CN110016691B - 一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,属于光电催化技术领域。所述的复合光电极能够吸收可见光,在光电催化水分解过程中实现长期稳定运行,是一种极具应用潜力的光阳极材料。该光阳极薄膜的制备方法主要包括以下步骤:140℃水热反应6h,制备WO3薄膜电极;配置铁盐的胶体溶液,将该胶体溶液旋涂在WO3薄膜表面,高温煅烧,即得WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极;然后水热制备Mn3O4纳米颗粒,超声分散于乙醇溶液中,进一步旋涂至WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极表面,N2气氛下高温煅烧,即得三元复合光电极材料。该复合光电极制备所需原料地球储量丰富,成本低廉,在能源领域具有较好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,属于光电催化技术领域,更加具体的是本发明提供了一种具有高光电催化活性、高稳定性和高选择性的WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4三元复合光电极的制备方法。
背景技术
光电催化水分解技术是利用太阳能制备燃料的绿色环保途径,它利用半导体光电极材料吸收太阳能,在少量偏压的协助下,就能有效抑制光生载流子的复合,实现高效的水分解制氢。由于氧化和还原两个反应在空间上分离,氢气和氧气分别在阴阳两极析出,避免了H2和O2的直接接触,有效避免了爆炸风险。光电催化技术是目前极为有效的氢能制备方法,对解决未来能源危机提供了一条重要的解决途径,相应的高活性、高选择性半导体光电极材料成为近年来能源与材料领域的研究热点。
WO3的带隙为2.6eV,理论上可以吸收12%的太阳光,成为近年来的明星半导体材料。但是,WO3的稳定性较差,严重限制了其光电催化应用。在pH值大于4的溶液中,WO3会与溶液中的OH-离子反应而发生化学溶解;光照时,WO3的光生空穴氧化水,表面会产生过氧物种,生成的过氧物种会与水氧化反应竞争,降低H2的产量。且过氧物种的累积,导致WO3稳定性下降。因此,提高 WO3在碱性溶液中的稳定性,抑制光照下过氧物种的产生,对WO3的商业化应用具有重要的意义。Fe2O3是另一种可见光半导体材料,自然界中储量丰富,能够在碱性溶液中稳定存在,且光照下难以光腐蚀,已成为最具应用前景的光电极材料。通过旋涂法将Fe2O3负载在WO3光电极表面,能够避免WO3与溶液的直接接触,还能避免过氧物种在WO3表面的累积,有望大幅提高WO3光电极的稳定性和产物选择性。Mn3O4是一种氧析出助催化剂,广泛存在于绿色植物光合作用过程中,进一步采用Mn3O4修饰WO3/Fe2O3,可以促进WO3/Fe2O3界面空穴转移速率,进而提高水分解效率。该制备方法均采用自然界储量丰富的元素作为原料,成本低廉,制备过程简单,有望实现WO3光电极的商业化应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,本发明的目的通过以下操作步骤实现:
1)WO3薄膜电极的制备:将0.12g钨酸钠溶解于15ml水溶液中,滴加1.25ml 浓盐酸;然后,将0.11g草酸铵溶解于15ml水溶液中,缓慢加入到上述钨酸钠溶液中,搅拌30min;放入FTO导电玻璃,140℃下水热反应6h,自然冷却后水洗,自然干燥,500℃下煅烧2h;
2)WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极的制备:取一定量的无机铁盐,溶解于乙醇溶液中,控制铁盐的浓度为5-100mmol/L;将WO3薄膜电极固定于旋涂仪上,低速旋转,用移液器移取100μL铁盐溶液,逐滴滴加到WO3薄膜电极表面;空气中干燥,后转入350℃马弗炉中煅烧5min,重复该步骤1-7次;
3)WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜电极的制备:将乙酸锰溶解于乙醇溶液中,浓度为10-200mmol/L,120-200℃条件下水热2-24h,得到Mn3O4的纳米颗粒,离心分离,60℃干燥过夜,研磨,得Mn3O4纳米颗粒;称取1.6-32mg Mn3O4加入到 40ml乙醇溶液中,超声分散,移取100μL该溶液旋涂于WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极上,室温下干燥,在N2保护气氛下煅烧,煅烧温度为200-350℃,煅烧时间为0.5-5h。
本发明引入Fe2O3来修饰WO3,能够避免WO3在碱性溶液中的化学溶解,同时可避免水分解过程中过氧物种的累积,进而大幅提高WO3光电极的稳定性和氢气析出的选择性。进一步将Mn3O4旋涂于WO3/Fe2O3表面,促进了 WO3/Fe2O3电极界面的空穴转移,有效提高了光电催化水分解效率。该技术方案操作简单,成本低廉,适用于大规模制备WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜电极;特别地,该电极可实现长时间光电催化产氢,能够破解WO3商业应用的困局,在未来能源领域具有广阔的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为实施例一中制备的WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜的X射线衍射图谱。
图2为实施例二中制备的WO3、WO3/Fe2O3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜的紫外可见漫反射图谱;
图3为实施例三中制备的WO3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜的扫描电镜图;
图4为实施例四中制备的WO3/Fe2O3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜的线性扫描伏安曲线图;
图5为实施例五中制备的WO3、WO3/Fe2O3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜电极在
0.5V(vs.Ag/AgCl)电位下的电流-时间曲线图;
具体实施方式
为了更好的理解本发明,下面结合实施例和附图进一步阐明本发明的内容,但本发明的内容不仅仅局限于下面的实施例。
实施例一
一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
将0.12g钨酸钠溶解于15ml水溶液中,滴加1.25ml浓盐酸;然后,将0.11g 草酸铵溶解于15ml水溶液中,缓慢加入到上述钨酸钠溶液中,搅拌30min;转移至50ml水热反应釜中,放入FTO导电玻璃,140℃下水热6h,冷却,水洗,空气中干燥,500℃下煅烧2h,即得WO3薄膜电极;称取0.81g的FeCl3,加入 50mL的乙醇,搅拌30min,得到FeCl3胶体溶液,再往WO3薄膜上旋涂100μL 上述胶体,旋涂后取下导电玻璃在室温下干燥,接着放入马弗炉中350℃煅烧 5min,取出再旋涂,重复上述操作1次;称取0.88g乙酸锰,溶解到40ml无水乙醇中,转移到100ml反应釜中,180℃水热反应11h,自然冷却,离心分离,用无水乙醇反复洗涤,60℃下干燥,即得Mn3O4纳米颗粒;称取5mg的上述 Mn3O4纳米颗粒,加入10ml的无水乙醇,超声分散;在WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极表面旋涂100μL上述Mn3O4分散液,室温下干燥,氮气气氛下300℃煅烧2h,即得WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极。
图1给出了WO3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的X射线衍射图谱,经Jade软件检索可发现WO3、Fe2O3以及SnO2的衍射峰,其中,SnO2为四方晶系,来自于FTO导电玻璃;而WO3和Fe2O3很好的匹配为单斜晶系。此外,未出现Mn3O4的晶相,很可能因为Mn3O4含量太低或者结晶度不好。
实施例二
一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
将0.12g钨酸钠溶解于15ml水溶液中,滴加1.25ml浓盐酸;然后,将0.11g 草酸铵溶解于15ml水溶液中,缓慢加入到上述钨酸钠溶液中,搅拌30min;转移至50ml水热反应釜中,放入FTO导电玻璃,140℃下水热6h,冷却,水洗,空气中干燥,500℃下煅烧2h,即得WO3薄膜电极;称取1g的硝酸铁,加入 50mL的乙醇,搅拌30min,得到硝酸铁胶体溶液,再往WO3薄膜上旋涂100μL 上述胶体,旋涂后取下导电玻璃在室温下干燥,接着放入马弗炉中350℃煅烧 5min,取出再旋涂,重复上述操作1次;称取0.7g乙酸锰,溶解到40ml无水乙醇中,转移到100ml反应釜中,160℃水热反应12h,自然冷却,离心分离,用无水乙醇反复洗涤,60℃下干燥,即得Mn3O4纳米颗粒;称取5mg的上述Mn3O4纳米颗粒,加入10ml的无水乙醇,超声分散;在WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极表面旋涂 100μL上述Mn3O4分散液,室温下干燥,氮气气氛下300℃煅烧2h,即得 WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极。
图2给出了WO3、WO3/Fe2O3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜的紫外可见漫反射图,由图可知,450nm处出现了WO3的带边吸收,表明WO3是一种可见光半导体。当Fe2O3旋涂至WO3表面后,WO3带边吸收明显红移,600nm波长以下产生明显的光吸收,说明Fe2O3的带隙较WO3更小,而Mn3O4负载之后,480-700nm 处的光吸收增加,这是因为Mn3O4为黑色,可以有效拓展WO3/Fe2O3的光吸收范围,但是由于Mn3O4的负载量较低,因此吸收度增加较小。
实施例三
一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
将0.12g钨酸钠溶解于15ml水溶液中,滴加1.25ml浓盐酸;然后,将0.11g 草酸铵溶解于15ml水溶液中,缓慢加入到上述钨酸钠溶液中,搅拌30min;转移至50ml水热反应釜中,放入FTO导电玻璃,140℃下水热6h,冷却,水洗,空气中干燥,500℃下煅烧2h,即得WO3薄膜电极;称取0.6g的硫酸铁,加入 50mL的乙醇,搅拌30min,得到硫酸铁胶体溶液,再往WO3薄膜上旋涂100μL 上述胶体,旋涂后取下导电玻璃在室温下干燥,接着放入马弗炉中350℃煅烧 5min,取出再旋涂,重复上述操作2次;称取0.6g乙酸锰,溶解到40ml无水乙醇中,转移到100ml反应釜中,150℃水热反应15h,自然冷却,离心分离,用无水乙醇反复洗涤,60℃下干燥,即得Mn3O4纳米颗粒;称取10mg的上述Mn3O4纳米颗粒,加入10ml的无水乙醇,超声分散;在WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极表面旋涂 100μL上述Mn3O4分散液,室温下干燥,氮气气氛下250℃煅烧3h,即得 WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极。
图3给出了WO3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的扫描电镜图,由图可知,140℃水热生长6h的WO3形貌很均匀,呈现板状结构,且这些板状结构垂直分布在FTO导电玻璃之上,增加了半导体与溶液的接触面积,有利于水分解产物的扩散。而Fe2O3胶体旋涂至WO3表面之后,使WO3表面厚度增加,且表面粗糙度减少,表明Fe2O3可以有效覆盖在WO3表面,从而减少WO3与溶液的接触,从而有效避免WO3的化学溶解。
实施例四
一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
将0.12g钨酸钠溶解于15ml水溶液中,滴加1.25ml浓盐酸;然后,将0.11g 草酸铵溶解于15ml水溶液中,缓慢加入到上述钨酸钠溶液中,搅拌30min;转移至50ml水热反应釜中,放入FTO导电玻璃,140℃下水热6h,冷却,水洗,空气中干燥,500℃下煅烧2h,即得WO3薄膜电极;称取0.81g的FeCl3,加入 50mL的乙醇,搅拌30min,得到FeCl3胶体溶液,再往WO3薄膜上旋涂100μL 上述胶体,旋涂后取下导电玻璃在室温下干燥,接着放入马弗炉中350℃煅烧 5min,取出再旋涂,重复上述操作2次;称取0.5g乙酸锰,溶解到40ml无水乙醇中,转移到100ml反应釜中,170℃水热反应15h,自然冷却,离心分离,用无水乙醇反复洗涤,60℃下干燥,即得Mn3O4纳米颗粒;称取10mg的上述Mn3O4纳米颗粒,加入10ml的无水乙醇,超声分散;在WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极表面旋涂100μL上述Mn3O4分散液,室温下干燥,氮气气氛下300℃煅烧3h,即得 WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极。
图4为pH为7磷酸钾缓冲液(0.1mol/L)中测试的WO3/Fe2O3和 WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜的线性扫描伏安曲线图,由图可知,暗态下,两个电极的电流均很小。光照时,0V左右开始出现光电流,且两个电极的光电流均随着电压的增加而增大,但是Mn3O4存在时,WO3/Fe2O3的光电流明显增加,表明Mn3O4能够促进WO3/Fe2O3光电催化水分解,进一步表明Mn3O4是一种很有应用前景的氧析出催化剂。
实施例五
一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
将0.12g钨酸钠溶解于15ml水溶液中,滴加1.25ml浓盐酸;然后,将0.11g 草酸铵溶解于15ml水溶液中,缓慢加入到上述钨酸钠溶液中,搅拌30min;转移至50ml水热反应釜中,放入FTO导电玻璃,140℃下水热6h,冷却,水洗,空气中干燥,500℃下煅烧2h,即得WO3薄膜电极;称取0.6g的FeCl3,加入 50mL的乙醇,搅拌30min,得到FeCl3胶体溶液,再往WO3薄膜上旋涂100μL 上述胶体,旋涂后取下导电玻璃在室温下干燥,接着放入马弗炉中350℃煅烧5min,取出再旋涂,重复上述操作3次;称取0.5g乙酸锰,溶解到40ml无水乙醇中,转移到100ml反应釜中,180℃水热反应15h,自然冷却,离心分离,用无水乙醇反复洗涤,60℃下干燥,即得Mn3O4纳米颗粒;称取8mg的上述Mn3O4纳米颗粒,加入10ml的无水乙醇,超声分散;在WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极表面旋涂 100μL上述Mn3O4分散液,室温下干燥,氮气气氛下250℃煅烧4h,即得 WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极。
图5给出了WO3、WO3/Fe2O3和WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4薄膜电极在0.5V(vs.Ag/AgCl)电位下的电流-时间曲线图,由图可知,WO3电极的稳定性很差,光电流随着时间的增加快速衰减,但是负载Fe2O3后, WO3电极的稳定性明显改善,光电流能够维持长时间的稳定,而Mn3O4负载后光电流进一步增加,该复合光电极的稳定性依然很好,有望实现商业应用。
Claims (7)
1.一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于由以下步骤组成:
1)将0.12g钨酸钠溶解于15ml水溶液中,滴加1.25ml浓盐酸;然后,将0.11g草酸铵溶解于15ml水溶液中,缓慢加入到上述钨酸钠溶液中,搅拌30min;转移至50ml水热反应釜中,放入FTO导电玻璃,140℃下水热6h,自然冷却,取出FTO玻璃,水洗,空气中干燥,500℃下煅烧2h,即得WO3薄膜电极;
2)配置无机铁盐的乙醇溶液,移取100μL该溶液旋涂于WO3薄膜电极上,室温下干燥,放入350℃马弗炉中煅烧5min,重复该步骤1-7次,即得WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极;
3)配置乙酸锰的乙醇溶液,不同温度下水热反应,自然冷却,离心,醇洗,40-100℃下干燥,得到Mn3O4的纳米颗粒;
4)将上述Mn3O4纳米颗粒分散于乙醇溶液中,超声,移取100μL该溶液旋涂于WO3/Fe2O3薄膜电极上,室温下干燥,N2气氛下煅烧,即得WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于所述步骤2使用的无机铁盐是氯化铁、硫酸铁中的一种或两种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于步骤2所述铁盐浓度为5-100mmol/L。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3所述的乙酸锰溶液浓度为10-200mmol/L。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3所述水热温度为120-200℃,水热时间为2-24h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于步骤4所述Mn3O4纳米颗粒质量分数为5-50wt%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种WO3/Fe2O3/Mn3O4复合光阳极薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4所述N2煅烧温度为200-350℃,升温速率为1-10℃/min,煅烧时间为0.5-5h。
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