CN108307954B - Method for improving annual yield of crops - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for improving annual yield of crops, which adopts a corn-medium rice rotation technology and comprises the steps of early sowing spring corn in time, harvesting the spring corn at the bottom of 6 months and at the beginning of 7 months, and planting medium rice varieties in a matched manner in next crop. Aiming at the practical problems that the annual comprehensive yield of the farmland is reduced due to the increase of the sowing area of the middle rice in one season and the reduction of the area of the double-season rice, and the demand for grains is continuously increased due to the continuous increase of the population number in China, the invention realizes the annual crop rotation of the corns and the middle rice in the south of Yangtze river basin; the method has the advantages of easily obtained materials, simple operation process, simple and convenient application method, lower cost, contribution to popularization and good application prospect; the invention obviously improves the annual output of crop seeds, and compared with the traditional double cropping rice continuous cropping mode, the annual total yield of the corn medium-length rice seeds is improved by more than 20 percent, thereby meeting the requirements of sustainable development in China.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil cultivation systems, and particularly relates to a method for improving annual crop yield in a corn-rice rotation system.
Background
With the change of the population fertility policy in China, the total population of China still keeps growing for a period of time, and the main task of agriculture in China is still kept for a long time in the future to increase the yield of food crops in farmlands. Currently, in the total yield of three grain crops in China, corn stably lives the first and rice stably lives the second. The corn seeding area is 3600 more than ten thousand hectares in 2016, and the rice seeding area is 3000 more than ten thousand hectares.
In view of the reasons that the population aging in China is intensified, the agricultural population urbanization is improved to cause the labor input in agricultural production to be gradually reduced, and secondly, the yield per unit yield of the middle rice in China (such as super rice) is continuously updated to be new and high, the area of the middle rice in one season is steadily increased, taking Hunan province as an example, statistical yearbook data show that the seeding area of the middle rice is increased from 91.67 hectares to 117.9 hectares in ten years from 2006 to 2015, the increase area is 26.23 hectares, and the total seeding area of early rice and late rice is reduced year by year. Even if the single-season yield of the middle-season rice is increased, compared with the double-season rice yield, the annual single-season yield of the middle-season rice is still lower than the annual yield of the double-season rice, which is contradictory to the continuous increase of the grain yield in China to meet the demand of the population in China on the grain.
Correspondingly, the planting mode of the mid-season rice in one season enables the farmland in south China to appear in a longer leisure period in one year. This provides the possibility for the mechanized operation of higher corn planting. According to local climatic conditions, corns with short growth period and medium rice with moderate growth period are selected for planting, the annual crop growth period is properly prolonged, annual continuous cropping of the corn medium rice is realized, and the improvement of the annual crop yield is an important measure for solving the problem of increasing the demand of the population number of China on the grain yield.
In addition, the soil is always in a flooded state due to long-term rice planting, and the granular structure in the soil is damaged due to long-term wet ploughing and wet finishing, so that the soil is compact in texture, large in volume weight, poor in ventilation and water permeability, and capable of deteriorating the soil properties, further toxic substances such as ferrous ions and sulfides, as well as a submerged layer and a plough lower layer are formed, the growth of crop roots is not facilitated, and the growth of crops is influenced.
On the contrary, the annual continuous cropping of corn and rice is a typical paddy-upland rotation system, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil in two seasons of paddy field and upland have obvious difference. One of the remarkable characteristics is that due to seasonal different water management of soil, various polyvalent mineral elements of soil are subjected to redox changes, and further the existing form and effectiveness of different substances in soil are changed. Secondly, due to strong conversion of soil hydrothermal conditions, the physical and chemical properties and biological properties of soil can be caused to change alternately among different crop seasons, so that the conversion, migration and accumulation of various parts in the soil are changed, the activity of crop root systems, particularly the activity of rice root systems in rice seasons, is increased, and the yield of rice is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for improving annual crop yield in a corn-medium rice crop rotation system according to actual production conditions, aiming at the practical problem that the demand of the population of China is continuously increased for grains, and the yield of medium rice in one season is increased to reduce the seeding area of double cropping rice. The method designs a mode that corn medium-rice rotation is carried out to properly prolong the growth period of annual crops according to the characteristic of abundant hydrothermal conditions in south China, and the novel method can obviously improve the annual yield of the crops, is simple to operate and is convenient to popularize.
The invention relates to a method for improving annual crop yield, in particular to a corn-medium rice crop rotation technology, which comprises the steps of early sowing spring corn in time, late harvesting medium rice in time, harvesting corn at the end of 6 months and at the beginning of 7 months, and planting medium rice varieties in a matched manner in next crop. Compared with double cropping rice, spring corn is sown earlier than early rice for 7-10 days, middle rice is sown earlier than late rice for 5-7 days, harvesting period is later than late rice for 7-15 days, and compared with the growth period of the comprehensive annual crops, the rotation system of corn and middle rice can increase the whole growth period by 19-32 days.
The application range is as follows: the method is suitable for double cropping rice planting areas in China and areas south of the double cropping rice planting areas, such as the Yangtze river valley.
The method for improving the annual yield of crops comprises the following specific operation steps:
step 1): ridge forming is carried out on the corn field, the width of the ridge surface is about 60 centimeters, the height of the ridge is 15-20 centimeters, and the space between the ridges is about 50 centimeters. After the ridge surface is leveled, base fertilizer is applied, spring corn is directly sown in 3 months, the ridge surface is covered with film by adopting wide-narrow row planting (the wide row spacing is 60-70 cm; the narrow row spacing is 30-40 cm), topdressing is carried out twice in the last ten days of 4 months and the last ten days of 5 months, and corn is harvested at the bottom of 6 months and in the beginning of 7 months.
Step 2): seedling raising of late rice in the first ten days of 6 months in the rice season, irrigation and rotary tillage of the soil after harvesting of the corn, application of base fertilizer, transplanting of the rice in the middle 7 months, secondary topdressing in the first 8 months and the first September, and harvesting of the rice in the first 11 months.
Or, preferably, further comprising step 3): after the rice is harvested, the soil is turned over and the field is dried in the slack season (12 months early or last ten days), and drainage ditches are dug.
The corn season base fertilizer in the step 1) is calcium nitrate: 45-60kg N/hm2(ii) a Urea: 30-45kg N/hm2(ii) a Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 100-180kg of P2O5/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90-150kg K2O/hm2. The base fertilizer is spread on narrow rows (namely ridge surfaces) of the corn, the nitrate nitrogen is mainly applied to the base fertilizer, the situation that the root system of the corn in the seedling stage is small and cannot contact with enough nitrogen fertilizer is avoided, and a proper amount of nitrate nitrogen can migrate to the vicinity of the root system under the driving of moisture, so that the growth of the corn is promoted; the method can also induce the root system to grow like a signal substance, a larger root system can contact more nitrogen fertilizer, the ammonium nitrogen is difficult to migrate in the soil, and the nitrate nitrogen is applied with a certain amount of ammonium nitrogen, so that the requirement of the corn on the nitrogen can be ensured, and the downward leaching loss of the nitrate nitrogen driven by water can be reduced. And/or the first additional fertilizer is 60-90kg of urea N/hm2And potassium chloride: 30-90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 45-75kgN/hm of urea2。
Further preferably, the dosage standard of the corn season base fertilizer in the step 1) is calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm2(ii) a Urea: 45kgN/hm2(ii) a Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180kg of P2O5/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a And/or, first additional fertilization of urea: 90kg N/hm2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 45kg of urea N/hm2。
The corn ridge surface film in the step 1) covers the corn after direct seeding, the width of the corn ridge surface film is about 1 meter, and the corn ridge surface film mainly has the function of increasing the ground temperature and promoting seed germination. The film was peeled off after the temperature was gradually increased at the beginning of 4 months, but when the temperature was still low, the film was peeled off. After the corn seedlings emerge, a small opening is formed in the mulching film to be beneficial to normal growth and development of the corn and ensure that the corn seedlings are not covered by the mulching film.
The standard of the amount of the base fertilizer used in the rice season in the step 2) is 60-90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90-150kg K2O/hm2(ii) a And/or the first additional fertilizer is 60-90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 30-90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 60-90kg of urea N/hm2。
Further preferably, the dosage standard of the rice season base fertilizer in the step 2) is 90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a And/or the first additional fertilizer is 67.5kg of urea N/hm2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 67.5kg of urea N/hm2。
The first topdressing of the corn season in the corn jointing stage and the second topdressing of the corn season in the corn booting stage are carried out, and if more weeds are generated in the field during topdressing, weeding is carried out before fertilization operation so as to ensure efficient utilization of the fertilizer. And/or, the first topdressing in the rice season in the step 2) is carried out in the rice tillering period, and the second topdressing is carried out in the rice heading period.
Further, the corn variety adopted is denghai 605, and the growth period is about 105 days; the medium rice variety is Jingliangyouhuazhan, and the growth period is about 127 days.
The invention realizes the annual crop rotation of corn and medium-sized rice in the south of Yangtze river valley. The method has the advantages of easily available materials, simple operation process, simple and convenient application method, lower cost, favorable popularization and favorable application prospect, and meets the requirements of sustainable development in China.
Has the advantages that:
1) the annual yield of crop grains is remarkably improved, and compared with the traditional double cropping rice continuous cropping mode, the method can remarkably increase the yield of the grains by more than 20 percent, and meets the requirements of agricultural yield increase and income increase;
2) the corn-medium rice rotation system has the advantages of simple operation process, low cost, contribution to popularization and good application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1: example 1 annual crop yield comparison of medium season rice in quaternary red soil development paddy field soil with double season rice in continuous cropping (2016. annual yield).
FIG. 2: example 2 river sedimentary soil development paddy field soil annual crop yields in one season were compared with double cropping rice annual yields (2016 annual yields).
FIG. 3: example 1 annual yield comparison of quaternary red soil development paddy field soil maize rice crop rotation with double cropping rice continuous cropping (2017 annual yield).
FIG. 4: example 2 river sedimentary soil development paddy soil corn rice crop rotation was compared with double cropping rice continuous cropping annual yield (2017 annual yield).
Detailed Description
The following embodiments are provided to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Step 1) ridging the corn season land, wherein the width of a ridge surface is about 60 centimeters, the height of the ridge is 15-20 centimeters, and the distance between the ridges is about 50 centimeters. After the ridge surface is leveled, base fertilizer is applied, spring corn is directly sown in 3 months, wide and narrow rows are adopted for planting (wide action 70 cm; narrow action 40 cm), the plant spacing is 24 cm, and the ridge surface is covered with a film. The base fertilizer dosage is calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm2(ii) a Urea: 45kg N/hm2(ii) a Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180kgP2O5/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2. Topdressing is carried out twice in the last 4 th and last 5 th of month (weeding is carried out before fertilization if more weeds are left), and the first topdressing is 90kg of urea N/hm2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 45kg of urea N/hm2And harvesting the corn at the beginning of 7 months.
Step 2) raising rice seedlings in middle-aged 6-month late ten days of the rice season, irrigating and rotary cultivating the harvested corns in the soil, wherein the standard of the amount of the applied base fertilizer is 90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2Transplanting rice in late middle 7 months with line spacing of 25 × 20 cm, top dressing twice in early 8 months and late September, and urea 67.5 as the first top dressingkg N/hm2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 67.5kg of urea N/hm2Harvesting the rice in the last 11 th month.
And 3) taking double-cropping rice continuous cropping as a comparison, taking the same management measures, raising seedlings in 3 middle ten days of early rice, transplanting in 4 middle ten days of early rice, topdressing twice in 4 late ten days and 5 late ten days of early rice, and harvesting in 7 middle ten days of late rice. Seedling raising is carried out on late rice in the middle of 6 months, transplanting is carried out in the middle and last of 7 months, topdressing is carried out for the second time in the early 8 months and the last of September, and harvesting is carried out in the last 10 months.
And 4, sunning the harvested rice in winter, and excavating a drainage ditch in the slack season (12 months early).
Corn-rice crop rotation (corn variety denghai 605, growth period about 105 days; rice variety jingliangyouhuazhan, growth period about 127 days) was performed on the soil of the quaternary red soil development paddy field under the same management conditions as compared with the conventional double cropping rice planting (early season rice variety 25, early season rice variety 106 days; late season rice variety jiu youhuanghuazhan, growth period about 118 days).
Example 1 test sites were selected in the test base of the agricultural academy of Hunan province, high bridge county, Changsha, Hunan province (N28 DEG 28 '33.73'; E113 DEG 20 '50.03').
The results of the 2016 year comparison of medium season rice to double season rice show that: although the yield of the single season rice in one season is increased by 22.3 percent compared with the yield of the late rice in the same year, the yield of the single season rice in one season is reduced by 25.9 percent compared with the yield of the double season rice in continuous cropping and annual total yield (see figure 1 in detail).
The comparison result of the corn rice crop rotation and the double cropping rice continuous cropping in 2017 shows that: the drying yield of the corn seeds of spring crops is increased by 16.8 percent compared with that of double-cropping early rice, the drying yield of the rice seeds of autumn crops is increased by 26.0 percent compared with that of double-cropping late rice, and the annual total yield of corn-rice crop rotation treatment is increased by 22.2 percent (P <0.05) compared with that of the conventional double-cropping rice seeds (see figure 3 for details). The test result shows that: the invention can effectively increase the annual output of crops in the soil of a paddy field developed by the quaternary red soil, and the annual corn and rice crop rotation can increase the yield by more than 20 percent compared with that of double cropping rice.
Example 2
Step 1) ridging the corn season land, wherein the width of the ridge surface is about 60 centimeters, the height of the ridge is 15-20 centimeters, and the ridge spacingAbout 50 cm. After the ridge surface is leveled, base fertilizer is applied, spring corn is directly sown in 3 months, wide and narrow rows are adopted for planting (wide action 70 cm; narrow action 40 cm), the plant spacing is 24 cm, and the ridge surface is covered with a film. The base fertilizer dosage is calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm2(ii) a Urea: 45kg N/hm2(ii) a Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180kgP2O5/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2. Topdressing is carried out twice in the last 4 th and last 5 th of month (weeding is carried out before fertilization if more weeds are left), and the first topdressing is 90kg of urea N/hm2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 45kg of urea N/hm2And harvesting the corn at the beginning of 7 months.
Step 2) raising rice seedlings in middle-aged 6-month late ten days of the rice season, irrigating and rotary cultivating the harvested corns in the soil, wherein the standard of the amount of the applied base fertilizer is 90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2Transplanting rice in late middle 7 months with line spacing of 25 × 20 cm, secondary topdressing in early 8 months and late September, and urea 67.5kg N/hm as the primary topdressing2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 67.5kg of urea N/hm2Harvesting the rice in the last 11 th month.
And 3) taking double-cropping rice continuous cropping as a comparison, taking the same management measures, raising seedlings in 3 middle ten days of early rice, transplanting in 4 middle ten days of early rice, topdressing twice in 4 late ten days and 5 late ten days of early rice, and harvesting in 7 middle ten days of late rice. Seedling raising is carried out on late rice in the middle of 6 months, transplanting is carried out in the middle and last of 7 months, topdressing is carried out for the second time in the early 8 months and the last of September, and harvesting is carried out in the last 10 months.
And 4, sunning the harvested rice in winter, and excavating a drainage ditch in the slack season (12 months early).
Corn-rice crop rotation (corn variety denghai 605, growth period about 105 days; rice variety jingliangyouhuazhan, growth period about 127 days) was performed on river sedimentary soil development paddy soil, and compared with conventional double cropping rice planting under the same management conditions (early season rice variety early 25, growth period about 106 days; late season rice variety jiu youhuanghuazhan, growth period about 118 days).
Example 2 test points were selected in Wuzuxiang (N29 ℃ 18 '40.91', E112 ℃ 28 '40.13') in south county, Yiyang city, Hunan province.
The results of the 2016 year comparison of medium season rice to double season rice show that: although the yield of the single season middle rice in one season is increased by 17.9 percent compared with the yield of the double season late rice, the annual total yield of the double season rice in successive cropping is reduced by 24.7 percent (see figure 2 in detail).
The comparison result of the corn rice crop rotation and the double cropping rice continuous cropping in 2017 shows that: the drying yield of the corn seeds of the spring crop is increased by 16.4 percent compared with that of double-cropping early rice, the drying yield of the rice in the autumn crop is increased by 29.1 percent compared with that of the double-cropping late rice, and the annual total yield of the corn-rice crop rotation is increased by 24.0 percent (P <0.05) compared with that of the traditional double-cropping rice planting (see figure 4 in detail). The test result shows that: the invention can effectively increase the annual output of crops in the paddy field soil developed by river sedimentary soil, and the annual corn and rice crop rotation increases the yield by more than 20 percent compared with that of double cropping rice.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (4)
1. A method for improving annual yield of crops is characterized in that a corn-medium rice rotation technology is adopted, spring corn is sowed early in time, the spring corn is harvested at the bottom of 6 months and at the beginning of 7 months, and medium rice varieties are planted in a matched mode in next crop;
the corn variety is denghai 605; the middle rice variety is Jingliangyouhuazhan;
compared with double cropping rice, spring corn is sowed earlier for 7-10 days than early rice, middle rice is sowed earlier for 5-7 days than late rice, harvesting period is 7-15 days later, and the whole growth period of the corn middle rice rotation system is increased by 19-32 days compared with the whole growth period of the double cropping rice system;
the method is suitable for double cropping rice planting areas in China;
the method comprises the following steps:
1): ploughing and ridging the corn field in a season, wherein the width of each ridge is about 60 centimeters, the height of each ridge is 15-20 centimeters, and the distance between every two ridges is about 50 centimeters; applying base fertilizer after leveling the ridge surface, directly seeding spring corn in the beginning of 3 months, and planting in wide and narrow rows: the wide line spacing is 60-70 cm, and the narrow line spacing is 30-40 cm; covering a film on the ridge surface, topdressing twice in the last ten days of 4 months and the last ten days of 5 months, and harvesting corns at the bottom of 6 months and at the beginning of 7 months;
the dosage standard of the base fertilizer is calcium nitrate: 45-60kg N/hm2(ii) a Urea: 30-45kg N/hm2(ii) a Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 100-180kg of P2O5/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90-150kg K2O/hm2(ii) a The first top dressing is 60-90kg of urea N/hm2And potassium chloride: 30-90kg K2O /hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 45-75kg of N/hm of urea2(ii) a The first top dressing in the corn season is in the corn jointing stage, and the second top dressing is in the corn booting stage;
2): the rice is raised in the middle of the first 6 th month of the rice season, water is filled into the soil for rotary tillage after the corn is harvested, base fertilizer is applied, the rice is transplanted in the middle of the 7 th month, secondary topdressing is carried out in the first 8 th month and the last September, and the rice is harvested in the first 11 th month;
the dosage standard of the base fertilizer is 60-90kg of N/hm of urea2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90-150kg K2O /hm2(ii) a The first top dressing is 60-90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 30-90kg K2O /hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 60-90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a The first topdressing in the paddy rice tillering period and the second topdressing in the paddy rice heading period;
or, further comprising step 3): harvesting and drying the rice in the sun, and digging a drainage ditch in slack season.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the corn quaternary base fertilizer dosage standard of step 1) is calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm2(ii) a Urea: 45kg N/hm2(ii) a Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180kg of P2O5/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O/hm2(ii) a And/or, first additional fertilization of urea: 90kg N/hm2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O /hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 45kg of urea N/hm2。
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ridge surface covering film of the corn season in the step 1) covers the corn after direct seeding, and the width is about 1 meter; after the corn seedlings emerge, a small opening is formed in the film to promote the normal development of the corn seedlings; and (5) uncovering the film after the temperature is gradually increased at the beginning of 4 months.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the standard dosage of the rice season base fertilizer in the step 2) is 90kg of urea N/hm2(ii) a Potassium chloride: 90kg K2O /hm2(ii) a And/or the first additional fertilizer is 67.5kg of urea N/hm2And potassium chloride: 90kg K2O /hm2(ii) a The second time of top dressing is 67.5kg of urea N/hm2。
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