CN109121629B

CN109121629B - Ecological conserving soil fertility improvement method for northern orchard

Info

Publication number: CN109121629B
Application number: CN201811007434.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 蒙秋霞; 牛宇; 张丽珍; 牛伟
Original assignee: INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE SHANXI ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Current assignee: INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE SHANXI ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Priority date: 2018-08-31
Filing date: 2018-08-31
Publication date: 2021-01-01
Anticipated expiration: 2038-08-31
Also published as: CN109121629A

Abstract

The invention discloses a northern orchard ecological conservation soil fertility improvement method, which comprises the following steps: i, stacking fungus dregs for decay fermentation; II, applying the bacterial dreg compost and the biological agent; III, soil preparation; IV, treating cyperus esculentus seeds; v, sowing cyperus esculentus; VI, intertillage of the cyperus esculentus; VII, applying trace element fertilizers to different fruit trees in the growth and development period according to needs; VIII, turning over and pressing the cyperus esculentus; IX, applying the mushroom dregs again in the following years according to the steps I to VIII, planting the cyperus esculentus, and turning over the pressure. The method of 'cyperus esculentus green manure + bacterial dreg compost + biological microbial inoculum' is adopted, interline grass, organic materials and biological microbial inoculum are combined, a northern orchard ecological conservation soil fertility improvement mode is provided, technical guidance is provided for application of the northern orchard ecological conservation soil fertility improvement mode in northern fruit ecological efficient production, and the method has important significance for reduction of fruit fertilizer and pesticide application, improvement of quality and efficiency of agricultural production, improvement of quality and stability of an agricultural ecological system, green rural construction and sustainable development.

Description

Ecological conserving soil fertility improvement method for northern orchard

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of orchard soil fertilization management, and particularly relates to a northern orchard ecological conservation soil fertility improvement method.

Background

The northern area related by the invention refers to the area north of the 0 ℃ isotherm of 1 month in China. The fruit trees planted in the area mainly comprise apples, pears, jujubes, cherries, peaches, apricots, grapes, walnuts and the like. For years, the traditional 'clearing and weeding' mode is mostly adopted for orchard ground management in northern areas of China, the nutrient management is mainly based on fertilizer application, and the fertilizer has high unit area dosage and applicationThe structure is not reasonable. The using strength of the fertilizer in the regional orchard is up to 450-675 kg hm^-2Far higher than 250 kg.hm required by national ecological region construction^-2(ii) a The fertilizer application structure is unreasonable, a large amount of fertilizer is used for a long time, the fertilizer application method is usually large water flushing application or whole garden broadcasting application, the season utilization rate of the fertilizer is low, the organic fertilizer investment is less, and the organic matter content of a plurality of orchards is reduced to be below 0.6%. The methods directly cause the continuous decrease of the soil fertility and the continuous increase of the fertilizer consumption, the degradation of the fruit quality and the low competitiveness are obvious day by day, and the problems of water and soil loss, the degradation of the soil structure, the large leaching loss of nutrients, the reduction of biological diversity, the weakness of the ecological environment, the non-point source environmental pollution and the like are brought, so that the further development of the fruit tree industry and the sustainable development of the agricultural ecological environment are seriously restricted. With the improvement of living standard of people and the aggravation of fruit market competition at home and abroad, the fruit production in China is changing from quantity type to quality type, the consumers have increasingly strong appeal on safe, high-quality and green fruits, and the requirements on the quality and the safety of the fruits are higher and higher. In the orchard management, an ecological conservation type orchard soil fertility mode is sought, a double-control double-reduction technology is optimized, innovated and popularized, a good orchard production system is constructed, and the method is an important premise for ensuring the production of green/pollution-free fruits and realizing the sustainable development of the fruit tree planting industry. Therefore, in order to create good conditions which are beneficial to the growth and development of fruit trees, how to improve the micro-ecology and microclimate of the orchard, conserve water and soil, improve the soil quality of the orchard and the diversity of beneficial organisms and combine with other orchard management measures to reduce the investment of irrigation water, pesticide and fertilizer and labor to a certain extent, the method is a problem to be solved urgently in the ecological, intensive, efficient and sustainable production of fruits in the area.

The mushroom dregs are culture medium waste left after the product is harvested in the cultivation process of the edible mushrooms. China is a large edible fungus producing country, and in recent years, with the development of edible fungus production, the number of waste fungus bags produced after edible fungi are produced in various places is increased year by year. According to the statistics of the edible fungus association in China, the total yield of edible fungi in 2016 reaches 3596.7 ten thousand tons. According to the average 60% of the biological efficiency of the edible fungi, about 5994 ten thousand tons of waste fungus bags are generated by the edible fungi in 2016 years, if the water content is 55%, the waste dry fungus dregs are also up to 2697.3 ten thousand tons and are huge in quantity, wherein the waste dry fungus dregs account for more than one proportion: 566.8 ten thousand tons of agaricus bisporus fungus dregs, 458.7 ten thousand tons of oyster mushroom fungus dregs, 512.4 ten thousand tons of mushroom fungus dregs and 289.3 ten thousand tons of agaric fungus dregs. However, how to treat the waste fungus bags, which is environment-friendly and can bring certain economic benefits, is not well solved all the time, the traditional method for treating the waste fungus bags still burns or directly discards the waste fungus bags, but the waste fungus bags can only rapidly obtain about 10% of heat energy in the waste fungus bags after burning, and the waste fungus bags are unreasonably utilized for biomass. A large amount of mushroom residues which cannot be treated are taken as garbage to be poured into rivers, roads, farmlands and the like at will, so that not only is the ecological environment seriously influenced, but also a large amount of resources are wasted, and a large amount of waste mushroom bags are piled on the spot or directly applied into the farmlands every year, so that on one hand, a large amount of agricultural resources are wasted greatly; the basic number of mixed bacteria in the edible fungus cultivation environment is increased continuously, the deterioration of the surrounding environment, the propagation of bacteria and the spread of diseases are caused, the living environment of nearby residents is seriously influenced, the pollution of the edible fungus cultivation is more and more serious, the yield and the benefit of the edible fungus cultivation are seriously influenced, and the harm is great to the surrounding edible fungus industry. The decomposed mushroom dregs have high nutrient content and are beneficial to the growth of crops, so that the mushroom dregs serving as organic fertilizer raw materials are an important resource utilization way.

Chufa (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativusBoeck.) is a plant of genus cyperus of family cyperaceae, is introduced from former soviet union in 1952 and is newly introduced from bulgaria in 1960 in coastal areas of the original producing areas. The cyperus esculentus has a long cultivation history, and the cyperus esculentus tubers contain 20-36% of grease, 20-25% of starch, 15-20% of sugar and 3-15% of protein. The fatty acid composition of the cyperus esculentus oil is similar to that of olive oil, and the cyperus esculentus oil is high-quality edible oil and can be processed into biodiesel. Because of strong adaptability, simple cultivation management and less diseases, the cultivation is carried out in more than 20 provinces and municipalities and autonomous regions in China from Yunnan to northeast and from Xinjiang to Fujian. Through introduction, cultivation and observation in 2012, the cyperus esculentus can be used as a high-quality green manure and has the following advantages: 1. in the area north of the 0 ℃ isotherm of 1 month in China,tubers left in the soil do not sprout in autumn, when the temperature of a 0-20 cm soil layer is reduced to be less than or equal to 8 ℃ in winter and the duration time reaches 20 days or more, all tubers lose the sprouting capacity, various components in the tubers are well reserved and quickly decomposed, and the tubers are converted into a large amount of nutrient substances to return to the soil, so that the soil fertility can be quickly improved. This property also avoids the possibility of cyperus bean escaping as a malignant weed. 2. The plant height is less than 70cm, the root depth is less than 30cm, the plant is mostly concentrated in a soil layer of 5-15 cm, and the plant does not compete for water and fertilizer with crops; 3. the plant is a C4 plant, has high carbon dioxide fixation efficiency and water utilization rate, strong adaptability, drought resistance, barren resistance, salt and alkali resistance, less diseases, easy management, rapid growth and propagation and large biomass; 4. the leaves mainly comprise cellulose hemicellulose, the plants basically do not contain lignin, the humification speed of residues is high, and the organic matter content of soil can be rapidly improved.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a novel method for ecologically conserving soil and fertilizing in northern orchards by adopting a method of 'cyperus esculentus green manure + bacterial dreg compost + biological microbial inoculum' and combining with interline grass, organic materials and biological microbial inoculum.

The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:

a northern orchard ecological conservation soil fertility improvement method comprises the following steps:

i, stacking and fermenting the fungus dregs.

(1) And time: the method is carried out 7-8 months in the 1 st year.

(2) And a field: an open cement land or a nursery is selected. The unhardened ground is covered with a layer of waterproof plastic cloth, so that the bacteria residue is prevented from being polluted by mixed bacteria and worm eggs after the unhardened ground is directly contacted with the ground.

(3) And mixing materials: and stripping the mushroom dregs from the waste mushroom bags, crushing, and spraying water to mix the materials. The ratio of water consumption to the bacteria dregs is (water: bacteria dregs = 30-40: 70-60, W/W), when visually judging, the mixed bacteria dregs are grabbed by hands, and are tightly held by force, and water drops are preferably seeped out but do not drip between finger joints.

(4) Building a pile: the strip stacking method is adopted. The width of the material pile is 1.0-2.0 m, the height is 0.6-1.0 m, and the length is determined according to the field and the amount of the mushroom dregs. After the material is piled up, the periphery of the material is compacted by shovels, so that the pile edge is inclined, and the pile top is arched to form a turtle-back shape. In order to facilitate ventilation and fermentation, 1 line of air holes are vertically punched downwards on the top of the material pile by using a wood rod with the diameter of 5-8 cm, the depth reaches the central part of the material pile, 1 line of air holes are respectively punched in the middle parts of two sides of the material pile, the depth of the air holes respectively reaches the bottom of the material pile, and the distance between the air holes is 30-40 cm.

(5) Turning over: after the pile is built, a thermometer is inserted on the material pile, and the material temperature is monitored. And after the temperature of the materials is uniformly increased to 45-50 ℃, maintaining for 3-5 days, and turning the pile for the 1 st time. And (4) after turning, stacking and punching according to the method in the step (4). And maintaining for 3-5 days when the temperature in the materials reaches above 60 ℃ and turning the piles for the 2 nd time. Then, the pile is turned over for 3 rd and 4 th times in the same way (after the temperature in the material reaches above 60 ℃ and is maintained for 3-5 days). And (4) finishing fermentation after turning the pile for the 4 th time, and opening the mushroom dregs for cooling. The fermented mushroom dregs are brown, soft, odorless and completely decomposed in appearance, and the fermented mushroom dregs compost is obtained.

II, application of the mushroom dreg compost and the biological agent: digging a fertilizing ditch with the width of 40cm and the height of 40cm on the street in 9 months of 1 year along the water dripping line of the outer edge of the crown, or applying decomposed mushroom residue compost by adopting a radial fertilizing method, wherein the fertilizing amount is 1200 kg-2400 kg.667 m^-2And then spraying microbial liquid rich in bacillus subtilis, rhizobium, saccharomycete, trichoderma and the like or spraying wet microbial bran rich in bacillus subtilis, rhizobium, saccharomycete and trichoderma on the fungus dregs, wherein the spraying amount of the microbial liquid is 100-150 ml per 40cm multiplied by 1m area or 50-100 g of wet microbial bran per 40cm multiplied by 1m area. And finally, covering 3-5 cm of soil on the soil, and raking.

III, soil preparation: soil preparation is carried out in the middle of 4 months in spring of the 2 nd year. And (4) carrying out rotary tillage on land among the lanes of the orchard to remove weeds, and then carrying out leveling and raking.

IV, Cyperus esculentus seed treatment: and (5) sowing seeds by using tubers. Soaking tubers in water for 24-48 hours before sowing, fishing out the tubers, and drying in the shade for 24 hours to realize sowing.

V, nutgrass flatsedgeBean sowing: sowing in late 4-month to early 5-month days, wherein the row spacing is 35-45 cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, 1-2 seeds are sown in each hole, the sowing depth is 5-7 cm, and the seed consumption is 5-8 kg/667m²(ii) a The distance between the outer edge of the intercropping bean ridge and the trunk of the fruit tree is 0.3-0.7 m.

VI, intertillage of the cyperus esculentus: when the cyperus esculentus seedlings grow to 10-25 cm, intertilling and weeding for 1-2 times according to the weed quantity, and no intertilling is carried out after ridge sealing.

VII, applying appropriate trace element fertilizers according to needs for different fruit trees in the growth and development period.

VIII, turning over and pressing cyperus esculentus: when the overground part begins to wither and yellow in 10 months, tubers in the soil are kept from being harvested, the cyperus esculentus is completely turned into the soil by using a rotary cultivator, and after the cyperus esculentus is rotted in winter, the organic matter content, the soil porosity, the water content, the soil aggregate structure and the like can be rapidly improved.

IX, then applying the mushroom dregs and the biological agent again according to the steps I to VIII every year, planting the cyperus esculentus and turning over the pressure.

The method of the invention has the following advantages:

1. compared with the management mode of 'clear tillage + herbicide + fertilizer', the method of 'cyperus esculentus green manure + bacterial dreg compost + biological fungicide' can quickly improve the content of organic matters in soil, and the organic matters in the soil can influence various characteristics of the soil, so that the method is a key point for ensuring the health of the soil. In addition, the mode has the equivalent effects of keeping water and soil, improving the water content of the soil, optimizing the ecological environment of the orchard, controlling weeds, increasing the content of microorganisms in the soil and biodiversity, and is an effective measure for improving the ecological and soil physicochemical properties of the orchard, preventing and controlling the non-point source pollution of the orchard and improving the productivity of the orchard.

2. Compared with the management mode of 'clear tillage + herbicide + fertilizer', the method of 'cyperus esculentus green manure + bacterial dreg compost + biological fungicide' can obviously improve the quality and yield of fruits and improve the content of nutrient substances in the fruits.

3. The applied organic fertilizer is decomposed mushroom dreg compost which is rich in nutrient content, a large amount of microorganisms are input into soil, the activity of the microorganisms and the activity of soil enzymes are improved due to environmental improvement, and the nutrient availability of the soil is further improved, so that the mushroom dreg compost can achieve the effects of improving the soil, increasing the permeability of the soil, improving the physicochemical property, relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of crops, improving the quality of the crops and increasing the yield and income. In addition, the fungus dreg extracting solution effectively degrades phenolic acid substances causing crop continuous cropping obstacles, and the continuous cropping obstacles of crops can be relieved to a certain extent by applying the fungus dreg to farmlands. The mushroom dregs are returned to the field in a composting mode, so that the waste organic materials generated in the production process of the edible mushrooms can be recycled, the environmental pollution caused by the waste organic materials is reduced, and the cost of purchasing commercial organic fertilizers by fruit growers is reduced.

4. The interline green manure cyperus esculentus has small consumption of soil nutrients, strong adaptability, drought resistance, barren resistance and saline-alkali resistance; the plants are not lignified, grow vigorously, have large biomass, are easy to mow and rot, and can quickly improve the moisture and nutrient contents of the soil in the orchard; the root system is mainly distributed on a soil layer with the depth of 5-15 cm on the ground surface, the plant height is lower than 70cm, the water consumption is low, and the competition with nutrients, moisture and space among fruit trees is small; the cutting is not needed during the growth period, so that the labor and the force are saved; the plant diseases and insect pests are not easy to occur, the weeds are few, and the labor for weeding and the use amount of pesticides are effectively saved; the growth speed is high, the line blocking/lawn forming is early, and the weeds, especially the tall or winding broad-leaved weeds such as gooseberries, amaranth, Convolvulus arvensis, morning glory and gooseberry can be inhibited; collect oil, grain, herd, raise, afforest in an organic whole, and the conditional person can carry out comprehensive utilization, improves the orchard profit.

5. Northern orchards often have serious water and soil loss, small biodiversity and poor stability of an ecological system. The cyperus esculentus planted among the fruit tree rows can cover the ground, intercept surface runoff and reduce severe evaporation of water, has the functions of conserving water and soil, improving microclimate and habitat, increasing biological diversity and stronger ecological conservation function, is favorable for forming a more stable orchard ecosystem, and is an important basis for producing pollution-free organic fruits.

6. When the cyperus esculentus is used as an oil and starch crop for cultivation, the harvest mainly comprises that a plant is dug out or pulled out of the ground manually, and then the cyperus esculentus tubers on the rhizomes are separated from the plant by manual beating to obtain the cyperus esculentus. Although the cyperus esculentus harvester is researched and developed in recent years, more tubers remain on the plant and manual collection is needed. Because no applicable cyperus esculentus harvester exists, the large-scale planting and development of the cyperus esculentus are restricted. The cyperus esculentus is applied as green manure for ecological soil fertilization, a large amount of underground cyperus esculentus tubers are not required to be harvested except for necessary seeds, and the characteristics of difficult harvesting, time and labor consumption at present are avoided, so that the cyperus esculentus can be promoted to be planted and utilized in a large scale, and the excellent characteristic of rapidly fertilizing the soil is fully exerted.

The method is reasonable in design, follows the principles of 'ecological friendliness, resource circulation, labor saving and high efficiency', comprehensively considers the factors of input cost, labor demand, environmental protection and the like according to the environmental characteristics of climate, soil and the like and the growth characteristics of fruit trees in northern areas of China, adopts the method of 'cyperus bean green manure, bacterial dreg compost and biological microbial inoculum' and combines the use of interline grass, organic materials and biological microbial inoculum to provide a northern orchard ecological conservation soil fertility mode, provides technical guidance for the application of the northern orchard ecological conservation soil fertility mode in the ecological high-efficiency production of fruits, has important significance for the reduction of fruit fertilizer and pesticide application, the improvement of quality and efficiency of agricultural production, the improvement of quality and stability of an agricultural ecosystem, the construction of green rural areas and sustainable development, and has good practical application value.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the organic matter content in soil layers of 0-20 cm of a large cherry orchard garden under the conditions of grass generation and clear ploughing of different fertilizers.

Detailed Description

The following provides a detailed description of specific embodiments of the present invention.

Example 1

i, fermenting the compost of fungus dregs

(1) And time: in the 1 st year, the operation is carried out in 7-8 months at high temperature.

(2) And a field: a wide cement land or a field garden is selected, and a layer of waterproof plastic cloth covers the unhardened ground to avoid contaminating mushroom dregs with mixed mushrooms and worm eggs after the unhardened ground is directly contacted with the ground.

(3) And mixing materials: stripping mushroom sawdust culture medium mushroom dregs from waste mushroom bags, crushing, and spraying water for stirring; the ratio of water consumption to the bacteria dregs is (water: bacteria dregs = 30: 70, W/W), when visually judging, the mixed bacteria dregs are grabbed by hands, and are tightly held by force, and water drops seep out from gaps between fingers but do not drip.

(4) Building a pile: the strip stacking method is adopted, the width of a material pile is 1.0m, the height of the material pile is 0.6m, and the length of the material pile is determined according to the field and the quantity of the mushroom dregs; after the material is piled up, the periphery of the material is compacted by shovels, so that the pile edge is slightly inclined, and the pile top is arched to form a turtle-back shape. In order to facilitate ventilation and fermentation, 1 line of air holes are vertically punched downwards on the top of the material pile by a wood rod with the diameter of 5cm, the depth reaches the central part of the material pile, 1 line of air holes are punched in the middle parts of two sides of the material pile, the depth of the air holes respectively reaches the bottom of the material pile, and the distance between the air holes is 40 cm.

(5) Turning over: after the pile is built, inserting a thermometer on the material pile, and monitoring the material temperature; after the temperature of the materials is uniformly raised to 45 ℃, maintaining for 5 days and carrying out 1 st pile turning; after turning, stacking and punching according to the method in the step (4); maintaining for 4 days when the temperature in the materials reaches above 60 ℃ and turning the piles for the 2 nd time; the same method can be carried out for 3 rd and 4 th pile turning; ending fermentation after the 4 th stack turning, and opening the mushroom dregs for cooling; the fermented mushroom dregs are brown, soft, odorless and completely decomposed in appearance, and the fermented mushroom dregs compost is obtained.

II, application of the mushroom dreg compost and the biological agent: digging a fertilizing ditch with the width of 40cm and the height of 40cm on the street in 9 months of the 1 st year along the water dripping line tangent line at the outer edge of the crown of the large cherry tree, and applying rotten mushroom residue compost with the fertilizing amount of 1500kg 667m^-2Then spraying microbial liquid rich in bacillus subtilis, rhizobium, microzyme and trichoderma on the fungus dregs, wherein the spraying amount of the microbial liquid is 120 milliliters per 40cm multiplied by 1m area, finally covering 5cm of soil on the area, and raking the area.

III, soil preparation: land preparation is carried out in the middle ten days of 4 months in spring of the 2 nd year, rotary tillage is carried out on land between the orchard streets to remove weeds, and then leveling and raking are carried out.

IV, Cyperus esculentus seed treatment: and (4) sowing seeds by using tubers, soaking the tubers in water for 48 hours before sowing, fishing out the tubers, and drying in the shade for 24 hours to obtain the seeds for sowing.

V, sowing cyperus esculentus: sowing in late 4-month to early 5-month, wherein the row spacing is 35cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, 1-2 seeds are sowed in each hole, the sowing depth is 5-7 cm, and the seed consumption is 6kg/667m²(ii) a The distance between the outer edge of the intercropping bean ridge and the trunk of the fruit tree is 0.5 m.

VI, intertillage of the cyperus esculentus: when the cyperus esculentus seedlings grow to about 15cm, intertillage weeding is carried out for 1-2 times according to the weed quantity, and no intertillage is carried out after ridge sealing.

VII, applying a proper trace element fertilizer according to the variety of the 'red agate' fruit trees in the growth and development period.

VIII, turning over and pressing cyperus esculentus: and (3) when the overground part begins to wither and yellow in 10 months, reserving tubers in the soil and not harvesting, and completely turning the cyperus esculentus into the soil by using a rotary cultivator.

IX, applying the bacterial dregs and the biological agent again in the following years according to the steps I to VIII, planting the cyperus esculentus and turning over the pressure.

To verify the soil fertility improvement effect of the embodiment 1 of the invention, a field test was carried out in 2015-2017 in a large cherry demonstration base of university city in jin of shanxi province agricultural academy of sciences. The base is located in Zhang village in the elm district of Jinzhong city, the geographical positions of 112 degrees of east longitude and 75 degrees of northern latitude and 68 degrees of northern latitude, the altitude is 800m, the base belongs to temperate continental climate, the annual average air temperature is 9.5 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature is more than or equal to 10 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature is 3300 ℃, the annual precipitation is about 450mm, the frost-free period is 165d, the total annual sunshine hours is 2636.8h, the soil is brown soil, the pH value is 8.5, the fertility is medium, and the irrigation conditions are met. Soil total nitrogen 0.61g kg before test^-1Nitrate nitrogen 12.34 mg/kg^-1Effective phosphorus of 6.17 mg/kg^-1Quick-acting potassium 122 mg/kg^-19.21 g/kg of organic matter^-1And the pH value is 8.62.

The variety to be tested is 5-year-old 'red agate' large cherry, the stock is northeast cerasus serrulata, the row spacing is 4m multiplied by 4m, the tree form is free spindle-shaped, and the fruit bearing begins in 2014. The new cyperus esculentus strain 'RD-2' bred by taking interline grass as a subject group. By adopting a fissure zone test, 2 main treatments are 'grass growing' (cyperus esculentus green manure + intertillage weeding) and 'clear tilling' (clear tilling + herbicide), and 4 auxiliary treatments are 'no fertilization (ZF)', 'recommended fertilizer application amount distribution (NPK)', and 'chicken' respectivelyManure compost fertilizer distribution (MNPK) and 'mushroom dreg compost + biological microbial inoculum (SUB)'. Each cell area is about 200m². The applied fertilizer is urea (N46%), calcium superphosphate (P)₂

O

₅16%) and potassium sulfate (K)₂O50%), organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied in autumn in a form of base fertilizer; the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is applied for 3 times, namely 50 percent of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer in autumn, 30 percent of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is applied in a topdressing mode in the flowering period and 20 percent of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is applied in the fruit expansion period. The mushroom residue compost is mushroom sawdust culture medium mushroom residue compost. The herbicide treatment is sprayed with glyphosate for 1 time in 5, 7 and 8 months respectively. Intertillage treatment is performed for 1 time by a small-sized cultivator when the cyperus esculentus grows to 15cm height between 5 months and the end of the row respectively, and weeding is performed for 1 time by a shoulder-mounted cultivator when the tree disc grows to 5 months, 7 months and 8 months respectively. The ecological conditions of each treatment area are consistent with the field management measures.

The specific test treatments and fertilizer application amounts are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1 soil fertility test treatment and fertilizing amount (kg. hm) of large cherry orchard^-2）

The nutrient content of the organic fertilizer applied in the test is shown in the table 2.

Table 2 nutrient content of organic fertilizer applied in experiment

The method comprises the steps of collecting soil samples before turning and pressing cyperus esculentus in 2016 and 2017, sampling in a 5-point zigzag mode, vertically drilling 0-20 cm of soil, fully and uniformly mixing three repeated soil samples, removing impurities such as plant residues, root systems and stones, sieving, weighing, and after the soil samples are dried, determining the physicochemical properties of the soil. The content of organic matters in soil layers of 0-20 cm in the large cherry orchard lawn nursery with different fertilizer distribution under the conditions of grass generation and clear ploughing is shown in figure 1.

The content of macroelements and the pH value in a 0-20 cm soil layer after the grass generation and the clear tillage of the large cherry orchard under different fertilizer matching conditions are shown in a table 3.

TABLE 3 macroelement content and pH value in 0-20 cm soil layer after grass generation and clear tillage of large cherry orchard under different fertilizer allocation

As can be seen from fig. 1, the organic matter content of the soil in the treatments of cyperus esculentus grass growing and application of the "mushroom dreg compost + biological fungicide (SUB)" under the clear ploughing condition in 2016 years is significantly higher than that in the treatments of "no fertilizer application (ZF)", "recommended fertilizer application amount distribution (NPK)", and "chicken manure compost fertilizer distribution (MNPK)". Wherein the content of organic matters in soil in the treatment combination of the cyperus esculentus, the fungus residue compost and the biological agent is the highest and reaches 13.99 g.kg^-1Is more than the treatment combination of 'chufa grass growing + no fertilizer application' (11.39 g kg)^-1) Higher than 22.83%, compared with the 'chufa grass growth and recommended fertilizer application amount distribution' (12.15 g kg)^-1) 15.09 percent higher than the fertilizer prepared by cyperus esculentus, green grass and chicken manure compost (12.40 g kg)^-1) 12.76% higher than the standard of 'clear ploughing + herbicide + no fertilizer' (8.90 g.kg)^-1) 57.15 percent higher than the ratio of 'clear ploughing, herbicide and recommended fertilizer application amount distribution' (9.21 g kg)^-1) 51.86 percent higher than that of 'clear ploughing + herbicide + chicken manure compost fertilizer distribution' (9.98 g.kg)^-1) 40.19 percent higher than that of the combination of 'clear ploughing, bacterial dreg compost and biological agent' (11.76 g.kg)^-1) The height is 18.93 percent. Similarly, the content of organic matters in the soil in the treatment of the cyperus esculentus grass and the application of the ' mushroom dreg compost + biological microbial inoculum ' under the clearing condition in 2017 years is obviously higher than that in the treatment of contrast and other treatments, wherein the content of the organic matters in the soil in the treatment combination of the cyperus esculentus grass, the mushroom dreg compost and the biological microbial inoculum ' reaches 17.49 g.kg^-1Compared with the combination of 'clear ploughing + bacterial dreg compost + biological agent' (13.78 g.kg)^-1) 26.87% higher than that of the fertilizer prepared by cyperus esculentus, green grass and chicken manure compost (15.85 g kg)^-1) The content is 35.89 percent, which shows that the treatment combination of the cyperus bean grass, the mushroom dreg compost and the biological agent has rapid and obvious effect of improving the organic matter content of the soil. As can be seen from Table 3, in 2016 and 2017, the total nitrogen in the soil in the combination of "Cyperus esculentus grass + mushroom dreg compost + biological agent" treatmentThe contents of available phosphorus and available potassium are obviously higher than those of other treatment combinations, and the pH value of the soil is reduced to 8.14 after the soil is fertilized for 2 years in 2017 and is obviously lower than those of the other treatment combinations. Therefore, the combination of the cyperus esculentus green manure, the bacterial dreg compost and the biological agent can not only improve the soil nutrient rapidly, but also reduce the soil pH value, and has extremely obvious effect on the fertilization of the soil in northern orchards. In addition, the scheme does not use a large amount of chemical fertilizers and herbicides, and is a sustainable development mode for promoting reduced application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and ecological conservation in the orchard.

Example 2

i, fermenting the compost of fungus dregs

(3) And mixing materials: stripping mushroom cottonseed hull culture medium mushroom dregs from the waste mushroom bags, crushing, and spraying water for stirring; the ratio of water consumption to the bacteria dregs is (water: bacteria dregs = 40: 60, W/W), when visually judging, the mixed bacteria dregs are grabbed by hands, and are tightly held with force, and water drops seep out from gaps between fingers but do not drip.

(4) Building a pile: the strip stacking method is adopted, the width of a material pile is 2.0m, the height of the material pile is 1.0m, and the length of the material pile is determined according to the field and the quantity of the mushroom dregs; after the material is piled up, the periphery of the material is compacted by shovels, so that the periphery of the pile edge is inclined, and the top of the pile is arched to form a turtle-back shape. In order to facilitate ventilation and fermentation, 1 line of air holes are vertically punched downwards on the top of the material pile by using a wood rod with the diameter of 8cm, the depth reaches the central part of the material pile, 1 line of air holes are punched in the middle parts of two sides of the material pile, the depth of the air holes respectively reaches the bottom of the material pile, and the distance between the air holes is 35 cm.

(5) Turning over: after the pile is built, inserting a thermometer on the material pile, and monitoring the material temperature; when the temperature of the materials is uniformly increased to 50 ℃, maintaining for 3 days, and turning the piles for the 1 st time; after turning, stacking and punching according to the method in the step (4); maintaining for 5 days when the temperature in the materials reaches above 60 ℃ and turning the piles for the 2 nd time; the same method can be carried out for 3 rd and 4 th pile turning; ending fermentation after the 4 th stack turning, and opening the mushroom dregs for cooling; the fermented mushroom dregs are brown, soft, odorless and completely decomposed in appearance, and the fermented mushroom dregs compost is obtained.

II, application of the mushroom dreg compost and the biological agent: in 9 months of 1 year, applying decomposed mushroom dreg compost by radial fertilization with the fertilizing amount of 1600kg 667m^-2Then, microorganism wet fungus chaff rich in bacillus subtilis, rhizobium, microzyme and trichoderma is spread on the fungus dregs, and 80 g of wet fungus chaff is spread on an area of 40cm multiplied by 1 m. And finally, covering 3cm of soil on the soil, and raking the soil.

IV, Cyperus esculentus seed treatment: and (4) sowing seeds by using tubers, soaking the tubers in water for 36 hours before sowing, fishing out the tubers, and drying in the shade for 24 hours to obtain the seeds for sowing.

V, sowing cyperus esculentus: sowing in late 4-month to early 5-month, wherein the row spacing is 40cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, 1-2 seeds are sowed in each hole, the sowing depth is 5-7 cm, and the seed consumption is 5kg/667m²(ii) a The distance between the outer edge of the intercropping bean ridge and the trunk of the fruit tree is 0.5 m.

VII, applying a proper trace element fertilizer according to the variety of the Yulu Xiang fruit trees in the growth and development period.

IX, applying the mushroom dregs again in the following years according to the steps I to VIII, planting the cyperus esculentus, and turning over the pressure.

In order to verify the soil fertility improvement effect of the embodiment 2 of the invention, a field test was carried out in the Yulu bergamot pear demonstration base in Xingxing county of Shanxi province in 2015-2017. The base is located in the city of Shanxi province, Xingxing county and county, has the height of 20km in the west and the altitude of 1100And m belongs to a temperate zone continental monsoon climate, the annual average temperature is 8 ℃, the annual accumulated temperature is 3160 ℃ at the temperature of more than or equal to 10 ℃, the annual precipitation is 493mm or so, the frost-free period is 147d, the total annual sunshine hours are 2600h, the soil is yellow cotton soil, and the irrigation conditions are met. Soil total nitrogen 0.98 g/kg before test^-1Nitrate nitrogen 18.30 mg/kg^-113.28 mg/kg of available phosphorus^-1Quick-acting potassium 143 mg/kg^-110.32 g/kg of organic matter^-1And pH 8.33.

The variety to be tested is 6-year-old Yulu Xiang pear, the stock is the Du pear, the row spacing is 4m multiplied by 4m, the tree shape is free spindle-shaped, and fruit bearing begins in 2014. The new cyperus esculentus strain 'RD-2' bred by taking interline grass as a subject group. A random block test is adopted, 3 treatments are respectively NPK (chemical fertilizer application + clear plowing + herbicide), MNPK (sheep manure compost chemical fertilizer application + clear plowing + herbicide) and SUBG (bacterial dreg compost + biological fungicide + cyperus bean green manure + intertillage weeding), and each treatment is repeated for 3 times. Each cell area is about 200m². The applied fertilizer is urea (N46.4%) and calcium superphosphate (P)₂

O

₅16%) and potassium sulfate (K)₂O51%), organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied in autumn in a form of base fertilizer; the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is applied for 3 times, namely 50 percent of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer in autumn, 30 percent of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is applied in a topdressing mode in the flowering period and 20 percent of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is applied in the fruit expansion period. The mushroom dreg compost is mushroom dreg compost of mushroom cottonseed hull culture medium, and adopts a radial fertilization method, wherein the fertilization amount is 1600 kg.667 m^-2. The herbicide treatment is sprayed with glyphosate for 1 time in 5, 7 and 8 months respectively. The intertillage treatment is performed by intertillage 1 time when the cyperus esculentus grows to about 15cm height between 5 months and the end of the row respectively, and manual intertillage weeding is performed 1 time when the tree is planted for 5 months, 7 months and 8 months respectively. The ecological conditions of each treatment area are consistent with the field management measures. The specific test treatments and the fertilizer application amounts are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 fertilization test treatment and fertilization amount (kg. hm) of Yulu bergamot pear orchard soil^-2）

The method comprises the steps of collecting soil samples before turning and pressing cyperus esculentus in 2016 and 2017, sampling in a 5-point zigzag mode, vertically drilling 0-20 cm of soil, fully and uniformly mixing three repeated soil samples, removing impurities such as plant residues, root systems and stones, sieving, weighing, and after the soil samples are dried, determining the physicochemical properties of the soil. The nutrient content and the pH value of a 0-20 cm soil layer after the grass growing and the clear ploughing of a Yulu bergamot pear orchard are matched with different fertilizers are shown in a table 5.

TABLE 5 nutrient content and pH value in 0-20 cm soil layer after different fertilizers are applied under the conditions of grass generation and clear ploughing in Yulu bergamot pear orchard

Before the Yulu bergamot pears are ripe and harvested in 9-month middle ten days of 2017, 5 representative trees are selected for each treatment, 5 fruits are randomly taken in the east, south, west, north and middle directions of each tree respectively, 125 treated fruits are mixed and marked, and the mixture is placed in a 0 ℃ refrigerator for quality analysis. The quality parameter values of the Yulu fragrant fruits treated by different fertilizers are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 quality and yield analysis of Yulu fragrant fruits treated with different fertilizes (2017)

As can be seen from Table 5, in 2016, the content of organic matters in soil reaches 14.53 g/kg in the processes of' mushroom residue compost + biological fungicide + inter-row cyperus esculentus + intertillage weeding (SUBG)^-1Compared with the treatments of 'fertilizer distribution, clear ploughing and herbicide (NPK)' and 'sheep manure compost fertilizer distribution, clear ploughing and herbicide (MNPK)', the treatment efficiency is improved by 5.60 percent and 38.78 percent respectively. In 2017, the organic matter content of soil is further increased to 18.92 g.kg in the treatment of' mushroom dreg compost, biological agent and cyperus esculentus (SUBG)^-1Compared with the treatments of 'fertilizer application, clearing and ploughing + herbicide (NPK)' and 'sheep manure compost fertilizer application, clearing and ploughing + herbicide (MNPK)', the treatment efficiency is respectively improved by 18.75 percent and 79.25 percent. The contents of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil in two years are all in the treatment of' mushroom dreg compost + biological fungicide + planting cyperus esculentus (SUBG)The pH value of the soil is obviously lower than that of the other treatments, wherein the treatments are 'fertilizer preparation + clear tillage + herbicide (NPK)' and 'sheep manure compost fertilizer preparation + clear tillage + herbicide (MNPK)'. As can be seen from Table 6, the hardness of the Yulu bergamot pear fruits in the 'mushroom residue compost + biological fungicide + planting cyperus esculentus in row and intertillage weeding (SUBG)' treatment in 2017 is 7.20 kg cm^-2The treatment efficiency is respectively reduced by 7.26 percent and 3.10 percent compared with the treatment of 'fertilizer distribution + clear tillage + herbicide (NPK)' and 'sheep manure compost fertilizer distribution + clear tillage + herbicide (MNPK)'; the titratable acid content of the fruit is 0.073 percent, and the titratable acid content is not remarkably different from the treatment of 'sheep manure compost fertilizer preparation + clear ploughing + herbicide (MNPK)', but is improved by 11.68 percent compared with the treatment of 'fertilizer preparation + clear ploughing + herbicide (NPK)'; the content of soluble sugar in the fruits is obviously increased to 8.12 percent, which is 30.91 percent and 4.02 percent higher than the treatment of 'fertilizer distribution, clear tillage and herbicide (NPK)' and 'sheep manure compost fertilizer distribution, clear tillage and herbicide (MNPK)'; the content of soluble solids of the fruits is remarkably increased to 12.91 percent, which is respectively increased by 6.34 percent and 2.27 percent compared with the treatment of 'fertilizer distribution, clear tillage and herbicide (NPK)' and 'sheep manure compost fertilizer distribution, clear tillage and herbicide (MNPK)'; the fruit yield reaches 28.57 hm^-2The yield is increased by 38.23 percent and 12.76 percent respectively compared with the treatments of 'fertilizer application, clearing and weeding agent (NPK)' and 'sheep manure compost fertilizer application, clearing and weeding agent (MNPK)'. Therefore, compared with the combination of ' fertilizer application, clear tillage and herbicide ' and ' sheep manure compost fertilizer application, clear tillage and herbicide ', the combination of ' cyperus bean green manure, mushroom dreg compost, biological fungicide ' and intertillage weeding ' adopted in the scheme can obviously improve the content of organic matters, total nitrogen and available nutrients in soil of northern orchards, obviously reduce the pH value of the soil and have obvious effect of improving the yield and quality of fruits. In addition, because the combination of the scheme does not use a large amount of fertilizers and herbicides, the method is a good mode for orchard soil quality improvement, habitat adjustment, green production and sustainable development.

Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, and although the detailed description is made with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention and shall be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. The ecological conserving soil fertility improvement method for northern orchards is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

i, fermenting the compost of fungus dregs

(1) And time: 7-8 months in the 1 st year;

(2) and a field: selecting an open cement land or a field garden;

(3) and mixing materials: stripping mushroom dregs from the waste mushroom bags, crushing, and spraying water for stirring; the mass ratio of water consumption to mushroom dregs is 30-40: 70-60 parts of;

(4) building a pile: a strip stacking method is adopted, the width of a material pile is 1.0-2.0 m, the height is 0.6-1.0 m, and the length is determined according to the field and the amount of the mushroom dregs; after the material is piled up, the periphery is tamped, so that the pile edge is inclined, and the pile top is arched; vertically drilling a row of air holes with the diameter of 5-8 cm downwards at the top of the material pile, wherein the depth reaches the central part of the material pile, respectively drilling a row of air holes at two sides of the material pile, wherein the depth of the air holes respectively reaches the bottom of the material pile, and the distance between the air holes is 30-40 cm;

(5) turning over: after the pile is built, inserting a thermometer on the material pile, and monitoring the material temperature; after the temperature of the materials is uniformly increased to 45-50 ℃, maintaining for 3-5 days and turning the piles for the 1 st time; after turning, stacking and punching according to the method in the step (4); maintaining for 3-5 days when the temperature in the materials reaches above 60 ℃ and turning the piles for the 2 nd time; the same method can be carried out for 3 rd and 4 th pile turning; ending fermentation after the 4 th stack turning, and opening the mushroom dregs for cooling;

II, application of the mushroom dreg compost and the biological agent: digging a fertilizing ditch with the width of 40cm and the height of 40cm on the street in 9 months of 1 year along the water dripping line of the outer edge of the crown, or applying decomposed mushroom residue compost by adopting a radial fertilizing method, wherein the fertilizing amount is 1200 kg-2400 kg.667 m^-2Then spraying microbial liquid rich in bacillus subtilis, rhizobium, saccharomycete and trichoderma or spraying wet microbial bran rich in bacillus subtilis, rhizobium, saccharomycete and trichoderma on the fungus dregs, wherein the spraying amount of the microbial liquid is 100 to 100 cm in each area of 40cm multiplied by 1mSpraying 50-100 g of wet fungus chaff on a 150 ml or 40cm multiplied by 1m area, finally covering 3-5 cm of soil on the wet fungus chaff, and raking the wet fungus chaff;

III, soil preparation: land preparation is carried out in the middle ten days of 4 months in spring of the 2 nd year, rotary tillage is carried out on land between the orchard streets to remove weeds, and then leveling and raking are carried out;

IV, Cyperus esculentus seed treatment: sowing seeds by using tubers, soaking the tubers in water for 24-48 hours before sowing, taking out the tubers, and drying the tubers in the shade for 24 hours to realize sowing;

v, sowing cyperus esculentus: sowing in late 4-month to early 5-month days, wherein the row spacing is 35-45 cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, 1-2 seeds are sown in each hole, the sowing depth is 5-7 cm, and the seed consumption is 5-8 kg/667m²(ii) a The distance between the outer edge of the intercropping bean ridge and the trunk of the fruit tree is 0.3-0.7 m;

VI, intertillage of the cyperus esculentus: when the cyperus esculentus seedlings grow to 10-25 cm, intertilling and weeding for 1-2 times according to the weed quantity, and no intertilling is carried out after ridge sealing;

VII, applying trace element fertilizers to different fruit trees in the growth and development period according to needs;

VIII, turning over and pressing cyperus esculentus: when the overground part begins to wither and yellow in 10 months, reserving tubers in the soil not to be harvested, and completely turning the cyperus esculentus into the soil by using a rotary cultivator;

IX, applying the bacterial dregs and the biological agent again according to the steps I to VIII every year, planting the cyperus esculentus and turning over the pressure.