CN108307954B - Method for improving annual yield of crops - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for improving annual yield of crops, which adopts a corn-medium rice rotation technology and comprises the steps of early sowing spring corn in time, harvesting the spring corn at the bottom of 6 months and at the beginning of 7 months, and planting medium rice varieties in a matched manner in next crop. Aiming at the practical problems that the annual comprehensive yield of the farmland is reduced due to the increase of the sowing area of the middle rice in one season and the reduction of the area of the double-season rice, and the demand for grains is continuously increased due to the continuous increase of the population number in China, the invention realizes the annual crop rotation of the corns and the middle rice in the south of Yangtze river basin; the method has the advantages of easily obtained materials, simple operation process, simple and convenient application method, lower cost, contribution to popularization and good application prospect; the invention obviously improves the annual output of crop seeds, and compared with the traditional double cropping rice continuous cropping mode, the annual total yield of the corn medium-length rice seeds is improved by more than 20 percent, thereby meeting the requirements of sustainable development in China.

Description

A method to increase annual crop yield

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of soil tillage systems, and in particular relates to a method for increasing annual crop yield in a corn-rice crop rotation system.

Background technique

With the change of my country's population and fertility policy, my country's total population will continue to grow for a period of time, and increasing the output of farmland grain crops will still be the main task facing my country's agriculture for a long time to come. At present, corn ranks first in the total output of my country's three major food crops, and rice ranks second. In 2016, the sown area of corn was over 36 million hectares, and the sown area of rice was over 30 million hectares.

In view of the aging of my country's population and the increasing urbanization of the agricultural population, the labor input in agricultural production has gradually decreased. Secondly, the yield per unit of medium rice in my country (such as super rice) has continued to set new historical highs. For example, according to the Statistical Yearbook data, the sown area of middle rice increased from 916,700 hectares to 1,179,000 hectares in the ten years from 2006 to 2015, an increase of 262,300 hectares, while the total sown area of early and late rice decreased year by year. Even though the single-season yield of one-cropping rice is increasing, compared with that of double-cropping rice, the annual yield of one-cropping rice is still lower than the annual yield of double-cropping rice. .

Correspondingly, the one-season mid-season rice planting method makes farmland in southern my country appear in a longer fallow period of the year. This makes it possible to grow corn with a higher degree of mechanization. According to the local climatic conditions, choose corn with a short growth period and medium rice with a moderate growth period for planting, appropriately extend the annual crop growth period, realize the annual continuous cropping of corn and rice, and increase the annual crop yield is an important solution to the increase in the demand for grain production due to the increase in the population in my country. action.

In addition, the long-term rice planting keeps the soil in a flooded state, coupled with long-term wet tillage and moistening, the aggregate structure in the soil is destroyed, the soil is dense, the bulk density is increased, the ventilation and water permeability are poor, and the soil properties are deteriorated. Toxic substances such as iron ions and sulfides, as well as the gestational layer and the lower layer of the plow, are not conducive to the development of crop roots and affect the growth of crops.

On the contrary, the annual continuous cropping of maize and rice is a typical flood and drought rotation system, and there are obvious differences in soil physicochemical properties between flood and drought seasons. One of the remarkable features is that due to different seasonal soil water management, the redox changes of various multivalent mineral elements in the soil are caused, which further leads to changes in the existing form and availability of different substances in the soil. Secondly, due to the strong transformation of soil water and heat conditions, the physical and chemical properties and biological properties of the soil will also change alternately between different crop seasons, changing the transformation, migration and accumulation of various samples in the soil, and increasing crop root activity, especially It is the activity of rice root system in rice season and increases rice yield.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Aiming at the practical problem that the sown area of double-cropping rice is reduced due to the continuous increase of the population in my country and the increase in the grain demand due to the increase in the yield of one-season mid-season rice, the present invention proposes a method for increasing the annual crop yield in a corn-middle-rice rotation system according to the actual production situation. Based on the rich water and heat conditions in southern my country, this method designed a mode of corn and rice rotation to appropriately prolong the annual crop growth period. This new method can significantly increase the annual crop yield, and is simple to operate and easy to popularize.

The method for increasing the annual crop yield of the present invention is a corn-middle rice rotation technology, which includes early sowing of spring corn in time, and late harvest of mid-rice in time, corn harvesting at the end of June and early July, and planting of mid-rice varieties in the next stubble. Compared with double-cropping rice, spring maize is sown 7-10 days earlier than early rice, medium rice is sown 5-7 days earlier than late rice, and harvested 7-15 days later. The whole growth period of the crop rice system can be increased by 19-32 days.

Scope of application: This method is applicable to the double-cropping rice planting areas in my country and the areas south of the double-cropping rice planting areas, such as the south of the Yangtze River Basin.

The specific operation steps of a method for improving annual crop yield according to the present invention include:

Step 1): Raise the ridges in the corn season. The width of the ridges is about 60 cm, the height of the ridges is 15-20 cm, and the spacing between the ridges is about 50 cm. After leveling the ridges, apply basal fertilizer. In early March, spring corn will be broadcast live, and planted in wide and narrow rows (60-70 cm wide row spacing; 30-40 cm narrow row spacing) ridge surface mulching, topdressing twice in late April and late May , Harvest corn in late June and early July.

Step 2): in the rice season, the middle and late rice seedlings are raised in the first ten days of June. After the corn is harvested, the soil is irrigated and rotated, and the base fertilizer is applied. The rice is transplanted in the middle of July.

Alternatively, it is preferable to further include step 3): after the rice is harvested, in the slack season (early or early December), the soil is turned over to dry the fields, and drainage ditches are excavated.

Step 1) described corn season base fertilizer consumption calcium nitrate: 45-60kg N/hm ² ; Urea: 30-45kg N/hm ² ; Calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 100-180kg P ₂ O ₅ /hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 90-150kg K ₂ O/hm ² . The basal fertilizer is applied to the narrow row of corn (that is, on the ridge surface). The application of nitrate nitrogen as the basal fertilizer mainly prevents the root system of corn seedlings from being small and cannot be exposed to enough nitrogen fertilizer. It can promote the growth of maize; it can also make nitrate nitrogen like a signal substance to induce root growth. Larger roots can be exposed to more nitrogen fertilizers, while ammonium nitrogen is more difficult to migrate in the soil, and nitrate nitrogen is combined with a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium nitrogen can not only ensure the nitrogen demand of corn, but also reduce the downward leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen driven by water. And/or, the first top dressing is urea 60-90kg N/hm ² , potassium chloride: 30-90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; the second top dressing is urea 45-75kgN/hm ² .

Further preferably, step 1) corn season base fertilizer dosage standard is calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm ² ; urea: 45kgN/hm ² ; calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180kg P ₂ O ₅ /hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; and/or, the first top dressing is urea: 90kg N/hm ² , potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; the second top dressing is urea 45kg N/hm ² .

In step 1), the corn season ridge surface mulching film is covered after the corn is broadcasted directly, and the width is about 1 meter, and its main function is to increase the ground temperature to promote seed germination. In early April, when the temperature gradually rises, the film can be removed, but if the temperature is still low, the film removal will be postponed. After the corn seedlings emerge, make a small opening in the plastic film to facilitate the normal growth and development of the corn, and ensure that the corn seedlings are not covered by the plastic film.

Step 2) described rice season base fertilizer dosage standard is urea 60-90kg N/hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 90-150kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; and/or, the first top dressing is urea 60-90kg N/ hm ² ; potassium chloride: 30-90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; the second top dressing is urea 60-90kg N/hm ² .

Further preferably, step 2) described rice season base fertilizer dosage standard is urea 90kg N/hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; And/or, the first top dressing is urea 67.5kg N/hm 2 ^2. Potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; the second top dressing is 67.5kg N/hm ² of urea.

Step 1) The first top dressing in the corn season is at the corn jointing stage, and the second top dressing is at the corn booting stage. If there are many weeds in the field during the top dressing, then weeding needs to be carried out before the fertilization operation to ensure the efficient utilization of the fertilizer. And/or, the first top dressing of the rice season in step 2) is at the tillering stage of the rice, and the second top dressing is at the heading stage of the rice.

Further, the corn variety used is Denghai 605, and the growth period is about 105 days; the middle rice variety is Jingliangyouhuazhan, and the growth period is about 127 days.

The invention realizes the annual crop rotation of maize and middle rice in the south of the Yangtze River basin. The method of the invention is extremely easy to obtain materials, simple in operation process, simple in application method, low in cost, favorable for popularization, has good application prospects, and meets the needs of sustainable development in my country.

Beneficial effects:

1) The present invention significantly improves the annual grain yield of crops, and the method can significantly increase grain yield by more than 20% compared with the traditional double-cropping rice continuous cropping mode, which meets the requirements of increasing agricultural production and income;

2) The corn-middle rice rotation system of the present invention has simple operation process, low cost, is favorable for popularization, and has a good application prospect.

Description of drawings

Figure 1: Example 1 Quaternary red soil development paddy field soil annual yield comparison between one-cropping mid-season rice and double-cropping rice (yield in 2016).

Figure 2: Comparison of annual yields of continuous cropping of one-cropping mid-season rice and double-cropping rice in paddy field soil in Example 2 (Yield in 2016).

Figure 3: Example 1 Quaternary red soil development paddy field soil corn-rice rotation and annual yield comparison of double-cropping rice (yield in 2017).

Figure 4: Comparison of annual yields between corn and rice rotation and continuous double-cropping rice in Example 2 river sedimentary soil development paddy field soil (yield in 2017).

Detailed ways

The following embodiments are used to illustrate the present invention, but not to limit the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

Step 1) Ridge the land in corn season, the width of the ridge is about 60 cm, the height of the ridge is 15-20 cm, and the spacing between the ridges is about 50 cm. After leveling the ridge surface, apply basal fertilizer. In early March, spring corn is broadcast live, and planting is carried out in wide and narrow rows (70 cm for wide rows; 40 cm for narrow rows), with a plant spacing of 24 cm, and the ridge surface is covered with film. Base fertilizer dosage: calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm ² ; urea: 45kg N/hm ² ; calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180kgP ₂ O ₅ /hm ² ; potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² . In late April and late May, the top dressing was divided into two times (if there are many weeds before fertilization, weeding is required), the first top dressing is urea 90kg N/hm ² , potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; The second top dressing was 45kg N/hm ² of urea, and corn was harvested in early July.

Step 2) In the rice season, rice seedlings are raised in the middle of the first ten days of June, and the soil is irrigated and rotated after the corn is harvested, and the standard fertilizer dosage is 90kg N/hm ² of urea; potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² , and rice is transplanted in mid-July , the line spacing is 25 × 20 cm. The first top dressing is 67.5kg N/hm ² of urea, potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; the second top dressing is 67.5kg N/hm ² of urea, 11 The rice is harvested in the first half of the month.

Step 3) Take the double-cropping rice as a control, take the same management measures, raise seedlings in mid-March for early rice, transplant in mid-April, topdress twice in late April and late May, and harvest in mid-July. Seedlings for late rice are raised in mid-June, transplanted in mid-to-late July, topdressed twice in early August and early September, and harvested in late October.

Step 4 Dry the fields after the rice is harvested in winter, and excavate drainage ditches during the slack season (early December).

The corn-rice rotation was carried out on the paddy field soil of the Quaternary red soil development (the corn variety is Denghai 605, the growth period is about 105 days; the rice variety is Jingliangyouhuazhan, the growth period is about 127 days). The traditional double-cropping rice is compared (the early rice variety is Zhongzao 25, with a growth period of about 106 days; the late rice variety is Jiulianyou Huanghuazhan, with a growth period of about 118 days).

Example 1 The test site was selected in the test base of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gaoqiao Town, Changsha County, Changsha, Hunan Province (N28°28'33.73"; E 113°20'50.03").

In 2016, the results of the comparison between one-season rice and double-cropping rice showed that although the single-season yield of one-season rice increased by 22.3% compared with that of late rice in that year, it decreased by 25.9% compared with the annual total annual yield of double-cropping rice (see Figure 1 for details).

In 2017, the comparison results of corn-rice rotation and double-cropping rice showed that the dry yield of corn grains in spring crops increased by 16.8% compared with that of double-crop early rice, and the dry yield of rice in autumn crops increased by 26.0% compared with that of double-crop late rice. Yield The corn-rice rotation treatment increased the grain dry yield by 22.2% (P<0.05) compared with the traditional double-cropping rice planting (P<0.05) (see Figure 3 for details). The test results show that the invention can effectively increase the annual yield of crops in the paddy field soil developed in the Quaternary red soil, and the annual corn-rice rotation increases the yield by more than 20% compared with the double-cropping rice.

Example 2

Step 1) Ridge the land in corn season, the width of the ridge is about 60 cm, the height of the ridge is 15-20 cm, and the spacing between the ridges is about 50 cm. After leveling the ridge surface, apply basal fertilizer. In early March, spring corn is broadcast live, and planting is carried out in wide and narrow rows (70 cm for wide rows; 40 cm for narrow rows), with a plant spacing of 24 cm, and the ridge surface is covered with film. Base fertilizer dosage: calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm ² ; urea: 45kg N/hm ² ; calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180kgP ₂ O ₅ /hm ² ; potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² . In late April and late May, the top dressing was divided into two times (if there are many weeds before fertilization, weeding is required), the first top dressing is urea 90kg N/hm ² , potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; The second top dressing was 45kg N/hm ² of urea, and corn was harvested in early July.

Step 2) In the rice season, rice seedlings are raised in the middle of the first ten days of June, and the soil is irrigated and rotated after the corn is harvested, and the standard fertilizer dosage is 90kg N/hm ² of urea; potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² , and rice is transplanted in mid-July , the line spacing is 25 × 20 cm. The first top dressing is 67.5kg N/hm ² of urea, potassium chloride: 90kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; the second top dressing is 67.5kg N/hm ² of urea, 11 The rice is harvested in the first half of the month.

Step 3) Take the double-cropping rice as a control, take the same management measures, raise seedlings in mid-March for early rice, transplant in mid-April, topdress twice in late April and late May, and harvest in mid-July. Seedlings for late rice are raised in mid-June, transplanted in mid-to-late July, topdressed twice in early August and early September, and harvested in late October.

Step 4 Dry the fields after the rice is harvested in winter, and excavate drainage ditches during the slack season (early December).

The corn-rice rotation is carried out on the paddy field soil developed in the river sedimentary soil (the corn variety is Denghai 605, the growth period is about 105 days; the rice variety is Jingliangyouhuazhan, the growth period is about 127 days). Double-cropping rice was planted for comparison (the early rice variety was Zhongzao 25, with a growth period of about 106 days; the late rice variety was Jiulianyou Huanghuazhan, with a growth period of about 118 days).

Example 2 The test site was selected in Wuzui Township, Nanxian County, Yiyang City, Hunan Province (N 29°18'40.91", E 112°28'40.13").

In 2016, the results of the comparison between one-cropping mid-season rice and double-cropping rice showed that although the single-season yield of one-cropping mid-season rice increased by 17.9% compared with that of double-cropping late rice, it decreased by 24.7% compared with the annual total annual yield of double-cropping rice (see Figure 2 for details).

In 2017, the comparison results of corn-rice rotation and double-cropping rice showed that: the dry yield of corn grains for spring crops increased by 16.4% compared with that of double-cropping early rice, and the dry yield of autumn crops was 29.1% higher than that of double-cropping late rice. The total annual output of corn - The grain yield of rice rotation increased by 24.0% (P<0.05) compared with the traditional double cropping rice planting (see Figure 4 for details). The test results show that the invention can effectively increase the annual yield of crops in the paddy field soil developed in the river sedimentary soil.

Although the present invention has been described in detail above with general description and specific embodiments, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that some modifications or improvements can be made on the basis of the present invention. Therefore, these modifications or improvements made without departing from the spirit of the present invention fall within the scope of the claimed protection of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. a method for improving crop annual output, is characterized in that, adopts corn-middle rice rotation technology, comprises spring corn early sowing in time, and spring corn is harvested at the end of June, the beginning of July simultaneously, and the next stubble is matched to plant middle rice varieties; The corn variety used is Denghai 605; the middle rice variety is Jingliangyouhuazhan; Compared with double-cropping rice, spring maize is sown 7-10 days earlier than early rice, medium rice is sown 5-7 days earlier than late rice, and harvested 7-15 days later. The whole growth period of the crop rice system is increased by 19-32 days; The method is suitable for double cropping rice growing areas in my country; The method includes the following steps: 1): The land is ploughed and ridged in the corn season. The width of the ridge is about 60 cm, the height of the ridge is 15-20 cm, and the distance between the ridges is about 50 cm; after leveling the ridge surface, apply basal fertilizer, and live the spring corn in early March. Planting in wide and narrow rows: wide The row spacing is 60-70 cm, and the narrow row spacing is 30-40 cm; the ridge surface is covered with film, and the top dressing is carried out twice in late April and late May, and corn is harvested at the end of June and early July; The dosage standard of described base fertilizer is calcium nitrate: 45-60kg N/hm ² ; Urea: 30-45 kg N/hm ² ; Calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 100-180 kg P ₂ O ₅ /hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 90 -150 kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; the first top dressing is urea 60-90 kg N/hm ² , potassium chloride: 30-90 kg K ₂ O /hm ² ; the second top dressing is urea 45-75 kg N/hm ² ; the first top dressing of corn season is at the corn jointing stage, and the second top dressing is at the corn booting stage; 2): Rice seedlings are raised in the middle of the rice season in the first ten days of June. After the corn is harvested, the land is irrigated and rotated, and the base fertilizer is applied. The rice is transplanted in the middle of July, and the top dressing is divided into two times in the beginning of August and the first ten days of September, and the rice is harvested in the first ten days of November; The dosage standard of described base fertilizer is urea 60-90 kg N/hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 90-150 kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; The first top dressing is urea 60-90 kg N/hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 30-90 kg K ₂ O /hm ² ; the second top-dressing is 60-90 kg N/hm ² of urea; the first top-dressing in the rice season is at the tillering stage of the rice, and the second top-dressing is at the heading stage of the rice; Alternatively, step 3) is also included: drying the fields after the rice is harvested, and excavating drainage ditches during the slack season. 2. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, step 1) corn season base fertilizer dosage standard is calcium nitrate: 45kg N/hm ² ; urea: 45 kg N/hm ² ; calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer: 180 kg P ₂ O ₅ /hm ² ; Potassium chloride: 90 kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; and/or, first top dressing urea: 90 kg N/hm ² , potassium chloride: 90 kg K ₂ O /hm ² ; The secondary top dressing was urea 45 kg N/hm ² . 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in step 1) the ridge surface of the corn season is covered with a film after direct seeding of the corn, and the width is about 1 meter; In order to promote the normal development of corn seedlings; remove the film after the temperature gradually rises in early April. 4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in step 2), the standard amount of rice season basal fertilizer is 90 kg N/hm ² of urea; potassium chloride: 90 kg K ₂ O/hm ² ; And/or, the first top dressing is urea 67.5 kg N/hm ² , potassium chloride: 90 kg K ₂ O /hm ² ; the second top dressing is urea 67.5 kg N/hm ² .

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