CN108934830B - No-tillage cultivation method for cucumber in stubble replacement - Google Patents
No-tillage cultivation method for cucumber in stubble replacement Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation of horticultural vegetables and discloses a no-tillage cultivation method for cucumber in stubble changing, which comprises greenhouse type selection, variety selection, field planting mode improvement and fertilizer and water management, and compared with the traditional cucumber cultivation method, the method for greenhouse cucumber in summer and autumn to crop changing cultivation can reduce labor for greenhouse cucumber field planting labor by 6 days/mu in summer and autumn at high temperature and also improve the utilization rate of organic fertilizer in soil by 20-30% in the greenhouse cucumber planting process. The invention is a time-saving and labor-saving cucumber facility cultivation method, reduces the labor intensity of facility cucumber cultivation in summer and autumn in Jianghu Shanghai, and improves the planting survival rate of facility cucumbers and the utilization rate of organic fertilizer in soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation of horticultural vegetables, and particularly relates to a no-tillage cultivation method for cucumber during stubble replacement.
Background
China is a country with a large cucumber planting area in the world, and according to statistics of Ministry of agriculture, the cucumber planting area of China in 2012 is 120 ten thousand hm2The planting area is large in China, such as Henan province, Hebei province, Shandong province, Hunan province and the like. The cucumber production in Zhejiang province mostly adopts a mode of planting twice a year in a greenhouse or changing crops with other crops, and the economic benefit of the cucumber is better. However, in the cucumber facility cultivation process, the farming activities such as pruning, vine binding, leaf picking, disease prevention and the like are more, so that more labor is needed, and particularly, when the traditional cucumber is planted in Shanghai province for spring and autumn stubble changing, the operations such as soil ploughing and disinfection for reducing continuous cropping diseases require great labor investment, so that the labor cost in the production process is increased. In addition, the root system distribution range of cucumber plants is small, the root system extension range of cucumbers in the existing greenhouse wide-narrow row cultivation method is only about half of the planting ridge surface, and the furrow application of organic fertilizer cannot be fully absorbed and utilized.
In summary, the problems of the prior art are as follows: when the stubble is changed in autumn, the high temperature in the greenhouse is met, the land is prepared, the bed is made, the organic fertilizer is applied again, the operation work is heavy, and the fertilizer utilization rate is low; the high temperature also affects the planting survival rate of cucumber seedlings and the absorption and utilization of the cucumber plants to the base fertilizer, and the utilization rate is only 20-40%.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a no-tillage cultivation method for cucumber in stubble replacement.
The invention is realized in this way, a no-tillage cultivation method during the stubble-changing of the cucumber, which comprises greenhouse type selection, variety selection, field planting mode improvement and fertilizer and water management; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) the model selection of the greenhouse selects a monomer steel frame greenhouse GP832 type or a multi-span greenhouse such as GLP843 with the span of 8m and the greenhouse shoulder height of more than 1.8m, and the length of the greenhouse is 40 m;
(2) selecting a low-temperature-resistant and low-light-resistant compact cucumber variety in winter and spring stubbles; disease-resistant and high-temperature-resistant varieties in summer and autumn;
(3) a field planting mode, namely sowing the cucumbers in the first ten days of 1 month and later in winter and spring, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting the rows and the rows at a spacing of 35-50 cm, and field planting in the middle and last ten days of 2 months and later; planting in summer and autumn from 8 months to 10 months; in the early stage of planting, adopting a small arched shed and a greenhouse to preserve heat in multiple layers, starting harvesting after 4 months, removing residual cucumber plants and recovering waste mulching films in time after harvesting in the middle ten days of 6 months, and disinfecting the greenhouse by using 30% hymexazol liquid spray once per square meter; planting cucumber seedlings in summer and autumn on the other side of the ridge surface in the greenhouse directly, opening ventilation windows around the greenhouse at the initial planting stage, reducing the temperature and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse by using a sun-shading net outside the greenhouse, and beginning to harvest in the middle and last ten days of 9 months;
(4) temperature management: during the low temperature period in winter and spring, the temperature is regulated and controlled through uncovering and ventilation of the covering, the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 25-30 ℃ in daytime, 15-20 ℃ at night, and the temperature is not more than 32 ℃ before and after noon;
(5) and (3) fertilizer and water management: water supply and additional fertilizer are carried out in a drip irrigation mode; from the root melon expansion period to the melon bearing period, a small amount of fertilizer is applied for a plurality of times, 1 time is applied every 3-5 days, 5-10 kg of water flush fertilizer or 5kg of urea and 10-15 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of water for drop irrigation, and 6000 times of adolescent harvest or 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
Further, in the greenhouse structure in the step (1), two ends of the greenhouse are respectively provided with 1 door, the thickness of the covered film is 0.065mm, the ridge surface in the greenhouse is covered with a black mulching film in winter and spring, and black and white mulching films are covered in summer and autumn; drip irrigation belts with the drip hole spacing of 20cm are paved under the film.
Further, in the field planting mode in the step (3), in winter and spring, the field planting line spacing of the cucumbers is 0.5-0.6 m, and the field planting line spacing of the drainage ditches is 0.3 m; and when the plants are planted in summer and autumn, the planting rows are just changed to the other side of the ridge surface.
Further, in the fertilizer water management in the step (5), the flow rate of a fertilizer water drip irrigation pipe is 1.2L/h, 1 drip irrigation is carried out every 7-10 days before the flowering period of the cucumber, and the time of each drip irrigation is 0.5-1.0 h; and (4) drip irrigation for 1 time every 3-5 days after the full production period, wherein the time for each time is 1.0-1.5 h.
The invention has the advantages and positive effects that: compared with the traditional cucumber cultivation method, the greenhouse cucumber stubble-changing cultivation method for the greenhouse in summer and autumn can reduce 6 days/mu of labor for field planting of greenhouse cucumbers in summer and autumn at high temperature, and improves the utilization rate of organic fertilizer in soil by 20-30% in the greenhouse cucumber planting process. The invention is a time-saving and labor-saving cucumber facility cultivation method, reduces the labor intensity of facility cucumber cultivation in summer and autumn in Jianghu Shanghai, and improves the planting survival rate of facility cucumbers and the utilization rate of organic fertilizer in soil.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a no-tillage cultivation method for cucumber stubble-changing according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of 4 ridge surfaces in the greenhouse provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of single-furrow surface stubble-changing planting in a shed provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The root system distribution range of the cucumber plant is small, and the cucumber plant is mainly concentrated in the range of 15-20 cm deep in soil layer and 30-40 cm outside main stem. The cucumber in the existing greenhouse is basically cultivated by wide and narrow rows, the row spacing of the cucumber is 35-50 cm, the planting density per mu is 2000-2200, and the root system extension range of the cucumber is only about half of the surface of a planting ridge. And then the second crop of cucumber is ploughed again before planting, ridged and planted again. How to reasonably adjust the field planting mode of cucumber plants, and the nutrition in the soil of the previous crop planting space is utilized to carry out the next crop production, thereby achieving the purposes of saving labor and labor, fully utilizing the nutrition in the soil and achieving the purposes of high yield and few diseases of the cucumber.
The following detailed description of the principles of the invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, the no-tillage cultivation method for cucumber in stubble changing provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101: the model selection of the greenhouse selects a monomer steel frame greenhouse GP832 type or a multi-span greenhouse such as GLP843 with the span of 8m and the greenhouse shoulder height of more than 1.8m, and the length of the greenhouse is 40 m;
s102: the variety selection, reasonable close planting is favorable for improving the early yield and the total yield of the cucumber, and is also favorable for ventilating and cooling in a shed when the temperature is too high in summer, so that the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the compact cucumber variety which is resistant to low temperature and weak light is selected in winter and spring stubbles, and the disease-resistant and high-temperature-resistant variety is selected in summer and autumn;
s103: a field planting mode, namely sowing the cucumbers in the first ten days of 1 month and later in winter and spring, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting the rows and the rows at a spacing of 35-50 cm, and field planting in the middle and last ten days of 2 months and later; planting in summer and autumn from 8 months to 10 months. In the early stage of planting, small arched sheds and multiple layers of sheds are adopted to preserve heat, so that the growth of the seedlings is promoted, the seedlings are harvested after 4 months, the cucumber stumps are timely pulled out and the waste mulching films are recovered after the harvest is finished in the middle ten days of 6 months, the greenhouse is disinfected by 30% hymexazol liquid spraying once per square meter, and the original drip irrigation system is reserved; during planting in summer and autumn, the cucumber seedlings are directly planted on the other side of the ridge surface in the greenhouse without ploughing the soil again, in the initial planting stage, ventilation windows around the greenhouse are opened, a sun-shading net outside the greenhouse reduces the temperature and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse, and harvesting is started in the middle and last 9 months;
s104: temperature management: during the low temperature period in winter and spring, the temperature is regulated and controlled through uncovering and ventilation of the covering, the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 25-30 ℃ in daytime, 15-20 ℃ at night, and the temperature is not more than 32 ℃ before and after noon; the sudden temperature rise in the shed is prevented in fine days, and the ventilation and the humidity reduction are needed for a short time before and after noon in cloudy days. In summer and autumn, the high temperature is more, an outer sunshade net is covered in the morning and uncovered in the evening;
s105: and (3) fertilizer and water management: water supply and additional fertilizer are carried out in a drip irrigation mode. In winter and spring at low temperature, the drip irrigation water consumption is preferably small, the cucumber growth amount in summer, autumn and melon bearing period is large, the water needs to be fully supplied, and the drip irrigation water supply is generally carried out for 1 time in 2-3 days. The top dressing is mainly characterized in that a small amount of fertilizer is applied to the root melons from the expansion period to the full growth period of the root melons, the fertilizer is applied for 1 time every 3-5 days, 5-10 kg of water flush fertilizer or 5kg of urea and 10-15 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of the root melons, the root melons are subjected to drip irrigation with water, and 6000 times of adolescent harvest or 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed to leaf surfaces.
In the greenhouse structure, two ends of the greenhouse are respectively provided with 1 door, the thickness of a covered film is 0.065mm, black mulching films are covered on ridge surfaces in the greenhouse in winter and spring, and black and white mulching films are covered on the ridge surfaces in summer and autumn; drip irrigation belts with the drip hole spacing of 20cm are paved under the film.
In the field planting mode, in winter and spring, the field planting line spacing of the cucumbers is 0.5-0.6 m, and the field planting line spacing drainage ditch is 0.3 m; and when the plants are planted in summer and autumn, the planting rows are just changed to the other side of the ridge surface.
Performing fertilizer water management, wherein the flow of a fertilizer water drip irrigation pipe is 1.2L/h, and the cucumber drip irrigation is performed for 1 time every 7-10 days before the flowering period, wherein the time is 0.5-1.0 h; and (4) drip irrigation for 1 time every 3-5 days after the full production period, wherein the time for each time is 1.0-1.5 h.
The no-tillage cultivation method for the stubble changing of the cucumbers provided by the embodiment of the invention specifically comprises the following steps:
when the cucumber facility is cultivated in a greenhouse, a monomer steel frame greenhouse GP832 type or a multi-span greenhouse such as GLP843 with the span of 8m and the greenhouse shoulder height of more than 1.8m is selected, and the length of the greenhouse is about 40 m;
firstly ploughing the land in the shed to a depth of more than 25cm, uniformly and dispersedly applying more than 2500-3000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 50-60 kg of compound fertilizer per mu in combination with land preparation, then making small high furrows with a furrow width of 1.8m and a height of 20-25 cm, making 4 furrows in each shed, and keeping the width of the furrow close to the two sides of the shed to be 0.5m as shown in figure 2. After the furrows are worked, covering black mulching films on the surfaces of the furrows in winter and spring, and covering black and white mulching films in summer and autumn;
selecting compact cucumber varieties in winter and spring stubbles; selecting disease-resistant and high-temperature-resistant varieties in summer and autumn; placing cucumber seeds in warm water of 50-55 ℃ and continuously stirring, cooling to 30 ℃, soaking for 3-4 h, washing for 3-4 times by using clear water, accelerating germination in a germination accelerating box of 30-35 ℃, sowing the seeds after half of the seeds are exposed to the white in a plug tray or a nutrient medium which is thoroughly watered, growing three leaves and one heart in a nutrition pot or plug tray seedling in winter and spring for 35-40 days, and planting after 15-22 days of summer compressed seedling culture nutrient medium seedling culture;
planting 2 rows in each ridge as shown in fig. 3, wherein the row spacing is 35-50 cm, sowing the cucumbers in the first ten days of the month in winter and spring and planting the cucumbers in the middle and last ten days of the month 2; culturing seedlings in the middle ten days of 8 months in summer and autumn to 9 months in the beginning of 8 months to 10 months. In the initial stage of planting, small arched sheds and multiple layers of sheds are adopted to preserve heat, so that the growth of the seedlings is promoted, the seedlings are harvested after 4 months, the cucumber stumps are timely pulled out and the waste mulching films are recovered after the harvest is finished in the middle ten days of 6 months, the greenhouse is disinfected by 30% hymexazol liquid spraying once per square meter, and the original drip irrigation system is reserved; directly covering black and white mulching films on the ridge surfaces without ploughing the soil again, and directly planting cucumber seedlings on the CD rows on the ridge surfaces in the greenhouse. The growing period of the seedling stage of the cucumber is 1 time every 7-10 days, the root cucumber expanding period is changed to the full-bearing period of the root cucumber, 5-10 kg of water flush fertilizer or 5kg of urea and 10-15 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of cucumber, drip irrigation is carried out along with water, and 6000 times of Aiduo harvest or 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed on the leaf surfaces; meanwhile, opening ventilation windows around the greenhouse, additionally arranging a sunshade net outside the greenhouse to reduce the temperature and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse, starting harvesting in the middle and late ten days of 9 months, covering the greenhouse in the morning by the sunshade net in summer and autumn, and uncovering the greenhouse in the evening.
In the growing process, pruning a single stem of the cucumber, removing flowers and lateral branches below 5-6 sections, and reserving the cucumber at intervals of 2-3 sections at the middle upper part to remove redundant flowers. And (3) timely and repeatedly dropping the vines at the middle and later stages, wherein the vines are dropped for about 40cm each time, tendrils, melons and old yellow leaves are removed in a combined mode during dropping, the vines are uniformly coiled on the ridge surface, and 15-16 functional leaves are reserved after dropping the vines. And (3) leaving 1-2 lateral branches at the later stage of harvesting to perform pinching and topping, so that the growth and the crop return can be promoted.
The application of the principles of the present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.
Example 1: in a single steel frame greenhouse GP832 after harvesting previous non-cucurbitaceae crops, plant residues are cleaned up before 12 th day, the depth of soil in the greenhouse is about 25cm, 3000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 50kg of compound fertilizer are uniformly and dispersedly applied to each mu in combination with land preparation, then small high furrows are made, the width of each furrow is 1.8m, the height of each furrow is 25cm, 4 furrows can be made in each greenhouse, the width of each furrow close to the two sides of each greenhouse is 0.5m, and black mulching films are covered on the surfaces of the furrows after the furrows are finished.
The cucumber spring cultivation technology comprises the following steps: the variety is a low-temperature-resistant low-light compact variety, the cucumber seeds are put into warm water of 50-55 ℃ and continuously stirred in the first ten days of 1 month, the cucumber seeds are soaked for 3 hours after the water temperature is reduced to 30 ℃, then the cucumber seeds are washed for 4 times by clear water, then the cucumber seeds are germinated in a germination accelerating box at 30 ℃, the cucumber seeds are sowed in 50-hole plug trays after half of the cucumber seeds are whitened, and the cucumber seeds are planted when three leaves and one heart grow for about 35 days; seedlings are fixedly planted in AB rows on the ridge surfaces in the greenhouse in winter and spring, in the initial stage of planting, a small arched greenhouse and a greenhouse are adopted for multi-layer heat preservation, the seedlings are promoted to grow, harvesting is started after 4 months, and the residual cucumber plants are timely pulled out and the waste mulching films are recovered after harvesting is finished in the middle ten days of 6 months. Then, sterilizing the greenhouse once, sterilizing the greenhouse by using 30 percent hymexazol liquid spraying per square meter, and keeping the original drip irrigation system;
the summer and autumn no-tillage cultivation technology of the cucumber comprises the following steps: in order to reduce the labor intensity of the cucumbers in summer and autumn during stubble changing and improve the utilization rate of organic base fertilizer, black and white mulching films are directly covered on the original planting bed surfaces without ploughing the soil again during planting of the cucumbers in summer and autumn, and the three-leaf and one-heart cucumber seedlings cultivated by adopting the compressed seedling culture nutrient medium are planted in the CD rows on the bed surfaces in the greenhouse. When the cucumber plants grow to the expansion of root melons, additional fertilizer is applied again, 5kg of water-flush fertilizer is applied to each mu of cucumber plants 1 time every 3 days later, drip irrigation is carried out along with water, and 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed to the leaves of the cucumber plants; meanwhile, when the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than 35 ℃, opening ventilation windows around the greenhouse, covering a sunshade net outside the greenhouse to reduce the temperature and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse, starting harvesting in the middle and late ten days of 9 months, covering the greenhouse with an outer sunshade net in the morning and uncovering the greenhouse in the evening when high temperature is encountered in summer and autumn.
In the growing process, pruning a single stem of the cucumber, removing flowers and lateral branches below 5-6 sections, and reserving the cucumber at intervals of 2-3 sections at the middle upper part to remove redundant flowers. And (3) timely and repeatedly dropping the vines at the middle and later stages, wherein the vines are dropped for about 40cm each time, tendrils, melons and old yellow leaves are removed in a combined mode during dropping, the vines are uniformly coiled on the ridge surface, and 15-16 functional leaves are reserved after dropping the vines. 1-2 lateral branches are reserved in the later period of harvesting to perform pinching and topping, so that the growth of the first-returning melons can be promoted;
in order to improve the yield and commodity cucumber yield, the cucumber yield per mu harvested in winter and spring is 6200kg, and the cucumber yield per mu harvested in summer and autumn is 4520 kg. Through determination, the content of organic matters in the soil of the planting ridge surface is 20.2g/kg, and the utilization rate is improved by 20.7 percent.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A no-tillage cultivation method for cucumber in stubble changing is characterized by comprising greenhouse type selection, variety selection, field planting mode improvement and fertilizer and water management; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) the model selection of the greenhouse selects a monomer steel frame greenhouse GP832 type or a multi-span greenhouse GLP843 with the span of 8m and the greenhouse shoulder height of more than 1.8m, and the length of the greenhouse is 40 m;
(2) selecting a low-temperature-resistant and low-light-resistant compact cucumber variety in winter and spring stubbles; selecting disease-resistant and high-temperature-resistant varieties in summer and autumn;
(3) a field planting mode, namely sowing the cucumbers in the first ten days of 1 month and later in winter and spring, planting 2 rows in each ridge, planting the rows and the rows at a spacing of 35-50 cm, and field planting in the middle and last ten days of 2 months and later; planting in summer and autumn from 8 months to 10 months; in the early stage of planting, adopting a small arched shed and a greenhouse to preserve heat in multiple layers, starting harvesting after 4 months, removing residual cucumber plants and recovering waste mulching films in time after harvesting in the middle ten days of 6 months, and disinfecting the greenhouse by using 30% hymexazol liquid spray once per square meter; planting cucumber seedlings in summer and autumn on the other side of the ridge surface in the greenhouse directly, opening ventilation windows around the greenhouse at the initial planting stage, reducing the temperature and the illumination intensity in the greenhouse by using a sun-shading net outside the greenhouse, and beginning to harvest in the middle and last ten days of 9 months;
(4) temperature management: during the low temperature period in winter and spring, the temperature is regulated and controlled through uncovering and ventilation of the covering, the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 25-30 ℃ in daytime, 15-20 ℃ at night, and the temperature is not more than 32 ℃ before and after noon;
(5) and (3) fertilizer and water management: water supply and additional fertilizer are carried out in a drip irrigation mode; from the root melon expansion period to the melon bearing period, a small amount of fertilizer is applied for a plurality of times, 1 time is applied every 3-5 days, 5-10 kg of water flush fertilizer or 5kg of urea and 10-15 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu of water for drop irrigation, and 6000 times of adolescent harvest or 0.3 percent of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
2. The method for no-tillage cultivation of cucumber during stubble replacement as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the greenhouse structure in the step (1), two ends of the greenhouse are respectively provided with 1 door, the thickness of the covered film is 0.065mm, the ridge surfaces in the greenhouse are covered with black mulching films in winter and spring, and black and white mulching films are covered in summer and autumn; drip irrigation belts with the drip hole spacing of 20cm are paved under the film.
3. The method for no-tillage cultivation of cucumber during stubble replacement as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the field planting mode in the step (3), in winter and spring, the field planting line spacing of the cucumbers is 0.5-0.6 m, and the field planting line spacing drainage ditch is 0.3 m; and when the plants are planted in summer and autumn, the planting rows are just changed to the other side of the ridge surface.
4. The method for no-tillage cultivation of cucumber during stubble replacement as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the fertilizer water management in the step (5), the flow rate of a fertilizer water drip irrigation pipe is 1.2L/h, 1 drip irrigation is carried out every 7-10 days before the flowering period of the cucumber, and the time of each drip irrigation is 0.5-1.0 h; and (4) drip irrigation for 1 time every 3-5 days after the full production period, wherein the time for each time is 1.0-1.5 h.
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