CN108353736B

CN108353736B - Cultivation method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

Info

Publication number: CN108353736B
Application number: CN201810091302.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王广印; 郭卫丽; 陈碧华
Original assignee: Henan Institute of Science and Technology
Current assignee: Henan Institute of Science and Technology
Priority date: 2018-01-30
Filing date: 2018-01-30
Publication date: 2020-06-26
Anticipated expiration: 2038-01-30
Also published as: CN108353736A

Abstract

The invention discloses a cultivation method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse, which comprises the following steps: after cleaning the field of the previous crop, before the seedlings are planted, cultivating the farmland in shallow intertillage 10cm, reducing the heat accumulation of the soil, and applying 968 microbial fertilizer in the same farmland or ditch, wherein each 667m of the microbial fertilizer is²Applying 100-150 kg of the fertilizer, preferably cultivating in half-high ridges, wherein the ridge height is not more than 10cm, and mulching films are not covered; adopting a sunshade plug substrate to grow seedlings for 20 days; covering a sunshade net in the greenhouse for cooling 1 week before planting, and timely managing uncovering the sunshade net after planting, wherein the temperature is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and cooling and rooting are promoted; irrigating with small water after planting to ensure that water does not overflow stems and ridges, and namely using the 'Kerick' microelement water-soluble fertilizer. By applying the method to cultivate the autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse, the occurrence of stem base rot of the autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse can be effectively prevented, the seedling rate is high, the use of pesticides is reduced, and the yield and the benefit of the autumn tomatoes are improved.

Description

Cultivation method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of greenhouse vegetable planting, in particular to a cultivation method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse.

Background

In recent years, most of protected tomato cultivation cannot be reasonably rotated for stubble due to the influence of factors such as protected cultivation, single planting type and the like, so that the occurrence of protected tomato stem base rot tends to be more serious year by year, and the protected tomato stem base rot becomes one of important diseases in tomato protected production. Especially, the tomato in autumn in the greenhouse is more seriously attacked, the tomato can be lack of seedlings and broken ridges in light weight, and the seriously attacked plots even die in whole. According to investigation, generally, diseases generally occur from 7-10 days after field planting in autumn to the period of blooming and fruiting of the 1 st panicle, the disease incidence is 10-20% slightly, seedling shortage and ridge breaking are caused, and the heavy seedling can die by 30-40%. At present, passive seedling supplementing is usually adopted in production to deal with the damage of the disease, so that the uniformity of field tomatoes is poor or seedlings are deficient, and the yield and the benefit are reduced.

The tomato stem basal rot mainly damages the stem base (mostly 3-5 cm above and below the soil surface) or the underground root system of the seedling after field planting, the diseased part starts to be dark brown water-soaked diseased spots, then the diseased part extends around the stem part for a circle to rot the cortex, the diseased part is broken off in severe cases, the leaves on the overground part gradually turn yellow and begin to wither at noon, and the seedling is dead after several days. The tomato in the autumn greenhouse starts to be ill 7-10 days after field planting, and the early-stage seedlings are damaged most.

The disease is a soil-borne disease, and mostly uses mycelium and sclerotium to live through the winter in the soil or on the disease residue, and can survive for 2-3 years in the soil. In a facility with proper conditions, hyphae produced by sclerotium germination can directly infect seedlings. If the field management is extensive or the plant generates wound and other conditions, the expansion can be rapidly carried out, so that the tomato seedling plant is attacked.

The proper temperature for the development of the disease is 24-26 ℃, the temperature in the protected areas such as a greenhouse and the like reaches 17-23 ℃, and the development and spread speed of the disease is higher when the relative humidity in the field reaches more than 85%. In addition, the factors of overlarge watering after the tomato seedlings are planted, heavy soil, unsmooth ventilation and moisture discharge, too deep planting and the like are also beneficial to the rapid occurrence of the disease. In addition, researches show that different tomato growth stages have different dominant species of pathogenic bacteria, namely, pythium and fusarium in seedling stage and less rhizoctonia solani. In the field planting period, rhizoctonia solani and phytophthora are mainly used, the pathogenicity is strong, and fusarium is few and pythium is few.

At present, for the prevention and treatment of the disease, comprehensive prevention and treatment measures generally proposed in production comprise: selecting disease-resistant or disease-resistant varieties, reasonably rotating, timely removing disease residues, covering a greenhouse at high temperature, cultivating disease-free seedlings, enhancing field management (scientific watering), ecologically preventing and treating, and preventing and treating by using medicaments (spraying, enclosing medicament soil, irrigating roots, coating medicament soil) and the like.

The research data of the previous people find that the current prevention and control of the stem base rot of the tomato has more than two and less than two, namely, the chemical prevention and control is still relied on, the medicament is irrigated to the root more, the medicament resistance is easy to generate, the disease attack environment and condition are changed less, and the application of the biotechnology measures is less. Particularly, after the autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse are planted, the greenhouse autumn tomatoes are in a high-temperature period, the soil is quickly evaporated, the watering amount is large, the contradiction between high temperature and high watering humidity is inevitably formed, and the diseases are difficult to effectively and radically cure.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a cultivation method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse.

The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a cultivation method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse comprises the following steps:

after cleaning the field of the previous crop and before planting seedlings, cultivating the soil with shallow intertillage 10cm to reduce the heat accumulation of the soil, and applying 968 microbial fertilizer in the furrows or ditches every 667m²Applying 100-150 kg of the fertilizer, preferably cultivating in half-high ridges, wherein the ridge height is not more than 10cm, and mulching films are not covered;

secondly, watering for 2-3 times before planting in the greenhouse to reduce the ground temperature, make moisture and step on the ground;

thirdly, in the seedling lifting and planting process, the head of the seedling is held by hands, the stem base of the seedling is not pinched, and the cortex of the stem base is not injured; the seedlings must be finely and shallowly planted, the stems are not covered with soil, meanwhile, the seedlings are ensured not to fall down, the stems are not landed, and the roots are not pricked at the stems;

fourthly, covering a sunshade net in the greenhouse for cooling 1 week before planting, and timely carrying out uncovering management after planting, wherein the temperature is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and cooling and rooting are promoted;

fifthly, irrigating with small water after planting to ensure that water does not overflow stems and ridges;

and sixthly, applying a 'rick' microelement water-soluble fertilizer after field planting, spraying seedlings and spraying roots to prevent stem base rot, wherein 1 time is 5-7 days, and the fertilizer is diluted by 500 times of water, namely 1 bag of 30g of fertilizer is mixed with 15-20 kg of water, and the fertilizer is properly added when the disease is serious.

Further improvements of the invention include:

the content of beneficial bacteria in the 968 microbial fertilizer is not less than 2 hundred million/g.

Seedling raising adopts plug substrate seedling raising, seedling separation is not carried out, and uniform-hair spraying is applied for 1 time in the seedling stage to culture strong seedlings; spraying a 400-time and 3-percent aqua of 'oxazai-metalaxyl' on the seedlings 1-2 days before planting to irrigate roots, so as to plant the seedlings with the pesticide.

1 week after seedling recovery, flush with water to apply a 300-500 times diluted 'shock-resistant-968 flush fertilizer', every 667m²And (5) flushing 10kg, and then continuously irrigating the roots for 2-3 times.

The first step also comprises the step of covering the greenhouse for 15-20 days at high temperature to kill germs and worm eggs.

Covering a sunshade net for a period of time in the greenhouse before and after the tomatoes are planted for cooling to promote the seedlings to root.

The invention has the following beneficial effects: by applying the method to cultivate the autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse, the occurrence of stem base rot of the autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse can be effectively prevented, seedlings basically do not die, seedlings are not replenished, the seedling rate is high, the use of pesticides is reduced, and the yield and the benefit of the autumn tomatoes are improved. The sun-shading net is covered on the autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse in the early stage, so that microclimate in the greenhouse is improved, the healthy growth of tomato plants is promoted, the incidence rate of stem base rot is reduced by 180.23% compared with that of a control, and the yield of the first cluster fruits per spike is improved by 21.65%. The plug substrate seedling culture can reduce the incidence rate of the tomato stem base rot by 92.11 percent compared with the control, and shows the great advantage of disease prevention. The seedlings and roots are irrigated by sprinkling irrigation with the 'rick' micro-fertilizer, so that the occurrence of stem base rot can be prevented, the weight of the treated fruits is increased compared with that of the single fruits of the control, and the yield of the first cluster fruits is increased by 14.35%.

Drawings

FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of sunshade net coverage on the intensity of illumination in a greenhouse.

Fig. 2 illustrates the influence of the sunshade net coverage on the air temperature in the greenhouse.

Figure 3 the effect of sunshade net coverage on the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse.

Figure 4 effect of sunshade net coverage on ground surface temperature inside the greenhouse.

FIG. 5A shows the change of the ground temperature of the greenhouse by covering the greenhouse with a sunshade net for 5 cm.

And the sun-shading net covers the ground temperature of 10cm in the greenhouse to change.

And 5C, the sun-shading net covers the greenhouse to change the ground temperature of 15 cm.

And 5D, the sun-shading net covers the ground temperature of the greenhouse for 20 cm.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of sunshade net coverage on stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse.

FIG. 7 shows the effect of plug substrate seedling on stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the effect of a trace fertilizer root-watering treatment on stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.

Example 1 simple technical procedure for cultivation of autumn tomatoes in big shed

1 variety selection

The seed quality meets the requirements of GB 16715.3. Selecting a heat-resistant and disease-resistant variety suitable for being planted in the greenhouse in autumn.

2 growing seedlings

2.1 the seedling raising place and mode generally adopt facilities such as a greenhouse and the like to temporarily raise seedlings, require ventilation and sunshade, and adopt a plug substrate to raise seedlings.

2.2 preparation before sowing

2.2.1 purchasing commodity substrate for seedling culture.

2.2.2 Sterilization of seedling raising apparatus the seedling raising tray which is repeatedly used can be sterilized by spraying or soaking with 300 times of formalin solution or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for 1-2 h, and then is rinsed clean with clear water for later use. The newly purchased seedling tray is not generally disinfected.

2.2.3 preparation of seedbed, plug tray for cultivation 667m each²Tomato seedbed 10m²～15m². Generally, a seedling bed ridge is made in a greenhouse, the ridge width is 1.5-1.8 m, and the ridge length is 5-6 m.

Generally, 50-hole seedling raising plug trays, special seedling raising substrates or full-nutrition organic seedling raising substrates are adopted for raising seedlings. And (4) filling seedling raising substrates, and putting the hole trays into the ridges of the seedling raising bed after sowing.

2.2.4 seed treatment Dry seed sowing is generally used. But in order to prevent virus diseases, seeds can be soaked in clean water for 3 to 4 hours, then the seeds are soaked in 10 percent trisodium phosphate solution for 20min, and the seeds are fished out, cleaned and dried in the air. The sterilized seeds are directly sown to the hole tray without accelerating germination.

2.2.5 sowing time, sowing in the middle ten days of 6 months generally, and bearing 5-6 ear fruits. The late stubble can be sowed in the beginning of the first 7 months after the late ten days of the month.

2.2.6 sowing quantity per 667m²The amount of the seeds used in the cultivation field is 10 g-14 g. Usually every 667m²3000-4000 seedlings are used.

2.2.7 sowing method first mixing the substrate and bactericide (1 m)³Adding 50% carbendazim 100g into the matrix, adding water and stirringStirring, holding with hand, dripping water between finger slits, covering with film, and loading into dish after 10 hr. When the seedling tray is filled, the holes of the seedling tray are properly filled with the matrix, and the matrix is loose, cannot be compacted and cannot be hollow. The sowing depth is 0.5 cm-1 cm, and 1 seed is sowed in each hole. After artificial sowing, covering a substrate or vermiculite, and after watering, each cell is clearly visible.

After sowing, the seedling-raising tray is placed on a seedling-raising bed in the facility, and then small water is sprayed. If the seedling tray matrix is dry, a proper amount of water needs to be sprayed more, so that the water holding capacity of the matrix reaches more than 100 percent, and the seedling is ensured to be orderly.

2.3 management of seedling stage

2.3.1 temperature management in summer, the temperature is higher, and the excessive growth of tomato seedlings is easily caused. The temperature needs to be reduced by measures such as shading, ventilation, watering and the like. The highest temperature in high temperature season is controlled to be not more than 35 ℃, and when the temperature is too high, measures such as sun shading and the like can be adopted for cooling.

2.3.2 Water and Fertilizer management Water is sprayed for 1 time in 1 to 2 days, preferably to spray the substrate thoroughly. Watering according to seedling condition, matrix water content and weather to keep matrix moist. The spraying amount should be more suitable in high temperature weather, and less suitable in overcast and rainy weather. Because the seedling stage is short, additional fertilization is not generally carried out.

2.3.3 light management takes care of shading, rain-proof, insect-proof. The method advocates to cover the seedlings with insect-proof nets and sun-shading nets and keep the seedling stage at a proper temperature as much as possible. When the illumination is strong (from l0:00 in the morning to 4:00 in the afternoon), the sunshade net is covered, and the sunshade net can not be covered in cloudy days.

2.3.4 regulation of excessive growth when seedlings grow excessively at the beginning, 200 times of liquid (one pot of water plus 75ml of mother liquor) of 'Nashi 778' (liquid type) inducer can be sprayed for 1 time, which has the effects of inhibiting excessive growth, increasing root quantity and cultivating strong seedlings. Or spraying with 500mg/L chlormequat chloride solution for 1-2 times to control excessive growth.

2.3.5 seedling stage pest control seedling shed wind gap can be separated by using insect-proof net, and pest such as aphid, whitefly, bemisia tabaci can be prevented from entering the shed, so that the propagation of TY virus disease can be prevented. And spraying the pesticide for preventing the plant diseases and insect pests in the seedling stage regularly 6 days after seedling emergence, spraying the pesticide 1 time every 6 to 7 days, and alternately spraying the pesticide such as chlorothalonil, mancozeb, virus A, imidacloprid and the like.

2.4 seedling age index

Adopts 50-hole seedling raising tray, calendar seedling age is 20-25 days, 3-4 true leaves, no overgrowth and no pest.

3 preparation before planting

3.1 after the harvesting of the previous stubble in the clean field is finished, cleaning the residual branches, the spoiled leaves and the weeds, and carrying out the harmless treatment in a centralized way.

3.2 the summer soil is disinfected in advance at high temperature, the temperature of the soil layer under the film reaches more than 40 ℃ by utilizing the irradiation of solar rays, and the film is sealed for 10 to 15 days, so that various soil-borne fungi, bacteria, root-knot nematodes and the like can be effectively killed. After the greenhouse is closed, the greenhouse is ventilated, fertilized, soil prepared, ridged and watered to cool.

3.3 the application of base fertilizer and soil preparation fertilizer conforms to NY/T496. Each 667m²Applying 200kg of bio-organic fertilizer. Deep ploughing is not suitable for preventing soil heat accumulation, and shallow ploughing by 15cm is only required. Cultivating in flat bed or half-height bed (ridge) with ridge height of 10 cm. Soil preparation, watering and soil temperature reduction are required in advance.

3.4 cover the fly net and hang the yellow board

The ventilation opening of the greenhouse is preferably covered with a 60-mesh (aperture 0.25mm) insect-proof net for preventing insects. The yellow board can be hung indoors to trap and kill whitefly, bemisia tabaci, aphid and the like.

4 permanent planting

4.1 the field planting period is generally from late 6 months to middle 7 months. Advocate to plant the young seedling, not plant the big seedling, should not be too big in seedling age, 3 leaves are planted in time 1 heart.

4.2 the planting density is generally per 667m²Planting 3000-3500 plants, wherein the row spacing is 60cm × 30 cm-35 cm.

4.3 the planting method adopts large and small rows cultivation, one ridge and two rows. Watering and cooling, then opening holes and planting or ditching, sticking seedlings and planting. The planting is shallow, and the occurrence of stem rot of the tomatoes is prevented. After planting, watering thoroughly, but the water should not exceed the lump surface. In the processes of lifting, transporting and transplanting, the seedlings are prevented from being damaged. The later evening or afternoon field planting in cloudy days is preferred.

5 field management

5.1 environmental Regulation

The high temperature in the early stage can be regulated and controlled by shading, watering, ventilation and the like, so that the diseases such as TY virus disease, bacterial wilt, physiological leaf roll, stem rot and the like caused by the high temperature can be prevented.

In the early stage, attention is paid to timely and appropriate shading in high-temperature and high-light time. Especially after about 20 days of field planting, the film is properly shaded and cooled, the high-temperature strong light harm is prevented, and the diseases such as TY virus diseases, physiological leaf curl, stem base rot and the like are reduced.

The relative humidity of air is controlled by watering and ventilation, so that violent change is prevented. Prevent drying in the early stage, and remove dampness by ventilation in the middle and later stages.

5.2 Fertilizer and Water management

5.2.1 watering

And timely watering the planting water and the seedling reviving water after planting. And (5) pouring small water for cooling in early period. During fruit expanding period, proper amount of water is irrigated to ensure the water to permeate without soaking, and after watering, the ventilation and the moisture discharge are carried out in time, thereby not only ensuring the water supply of plants, but also preventing the infection of diseases caused by overhigh humidity in the shed.

5.2.2 additional fertilizer

The principle of topdressing is '1-time fertilization of 1 spike fruit' combined with watering. And (3) topdressing a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer (N, P, K content is 15 percent respectively) or applying a water flush fertilizer for 3 to 4 times in the whole growth period. Each 667m each time²And topdressing 20kg of ternary compound fertilizer (N, P, K content is 15 percent each) or topdressing 10 kg-20 kg of water flush fertilizer.

5.2.3 administration of inducers and growth regulators

After the autumn tomatoes are in slow seedling, if the autumn tomatoes grow too vigorously, the 'Nashi 778' (liquid type) inducer 100 times liquid (one kettle of water and 150ml of mother liquor) can be sprayed on the leaf surfaces to control the vegetative growth, and the control aging period is about 20 days. Or spraying with 500mg/L chlormequat chloride solution for 2 times every 10-15 days after planting and before the first ear blooms.

5.2.4 spraying and filling the medicine regularly

After the field planting, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days to prevent diseases. After the disease occurs, different diseases should be used according to the specific diseaseMedicine。

1.8 percent of abamectin missible oil is needed to be used during and after field planting according to the proportion of each 667m²Irrigating root with 500-1000 ml of downstream water for 2-3 times, and controllingControlling root knot nematode disease.

5.2.6 replanting seedlings

After planting, if partial seedlings are deficient due to the damage of stem base rot of the tomatoes, the seedlings need to be checked and supplemented as soon as possible.

5.3 plant Regulation

Timely hanging and winding the vines. Single-rod pruning and timely branching are adopted. Generally, 4 to 5 spikes of fruits are remained, and 2 leaves are remained for pinching.

In the flowering period, 20 mg/L-30 mg/L of tomatillon or No. 2 150 times of tomato growth promoter liquid is needed to be applied or sprayed. The concentration and dosage should be controlled according to the variety and characteristics of autumn tomatoes to prevent abnormal fruits.

Generally, 3-4 fruits are selected and reserved for each ear according to variety performance and soil fertility. The diseased fruits, the malformed fruits and the redundant flowers and fruits are removed as early as possible.

5.4 harvesting and marketing

Can be collected and listed in time according to market and price conditions. The product quality meets the requirement of NY 5005.

Example 2 greenhouse autumn tomato stem basal rot prevention and control technology test

The test aims to discuss an effective method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse through comparison tests of new seedling raising, covering cooling and micro-fertilizer so as to provide a basis for production and application.

1 materials and methods

1.1 materials

The tested autumn tomato varieties are 'improved Hannover No. 1' and 'Beijing Longfen'. The test sunshade net is a black sunshade net with 40% of sunshade rate. The 'laser antibacterial-968 water flush fertilizer' is a water-soluble microbial fertilizer containing streptomyces flavus more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g and is produced by Shandong chatting Futian Biotechnology Co. "kelike" is a water soluble fertilizer of trace elements, produced by Shandong Shengbang Green-field chemical Co., Ltd.

1.2 test methods

1.2.1 sunshade Net treatment test

The test was carried out in the greenhouse of original canula europea farmer in Zhuzhuantun village in new rural areas. 2 same greenhouses are selected, and the areas are 667m²And are arranged in a row. Trial 7 days before colonizationTesting the greenhouse to be covered with sunshade net, leaving only two sides of the greenhouse uncovered for ventilation, and planting autumn tomato variety "improved Hannuowei No. 1", plug-seedling in 6.14.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.8 cm, planting in flat bed, planting row spacing of 32cm × 65cm, and planting every 667m²3000 plants were planted. The greenhouse is covered with the sunshade net for 30 days, and the cover uncovering management is strengthened according to the weather each day. The test shed is used for other various management and production.

The greenhouse microclimate determination is as follows: the sunshade and the comparison shed are respectively provided with 3 sets of illuminometers, wet and dry bulb thermometers, curved tube ground temperature meters and barometers, and the illumination intensity, the air relative humidity and the air temperature of the sunshade net covering shed and the comparison shed and the ground temperatures of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20cm are measured. And (4) selecting 7-month and 11-day sunny days (the covering shed is not subjected to uncovering management), and continuously measuring the climate index for 24 hours.

After the permanent planting, the disease condition of the test area every day is counted from the beginning of the stem base rot until the disease condition is stable, generally about 20 days. The sunshade net treatment shed and the control shed are respectively selected from 5 points, 4 plants are selected at each point, 20 plants are selected, the growth potential (plant height, stem thickness and leaf number) of the plants is measured on the 5 th day after planting, and then 1 time is measured every 10 days, and the total measurement is 3 times. When the length and diameter of young fruit reach about 2cm, measuring fruit size (longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter) with vernier caliper, and measuring 1 time every 10 days for 3 times. And when the first cluster fruits are collected, weighing the weight of each fruit by using an electronic balance, and calculating the yield of each plant of the first cluster fruits.

1.2.2 comparison test of matrix seedling and soil flat bed seedling

The test was conducted in a greenhouse of the cheng dao farmer in the village and village of the Zhuzhuantun in the pastoral area in the new rural area. The area of the greenhouse is 667m²The autumn tomato variety is 'improved Hannouwei No. 1', plug seedling (treatment) and traditional soil flat bed seedling (contrast) are respectively carried out in 2017, 6, 15 days, the planting is carried out in 7, 8 days, the plug is a black disc with the specification of 50 plugs, the substrate is a commercial substrate, the soil seedling is the traditional seedling, only a small amount of substrate is scattered on leveling beds in a greenhouse, the seeding amount is low, the seedling is not divided, the flat bed field planting cultivation is carried out, the row spacing of the plants is 32cm × 65cm, and each 667m is²3000 plants were planted. The treatment and contrast zones are arranged in the greenhouse, and the areas of the treatment and contrast zones are 83m²340 tomato seedlings in totalThe two regions are arranged in contrast. The test shed is used for other various management and production.

The statistics of diseases and growth after planting are the same as 1.2.1.

1.2.3 bacterial manure treatment test

The test was conducted in a greenhouse of the provincial-Hehai farmer in the Zhuzhuantun village in the new rural area. The area of the greenhouse is 667m²Planting autumn tomato variety 'Beijing Longfen', plug-seedling in 17 months 6 and 2017, field planting in 9 months 7, flat bed field planting, planting row spacing of 32cm × 65cm, each 667m²3000 plants were planted. The experiment shows that 3 treatments of stimulating and antibacterial-968 water flush fertilizer, Corek water soluble fertilizer and contrast treatment are carried out, and each treatment area is 30m²And 133 tomato plants. Repeat 3 times, random block permutation.

The treatment of the 'kelike' water soluble fertilizer comprises the following steps: immediately after the seedlings are planted, spraying seedlings and spraying roots with a 'kelike' microelement water-soluble fertilizer for 5 days for 1 time, adding water to dilute for 500 times (namely adding 15kg of water into 1 bag of 30g of fertilizer), and continuously treating for 3 times.

The antibacterial-968 water flush fertilizer treatment comprises the following steps: after field planting, "shock-resistant and antibacterial-968 water flush fertilizer" is applied along water, and the water is diluted by 500 times, every 667m²The root is irrigated 3 times after being irrigated with 15kg of water for 5 days and 1 time.

The control treatment was: only watering treatment is carried out, and no pesticide fertilizer treatment is carried out.

The test shed is used for other various management and production.

The statistics of diseases and growth after planting are the same as 1.2.1.

2 results and analysis

2.1 the effects of sunshade Net coverage on the climate in the greenhouse, tomato growth and fruiting and stalk rot

2.1.1 Effect of sunshade Net coverage on climate within greenhouse

2.1.1.1 influence of sunshade Net coverage on illumination intensity in greenhouse

As can be seen from FIG. 1, the intensity of light for covering the greenhouse with the sunshade net is obviously lower than that of the control greenhouse. From 6: light continuously increased starting at 00, 14: when 00 hours, the highest light intensity in the contrast shed averagely reaches 71616lx, the light intensity of the covering shed averagely reaches 32000lx, and the shading rate of the shading net shed reaches 123.8 percent; after 14:00 hours, the illumination started to decrease. The average light intensity of the daytime control shed is 34735.2lx, the sun-shading treatment shed is 17405.3lx, and the shading rate of the sun-shading net shed reaches 99.57%. Therefore, the sunshade effect of the sunshade is very obvious.

2.1.1.2 influence of sunshade net covering on temperature in greenhouse

As can be seen from FIG. 2, the temperature of the greenhouse covered with the sunshade net is slightly higher than that of the comparison greenhouse in the daytime and slightly lower than that of the comparison greenhouse in the evening. The temperature in the shed rises from 6:00 a.m., the maximum temperature in the day is 15:00 a, the maximum temperature of the covering shed is 40.4 ℃, the maximum temperature of the control shed is 38.0 ℃, and the temperature of the sunshade shed is 2.4 ℃ higher than that of the control shed. After 15:00 hours, the greenhouse temperature began to drop until 6:00 hours the next day. The average temperature of the sunshade is 34.02 deg.C from 6:00 am to 18:00 pm, the control shed is 33.01 deg.C, and the sunshade is higher than the control shed by 1.01 deg.C. However, the average air temperature of the sunshade at night is 27.92 ℃, the average air temperature of the control sunshade is 28.38 ℃, and the average air temperature of the sunshade is lower than that of the control sunshade by 0.46 ℃.

2.1.1.3 influence of sunshade Net coverage on relative humidity of air in greenhouse

As can be seen from FIG. 3, the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse covered with the sunshade net is higher than that of the control greenhouse in both daytime and nighttime. From 6:00 am, the relative humidity of the air in the booth decreased, and when the lowest humidity occurred at 15:00 a day, the relative humidity of the air covering the booth was 47%, the control booth was 46%, and the sunshade was only 1% higher than the control. After 15:00 hours, the humidity in the shed started to rise again until the next morning at 4:00 hours, the humidity in the treatment shed and the control shed respectively reached 96% and 95%. The average air relative humidity throughout the day was 76.64% for the covered shed, 71.24% for the control shed, and only 5.4% higher for the treatment shed than the control shed.

2.1.1.4 influence of sunshade net coverage on ground surface temperature in greenhouse

As can be seen from FIG. 4, the surface temperature of the covering sunshade net shed is lower than that of the control shed during the day and is slightly higher than that of the control shed during the night. The surface temperature starts to rise from 6:00 am, and when the surface temperature reaches 13:00 am, the maximum surface temperature of the treatment shed reaches 41.3 ℃, the maximum surface temperature of the control shed is 50.00 ℃, and the maximum surface temperature of the covering shed is reduced by 8.7 ℃. The average surface temperature during the day was 28.05 ℃ for the covered shed, 33.63 ℃ for the control shed and 5.58 ℃ lower for the covered shed than the control shed. The average surface temperature throughout the day was 31.31 ℃ for the covered shed, 33.63 ℃ for the control shed and 2.32 ℃ lower for the covered shed than the control shed.

2.1.1.5 influence of sunshade net covering on ground temperature in greenhouse

As can be seen from FIGS. 5A to 5D, the ground temperature of the soil at different depths of 5, 10, 15 and 20cm is lower than that of the control shed. The ground temperature starts to rise at each depth from 6:00 a.m., the time for reaching the highest ground temperature is basically 16:00, and the depth of only 20cm appears at 17: 00. The highest ground temperature of different depths lags behind the highest ground temperature by 3 hours and lags behind the highest air temperature in the shed by 1 hour. From the comparison of the daily maximum ground temperature and the daily average ground temperature, the ground temperature gradually decreases with the increase of the soil depth from the ground surface to the depth of 20 cm. The results of the current day measurement show that the daily average ground temperature of the covered greenhouse soil at different depths of 5, 10, 15 and 20cm is respectively reduced by 0.756 ℃, 1.092 ℃, 0.876 ℃ and 1.16 ℃ compared with the control greenhouse.

2.1.2 Effect of sunshade Net coverage on tomato plant growth

As can be seen from Table 1, the plant height, stem thickness and leaf number of the sunshade net-covered shed were different from those of the control shed when the 3 measurements were compared. With the increase of the growth time, the tomatoes in the treatment shed and the control shed have the advantages that the plants grow high, the stems are thickened, and the leaves are increased, but the plant height, the stem thickness and the leaf number of the tomatoes in the treatment shed are all larger than those in the control shed, which shows that the covering of the sunshade net not only reduces the ground temperature, but also promotes the vigorous growth of the tomato plants.

TABLE 1 Effect of sunshade Net coverage on tomato plant growth

2.1.3 Effect of sunshade Net covering on growth and yield of first ear of tomato

As can be seen from table 2, the first ear of the tomato plants treated with the sunshade net yielded 1 more fruit than the control shed, but the control shed yielded slightly heavier than the single fruit of the sunshade net shed. From the yield of the first ear single plant, the yield of the first ear single plant treated by the sunshade net is improved by 21.65 percent compared with that of a control shed. This indicates that covering the sunshade net not only makes the plants grow well, but also improves the yield of single ears.

TABLE 2 influence of sunshade Net coverage on growth and yield of first ear fruit of tomato

2.1.4 influence of sunshade Net coverage on tomato basal rot in greenhouse

As seen in FIG. 6, the incidence of disease in the control shed was significantly higher than that in the sunshade net shed, with the peak of disease occurring between days 4 and 10 after permanent planting. Statistics show that the incidence rate of stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse without the sun-shading net is 9.5%, the incidence rate of autumn tomato seedlings covered with the sun-shading net is 3.39%, and the incidence rate of the autumn tomato seedlings covered with the sun-shading net is reduced by 180.23% compared with the incidence rate of the autumn tomato seedlings not covered with the sun-shading net. The stem base rot treated by the sunshade net starts to attack 7 months and 11 days after the permanent planting, and the disease condition is stable 7 months and 22 days later.

2.2 the influence of plug-seedling substrate on growth, fruiting and stem rot of autumn tomatoes in greenhouses

2.2.1 Effect of plug-seedling substrate on growth of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

As can be seen from Table 3, with the growth period being prolonged, the growth potential of the plug seedling is enhanced compared with that of the soil seedling, and the advantages in plant height and stem thickness are slightly shown.

Because the integrity of the root system is protected by the matrix seedling culture, the seedling is quickly revived after the planting, the root system is easy to damage in the processes of lifting, carrying and planting during the transplanting of the soil seedling culture, so that the seedling reviving is slow after the planting, and the growth of the plant of the matrix seedling culture is better than that of the plant of the soil seedling culture.

TABLE 3 influence of plug-seedling substrate on growth of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

2.2.2 Effect of plug-seedling substrate on growth and yield of first ear fruit of autumn tomato in greenhouse

As can be seen from table 4, compared with the seedling with soil, the plug substrate seedling has no influence on the number of the first ear fruits, and also has no great influence on the expansion, the single fruit weight and the single ear yield of the first ear fruits.

TABLE 4 influence of plug-in substrate seedling on the growth and yield of first ear of tomato

2.2.3 Effect of plug-seedling substrate on stem basal rot of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

As can be seen from FIG. 7, the seedling of plug substrate and the seedling of flat bed with soil started to attack the disease the next day after the planting, and the disease peak period was 10 days after the planting. The investigation shows that the incidence rate of plug seedling is 7.35% on average, the incidence rate of soil seedling is 14.12% on average, and the incidence rate of plug seedling is reduced by 92.11% compared with the incidence rate of soil seedling.

The integrity of the root system is well protected by adopting the matrix for seedling culture, the root system is damaged when the seedling is taken and planted by the soil flat bed seedling culture, pathogenic bacteria are easy to invade by the damage of the root system, and the occurrence of stem basal rot is caused, which is the main reason for reducing the incidence rate of the stem basal rot of the tomato by adopting the matrix for seedling culture.

2.3 Effect of the treatment of irrigating roots with micro-fertilizer on growth and fruiting of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse and stem base rot

2.3.1 Effect of micro-fertilizer irrigating root treatment on growth of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

As can be seen from Table 5, the plant height, stem thickness and leaf number of the "968", "Kerick" and control zones were different in comparison of the 3 measurements. As the growth time increased, the tomatoes in both the treated and control areas were tall, thick in stem and increased in leaf, but the "968" treated plants were slightly less vigorous.

TABLE 5 Effect of micro-fertilizer root-watering treatment on growth of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

2.3.2 Effect of micro-fertilizer irrigating root treatment on growth and yield of first ear fruit of autumn tomato in greenhouse

As can be seen from table 6, the "968" and "cockle" treatments had no effect on the number of fruits in the first ear, but had a significant effect on fruit size. The "rick" treated fruit had an increase in individual fruit weight, a 14.35% increase in first ear fruit yield, and a 7.54% decrease in "968" compared to the control. Therefore, the treatment of 'Kelike' can not only prevent diseases, but also increase the yield. But the '968' is applied immediately after the planting to promote the disease occurrence and reduce the yield. So that the "968" can not be applied on the horse after the permanent planting.

TABLE 6 Effect of micro-fertilizer root-watering treatment on growth and yield of first ear of tomato

2.3.3 Effect of micro-fertilizer irrigating root treatment on stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in greenhouse

As can be seen from FIG. 8, the "968" water flush treatment resulted in a tomato seedling incidence of up to 13.53%, while the control was 2.16%, and the "Kerick" fertilizer root spray treatment resulted in an incidence of 0. It is indicated that the '968' fertilizer is not suitable for immediate treatment after irrigation planting, and the 'Kerick' fertilizer has prevention and control effect after spraying root.

968 is a biological bacterial fertilizer, and the application of the biological bacterial fertilizer in the next day after planting can cause root burning, so that the stem base rot is increased. Improper administration of "968" just accounts for the effect of its burn.

3 small knot

The research result shows that when the tomatoes are cultivated in the greenhouse autumn, the sun-shading net covers before and after planting for a period of time, and the sun-shading and cooling effects are obvious. Compared with the contrast, the sunshade treatment can reduce the illumination intensity in the shed by 99.57 percent, slightly reduce the air temperature at night, slightly increase the relative humidity of the air, averagely reduce the ground surface temperature by 5.58 ℃ in the daytime and reduce the ground temperature by about 1 ℃. The improvement of the microclimate of the covering shed promotes the vigorous growth of tomato plants, reduces the incidence rate of the stem base rot of tomato seedlings to 180.23 percent, and improves the yield of the first ear fruits and the single ears by 21.65 percent compared with the yield of the control shed.

The traditional seedling culture of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse is seedling culture with soil and flat ridges, and the root is seriously injured in the processes of seedling lifting, seedling transportation, field planting and the like. The novel plug seedling substrate is adopted for seedling culture, although the seedling growth and fruiting are not affected, the plug seedling culture can reduce the incidence rate of tomato stem base rot by 92.11 percent compared with the control, and shows great advantage of disease prevention.

After the autumn tomatoes in the greenhouse are planted, the tomato stem base rot can be prevented by using the 'Kerick' sprinkling irrigation root treatment, compared with a control, the weight of a single fruit of the 'Kerick' treated fruit is increased, and the yield of the first ear fruit is also improved by 14.35%. However, the generation of stem base rot is aggravated by flushing immediately after '968' cultivation, and the seedling death rate is increased, so that the method is not suitable for use.

The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. A cultivation method for preventing and treating stem base rot of autumn tomatoes in a greenhouse is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) seedling raising adopts plug substrate seedling raising, seedling separation is not carried out, and uniform-hair spraying is applied for 1 time in the seedling stage to culture strong seedlings; after cleaning the field garden with the previous stubbles, before field planting of seedlings, cultivating furrows for 10cm in shallow intertillage, reducing soil heat storage, applying 968-shaped microbial fertilizer along the furrows or ditches, applying 100-150 kg of microbial fertilizer per 667 square meter, cultivating half-high ridges, wherein the ridge height is not more than 10cm, and covering no mulching film; the content of beneficial bacteria in the 968 microbial fertilizer is not less than 2 hundred million/g;

(2) watering for 2-3 times before planting in the greenhouse to reduce the ground temperature, make moisture and step on the ground;

(3) in the seedling lifting and planting process, the head of the seedling is held by hands, the stem base of the seedling is not pinched, and the cortex of the stem base is not injured; the seedlings must be finely and shallowly planted, the stems are not covered with soil, meanwhile, the seedlings are ensured not to fall down, the stems are not landed, and the roots are not pricked at the stems;

(4) covering a sunshade net in the greenhouse for cooling 1 week before planting, and timely carrying out uncovering management on the net after planting, wherein the temperature is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the cooling is carried out to promote rooting;

(5) irrigating with small water after planting to ensure that water does not overflow stems and ridges;

(6) applying a 'rick' microelement water-soluble fertilizer after planting, spraying seedlings and spraying roots to prevent stem base rot for 5-7 days for 1 time, diluting with water for 500 times, namely adding water for 15-20 kg into 1 bag of 30g fertilizer, and adding proper amount when the disease is serious.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the seedlings are sprayed with 400 times of 3% "oxa-mildews-metalaxyl" water solution for irrigating roots 1-2 days before field planting so as to carry the pesticide for field planting.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of water flush application of the shock-resistant 968 water flush fertilizer diluted by 300-500 times is performed 1 week after the seedling is relieved, 10kg of water flush is performed per 667 square meter, and then the roots are irrigated 2-3 times.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first step further comprises the step of high temperature closing the shed for 15-20 days to kill germ and worm eggs.

5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a sunshade net is covered in the greenhouse for a period of time to cool before and after the tomatoes are planted in the greenhouse for one week, so as to promote seedlings to grow roots.