CN109692713A - 一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents

一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDF

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CN109692713A
CN109692713A CN201910075829.0A CN201910075829A CN109692713A CN 109692713 A CN109692713 A CN 109692713A CN 201910075829 A CN201910075829 A CN 201910075829A CN 109692713 A CN109692713 A CN 109692713A
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dehydrogenation
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base metal
carbon
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魏伟胜
梁理玲
刘杰
曹辰辰
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Fuzhou University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂及其制备方法与应用,该催化剂是以非贵金属为催化活性成分,Pt为助剂,核壳结构纳米金刚石为载体;其是将纳米金刚石在惰性气体中进行高温焙烧制得核壳结构纳米金刚石,然后通过浸渍法同时负载非贵金属和Pt,再经还原剂或氢气进行还原,制得所述催化剂。所得催化剂对低碳烷烃的脱氢反应具有较好的活性。

Description

一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂及其制备方法与应用
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂制备技术领域,具体涉及一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
丙烷脱氢为强吸热、分子数增加的可逆反应,高温和低压有利于脱氢反应的进行,其反应温度通常为600℃左右,较高的反应温度将导致丙烷裂解及丙烷深度脱氢程度加剧,使丙烯选择性降低,同时也会加剧催化剂表面积炭,进而导致催化剂失活。
Pt系催化剂是丙烷脱氢反应常用的催化剂之一。现有报道一般采用Pt为活性金属,Sn等为助剂,用来提高Pt金属的分散度,以利于Pt基催化剂脱氢性能的提高,并提高催化剂的选择性和稳定性。而Liu等(Liu G, Zeng L, Zhao Z-J, et al. Platinum-Modified ZnO/Al2O3 for Propane Dehydrogenation: Minimized Platinum Usage andImproved Catalytic Stability[J]. Acs Catalysis, 2016,6(4):2158-2162.)采用Zn为活性金属,Pt为助剂,用浸渍法制备PtZn/Al2O3催化剂,该催化剂的活性中心为ZnO,加入助剂Pt增加ZnO的分散度,从而提高催化剂的性能,在反应温度为550 ℃的条件下,稳定反应20 h以上,丙烯选择性高达100%。但Al2O3等高温时机械性能及热性能不稳定,易与其表面金属相互作用导致金属颗粒烧结。近年来,研究较热的纳米碳材料具有良好的孔结构、较少的缺陷和杂质含量、良好的抗氧化性能以及较好的电子及热传递功能。作为载体,纳米碳材料同时具有传统催化剂载体所不具备的特性,如耐酸碱介质,表面化学性质可以调整,可根据特定反应得到需要的孔分布以及通过表面官能团促进金属前驱体在碳材料表面的分配等。Wang等(R WANG, X SUN, B ZHANG, et al. Hybrid Nanocarbon as a Catalyst forDirect Dehydrogenation of Propane: Formation of an Active and Selective Core-Shell sp2/sp3 Nanocomposite Structure[J]. Chemistry-A European Journal,2014,20(21):6324-6331.)将纳米金刚石焙烧制备金刚石内核(sp3)/石墨外壳(sp2)的复合纳米碳材料(ND@G),并研究了具有不同比例的ND@G复合纳米碳材料的丙烷脱氢性能,发现该材料的性能优于单一的纳米金刚石及石墨。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂及其制备与应用,其是以核壳结构纳米金刚石为载体,非贵金属为主催化剂,Pt为助剂制备的一种对低碳烷烃的脱氢反应具有良好催化活性的催化剂。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂,其是以非贵金属为催化活性成分,Pt为助剂,核壳结构纳米金刚石为载体制成;各组分含量按重量百分数计为:非贵金属0.1~5.0%、Pt 0.1~7.0%、核壳结构纳米金刚石78~99.8%,其重量百分数之和为100%。
优选地,所述低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂中各组分含量按重量百分数计为:非贵金属0.5~1.0%、Pt 0.5~1.0%、核壳结构纳米金刚石98.2~99%,其重量百分数之和为100%。
所述非贵金属包括Sn、Ga、Zn、Fe、Cu、Ni、Zr、Ce、Ir、La、In中的任意一种。
所述低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将纳米金刚石在惰性气体中进行高温焙烧,得到核壳结构纳米金刚石;
(2)将所得核壳结构纳米金刚石置于由含铂化合物溶液、非贵金属前驱体溶液及去离子水组成的混合溶液中进行浸渍,从而在其上同时负载非贵金属和Pt,再于空气中干燥;
(3)将步骤(2)干燥后的纳米金刚石采用还原剂或氢气进行还原,再经干燥制得所述催化剂。
步骤(1)中所述纳米金刚石的粒径为20~250nm,优选为30nm,其采用爆炸法生产。
纳米金刚石高温焙烧的温度为1000~1400℃,优选为1000~1200℃,焙烧时间为2~20h,优选为2~8h。所用惰性气体优选氮气。
步骤(2)浸渍时的液固比为50~70mL/g,浸渍温度为15~45℃。
所述浸渍可采用静置浸渍,也可用搅拌浸渍,或优选地先使用超声波处理,再搅拌浸渍,超声处理的时间为0.5~5h,搅拌浸渍时间为10~50小时。
所述含铂化合物溶液及非贵金属前驱体溶液中Pt与非贵金属的含量均为0.05~5.0mg/mL;
其中,所述含铂化合物为硝酸铂、氯铂酸、氯铂酸钾、二氯四氨合铂或乙酰丙酮铂;
所述非贵金属前驱体为非贵金属的氯化物或硝酸盐。
步骤(2)中所述干燥的温度为60~150℃。
步骤(3)中采用还原剂进行还原时,所用还原剂与Pt的摩尔比为10~20:1,还原温度为50~300℃,还原时间为0.5~4h;所述还原剂为乙二醇、C1~C3的羧酸或C1~C3的羧酸钠;
当采用氢气进行还原时,还原温度为500~600℃,还原时间为0.5~10h。
所得催化剂的孔径为10~15nm,比表面积为300~400m2/g,总孔体积为0.1~2.0cm3/g。其对低碳烷烃的脱氢反应具有较好的反应活性及稳定性,可用于催化低碳烷烃的脱氢反应。
脱氢反应温度为500~650℃、压力为0.1~0.5MPa;所述低碳烷烃为C3~C5的烷烃,如丙烷、丁烷或戊烷。
本发明的显著优点在于:
(1)本发明以特殊核壳结构的纳米金刚石(金刚石内核(sp3)/石墨外壳(sp2)的复合纳米碳材料,ND@G)为载体,其具有较好的活性和稳定性。
(2)本发明所得催化剂对低碳烷烃的脱氢反应具有较好的反应活性及稳定性,可用于催化低碳烷烃的脱氢反应,其中,Pt助剂对Zr/ND催化剂有促进作用。
(3)本发明制备方法简便、易操作。
说明书附图
图1为纳米金刚石经高温焙烧后制得的核壳结构纳米金刚石的TEM图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所述的内容更加便于理解,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明所述的技术方案做进一步的说明,但是本发明不仅限于此。
所用纳米金刚石的粒径为30nm,记为ND-30,由北京国瑞升科技股份有限公司提供,生产方法为爆炸法。
实施例1
将纳米金刚石ND-30在N2中于1100℃焙烧4小时。然后取1.0g焙烧处理后的核壳结构纳米金刚石ND@G,放入由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1.6mL Sn含量为5.0mg/m的氯化亚锡溶液和62.4mL去离子水组成的混合溶液中,25℃超声波处理3h,再搅拌48h,升温至110℃干燥24h;再于100℃、15mg/mL的甲酸钠溶液中还原1h(所用甲酸钠与Pt的摩尔比为15:1),60℃干燥18h,所得催化剂编号为A。
实施例2
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL Zn含量为5mg/mL的硝酸锌溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为B。
实施例3
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL Ga含量为5mg/mL的硝酸镓溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为C。
实施例4
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL Ni含量为5mg/mL的硝酸镍溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为D。
实施例5
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL Zr含量为5mg/mL的硝酸氧锆溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为E。
实施例6
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL 0.05mol/L CuCl2溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为F。
实施例7
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、0.1mL 0.6667mol/L FeCl3溶液和62.9mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为G。
实施例8
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL La含量为5mg/mL的硝酸镧溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为H。
实施例9
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL In含量为5mg/mL的硝酸铟溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为I。
实施例10
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL Ce含量为5mg/mL的硝酸铈溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为J。
实施例11
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液、1mL Y含量为5mg/mL的硝酸钇溶液和62mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为K。
对比例1
将纳米金刚石ND-30在N2中于1100℃焙烧4小时,所得催化剂编号为O。
对比例2
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Zr含量为5mg/mL的硝酸氧锆溶液和63mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为P。
对比例3
按实施例1的方法制备催化剂,不同的是所用混合溶液是由1mL Pt含量为5.0mg/mL的氯铂酸溶液和63mL去离子水组成,所得催化剂编号为R。
催化剂性能的评价
取所得催化剂装填于微反装置中,以丙烷体积分数为5%的丙烷和N2的混合物为反应原料,在600℃、0.10MPa、丙烷进料质量空速为1.8h-1的条件下反应10h,计算反应期间内丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性的平均值,反应结果见表1。
表1
将对比例2、对比例3及实施例5所得催化剂分别装填于微反装置中,以丙烷体积分数为5%的丙烷和N2的混合物为反应原料,在600℃、0.10MPa、丙烷进料质量空速为1.8h-1的条件下反应10h,间隔一定时间计算反应期间内丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性的平均值,反应结果见表2-4。
表2 催化剂P在丙烷脱氢反应中的稳定性试验
表3 催化剂R在丙烷脱氢反应中的稳定性试验
表4 催化剂E在丙烷脱氢反应中的稳定性试验
由表2-4的对比可见,本发明催化剂具有较好的丙烷脱氢稳定性。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。

Claims (9)

1.一种低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂,其特征在于:所述催化剂以非贵金属为催化活性成分,Pt为助剂,核壳结构纳米金刚石为载体制成;
各组分含量按重量百分数计为:非贵金属0.1~5.0%、Pt 0.1~7.0%、核壳结构纳米金刚石78~99.8%,其重量百分数之和为100%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂,其特征在于:所述非贵金属包括Sn、Ga、Zn、Fe、Cu、Ni、Zr、Ce、Ir、La、In中的任意一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂,其特征在于:所述催化剂的孔径为10~15nm,比表面积为300~400m2/g,总孔体积为0.1~2.0cm3/g。
4.一种如权利要求1-3任意一项所述低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:将纳米金刚石在惰性气体中进行高温焙烧,制得核壳结构纳米金刚石,然后通过浸渍法在其上同时负载非贵金属和Pt,再经还原剂或氢气进行还原,制得所述催化剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述纳米金刚石的粒径为20~250nm;其高温焙烧的温度为1000~1400℃,时间为2~20h。
6.根据权利要求4所述低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述浸渍法是将经高温焙烧后得到的核壳结构纳米金刚石置于由含铂化合物溶液、非贵金属前驱体溶液及去离子水组成的混合溶液中进行浸渍,浸渍时的液固比为50~70mL/g,浸渍温度为15~45℃。
7.根据权利要求6所述低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述含铂化合物溶液及非贵金属前驱体溶液中Pt与非贵金属的含量均为0.05~5.0mg/mL;
所述含铂化合物为硝酸铂、氯铂酸、氯铂酸钾、二氯四氨合铂或乙酰丙酮铂;
所述非贵金属前驱体为非贵金属的氯化物或硝酸盐。
8.根据权利要求4所述低碳烷烃脱氢催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:采用还原剂进行还原时,所用还原剂与Pt的摩尔比为10~20:1,还原温度为50~300℃,还原时间为0.5~4h;所述还原剂为乙二醇、C1~C3的羧酸或C1~C3的羧酸钠;
当采用氢气进行还原时,还原温度为500~600℃,还原时间为0.5~10h。
9.一种权利要求1所述催化剂中低碳烷烃脱氢反应中的应用,其特征在于:脱氢反应温度为500~650℃、压力为0.1~0.5MPa;
所述低碳烷烃为C3~C5的烷烃。
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