟基二苯硫醚;2,2-双(4′-羟苯基)六氟丙烷;双(4′-羟苯基)苯基氧化膦;三酚如1,1,1-三(4′-羟苯基)乙烷;1,1,1-三(4′-羟苯基)氧化膦;2,6-萘二酚;和2,7-萘二酚。
卤化步骤(a)进行的条件并不特别重要,只要发生选择性卤化就行,最有利使用的条件取决于多种因素,包括待卤化的具体多元酚以及卤化试剂。通常,该反应在双酚和卤化产物的溶剂如四氯化碳或二氯甲烷或这些溶剂与冰乙酸的混合物中进行。当式(I)中n和m各为2时,温度,压力(最常用的是大气压)和溴的化学计算量控制在仅一个溴原子连于各酚基的邻位。通常来说,使用-20℃至100℃,优选0℃至50℃的温度,反应时间为1-168小时。
卤化产物转化为磺酸酯的条件也不特别关键,只要达到所需的转化率。最优选使用的那些条件取决于许多因素,包括具体的卤化多元酚和其他反应物,温度和压力(通常为大气压)维持在使卤代多元酚与磺酸酯酯化试剂如三氟甲磺酰卤,优选三氟甲磺酰氯或三氟甲磺酸酐反应,形成相应的下式聚(2-卤代苯基三氟甲磺酸酯)芳基:优选下式(CF3O2SO)Br(n-1)-Ar-L[-Ar-(OSO2CF3)Br(m-1)]q.该反应有利的是在溶剂如二氯甲烷,四氯化碳或氯仿中于-20℃至100℃,优选0℃至50℃的反应温度下进行0.5-96小时。
最终步骤(c)在足以使聚(2-卤代苯基三氟甲磺酸酯)与含乙炔基的化合物或乙炔基合成子在芳基乙炔化催化剂,优选铂催化剂和酸受体存在下反应的温度和压力(常为大气压)下进行。有利的是使用酸受体以及反应试剂和反应产物的溶剂,且通常是极性非质子传递溶剂。代表性溶剂包括四氢呋喃,二甲基甲酰胺,二甲基乙酰胺,二甲亚砜,三乙胺,二异丙胺,其他胺类溶剂以及胺类溶剂的混合物。
可以使用的含乙炔基的化合物包括可与聚(2-溴苯基三氟甲磺酸酯)反应的那些化合物,优选具有式R-C≡C-X,其中R如前所定义且X为氢或铜(I)盐。这些化合物包括苯乙炔,五氟苯乙炔,三氟甲基苯基乙炔和4-氟苯乙炔。
乙炔基合成子是在最终产物中形成乙炔基的化合物,包括诸如三甲基甲硅烷基乙炔这类的化合物。乙炔基可以任选地用诸如缩醛、酮、缩酮、羟甲基、四氢吡喃保护的羟甲基、二甲基甲醇、乙酯、三甲基硅烷,尤其是三甲基甲硅烷基和二甲基甲醇之类的基团保护。
可以使用的酸受体包括无机酸受体如碳酸钾,胺类如三甲胺,三乙胺,三异丙胺,哌啶,二异丙胺和吡啶,以及这些胺和/或无机酸受体的混合物。最优选酸受体为三乙胺。
可以使用的芳基乙炔化催化剂包括铜和/或钯,膦源如三芳基膦(例如三苯膦,三邻甲苯基膦),不管钯是以金属钯形式还是配合的钯形式,也不管是零价还是其前体(例如PdII,包括例如二乙酸钯和二氯化钯)。优选的催化剂包括乙酸钯和氯化钯以及膦源和铜,如Ritter在《合成》(Synthesis),1993,pp.749-750;Grissom等人在《有机化学杂志》(J.Org.Chem.),1993,
58,5422-5427,p.5423;Jones等人在《聚合物》(Polymer),36(1),pp.187-192;Chem等人在《四面体通讯》(Tet.Lett.),27(10),pp.1171-1174(1986);Alami等人在《无机化学杂志》(Inorganica Chimics Acta),220,pp.289-296(1984);以及Cacchi等人在Synthesis,1986,pp.320-322中所公开的。
通常,乙炔化反应在40-180℃,优选60-100℃,更优选70-95℃的温度下进行1-48小时,优选1-24小时,更优选2-6小时。
当使用有机液态反应介质时,最有利地在其中使用的单体浓度取决于各种因素,包括所用的具体单体和有机液体以及待制备的聚合物。通常,使用反应试剂来制备含1-70%,优选5-50%固体的溶液。
在制备乙炔基芳族化合物(或单体)后,可用常规方法回收产物,或若在溶剂中制备的话,直接使用产物而不回收。
式(I)的乙炔基芳族单体可用于制备式(II)或(III)的聚合物。尽管不被理论束缚,但据信芳环上的乙炔基,具体而言是邻位的那些,在受热时环化,形成脱氢芳环,该芳环反应形成聚合物链。使用具有两个以上的邻乙炔基(即一套以上的乙炔基)的单体来形成热固性聚合物,取决于具有一套以上的邻乙炔基的单体浓度,该聚合物可以为几乎不含线型聚合物链结构(即主要仅含式(II)重复单元的聚合物)至含有显著片段的线型聚合物链结构(即式(III)的聚合物)。
乙炔基芳族单体可以热聚合,方法是将该单体暴露于足以增加分子量的温度。聚合反应可由粘度增加或反应放热检测。聚合反应通常在大于150℃的温度下发生,但聚合温度至少为140℃,优选至少180℃,更优选至少210℃。聚合温度优选不超过导致所得聚合物产生不希望的降解的温度,这意味着聚合反应对于具有苄氢原子的单体通常在低于300℃的温度下进行,对于不带苄氢的单体通常在低于450℃,优选低于400℃,更优选低于350℃的温度下进行。聚合温度将随Ar-L-Ar和R而变,较小的R基团如H通常要求比较大R低的温度,共轭更多的Ar和R(当为芳族时)基团要求比较少共轭的Ar和R基团低的温度。例如,当R或Ar为蒽时,聚合反应更为有利地在低于Ar或R为苯基时的温度下进行。
尽管不受理论束缚,据信式(II)的代表性单元具有下列结构式:
聚合反应有利的是在大气压力下进行,但可以使用高于或低于大气压力的压力。
聚合反应可以在控制(加速)环化反应的试剂如游离基引发剂存在下进行,或者可以在聚合反应中使用Warner等人在《科学》(Science),269,pp.814-816(1995)中公开的氯化物。
尽管聚合反应的具体条件取决于许多因素,包括待聚合的具体乙炔基芳族单体和所得聚合物的所需性能,但通常聚合反应条件由该聚合物的具体最终用途决定。
聚合也可在无溶剂下或在溶剂中进行,且是否使用溶剂取决于所用的具体单体,所形成的聚合物,加工条件和最终应用。例如,当所得聚合物用作粉末涂料时,或用于树脂压铸或注塑中时,聚合反应通常有利地在无溶剂下,即以本体方式进行。或者,可以在聚合中使用溶剂。通常,对于聚合物或该聚合物的低聚前体以溶液形式如溶液旋涂施用的应用来说,可以使用溶剂。在这类应用以及其他应用中,加热单体直至形成低聚体(即,非特定量的未反应单体与分子量高于单体但低于其凝胶点的单体反应产物的混合物,通常数均分子量低于100,000,通常低于25,000,更通常的是低于15,000,Mw/Mn为1-100,优选1-50,更优选1-25,使用聚苯乙烯校正标准由尺寸排阻色谱测定)。优选低聚体溶液为其粘度便于涂敷的液体溶液。通常,该溶液包含1-70wt%,优选10-60wt%固体。随后,将低聚体以溶液形式施用并随后加热以除去溶剂并固化或交联低聚体至形成最终的热固性聚合物。
通常,最有利地使用的溶剂是单体和所得低聚体二者的溶剂,如二异丙苯;1,3,5-三异丙苯;1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮;1,3,5-三甲苯;γ-丁内酯;环己酮;环戊酮;二苯醚和1,3-二叔丁基苯。
在形成低聚体时最有利使用的时间和温度随所用的具体单体,特别是它们的反应性,具体的单体和低聚体以及有机液体而变。通常,低聚体在150℃-250℃温度和1-48小时的时间内形成,额外的扩链和交联在200℃-450℃,优选225℃-400℃的较高温度下进行0.5-10小时,更优选0.5-2小时。扩链和固化温度通常引起溶剂的蒸发。
取决于聚合产物的所需性能,可以共聚两种或更多种不同的具有2或更多对乙炔基的乙炔基芳族单体,或将一种或多种具有2或更多对乙炔基的乙炔基芳族单体与一种仅具有2个(即一对)可聚合乙炔基的单体共聚,形成具有线型链段的聚合物。所用共聚单体会影响最终聚合物的韧性,玻璃化转变温度,粘合性,溶液粘度,可加工性以及柔软性。当本发明化合物与能用来制备线型聚萘聚合物的单体共聚时,所得热固性共聚物通常具有改进的机械性能如增加的韧性(由K1c和G1c按ASTM方法D 5045测量)。
本发明的聚合物和共聚物可作为涂料或薄膜用于制造电子器件和计算机芯片,尤其是在微处理器中,以及用于存储芯片和EPROMS(可擦式可编程只读存储芯片)中,以及复合结构;用于航空和飞行工业中的高性能基体树脂;高温粘合剂和复合基体;用于汽车、电子器件、航空和药物植入工业中的纤维或碳玻璃的陶瓷前体;电学/光学聚合物;导电聚合物;非线型光学器件;光电发光应用如发光二极管(LED);以及热致变色指示器,其在用于LED的氧化和/或还原时具有半导体类性能。基体应用与Hergenrother在《聚合物科学和工程大全》(EncyclopediaPolymer Science and Engineering),第1卷,第2版,John Wiley &Sons,NY(1985)pp.61-86中解释的类似。
聚合物或聚合物的低聚前体可用许多方法涂敷,这些方法如蒸汽淀积(化学或物理),溅射,溶液淀积,液相取向生长,丝网印刷,熔融旋涂,浸涂,辊涂,旋涂,刷涂(例如清漆),喷涂,粉末涂装,等离子体淀积,分散喷涂,溶液浇注,真空淀积,淤浆喷涂,干粉喷涂,流化床技术,熔接,包括线爆喷方法(Wire Explosion Spraying Method)和爆粘(explosion bonding)在内的爆涂方法(explosion method);用热压粘;等离子体聚合;在分散介质中分散,随后除去分散介质;压粘;加压热粘;气相环境硫化;挤出熔融聚合物;热气熔接;烘涂;和烧结。也可使用Langmuir-Blodgett技术在空气-水或其他界面处将单层和多层薄膜淀积于基材上。
低聚体可直接浇注成膜,用作涂层,或倾入非溶剂中使低聚体沉淀。水、甲醇、丙酮和其他类似的极性液体是可用来沉淀低聚体的典型非溶剂。若以固体形式获得低聚体,则可以使用常规的压塑技术或熔融纺丝、浇注或挤出技术来进一步加工,条件是固态前体具有足够低的玻璃化转变温度。
例如,聚合物可以作为粉末涂料用于电子工业中电子元件的涂覆,该电子元件如电阻网络,电容器和节点(hybrid),并通过例如自动流化床,浸涂设备和静电喷涂而施加。当用作粉末涂料时,聚合物优选具有低于锡-铅焊料的熔点的熔化温度,更优选低于150℃,最优选低于130℃。或者,熔点低于200℃的单体可以以粉末施加并加热以进行聚合。所需涂料的其他组分可任意性地与该单体在聚合之前混合,以使各组分保留在最终的聚合涂层中。
更常见的是,直接由有机液反应溶液加工低聚体。可以浇注或施加低聚体的有机溶液,蒸发溶剂并使分子量增加(扩链),在暴露于足够高的温度时形成最终聚合物。
当施加来自溶液的单体,低聚的预聚物或聚合物时,聚合反应的具体条件以及最为有利地使用的其他加工参数取决于许多因素,特别是待淀积的具体的单体、低聚体或聚合物,涂敷条件,涂料质量和厚度,以及最终应用,溶剂作相应选择。可以使用的代表性溶剂包括烃类如邻、间或对二甲苯,1,3,5-三甲苯,甲苯和三异丙基苯;氯代烃类如氯苯和二氯甲烷;酮类如甲乙酮,异佛尔酮,丙酮,甲基异丁基酮,环戊酮和环己酮;酯如乙酸异戊酯,乙酸正丁酯,乙酸乙酯,乙酸溶纤剂,乙酸甲基溶纤剂和γ-丁内酯;醚如二甘醇二甲醚和四氢呋喃;酰胺如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;以及其他极性溶剂如硝基甲烷或1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮。
可以涂敷的基材可以是任何具有足以用单体、低聚体或聚合物涂敷的整体性的材料。基材的代表性实例包括木材,金属,陶瓷,玻璃,其他聚合物,纸张,纸板,布,机织纤维,非织纤维毡片,合成纤维,KevlarTM,碳纤维,硅和其他无机基材及其氧化物。根据所需的应用选择所用基材。优选的材料包括玻璃,包括玻璃纤维(非织,机织或丝束);陶瓷;金属如铝,镁,钛,铜,铬,金,银,钨,不锈钢,HastalloyTM,碳钢,其他金属合金和其氧化物;以及热固性和热塑性聚合物如环氧树脂,聚酰亚胺,全氟环丁烷聚合物,苯并环丁烷聚合物,聚苯乙烯,聚酰胺,聚碳酸酯和聚酯。
基材可以具有任何形状,该形状取决于最终应用。例如,基材可以为盘状、板状、线状、软管状、厚板状、球形、棒状、管状、圆柱状、砖状、纤维状、机织或非织织物、纱(包括混合纱)、有序聚合物和机织或非织毡片。在各种情况下,基材可为中空或实心。在中空情况下,聚合物层在基材的内侧或外侧或两侧上。基材可以包括一多孔层,如石墨毡片或织物,玻璃毡片或织物,稀松非织织物和粒状材料。
聚合物直接与许多材料粘合,这些材料如相容性聚合物,具有常见溶剂的聚合物,金属,特别是纹理状金属,硅或二氧化硅,尤其是刻蚀的硅或硅氧化物,玻璃,氮化硅,氮化铝,氧化铝,砷化镓,石英和陶瓷。然而,当需要增强的粘合时,可引入改进粘合的材料。
此类促进粘合的材料的代表性实例是硅烷,优选有机硅烷,如三甲氧基乙烯基硅烷,三乙氧基乙烯基硅烷,六甲基二硅氮烷[(CH3)3-Si-NH-Si(CH3)3],或氨基硅烷偶联剂如γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷,或螯合剂如单乙酰乙酸乙基酯二异丙醇铝[((iso C3H7O)2Al(OCOC2H5 CHCOCH3)]。在优选的方法中,将该螯合剂的甲苯溶液涂在基材上,然后在350℃下于氧气中烘烤30分钟,在表面上形成很薄(例如5nm)的氧化铝粘合促进层。其他淀积氧化铝的方法同样合适。或者,可以将粘合促进剂优选以0.05wt%至5wt%(基于单体重量)的量与单体在聚合前掺混,无需形成额外的层。
可用于实施本发明的其他粘合促进剂包括ChemlocTM特种弹性体粘合剂;氟代环氧化物;乙烯基三叔丁基硅烷过氧化物;新烷氧基钛酸酯;新烷氧基锆酸酯;亚胺氧基游离基化合物;聚亚芳基硫树脂;芳族聚醚砜树脂;芳族聚醚酮树脂;含烷氧基的硅化合物;有机钛酸酯;有机氢硅化合物;间氨基酚(任意性可有可无地与酚醛塑料共混);铬酸;磷酸;含细碎金属如锌的聚烷基硅酸盐;化合物如富马酸的铬III配合物;可固化环氧树脂;铬酸铵;磷酸铵;铬/氧化铬混合物;含羧基的α-烯烃聚合物;氟代酸和醇;第2B或8族金属的有机配合物;含氟聚合物颗粒;氟化橡胶,任意性可有可无地含有增粘剂如尿烷,环氧或丙烯酸类树脂;带卤化试剂的烃聚合物;氰脲酸三烯丙酯;异氰脲酸三烯丙酯;硅增粘剂;全氟烷氧基树脂与含有酰亚胺键的树脂;多硫化(polysulfidic)硅烷化合物;环氧粘合剂;碱金属和/或碱土金属的硼铝硅酸盐玻璃;膦酸二(氯代烷基)乙烯基酯;聚氨酯粘合剂;聚酯薄膜基材;聚酰胺酸盐;金属氧化物;氟树脂促进剂,任意性可有可无地含有氧化剂和/或无机酸;甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物;磷酸锌;锌分散的水硬化水泥;过氧有机化合物;含石棉纸的氟树脂;聚硅酸锂;粉状耐酸和碱的无机物质(如二氧化硅、石墨、硫酸钼或氧化铬);硼磷酸铝、烷基硅酸盐;碱金属硅酸盐;聚胺-酰亚胺;聚乙烯基肉桂酸(任意性地暴露于紫外光);以及淀积的碳层。
粘合也可以通过表面制备如纹理化(例如划刻,蚀刻,等离子体处理,或打磨)或清洁(例如脱脂或超声清洁)而提高;或者通过处理(例如等离子体,溶剂,SO3,等离子体辉光放电,电晕放电,钠,湿蚀刻,或臭氧处理)或喷砂处理基材表面或使用电子束技术如6MeV氟离子;强度为50-2000V的电子;0.2-500eV至1MeV的氢阳离子;200KeV-1MeV的氦阳离子;0.5MeV的氟或氯离子;280KeV的氖;富氧焰处理;或加速的氩离子处理而提高。
也可以使用包括玻璃;氧化铜和其他金属氧化物,胶态二氧化硅;玻璃纤维;水硬化水泥;矿物纤丝如钛酸钾,二氧化钛或勃姆石纤丝;或其他形式的勃姆石在内的填料来改善粘合。填料可以任选地被处理或涂敷(例如用表面活性剂或粘合促进剂),以改善对聚合物的粘合。也可以使用涉及用诸如丙烯酸酯和/或其他乙烯基化合物之类的单体接枝聚合物(例如使用催化剂或辐射)并任选地处理接枝的分子(例如皂化)的方法增加对聚合物的粘合性。
聚合物可以与其他添加剂组合施用以提高性能。此类添加剂的代表性实例是含金属的化合物如磁性颗粒,例如铁酸钡,氧化铁,任意性可有可无地混有钴,或其他用于磁介质,光学介质或其他记录介质中的含金属颗粒;导电颗粒如用作导电密封剂,导电粘合剂,导电涂料,电磁干扰(EMI)/射频干扰(RFI)屏蔽涂料,静电消散和电触点的金属或碳。当使用这些添加剂时,聚合物可用作粘合剂。
本发明的聚合物也可用于密封垫,优选作为一层密封垫,例如环绕稀松非织织物,也可以单独使用。此外,该聚合物可用于诸如船部件上的防污涂层;电开关密封体;浴盆和淋浴器涂层;防霉涂层;或赋予制品以防火性,耐候性或防潮性。由于聚合物的耐温度范围,该聚合物可以涂敷在低温容器,高压釜和烘箱,以及换热器和其他受热或受冷表面上以及暴露于微波辐射的制品上。该聚合物也可用作对抗环境的保护剂(即在目标物环境中对抗至少一种物质或力的保护剂,环境包括制造,储存和使用条件)如涂层,以赋予金属、半导体、电容器,感应器,导体,太阳能电池,玻璃和玻璃纤维,石英以及石英纤维以表面钝化性。
该聚合物特别可用于电子包装如多芯片组件,多层芯片,微波电路,平面化层,光学互连线,电路板,电缆绝缘中。该聚合物也可用作环境保护层和微机的冲击吸收层。当掺杂时,该聚合物可用作诸如LED和非线型光学器件(NLO)之类的应用中的导电层。
此外,本发明聚合物可施于通常用于半导体器件如高速半导体管,高速集成电路,发光二极管以及激光二极管中的砷化镓及其同系物;常在常用作半导体器件中的绝缘体的硅(优选用氮化硅或磷掺杂进行表面处理以提高粘合性)上形成的二氧化硅;磷掺杂的二氧化硅;光学掩模中用作不透明层的铬;铜和铜箔上。
在这些情况下,其上施有聚合物薄膜的表面优选是干净的且不含粉尘粒子以避免产生粘合问题和/或在薄膜中产生缺陷。硅圆片表面的清洁例如可包括:(1)在溶剂如三氯乙烯中煮沸5分钟,(2)在另一溶剂如丙酮(室温)中洗涤类似的时间长度,随后(3)在酸如浓硝酸中煮沸15分钟。其他基材处理包括例如用氢氟酸(HF)水溶液蚀刻二氧化硅;多晶硅,二氧化硅,磷掺杂的二氧化硅或氮化硅的六甲基乙硅烷(HMDS)处理。
施用乙炔基芳族化合物或其低聚体以得到优选连续和/或均匀的涂层,然后首先在例如100-200℃下加热以除去溶剂,再在190-350℃下固化。在一个特别优选的本发明实施方案中,通常通过施加低聚体溶液,优选其粘度足以均匀涂敷而形成均匀涂层、通过在例如等离子体(UV,电子束)或红外(IR)烘箱中快速加热除去溶剂以形成优选不粘的涂覆纤维;任意性可有可无地随后进行额外的热固化以得到优选至少50%,更优选至少80%,最优选至少99%固化的聚合物而在光学纤维如玻璃纤维上施加一层或多层聚合物。
在微电子器件的制造中,可以在支承用无机基材(优选干净的)如硅;含硅材料如二氧化硅,氧化铝,铜,氮化硅;氮化铝;铝,石英和砷化镓上沉积厚度通常为1-200μm,优选1-20μm的较薄无缺陷薄膜。涂料可方便地由分子量例如为2000Mn,15000Mw,25000Mz(高平均值)的低聚体在许多有机溶剂如二甲苯,1,3,5-三甲基苯和乙酸正丁酯中的任一种中的溶液制备。溶解的低聚体(或预聚物)可以通过常用旋涂和喷涂技术浇于基材上。这些溶液的粘度在由沉积技术控制涂层厚度上是重要的。
各聚合物层可以带有图案如用于光刻胶且使用诸如温刻蚀,等离子体刻蚀、反应性离子刻蚀(RIE)、干刻蚀或激光烧蚀等方法,如电子应用聚合物(Polymers for Electronic Applications),Lai,CRCPress(1989)pp.42-47中所述。制图也可以通过多平面技术进行,其中图案以平印方式固定于聚合物介电层上涂覆的抗蚀层中,然后刻蚀到底层中。特别有用的技术包括掩盖不被除去的聚合物(或预聚物)部分,除去未掩盖的聚合物部分,然后固化剩下的聚合物,例如以热方式。
本发明的聚合物特别可用于使材料如用于半导体中的硅圆片平面化以便能生产更小(更高密度)的电路。为达到所需的平面性,由溶液通过旋涂或喷涂施加低聚体或聚合前体的涂层,使其流动以流平基材表面上的任何粗糙不平处。这些方法由如下参考文献说明:Jenekhe,S.A.,“加工聚合物成微电子应用的薄膜(Polymer Processing to Thin Filmsfor Microelectronic Application)”,《高科技聚合物》(Polymers forHigh Technology),Bowden等人编,美国化学会,1987,pp.261-269。
当用于平面化时,将溶液,优选预聚物溶液涂于基材上,该基材以恒定旋转速度旋转,将其有利地保持足以达到均匀厚度的时间,例如30-60秒。将因离心力而变薄的所得溶液膜干燥以形成固态膜。在硅圆片情况下,聚合物可有效地施加并在热循环期间粘合,从而降低常由氧化物层淀积而引起的光学平直度差异。
例如通过旋涂法形成聚合物薄膜后,方便地烘烤薄膜。烘烤使残留在薄膜中的溶剂蒸发,并通常使单体和/或低聚体聚合至更完全。烘烤温度优选为180-350℃,更优选250-350℃。聚合物平面化层可任意性可有可无地通过抛光而变光滑。平面化层优选厚0.1-5μm,更优选0.1-2μm。
本发明的聚合物也可用于增强的复合材料中,其中树脂基体聚合物用一种或多种增强材料如增强纤维或毡片增强。代表性增强材料包括玻璃纤维,特别是玻璃纤维毡片(机织或非织);石墨,特别是石墨毡片(机织或非织);KevlarTM;NomexTM;以及玻璃球。复合材料可以由预型件将毡片浸渍在单体或低聚体中并用树脂压铸(其中将毡片放入模具中并加入单体或预聚物,再加热以进行聚合)得到。尽管聚合物特别可用作外层和介电层,但它们也可用作增强或其他内层,如轮胎和传动带中的增强材料。
下列实施例用于说明本发明,但不应认为限制本发明范围。除非另有说明,所有比例、份数和百分数均按重量计。
实施例1
2,2-双(3′,4′-二(苯基乙炔基)苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷的制备
2,2-(3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基)苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷
在搅拌下向250ml圆底烧瓶(装有与酸气洗涤器相连的排气口)中加入16g(0.048mol)2,2-双(4′-羟苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷,该烧瓶内装150mlCCl4和10ml冰乙酸(HOAc)并维持在室温下。将铁粉(1.5g)加入混合物中,然后经6小时滴加9.71g发烟液态溴(0.0972mol)到该混合物中。加热所得溶液至35℃。在继续搅拌下,将反应混合物在35℃下维持48小时。此时全部双酚转化为2,2-双(3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷。
将反应混合物转移到分液漏斗中,在其中用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液洗涤1次并用去离子水洗涤2次。然后在无水MgSO4上干燥CCl4溶液,过滤并蒸除溶剂,得到23.2g黄色粉末。对应于0.047mol或97.95%的产率,由GC分析得纯度为93.4%,具有以下性能。IR:(cm-1):3506.7(-OH),1605.3,1578.2,1499.7(Ar),1256,1208.9,1175.3,1136.7(C-F),1046(C-O).质谱,m/e(%):423(45.4),424(57.2),425(88.9),426(65.5),427(52.0),428(33.2),492(45.1),494(100.0),496(37.5)
分离该产物并用于下一反应而不需进一步提纯。
2,2-双(3-溴-4-三氟甲磺酰苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷
将二溴化双酚(23.2g,0.047mol)溶于150ml CH2Cl2和15ml(0.108mol)干燥三乙胺中。向维持在8-12℃的该混合物中经30分钟加入18.2g溶于30ml CH2Cl2中的三氟甲磺酰氯(0.108mol)。在将该溶液维持在8-10℃的同时,搅拌反应混合物2小时,然后转移到分液漏斗中并依次用5%HCl水溶液(2×100ml),饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(2×75ml)洗涤,然后用去离子水洗涤1次。然后在无水MgSO4上干燥该CH2Cl2溶液,过滤以除去干燥剂,蒸发得28.7g 2,2-双(3-溴-2-三氟甲磺酰基苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷,为浅黄色固体(0.38mol,80.8%产率),具有下列特性:IR(cm-1):1479.0,882.5,737.3(Ar),1429.3,(SO3),1137.2,1213.5(C-F).1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):d 7.4(4H,br,m),7.74(2H,s).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):d 63.64(hept,C(CF3)2,J=30Hz),116.57,116.98,122.97,130.94,133.71,135.81,147.83.19F NMR(376MHz,CDCl3):d-64.27(6F,s),-73.86(6F,s).DEP/MS m/e(%):758(5),624(4),207(5),69(100).2,2-双(3,4-二(苯基乙炔基)苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷
向装有机械搅拌器,热电偶和气压计并维持在干燥惰性气氛下的250ml带玻璃内衬的Parr钢制釜中加入10.0g(0.013mol)2,2-双(3-溴-4-三氟甲磺酰基苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷,然后依次加入1.85g(2.64mmol,0.05当量)双(三苯基膦)氯化钯(II),0.40g(2.11mmol,0.04当量)碘化铜(I),18.69g(0.185mmol,3.5当量)二异丙胺,18.86(0.185mol,3.5当量)苯乙炔以及最后加入60ml四氢呋喃。密封高压釜并用氮气吹扫5分钟,然后在26℃下搅拌1小时。此时,装上加热套并在65℃至70℃下加热反应器20小时,再在105℃下加热13小时,同时快速并恒速搅拌。
当冷至室温时,将深色混合物加入100ml CH2Cl2和200ml蒸馏水中。分离水层并用75ml CH2Cl2洗涤3次。合并有机层并用100ml饱和氯化铵水溶液洗涤3次,然后用蒸馏水洗涤两次,重力过滤,用无水MgSO4干燥,过滤并通过旋转蒸发干燥。将该粗产物混合物在热己烷中搅拌,不溶部分主要为苯乙炔加合产物与其他多不饱和低聚体的混合物。将己烷混合物沉积在中性氧化铝上并用柱色谱法分离,首先用己烷充分洗脱,然后用6份己烷与4份CH2Cl2的混合物洗脱,以从氧化铝上洗出产物。除去溶剂并将产物油悬浮在两倍其体积的己烷中。在温和搅动下,产物结晶并用己烷洗涤以除去任何夹带物质。分离出的产物为浅黄色晶态固体,熔点(m.p.)为162-164℃。它以非最优化产率54%分离,具有以下特性:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):d 7.30-7.40(13H,br,m),7.52-7.62(13H,br,m).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):d 64.0(hept,C(CF3)2,J=30Hz),87.23,87.48,94.54,95.38(-CCPh) 122.77,126.16,126.93,128.36,128.40128.71,128.78,129.4,131.63,131.72,132.51,133.11.19F NMR(376MHz,CDCl3):d-63.84(s).FTIR(cm-1):3059,2998(w ArH),2216(w,炔),1599,1495(st).1437,1262(br,st,CF),1209(br,st,CF),1178(br,st),1100(sh),963,827,756,691cm-1.DEP/MS m/z(%):704(100),所有其他片断<5%.
实施例2
3,3′,4,4′-四(苯基乙炔基)联苯的制备3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基联苯(方法1)
向装有机械搅拌器,热电偶(位于玻璃热电偶孔中)和滴液漏斗的3升5颈Morton型烧瓶中加入200.83g 4,4′-联苯酚(1.07mol),2.5升CH2Cl2,40ml HOAc和1.37g铁粉(0.0245mol)。将反应混合物冷却至10℃,并在2天内加入370.86g液态溴(2.32mol)。在反应过程中烧瓶内温度由10℃变至18℃。
过滤粗反应混合物以除去固体,并将滤液置于旋转蒸发仪上蒸发CH2Cl2。残余物用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液,然后用去离子水洗涤。在旋转蒸发仪上干燥固体残余物,然后加入1升CCl4中并加热至60%以溶解固体。冷却所得溶液并收集晶态固体状反应产物。用两份250ml热己烷洗涤该固体产物以除去有色副产物,得到230g 3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基联苯,为白色晶态固体(81%纯度,61.5%产率)。反应的主要副产物大体为一溴化和三溴化联苯酚的等量混合物。3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基联苯(方法2)
在另一方法中,将20.0g 4,4′-联苯酚(0.1075mol)加入CCl4/HOAc的4∶1混合物中并在3小时内滴加36g溴。搅拌该混合物72小时,发现反应进行89%,其余的为未反应原料。用去离子水洗涤混合物2次,产生缓慢分离的乳液层。剩余的CCl4层通过蒸发除去,并将残余物溶于温CH2Cl2中。过滤不溶性部分并用去离子水洗涤CH2Cl2。用无水MgSO4干燥该溶液,过滤并蒸发,得到28.6g 3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基联苯(0.083mol,77.2%产率),浅粉色固体,m.p.为118℃-121℃且具有如下特性;FTIR(cm-1):676.6(0.19),733.8(0.20),809.4(.054),823.0(0.61),865.7(0.27),964.9(0.12),1040.4(0.50),1061.0(0.16),1137.0(0.50),1206.5(0.91),1245.3(0.53),1275.3(0.87),1341.1(0.65),1370.4(0.47),1427.7(1.00),1490.2(0.82),1571.4(0.18),1603.5(0.27),3315.6(.056).质谱,m/e(%):53(20.4),62(15.6),63(18.4),74(20.5),75(16.6),77(12.8),124(12.4),125(16.5),126(24.7),152(12.2),153(18.0),154(17.3),155(46.9),156(14.1),342(9.14),343(14.9),344(100),345(15.6),346(47.7),347(6.1).3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二(三氟甲磺酰基)联苯(方法1)
将装有机械搅拌器,热电偶孔,滴液漏斗和氮气垫的2升5颈Morton型烧瓶在150℃下用氮气吹扫干燥4小时。向反应器中加入229g(0.67mol)3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基联苯和1升CH2Cl2。冷却该溶液至10℃。向冷却的混合物中缓慢加入138g(1.37mol)三乙胺,以维持反应混合物于10-15℃温度下。然后在2小时10分钟内由液滴漏斗滴加三氟甲磺酸酐(378.0g,1.34mol)。加入过程中,反应混合物温度由5℃变至14℃。加完后,反应混合物经16小时升至22℃以完成反应。然后用500ml水,再用500ml饱和碳酸氢钠,之后再用500ml去离子洗涤粗混合物。蒸发CH2Cl2并将残余物溶于用乙腈饱和的热己烷中。冷却该溶液,分离的乙腈相含有产物混合物黑色杂质。分离己烷相,加热至60℃,冷却以结晶所需产物。由此以白色晶状固体分离产物(110g,纯度95.5%,产率33%),m.p.为69.0-70.5℃。这样低的制备产率可能是因为3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二(三氟甲磺酰基)联苯在洗涤水中的显著溶解性以及在用来收集杂质的乙腈相中的显著溶解性。3,3′-二溴联苯基-4,4′-二(三氟甲磺酸酯)(方法2)
在第二种方法中,将28.56g 3,3′-二溴-4,4′-联苯酚(0.083mol)溶解/悬浮于1升5颈烧瓶中的160ml CH2Cl2中。在加入25ml三乙胺时,该溶液呈透明,然后变成浓稠的糊状物。在恒速搅拌下将二溴联苯酚溶液冷却至10℃,并在30分钟内滴加溶于40ml CH2Cl2的28g三氟甲磺酰氯(0.166mol)。该浓稠溶液变得不太粘稠,但固体不能完全溶解。加入完成后,将溶液温热至22℃并搅拌过夜。粗反应混合物用5%HCl(2×100ml),饱和NaHCO3水溶液(75ml)和去离子水(100ml)洗涤。去离子水洗涤产生缓慢破坏的乳液。分离CH2Cl2溶液并用无水MgSO4干燥,然后过滤并蒸发,得到42g浅棕色固体状三氟甲磺酸酯(0.069mol)。产率为83.2%且产物纯度为95%,具有以下特性;FTIR(cm-1):723.4(0.12),747.0(0.17),839(0.23)886.0(0.50),1036.4(0.23),1135.4(0.58),1180.0),0.38),1206.4(1.00),1248.8(0.37),1433.1(0.88),1469.0(0.38).质谱,m/e(%):69(22.3),126(44.6),127(10.4),381(8.0),383(17.3),385(7.8),473(39.3),473(39.3),474(23.0),475(100),476(22.7),477(47.3),478(10.0),606(5.6),608(10.6),610(5.5).3,3′,4,4′-四(苯基乙炔基)联苯
将烘箱干燥的3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二(三氟甲磺酰基)联苯(60.85g,0.10mol)加入一个含有DMF(270ml)和三乙胺(270ml)的1升5颈烧瓶中。连续用氮气吹洗该溶液。用氮气吹洗反应器内容物20分钟后,加入二氯化双(三苯膦)钯II催化剂并将反应混合物加热至60℃。然后加入16.5g苯乙炔,引起放热,使温度升至80℃。冷却混合物至70℃并维持温度于70-80℃,同时滴加额外的33.5g苯乙炔。然后将反应温度维持于75℃下3小时。
此时用LC分析粗反应混合物显示存在显著量的未反应原料和中间转化的产物。加入额外的10g苯乙炔和1g催化剂并在85℃下加热反应混合物1小时。此时,LC显示转化完全。冷却的反应混合物用500ml CH2Cl2稀释并用3份1升的10%HCl洗涤。分离CH2Cl2溶液并蒸发,得到固体粗产物,将其悬浮于己烷中。过滤收集固体并通过用热CCl4过度洗涤来提纯。这一洗涤除去了变色以及许多副产物,但在从单体中除去残留的Pd(II)催化剂时不是充分有效。该单体通过在中性氧化铝上使用四氢呋喃作洗脱液由色谱法进一步提纯。分离所产生的单体(32.0g,58%产率),浅黄色固体,m.p.为172-174℃,性能如下:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):d 7.30-7.40(12H,br,m),7.52-7.62(12H,br,m),7.82(2H).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):d 88.23(-CCPh,4C),93.94(-CCPh,2C)94.66(-CCPh,2C),123.5(4C),125.26(2C),126.49(4C),128.5(m,12C),130.16(2C),131.76(8C),132.38(2C),139.19(2C).FTIR(cm-1):485.9(0.17),503.8(0.15),527.9(0.23),623.7(0.05),687.7(0.70),752.8(1.00),822.7(0.38),886.1(0.11),911.5(0.12),1022.6(0.08),1067.0(0.12),1273.9(0.04),1384.9(0.10),1439.9(0.18),1492.44(0.49),1534.2(0.06),1592.0(0.19),2967.2(0.04),3028.9(0.07),3050.2(0.08).质谱,m/e(%):80(4),183(3.5),236(6.2),237(9.1),238(3.4),261(6.8),262(8.0),268(6.2),269(6.0),274(22.1),275(21.2),276(20.0),277(21.0),472(3.6),474(8.8),476(4.7),554(100),555(46.5),556(10.6).
不除去催化剂导致单体产物在加热至熔点时发生早期的极快聚合。实施例33,3′,4,4′-四(苯基乙炔基)二苯醚3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基二苯醚
向一个装有机械搅拌器,热电偶和滴液漏斗的2升5颈Morton烧瓶中加入1升CH2Cl2,20ml HOAc,100g4,4-二羟基二苯醚和0.74g铁粉。在氮气氛下搅拌该混合物并冷却至10℃。在2小时15分钟内将170g液态溴缓慢加入反应混合物中,同时剧烈搅拌该混合物。在加入过程中反应混合物温度维持在7-10℃。加入完成后,升温至18℃并在该温度下搅拌18小时。然后用2升水,再用500ml饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液洗涤所产生的混合物。过滤剩余的有机溶液以除去悬浮固体,并蒸发滤液以除去溶剂。固体残余物用水洗涤以除去残留的HOAc并真空干燥,然后用己烷洗涤以除去着色副产物。真空干燥固体残余物得到155g白色晶态固体产物(产率86.3%),纯度由GC测量为97.1%,m.p.为101-102.5℃,该产物具有如下特性:GC/MS,m/e(%):51(16.0),53(27.0),63(30.0),79(16.5),144(7.4),199(7.3),200(13.0),359(42.2),360(100),362(46.9).FTIR(cm-1):799(0.29),859(0.30),880(0.09),922(0.37),1031(0.13),1184(0.81),1259(0.40),1331(0.35),1475(1.00),1577(0.10),1600(0.13),3395(0.35),3421(0.38).3,3′-二溴-4,4′-双(三氟甲磺酰基)二苯醚
向一个装有机械搅拌器,热电偶和连有氮气垫的滴液漏斗的2升5颈Morton烧瓶中加入1升CH2Cl2和155g 3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基二苯醚。冷却该溶液至10℃。在30分钟内用滴液漏斗滴加三乙胺(97.75g),在加入过程中维持反应器温度为10℃。洗净滴液漏斗并干燥。加入三氟甲磺酸酐(250.8g),其加入速率使反应温度维持在10-20℃。加完后,于15℃搅拌反应混合物3小时,然后用两份500ml水,1份250ml饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤。蒸发CH2Cl2,将残余物溶于乙醇以形成50%溶液。该粗反应混合物的溶液用每份250ml己烷萃取5次。合并萃取液,减少溶剂以使产物结晶,然后过滤并以白色晶状粉末分离(165g,98.6%纯度,65%产率),m.p.为46-47℃。GC/MS,m/e(%):63(41.0),69(59.1),142(6.8),144(5.5),198(6.3),356(10.4),357(7.6),490(11.0),491(35.5).492(100),493(46.6),494(7.1),621(1.5),623(2.7),625(1.5).FTIR(cm-1):823(0.12),878(0.75),1036(0.12),1137(0.68),1162(0.72),1212(1.00),1296(0.17),1426(0.81),1474(0.82),583(0.21).3,3′,4,4′-四(苯基乙炔基)二苯醚
将50g 3,3′-二溴-4,4′-双(三氟甲磺酰基)二苯醚(0.080mol)在三乙胺(180ml)和DMF(180)中的溶液在一个1升5颈圆底烧瓶中用氮气彻底脱氧30分钟。向脱氧溶液中加入3.0g二氯二(三苯膦)钯(II)。烧瓶温度升至75℃。在烧瓶上装上滴液漏斗并以将反应温度维持在80-95℃的速率加入脱氧15分钟的49g苯乙炔。加完苯乙炔后,反应混合物在氮气的连续吹扫下于90-91℃保温2小时。然后向反应混合物中加入额外的2.5g苯乙炔并在90-91℃下再加热混合物45分钟。混合物冷却至室温后,加入350ml CH2Cl2并用10%HCl溶液洗涤该混合物(3×500ml),然后用500ml去离子水洗涤1次。蒸发有机溶液以除去溶剂并使用以硅胶作固定相和CCl4作移动相的液相色谱提纯残余物。由该方法分离得到总共45g(0.0789mol)单体,产率为98%。用LC/MS分析该单体显示其纯度大于98.5%。该单体的m.p.为107-108℃,且具有以下特征:1H NMR(40DMHz,CDCl3):d 6.96-6.98(2H,dd),7.17(2H,d),7.30(12H,m),7.51-7.53(8H,m).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):d 87.63(1C,-CC-),87.74(1C,-CC-),93.23(1C,-CC-),94.41(1C,-CC-)119.23(1C),121.44(1C),121.77(1C),122.90(1C),123.28(1C),127.59(1C),128.37(4C),128.64(1C),131.57(2C),131.72(2C),133.50,(1C),156.11(1C).FTIR(cm-1):689(0.77),784(0.59),824(0.3 9),878(0.34),913(0.27),970(0.42),1025(0.25),1071(0.28),1084(0.28),1139(0.33)1214(1.00),1252(0.52),1323(0.47),1378(0.17),1415(0.41),1443(0.38),1471(0.64),1495(0.82),1553(0.40),1588(0.65),2210(0.16),3058(0.27).质谱 m/e(%):263(10.1),265(10.7),274(6.9),275(5.65),276(2.33),463(5.71),464(4.33),539(4.17),570(100),571(36.3),572(9.51).实施例49,9-双((3,3′,4,4′-四苯基乙炔基)苯基)芴9,9-双((3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基)苯基)芴
向一个基本与实施例3中所用相同的2升5颈Morton烧瓶中加入700mlCH2Cl2,50ml HOAc,104g9,9-双(4-羟苯基)芴和1.0g铁粉。搅拌该混合物并在氮气氛下冷却到10℃。在剧烈搅拌反应混合物的同时,在1小时45分钟内用滴液漏斗将99g液溴加入反应混合物中。在加溴过程中,反应温度维持在8-10℃。加完后,反应温度升至22℃并在搅拌下保持此温度18小时。然后用1.5升水洗涤所得混合物,再用500ml饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤。蒸发剩下的有机溶液以除去溶剂。将固体残余物溶于己用乙腈饱和的热己烷中。冷却后在容器底部分离第二液相。该第二相含有来自该反应的大部分有色杂质并加以除去以提纯产物。真空除去溶剂并将剩下的固体残余物在真空下干燥,得到115g白色晶态固体产物,对应于产率为77%。该产物的熔点为119-120℃,且具有以下特性:GC/MS,m/e(%):63(16.9),226(17.8),3 35(13.7),427(9.6),428(27.8),429(22.3),430(15.4),507(6.6),508(33.3),509(100),510(36.8),511(8.2).FTIR(cm-1):743(0.36),782(0.30),844(0.21),932(0.78),1017(0.20),1096(0.79),1129(0.76),1167(0.77),1199(1.00),1272(0.11),1326(0.52),1447(0.17),1503(0.49),3065(0.06).9,9-双((3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二(三氟甲磺酰基)苯基)芴
向上面所用的2升5颈Morton烧瓶中加入500m1CH2Cl2和111.75g9,9-双((3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二羟基)苯基)芴。冷却该溶液至10℃。使用滴液漏斗在30分钟内加入三乙胺(97.75g),同时将反应器温度维持在10℃。使用洗净的滴液漏斗将250.8g三氟甲磺酸酐以使反应温度维持在10-20℃的速率加入。加完三氟甲磺酸酐后,于15℃搅拌反应混合物3小时。然后用水洗涤反应溶液(2×500ml),再用250ml饱和碳酸氢钠溶液洗涤1次。蒸发CH2Cl2并将残余物溶于乙腈中以形成50%溶液。该粗反应混合物的溶液用250ml己烷萃取。合并萃取液,减少溶剂以结晶出白色粉状产品。过滤后,其重165g,纯度为98.6%。这对应于产率为65%。该产物的m.p.为46-47℃且具有以下特性:FTIR(cm-1):738(0.39),786(0.16),826(0.15),880(0.50),1037(0.29),1137(0.68),1214(1.00),1428(0.74),1479(0.42),1579(0.10),3039(0.07),3068(0.09).
LC/MS,m/e(%):143(13.2),145(9.8),224(12.5),226(64.4),227(21.0),263(23.5),276(12.0),277(7.9),287(25.6),288(11.1),289(86.5),290(39.0),291(7.9),317(16.5),318(41.1),334(11.4),345(14.3),346(27.0),347(7.07),369(11.2),397(45.1),398(10.5),399(37.1),400(10.3),424(11.20),425(46.2),426(21.1),427(50.1),428(10.6),637(43.8),639(100),641(40.4),770(25.8),772(52.8),774(26.0)9,9-双((3,3′,4,4′-四苯基乙炔基)苯基)芴
将50g 9,9-双((3,3′-二溴-4,4′-二(三氟甲磺酰基))苯基)芴放入一个装有机械搅拌器,滴液漏斗,气体分散管和热电偶的1升5颈圆底烧瓶中。向该烧瓶中加入150g三乙胺和180ml N,N-二甲基甲酰胺。搅拌该混合物并加热至45℃,同时通过气体分散管在液面下将氮气导入烧瓶中。向脱氧的溶液中加入3.0g二氯二(三苯膦)钯(II)。加热反应混合物至70℃并在30分钟内将33.0g脱氧的苯乙炔加入烧瓶中。控制苯乙炔的加入速率以使反应混合物温度维持在90℃。加完后,反应混合物在90℃下保持2小时45分钟,此时加入单一等份的额外4.7g苯乙炔并再将反应在90℃下进行45分钟。然后冷却该溶液并用400mlCH2Cl2稀释,用2升10%HCl溶液洗涤。蒸发后,将残余物溶于CCl4,并用柱色谱法在硅胶上提纯,使用CCl4CH2Cl2作洗脱液,得到32.5g(产率69.0%)单体,其纯度为9 8.5%,且具有以下特征:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):d 7.75-7.81(4H,dd),7.52-7.54(12H,m),7.38-7.44(12H,m),7.27-7.30(12H,m),7.13-7.16(4H,dd).13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):d 64.90(1C,spiro),88.08(1C,-CC-),88.36(1C,-CC-),93.72(1C,-CC-),93.88(1C,-CC-),120.45,123.07,123.24,124.57,125.89,126.04,127.89,128.04,128.11,128.28,128.31,128.37,128.42,131.01,131.60,131.65,131.87,140.16,145.53,149.52.FTIR(cm-1):662(0.12),688(0.63),737(0.63),754(1.00),823(0.24),913(0.09),1027(0.11),1067(0.11),1090(0.09),1140(0.07),1160(0.08),1213(0.07),1278(0.07),1401(0.13),1443(0.35),1495(0.61),1593(0.22),2210(0.07),3031(0.14),3055(0.16).LC/MS,m/e(%):305(8.2),311(8.3),312(9.7),318(8.3),319(12.1),363(16.3),437(13.4),439(11.1),441(20.7),638(8.2),639(14.8),640(12.9),641(13.6),718(100),719(22.4),720(12.5).实施例52,2-双(3,4-二(苯乙炔基)苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷薄膜在硅基材上的溶液低聚、旋涂(spin-casting)和固化
向装有氮气吹扫和磁力搅拌器的25ml Schlenk管中加入1.0g(1.42mmol)实施例1中制备的2,2-双(3,4-二(苯基乙炔基)苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷和1.0g 1,3,5-三异丙苯。该烧瓶用干燥氮气彻底吹扫并在油浴中加热至210℃,保持12小时,同时连续搅拌该溶液。所得低聚产物具有较低的GPC Mw(1000),Mw/Mn为1.5且Mz为2300(针对在THF中的聚苯乙烯标准),且仍然在室温下以50wt%完全可溶于三异丙苯中。
使用相同单体重复该试验,但使用表I中所列溶剂和条件,得到具有表I中所示性能的低聚产物。
表I
反应 | 反应溶剂 | 时间,210℃ | Mw | Mn | Mw/Mn |
1 | 三异丙苯 | 20h | 2910 | 1078 | 2.7 |
2 | 三异丙苯 | 32h | 6350 | 1411 | 4.5 |
3 | 三异丙苯 | 46h | 24,400 | 2259 | 10.8 |
4 | 二苯醚 | 11.5 | 3014 | 1190 | 2.5 |
5 | 二苯醚 | 16.5h | 5085 | 1476 | 3.5 |
6 | 二苯醚 | 20.5h | 13,89 | 1994 | 7.0 |
7 | 十二烷 | 15h | 7844 | 1180 | 6.6 |
8 | 二叔丁苯 | 12h | 2788 | 1054 | 2.7 |
9 | 二叔丁苯 | 18.25 | 5881 | 1376 | 4.3 |
各所得低聚产物溶液通过将该溶液直接倾于硅基材上并在700-1000rpm的速率下旋转而旋涂,以足以在固化后得到1μm连续涂层,或在400rpm下在固化后得到4μm的连续涂层。涂覆的硅基材通过以30℃/分钟从30℃加热到125℃并等温保持60分钟,然后以30℃/分钟加热到250℃并等温保持60分钟,最后以30℃/分钟加热至350℃并等温保持60分钟而固化。在14小时内缓慢冷却该涂覆的基材至室温。所得各涂层以不同程度粘于硅上并保持均匀而不脱层或龟裂。实施例6
双(邻二乙炔)单体的本体低聚
将在实施例1-4中制备的各种双(邻二乙炔)单体由LC在硅胶上快速色谱分离纯化至大于99%的纯度,使用CCl4/环己烷(70/30)洗脱。将该单体在真空下于80-100℃干燥过夜,并在氮气下室温储存。
向干净的、干燥且充氮的25ml Schlenk烧瓶(装有用于经注射器取样的活塞盖,氮气导入侧臂和机械搅拌器)中加入1.5g经过提纯的实施例1中制备的双(邻二乙炔)单体。将烧瓶置于己预热至210℃的搅拌油浴中,并将氮气吹扫降至稍呈正的压力。在60秒内,浅黄色透明熔体变成暗黄色,然后变为橙色,最后在1小时内变为深红色至基本黑色。在聚合过程中,使用低聚体的30%1,3,5-三甲苯溶液并将该溶液施于硅圆片或玻璃片上,再由离心力除去过量溶剂以形成薄膜而测定低聚产物形成涂层的能力。在表II所列各种条件下使用该表中所列不同单体以及反应时间和温度重复该试验。
各试验所得分子量如表II所示。
表II
试验号 | 单体实施例号 | 时间/温度 | Mw | Mn | Mw/Mn |
1 | 1 | 0.5h/210℃ | 970 | 693 | 1.4 |
2 | 1 | 1.6h/210℃ | 1840 | 836 | 2.2 |
3 | 1 | 3.25h/210℃ | 4570 | 1088 | 4.2 |
4 | 1 | 4.42h/210℃ | 10600 | 1413 | 7.5 |
5 | 2 | 4h/200℃ | 1915 | 709 | 2.7 |
6 | 2 | 6.75h/200℃ | 3732 | 829 | 4.5 |
7 | 2 | 9.42h/200℃ | 7492 | 1041 | 7.2 |
8 | 3 | 2.17h/210℃ | 1191 | 657 | 1.8 |
9 | 3 | 4h/210℃ | 2086 | 788 | 2.7 |
10 | 3 | 6h/210℃ | 4249 | 991 | 4.3 |
11 | 4 | 4h/210℃ | 1448 | 788 | 1.8 |
12 | 4 | 6h/210℃ | 2176 | 9559 | 2.3 |
13 | 4 | 7.5h/210℃ | 3083 | 1177 | 2.6 |
获得所需分子量后,将表II所示各混合物在氮气下冷却至室温,然后溶解以形成有机液态溶液,将其过滤,旋涂于硅基材上至1μm厚,最后在氮气氛下热固化,得到无缺陷或基本无缺陷的薄膜。实施例7低聚体溶液的配制和施涂
使用实施例6的技术提纯实施例1-4中所制备的各种双(邻二乙炔)单体。使用实施例5或6中所用的技术将各提纯单体的样品低聚至表III中所示分子量。
然后通过将低聚体溶液(溶剂和浓度示于表III中)施于硅圆片上并通过离心力除去过量溶剂,然后暴露于100℃的高温以形成薄膜而将低聚产物在硅圆片上形成涂层。然后固化所得涂层。使用表III中所示不同单体和溶剂体系重复该程序。
表III
单体实施例号 | 涂科溶液的%固体 | 溶剂 | Mw | Mn | Mw/Mn |
1 | 50 | 三异丙苯 | 6521 | 1475 | 4.4 |
1 | 50 | 三异丙苯 | 4867 | 1508 | 3.2 |
1 | 30 | 57%1,3,5-三甲苯43%二苯 | 5085 | 1476 | 3.5 |
1 | 30 | 57%1,3,5-三甲苯43%十二烷 | 7844 | 1184 | 6.6 |
1 | 30 | 57%1,3,5-三甲苯43%二叔丁苯 | 5881 | 1376 | 4.3 |
1 | 40 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 5911 | 1217 | 4.9 |
2 | 28 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 9000 | 1096 | 8.4 |
2 | 25 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 9245 | 1065 | 8.7 |
2 | 25 | 77.3%1,3,5-三甲苯22.7%二苯醚 | 7500 | 1042 | 7.2 |
2 | 25 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 7500 | 1042 | 7.2 |
2 | 35 | 环戊酮 | 8900 | 1099 | 8.1 |
3 | 30 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 4300 | 1000 | 4.3 |
3 | 40 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 5500 | 1146 | 4.8 |
3 | 30 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 10000 | 1000 | 10 |
4 | 35 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 3100 | 1192 | 2.6 |
4 | 35 | 1,3,5-三甲苯 | 3200 | 1143 | 2.8 |
各低聚材料易于由溶液以涂层施用,且当固化时粘于硅基材上,形成无缺陷或基本无缺陷薄膜。实施例82,2-双(3′,4′-二(苯基乙炔基)苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷(1)的聚合
将28g 2,2-双(3′,4′-二(苯乙炔基)苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷样品在惰性气氛下于铝盘中加热,加热温度为200-250℃,时间为8小时,基本上以定量产率得到坚硬的玻璃状黑色薄膜。该薄膜在常见的有机溶剂中难于加工且不溶,具有下列FTIR性能:FTIR(金钢石透射室)cm-1:3059,3026(ArH),1598(Ar),1493(Ar),1443(w),1253(st,CF),1206(st,CF),1135(w,sh),965(w),755(w)cm-1.
对纯净单体(6.73mg)的差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析(10℃/分钟)得到163℃的熔融吸热峰(DH=-62J/g),聚合放热开始点为200℃,放热峰为314℃,放热终止点为380℃,ΔH为583J/g。随后的DSC扫描产生不可检测的热转变。就地聚合和使用TGA的热稳定性评价通过以200℃/分钟将纯净单体由室温加热至200℃,在200℃下平衡5-10分钟,然后以20℃/分钟加热至300℃,再在300℃下等温保持3小时而进行。在该固化过程中,未发生可检测的重量损失。然后通过以10℃/分钟将温度由300℃升至450℃并在450℃下等温保持10小时来计算热稳定性。通过在最后9小时内测量重量损失速率来计算稳定性,得到每小时的重量损失为-0.60%。然后以10℃/分钟加热聚合物样品至900℃并保持4小时,以评价炭产量,该产量通过在450℃下烘烤10小时后到900℃下的4小时烘烤完成时的重量损失计算。实施例9双(邻二乙炔)单体的热聚合以及所得聚合物的热稳定性
根据实施例8中所示方法在DSC盘中热聚合实施例1-4的样品。这些DSC分析的结果均示于表VI中。
表VI
单体实施例号 | 熔融温度(℃) | DSC开始放热T℃ | DSC最大放热T℃ | DSC停止放热T℃ | DSC放热ΔH(J/g) |
1 | 163 | 210 | 314 | 375 | -583 |
2 | 173 | 200 | 300 | 440 | -789 |
3 | 108 | 205 | 303 | 430 | -693 |
4 | 105 | 210 | 310 | 360 | -413 |
所得聚合物显示下列热稳定性,该性能根据实施例8所述方法由TGA测量。结果列于表V中。
表V
由单体得到的聚合物号 | 温度(℃) | 450℃下10小时后的重量损失(%/小时) | 900℃下的炭产量 | 900℃下3小时后的重量损失(%/小时) |
1 | 450 | 1.5 | 88% | <0.1% |
2 | 450 | 0.5 | 98% | <0.1% |
3 | 450 | 1.0 | 90% | <0.1% |
4 | 450 | 1.2 | 93% | <0.1% |
由450℃下每小时的重量损失或重量损失百分数测量热降解速率;各聚合物表现很好的热稳定性,其中实施例2的单体最优越。有机炭产量是对聚合物在超高温(900℃)下的性能的一个度量,且所需要的是百分数较高。
Claims (36)
1.一种如下结构的化合物:其中各Ar为芳族基团或惰性取代的芳族基团;各R独立地为氢,烷基,芳基或惰性取代的烷基或芳基;L为共价键或将一个Ar与至少一个Ar相连的基团;n和m为至少2的整数;以及q为至少1的整数,其中至少两个在芳环之一上的乙炔基处于邻位。
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中各Ar独立地具有6-50个碳原子。
3.权利要求2的化合物,其中各R独立地为氢,具有1-20个碳原子的烷基,芳基或惰性取代的烷基或芳基。
4.权利要求2的化合物,其中各Ar独立地为苯基,亚苯基,萘基,亚萘基,联苯基,亚联苯基,二苯基,二亚苯基,9,9-二苯基芴,二苯醚,二苯硫醚,蒽,菲,蒽醌,三苯膦,氧化三苯膦基团或惰性取代的苯基,亚苯基,萘基,亚萘基,联苯基,亚联苯基,二苯基,二亚苯基,9,9-二苯基芴,二苯醚,二苯硫醚,蒽,菲,蒽醌,三苯膦或氧化三苯膦基团。
5.权利要求2的化合物,其中各R独立地为苯基或亚苯基,萘基或亚萘基,联苯基或亚联苯基,二苯基或二亚苯基,9,9-二苯基芴,二苯醚,二苯硫醚,蒽,菲,蒽醌,三苯膦或氧化三苯膦基团。
6.权利要求2的化合物,其中至少一个Ar为用烷基,卤素,全氟烃或其组合取代的芳族基团,且至少一个R基团为用芳基,卤素,全氟烃或其组合取代的烷基或芳基。
7.权利要求2的化合物,其中至少一个Ar为用氟、氯或溴取代的芳族基团,或至少一个R基团用氟、氯或溴取代。
8.权利要求1的化合物,其中L为共价键,烷基,芳基或芳烷基或惰性取代的烷基、芳基或芳烷基,硫,磷或氧。
9.权利要求8的化合物,其中L为共价键,2,2-异亚丙基,硫,氧,磷,或1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟-2,2-异亚丙基。
10.权利要求8的化合物,其中L为未取代或惰性取代的1-12个碳原子的烷基。
11.权利要求10的化合物,其中L具有3-6个碳原子。
12.权利要求10的化合物,其中L选自联苯基,苯基或萘基。
13.权利要求1的化合物,其中各R独立地为氢,或未取代或惰性取代的苯基。
14.权利要求13的化合物,其中各R独立地为一个或多个氟原子或1-6个碳原子的氟代烷基取代的苯基。
15.一种聚合权利要求1的化合物的方法,该方法包括将该化合物暴露于足以增加分子量的温度。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中该温度至少为140℃。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中该温度为150-400℃。
18.权利要求15的方法,其中至少一部分聚合在溶剂中进行以形成乙炔基芳族化合物的低聚体,然后将该低聚体溶液暴露于使溶剂蒸发和使低聚体进一步聚合的温度。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中形成低聚体的反应在150-250℃下进行,且额外的扩链和/或交联在200-400℃的较高温度下进行。
22.权利要求21的聚合物,其中该聚合物为数均分子量低于100,000且重均分子量与数均分子量之比为1-100的低聚体。
23.权利要求20或21的聚合物,还包含下式单元:其中Ar”为(C≡CnAr或ArC≡C)m部分的反应产物的残基;各R’独立地为氢,烷基,芳基或惰性取代的烷基或芳基;以及Ar为芳族基团或惰性取代的芳族基团。
24.权利要求23的聚合物,其中该聚合物为数均分子量低于100000且重均分子量与数均分子量之比为1-100的低聚体。
25.一种制备权利要求1的化合物的方法,该方法包括:
(a)选择性卤化多元酚以用一个卤素分别在两个可用的邻位之一上选择性卤代各酚环;
(b)使酚羟基转化为与端乙炔基反应的离去基团;
(c)使步骤(b)的产物与含乙炔基的化合物在芳基乙炔化催化剂和酸受体存在下反应,以用含乙炔基的基团代替卤素和离去基团。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中产物(b)为聚(2-卤代苯基三氟甲磺酸酯)和含乙炔基的化合物可与该聚(2-卤代苯基三氟甲磺酸酯)反应。
27.权利要求26的方法,其中含乙炔基的化合物是R-C≡C-X,其中X是氢或铜盐。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中含乙炔基的化合物是苯乙炔,五氟苯乙炔,三氟甲基苯乙炔,4-氟苯乙炔和其组合。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中酸受体是三甲胺,三乙胺,三异丙胺,二异丙胺,哌啶,吡啶,碳酸钾或其混合物。
30.权利要求29的方法,其中芳基乙炔化催化剂是钯盐,带增溶配体的钯[O]配合物,铜金属或含钯或铜的化合物。
31.权利要求30的方法,其中钯化合物还包含膦和铜。
32.权利要求25的方法,其中所述含乙炔基的化合物选自苯乙炔、惰性取代的苯乙炔或乙炔合成子。
33.权利要求32的方法,其中所述乙炔合成子为三甲基甲硅烷基乙炔。
34.权利要求30的方法,其中所述增溶配体是三苯膦。
35.一种涂有权利要求20的聚合物的基材。
36.一种涂有权利要求20的聚合物的基材,其中涂敷的基材为计算机芯片。
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- 1996-09-11 WO PCT/US1996/014427 patent/WO1997010193A1/en active Search and Examination
- 1996-09-11 DE DE69616580T patent/DE69616580T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-11 BR BR9610547A patent/BR9610547A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-09-11 JP JP51202497A patent/JP4260882B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-11 KR KR10-1998-0701834A patent/KR100469551B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-09-11 CA CA002231726A patent/CA2231726A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US5264511A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1993-11-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Polymers of bis (ethynylstyryl) benzene and related monomers |
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BR9610547A (pt) | 1999-07-06 |
WO1997010193A9 (en) | 2018-02-08 |
DE69616580D1 (de) | 2001-12-06 |
KR100469551B1 (ko) | 2005-05-27 |
CN1199389A (zh) | 1998-11-18 |
TW438823B (en) | 2001-06-07 |
MX9801925A (es) | 1998-08-30 |
DE69616580T2 (de) | 2002-05-29 |
CA2231726A1 (en) | 1997-03-20 |
EP0854849B1 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
NO981064D0 (no) | 1998-03-11 |
EP0854849A1 (en) | 1998-07-29 |
WO1997010193A1 (en) | 1997-03-20 |
NO981064L (no) | 1998-05-12 |
JP4260882B2 (ja) | 2009-04-30 |
JPH11512430A (ja) | 1999-10-26 |
KR19990044584A (ko) | 1999-06-25 |
US6121495A (en) | 2000-09-19 |
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