CN1091119A - 羧酸的制备方法 - Google Patents
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- C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
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- C07C67/37—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates by reaction of ethers with carbon monoxide
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Abstract
具(n+1)个碳原子的脂族羧酸可用以下方法制得
(其中n是一个1-6的整数):在高温、15-200巴压
力以及载有铜、镍、铱、铑或钻的丝光沸石催化剂存在
的条件下,使具n个碳原子的脂族醇或其活性衍生
物与一氧化碳接触。
Description
本发明涉及羧酸的制备方法,即在经金属交换的或载有金属的沸石催化剂存在下,将具n个碳原子的醇或其活性衍生物与一氧化碳反应来制备具(n+1)个碳原子的羧酸。
例如由甲醇和一氧化碳制备乙酸是众所周知的羰基化法的例子,并且已用于工业生产。在工业上,该方法按均匀液相法实施,其中,羰基化反应由可溶性的铑/碘化物络合物和烷基碘如碘甲烷催化。该方法的主要缺点是使用了可产生腐蚀问题的碘化物而且产物和催化剂组分难于从一相中分离。若能开发出用无碘化物的固体催化剂的多相气相法,则可以克服这两个缺点。
GB 1185453公开了某些含载于载体上的催化活性金属的多相催化剂;所述金属特别包括铜、铑和铱,所述载体物质的范围很宽,包括硅石、氧化铝、碳、沸石、粘土和聚合物。这些多相催化剂被认为可用于在卤化物助催化剂存在下甲醇与乙酸的多相气相羰基化。GB 1277242公开了一个类似的方法。但在上述两项专利的实施例中都没有使用沸石。
US 4612387公开了一羧酸和酯的制备方法,它包括:在至少一个大气压并在结晶硅铝酸盐沸石存在下使一氧化碳与具1-4个碳原子的一元醇接触;所述硅铝酸盐沸石中二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率至少约为6,而且其限制系数(constraint index)在1-12范围内。根据这个定义,最优选的沸石是ZSM-5、ZSM-11、ZSM-12、ZSM-38和ZSM-35,其中以ZSM-5为最佳。实施例Ⅵ操作30中提到了丝光沸石类的沸石,其限制系数为0.4,即在所述的范围之外;该实验表明氢形式无催化作用。该专利中所定义的优选的沸石最好是被改性成与ⅠB、ⅡB、ⅣB或Ⅷ族金属结合的形式,所述金属中以铜为最佳。
J.Catalysis,71,233-43(1981)报道了用光电子能谱法(ESCA)测定铑丝光沸石催化剂和其它载于载体上的铑催化剂用于将甲醇羰基化成乙酸的活性。但未探讨反应温度和压力对催化剂活性的影响。
DE 3606169公开了乙酸、乙酸甲酯和/或二甲醚的制备方法,即在含钴沸石或混有钴盐的沸石的存在下将无水甲醇、乙酸甲酯和/或二甲醚羰基化。该羰基化可在卤化物存在下进行。按照该专利,优选的沸石是pentasil类的,其孔径大小介于沸石A和沸石X与Y之间。例举的沸石中又包括了ZSM-5类型。
最后,Chemistry Letters第2047-2050页(1984)涉及了在无卤素助催化剂存在下甲醇的气相羰基化。该文的表1中提到了在200℃及10巴压力下实施的三个实例。其中,卤素丝光沸石和铜丝光沸石被用作催化剂。在所有这三个实例中,产率均低于用基于ZSM-5催化剂的相似实验的产率。
由上述先有技术来看,需要解决的问题是开发出由醇和一氧化碳制备羧酸的多相气相法,该方法在基本上无卤素或其衍生物存在下采用载有金属的沸石催化剂。所述方法优于前述用其它沸石的最佳方法。
现已发现,若羰基化过程在温度>300℃且压力>15巴的条件下进行,则令人惊讶的是,衍生自丝光沸石的催化剂优于基于沸石ZSM-5的催化剂。
本发明提供具(n+1)个碳原子的脂族羧酸的制备方法,其中n是一个1-6的整数。所述制备方法包括:在有催化剂但基本上无卤素或其衍生物存在的条件下使具n个碳原子的脂族醇或其活性衍生物与一氧化碳接触。所述催化剂主要由已进行过离子交换或载有铜、镍、铱、铑或钴的丝光沸石所组成。所述制备方法的特征在于:该方法在温度在300-600℃范围内且压力在15-200巴范围内的条件下实施。
本发明通过用改性的丝光沸石催化剂在高温和高压条件下生产高产率的羧酸及其衍生物而解决了上述问题。该发现能够用丝光沸石通过高温和高压条件下操作而实现是惊人的,这是因为,按照用上述的Chemistry Letters对比文献中所述的ZSM-5和沸石Y的工艺,增高温度预计只会通过消耗羧酸而提高烃的产率。
本发明方法包括脂族醇的羰基化。然而一般可用于该方法的脂族醇特别适合于具不超过6个碳原子的脂族醇,以不超过3个碳原子的为佳。其中,最优先选用甲醇,这是因为,相应的羧酸产物-乙酸是工业上重要的化学药品。而所述方法同样适用于由乙醇和正丙醇分别合成丙酸和丁酸。
所用的脂族醇也可以通过投入水和脂族醇与产物羧酸的酯的混合物而在催化剂上或其附近就地生成;或者,可以投入相应醚和水的混合物。
该方法的产物或者是增1个碳原子的脂族羧酸,或者是例如该脂族羧酸与原脂族醇反应剂的酯。当然,用已知方法可很容易地从酯中释出脂族羧酸。
所用一氧化碳的纯度被认为并不是特别重要的,不过,使用一氧化碳为主要成分的气体混合物是比较理想的。允许有少量氮气和稀有气体存在,其含量同市售合成气样品中允许的含氢量。
如上所述,本发明方法中所用的催化剂是已进行过离子交换或者是载有铜、镍、铱、铑或钴的丝光沸石。丝光沸石的结构众所周知,其确定的结构见例如W.M.Meier和D.H.Olson“沸石结构类型图谱集”,由Structrue Commission of the International Zeolite Association于1978年出版。此外,其特征在于:限制系数为0.4,二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率在8∶1-20∶1的范围内。本领域技术人员公知,二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率可以通过使用脱铝(de-alumination)技术,如水热处理或酸沥滤丝光沸石来提高。丝光沸石也具有特征的X-射线粉末衍射图案,这对于本领域技术人员来说是公知的。就本发明方法而言,优选二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率在8∶1-50∶1范围内的丝光沸石,以在10∶1-30∶1范围内的为佳,以在15∶1-25∶1范围内的为最好。
丝光沸石在用作催化剂前被离子交换或者载以铜、铑、铱或钴。若将丝光沸石进行离子交换,则可用公知技术将沸石中达80%可交换阳离子的位点用例如Cu2+、Ir3+或Rh3+离子交换。留在交换过的丝光沸石中的阳离子最好是质子,因此由铵或氢型开始交换过程是合适的。
作为离子交换的替换方法,铵型或氢型丝光沸石可以用金属的盐溶液浸渍,然后干燥。若使用铵型,则承载或交换后最好将丝光沸石锻烧。用量最好是以能生产出金属含量为催化剂总重量的0.5-10%的催化剂为准。
在上述两种情况下,该丝光沸石催化剂最好在高温及充氮、一氧化碳或氢的条件下活化至少一小时后立即使用。
本发明方法适宜通过使甲醇蒸气和一氧化碳气体通过催化剂的固定床或流化床来进行,所述催化剂维持在所需的温度和压力下。该方法基本上是在无碘化物存在的情况下进行的。换句话说,进气和催化剂中碘化物的含量低于500ppm,低于100ppm则更好。本方法在下述条件下实施:温度在300-600℃、最好是在300-400℃的范围内,压力在15-200巴、最好是在25-100巴范围内。一氧化碳与供给催化剂的甲醇的比率适宜在1∶1-60∶1的范围内,以1∶1-30∶1为佳,以2∶1-10∶1为最好。若将甲醇以液体的形式送至催化剂床,则甲醇的液时空速(LHSV)最好应在0.5-2的范围内。
在本发明的实施方案中已经发现,进料在接触氧化铝床或二氧化硅-氧化铝床后立即接触催化剂床可大大提高催化剂的活性。该预床与催化剂床的体积比适宜在1∶10-10∶1的范围内,以2∶1-1∶2为佳。
由本发明方法生产的羧酸可以蒸气的形式移出,然后冷凝成液体。随后可用标准的蒸馏技术将该羧酸纯化。
现将本发明用以下实施例举例说明。
载有金属的沸石催化剂用金属盐溶液的湿浸渍来制备。下列实施例说明了酸型丝光沸石以及荷有铜、铑和铱的各种酸型沸石的一般制备方法。
实施例1
H-丝光沸石(SiO2/Al2O3=12.6)的制备
将80g钠型丝光沸石(购自Laporte,M2级,SiO2/Al2O3=12.6)于80℃用800ml 1.5M NH4NO3溶液制淤浆4小时。然后将样品过滤,用大量的蒸馏水洗涤后于100℃干燥。将该过程重复两次制得铵型。然后通过将其于500℃加热2小时,而将铵型转化成酸型。
实施例2
Cu/H-丝光沸石(1)(SiO2/Al2O3=12.6)的制备
将Cu(NO3)2·3HO(6.88g)溶于100cm3蒸馏水中,将该溶液与50.00g铵型丝光沸石(以上制得的)一起制淤浆。将混合物蒸发至干,于100℃加热16小时,然后于500℃锻烧2小时。化学分析表明,该固体含3.8重量%铜。
对比试验A
Cu/H-ZSM-5的制备
除所用的沸石是铵型ZSM-5(购自PQ,SiO2/Al2O3=35.0)外,制备方法与实施例2相同。
对比试验B
Cu/H-Y的制备
制备方法与实施例2相同,但所用的沸石是铵型沸石Y(购自Laporte,SiO2/Al2O3=3.1)。
实施例3
Rh/H-丝光沸石的制备
将243cm30.01M RhCl3溶液与25g铵型丝光沸石(实施例1制得的)一起制淤浆。将混合物蒸发至干,于100℃干燥过夜。将该固体于500℃在空气中锻烧2小时。化学分析表明,该固体含1.0重量%铑。
实施例4
Ir/H-丝光沸石的制备
将130cm30.1M IrCl3溶液与25g铵型丝光沸石(实施例1制得的)一起制淤浆。将混合物蒸发至干,于100℃干燥过夜。然后将该固体于500℃锻烧2小时。
实施例5
Cu/H-丝光沸石(2)(SiO2/Al2O3=20)制备
制备方法与实施例2相同,但所用的沸石是组成为SiO2/Al2O3=20的铵型丝光沸石(购自PQ)。
实施例6
Cu/H-丝光沸石(3)(SiO2/Al2O3=20)的制备
制备方法同实施例2,但硝酸铜的用量增加到13.78g。
实施例7
催化试验
为研究用于将甲醇无碘化物羰基化成乙酸的这些物质的催化活性,将该沸石在有压流的(pressure flow)反应器中进行试验。将沸石催化剂制成250-850μm的丸,并将其装入反应器中。也使用催化剂预床以确保反应剂有效地混合/加热。所用的预床在试验1-7中使用的是防崩颗粒,而在试验8-11中使用的是γ-氧化铝(表面积280m2/g,粒径=250-850μm)。γ-氧化铝预床也用于将甲醇转化成二甲醚,它在催化剂床之前。将催化剂在350℃和流动氮气(100cm3/分钟)的条件下活化16小时,然后在350℃、充一氧化碳(200cm3/分钟)的条件下还原2小时。然后用吸入压力调节阀将该体系加压至25个大气压。将一氧化碳的流速调至400cm3/分钟(GHSV=2200),将甲醇用泵送至反应器(速度=0.15ml/分钟)。将液态/固态的产物和反应剂收集在冷阱中,同时对气态的产物和反应剂在吸入压力调节阀的出口处抽样。对反应每3小时进行一次抽样。将所有的样品分别用气相层析进行分析。竞争水煤气轮换反应生成的副产物-二氧化碳的水平相对较低,在产物的总摩尔数的1-10mol%的范围内。催化试验的结果见表1-6。
表2 试验3的催化剂寿命的研究
产物的选择性(C-mol%) | |||||
时间/小时 | MeoH转化率 | DME | C1 - C17烃a | MeoAc | AcOH |
3 | 99.1 | 21.0 | 71.2 | 4.1 | 3.7 |
6 | 93.6 | 90.9 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 1.0 |
9 | 92.2 | 95.9 | 0 | 3.7 | 0.4 |
12 | 88.6 | 97.2 | 0 | 2.4 | 0.4 |
条件:350℃,25巴,GHSV=2280,LHSV=0.9,CO/MeOH=4.4
a.还含有丙酮和其它氧化物(低于8mol%)。
表3
试验8:用Cu/H-丝光沸石(1)和γ-氧化铝预床
条件:350℃,25巴,GHSV=2216,LHSV=0.9,CO/MeOH=4.4
a.还含有丙酮和其它氧化物(低于8mol%)
表4
试验9:CO/MeOH比率对Cu/H-丝光沸石(1)+γ-氧化铝预床的羰基化活性的影响
条件:CO/MeOH=8.8,350℃,25巴,GHSV=4376,LHSV=0.9
a.还含有丙酮和其它氧化物(低于8mol%)
表5
试验10:使用Cu/H-丝光沸石(2)和γ-氧化铝预床来说明二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率对羰基化活性的影响
条件:时间=3小时,350℃,25巴,GHSV=4410,LHSV=0.9,CO/MeOH=8.8
a.还含有丙酮和其它氧化物(低于8mol%)
表6
试验11:使用Cu/H-丝光沸石(3)和γ-氧化铝预床来说明载荷铜对羰基化活性的影响
条件:CO/MeOH=9.1,350℃,25巴,GHSV=4545,LHSV=0.9
a.还含有丙酮和其它氧化物(低于8mol%)
Claims (8)
1、具(n+1)个碳原子的脂族羧酸的制备方法,其中n是整数1-6,其特征在于:该方法在300-600℃的温度范围内和15-200巴的压力范围内的条件下实施;所述制备方法包括:在基本上无卤素或其衍生物但有催化剂存在的条件下使具n个碳原子的脂族醇或其活性衍生物与一氧化碳接触;所述催化剂主要由已进行过离子交换或载有铜、镍、铱、铑或钴的丝光沸石所组成。
2、按照权利要求1的方法,其中,脂族醇是甲醇或其活性衍生物。
3、按照权利要求1和2中任一权项的方法,其中丝光沸石的二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率在10∶1-30∶1的范围之内。
4、按照上述任一权项的方法,其中,催化剂中的金属含量为催化剂总重量的0.5-10%。
5、按照上述任一权项的方法,其中使一氧化碳气体和甲醇蒸气在基本上无碘化物存在的情况下流过催化剂固定床或催化剂流化床。
6、按照上述任一权项的方法,其中,使脂族醇或其活性衍生物和一氧化碳与氧化铝床或二氧化硅-氧化铝床接触后立即与催化剂床接触。
7、用于使具n个碳原子的脂族醇羰基化成具(n+1)个碳原子的羧酸的催化剂,其中n为整数1-6;所述催化剂基本上由二氧化硅与氧化铝的比率在10∶1-30∶1的范围之内的丝光沸石所组成,所述沸石已被离子交换过或载有铜、镍、铱、铑或钴。
8、按照权利要求7的催化剂,该催化剂的金属含量为催化剂总重量的0.5-10%。
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US08/143,458 US5420345A (en) | 1992-11-05 | 1993-10-26 | Process for preparing carboxylic acids |
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CN93114329A CN1091119A (zh) | 1992-11-05 | 1993-11-05 | 羧酸的制备方法 |
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CN102245298A (zh) * | 2008-12-10 | 2011-11-16 | 英国石油化学品有限公司 | 使用结合的银和/或铜丝光沸石催化剂的羰基化方法 |
CN102245298B (zh) * | 2008-12-10 | 2015-07-22 | 英国石油化学品有限公司 | 使用结合的银和/或铜丝光沸石催化剂的羰基化方法 |
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CN106518657A (zh) * | 2015-09-11 | 2017-03-22 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种通过甲醇羰基化制备乙酸的方法 |
CN106518657B (zh) * | 2015-09-11 | 2019-03-29 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种通过甲醇羰基化制备乙酸的方法 |
US10370318B2 (en) | 2015-09-11 | 2019-08-06 | Dalian Institute Of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Method for preparing acetic acid by carbonylation of methanol |
EA035965B1 (ru) * | 2015-09-11 | 2020-09-07 | Далянь Инститьют Оф Кемикал Физикс, Чайниз Академи Оф Сайэнс | Способ получения уксусной кислоты карбонилированием метанола |
CN106966913A (zh) * | 2017-04-06 | 2017-07-21 | 青岛科技大学 | 一种改进的甲基丙烯酸二烷氨基乙酯的制备方法 |
CN114534724A (zh) * | 2020-11-24 | 2022-05-27 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种甲醇无卤素气相羰基化制备醋酸及醋酸酯的方法 |
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US5420345A (en) | 1995-05-30 |
CA2109473A1 (en) | 1994-05-06 |
GB9223170D0 (en) | 1992-12-16 |
EP0596632A1 (en) | 1994-05-11 |
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