CN108142207B - Wild-imitating bagged phellinus igniarius cultivation method in natural forest - Google Patents
Wild-imitating bagged phellinus igniarius cultivation method in natural forest Download PDFInfo
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- CN108142207B CN108142207B CN201711469522.6A CN201711469522A CN108142207B CN 108142207 B CN108142207 B CN 108142207B CN 201711469522 A CN201711469522 A CN 201711469522A CN 108142207 B CN108142207 B CN 108142207B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating wild-imitating bag material phellinus igniarius under natural forests, which takes phellinus igniarius strain number 1 as a strain, selects a proper forest land and corresponding strain manufacturing, fungus bag production and forest land planting time, and mainly adopts the method that a large number of dense capillary holes with certain depth are arranged at the bottom of a bag material fungus bag which is buried in a mixture with proper depth and evenly mixed by shallow humus of the forest land and soil in a mass ratio of 1:1-3, the capillary holes are used as capillary tubes for directly establishing connection between the fungus bag and the natural environment soil, and various trace elements, mineral substances, moisture and the like are drawn from the soil, so that the fungus bag is similar to a naturally grown phellinus igniarius trunk in the natural environment soil, the wild growth environment of the phellinus igniarius is simulated, and the phellinus igniarius in the fungus bag can be effectively prevented from being polluted by external hyphae; provides a way for the wild-imitating cultivation of phellinus igniarius in natural forests.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible and medicinal fungi cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating phellinus igniarius by using wild-imitating bag materials in natural forests.
Background
At present, artificial cultivation of edible and medicinal fungi becomes an effective way for obtaining the edible and medicinal fungi. There are reports of cultivation of edible and medicinal fungi such as ganoderma lucidum, morchella in the forest, such as under-forest cultivation method of morchella crassipes in Chinese patent ZL 201310152370.2 and cultivation technology of wild-like ganoderma lucidum in bamboo forest in Chinese patent ZL 201410437026.2. The varieties of edible and medicinal fungi are numerous, the growth characteristics of each edible and medicinal fungus are greatly different, and especially, artificial cultivation of some rare mushrooms such as morchella is successfully realized in recent years. Some rare mushrooms such as boletus edulis, russula and the like can not be successfully cultivated manually at present.
Phellinus linteus is fruiting body of Phellinus linteus Inonotus singhuang Sheng H.Wu, T.Hatt. & Y.C.Dai, belongs to Inonotus of Phellinus of Hymenochaetaceae of Basidiomycotina, and is a precious medicinal fungus. Medical research shows that phellinus igniarius has pharmacological activities of resisting tumor, oxidation and hepatic fibrosis, enhancing immunity and the like, and is one of the medicinal fungi which are considered to have the best anti-tumor effect internationally.
The artificial cultivation of the phellinus igniarius, which is a rare edible and medicinal fungus, mainly comprises two types of bag cultivation and cut-log cultivation, and the large-scale bag cultivation and greenhouse artificial cultivation of the phellinus igniarius are realized in recent years. A culture medium for artificially cultivating Phellinus Linteus in a bagged Phellinus Linteus greenhouse as described in Chinese patent ZL201410500416.X and a cultivation method thereof, and a method for artificially cultivating Phellinus Linteus in a cut-log Phellinus Linteus greenhouse as described in Chinese patent ZL 201410105124.6. The artificial planting of the phellinus igniarius in the greenhouse has the disadvantages of complicated operation technology, high pollution rate and low quality, and the establishment of the greenhouse suitable for the growth of the phellinus igniarius greatly increases the cultivation cost and the management difficulty, thereby restricting the production development. Due to the special growth characteristics of Phellinus linteus Inonotus sanghuang Sheng H.Wu, T.Hatt. & Y.C.Dai, no successful experience of cultivating Phellinus linteus by using natural forest bag materials exists at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a wild-imitating bagged phellinus igniarius cultivation method in a natural forest, which realizes wild-imitating cultivation of bagged phellinus igniarius in the natural forest, obtains high-quality phellinus igniarius sporocarp with quality close to that of wild phellinus igniarius, and has high yield.
The trees in the natural forest belong to autotrophs, occupy the space above the forest land, receive sufficient sunlight, release oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, and form a shady, moist and ventilated huge under-forest space. The cultivation technique of phellinus linteus under forest is completely different from that of phellinus linteus planted in greenhouse because the cultivation environment of phellinus linteus under natural forest is completely different from that of phellinus linteus planted in greenhouse. The artificial bag material is used for cultivating the phellinus igniarius in the greenhouse, and the greenhouse can provide environment conditions such as heat preservation, moisture preservation, light resistance and the like for the phellinus igniarius. Due to the particularity and complexity of the physiological ecology of the phellinus igniarius, the phellinus igniarius sporocarp has special requirements on environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, illumination and the like in the air phase in the development stage. When the phellinus igniarius is planted in the forest, the phellinus igniarius is almost in direct contact with the external natural environment, the external natural environment is complex and changeable, and compared with planting in a greenhouse, the phellinus igniarius is easier to be interfered by conditions such as external rainwater, illumination, air temperature and the like. Therefore, compared with the method for planting phellinus igniarius in a greenhouse, the technical difficulty of cultivating phellinus igniarius in natural forests is higher, and a series of necessary technical measures are needed to ensure that the phellinus igniarius can normally grow glossy ganoderma.
A cultivation method of Phellinus linteus with wild-like bag material under natural forest comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting a strain: selecting a phellinus igniarius strain, namely a phellinus igniarius strain No. 1, preserving the strain in China general microbiological culture Collection center (CGMCC) at 2014, 03 and 07, wherein the preservation number is CGMCC No.8854, and the classification and the name are as follows: phellinus Inonotus singhuangang; the strain is disclosed in Chinese patent ZL 201410477690. X;
(2) preparation of the fungus bag: the fungus bag is composed of the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 79% of mulberry twig sawdust, 1% of cane sugar, 5% of Clinacanthus nutans, 14% of wheat bran and 1% of gypsum powder, carrying out comprehensive water-spraying pre-wetting on the mulberry twig sawdust, controlling the humidity to be 60% -70%, adding the wheat bran, the cane sugar, the Clinacanthus nutans and the gypsum powder after sufficient pre-wetting, stirring the materials, uniformly mixing, and then packaging into a plastic bag, wherein the diameter of the bag body is 12cm-18cm, and the length of the bag body is 30cm-40cm, so as to obtain a fungus bag for culturing phellinus; inoculating the sterilized fungus bags with Phellinus igniarius cultivars; placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room for dark culture, controlling the temperature at 20-30 ℃ and the humidity at 40-60%, and culturing for 40-90 days;
(3) selecting a forest land: the conditions of the natural forest land are as follows: the method is far away from a pollution source and free of plant diseases and insect pests, the type of the forest soil is one or more of sandy soil, yellow brown soil and purple soil, the thickness of a soil humus layer is 1cm-20cm, the pH value of the soil is 5-8, the altitude is 100m-1000m, the type of the forest vegetation is one or more of broad-leaved forest, needle-and-broad-leaved mixed forest and open forest margin, the slope of the forest land is 1-45 degrees, the forest land is leeward and faces the sun, the canopy degree is 0.6-0.9, the plant number density is 1000 plants/hectare-3000 plants/hectare, the ventilation and drainage performance is good, and clean water sources are arranged around the forest land;
the natural microclimate characteristics (such as air temperature, moisture, nutrition matrix, air volume, illuminance, primary forest and other comprehensive conditions) in the natural forest land which meet the conditions can provide a suitable environment for the growth of the phellinus igniarius strain santong No. 1, the natural microclimate characteristics in the natural forest land can be fully utilized, the growth of phellinus igniarius is facilitated, and the produced phellinus igniarius is excellent in quality and high in yield;
the forest vegetation type can be selected from natural tea-oil tree forest, miscellaneous tree forest, mixed forest comprising one or more of Chinese red pine, fir and other coniferous tree species and one or more of oak, schima superba, sweetgum and other broad-leaved tree species.
(4) Arranging planting seasons: determining the time for strain production, fungus bag production and forest land planting of phellinus igniarius according to local climate characteristics;
taking the western mountainous area of Hangzhou as an example, generally, strains are prepared in 8-10 months in the current year, fungus sacks are prepared in 10-2 months in the current year, fungus sacks enter a forest land row in 3 months in the next year, and the fruiting period is 4-9 months in the next year;
(5) cultivation under forest: removing a dead branch deciduous layer and a shallow layer of humus, digging a concave furrow with the depth of 6cm-20cm, uniformly mixing shallow layer of humus and soil in a forest according to the mass ratio of 1:1-3, paving the mixture in the concave furrow, filling the concave furrow to be flush with the slope of a forest land, taking a fungus bag with grown hypha, and tying at least 20 uniformly distributed capillary holes at the bottom of the fungus bag, wherein the diameter of the capillary holes is 1mm-3mm, and the depth of the holes is 1cm-2cm (the capillary holes are deep into a matrix in the fungus bag); 2-4 arc-shaped openings with upward openings are formed in the upper part of the fungus bag, and two ends of each arc-shaped opening are upward for the growth of phellinus igniarius sporophores, so that the sporophores are beautiful after growing;
the bottom of the fungus bag comprises a bottom surface of the fungus bag and one or two areas from the intersection of the outer wall surface of the fungus bag and the bottom surface of the fungus bag to an area 1-4 cm away from the bottom surface of the fungus bag.
Then, the bottom surface of the fungus bag is downwards kept to be vertically buried in soil in the concave ridge, the burying depth is 1cm-5cm (namely, the bottom surface of the fungus bag and a section 1cm-5cm above the bottom surface are buried in the soil), so that capillary holes are completely located in the soil, the distance between every two adjacent fungus bags is 10cm-12cm, and a vent at the top of the fungus bag is screwed by a cover;
a large number of dense capillary holes with certain depth are arranged at the bottom of a fungus bag buried in soil with proper depth, the capillary holes can be used as capillaries for directly establishing a connection between the fungus bag and natural environment soil, and various trace elements, minerals, water and the like are extracted from the soil, so that the fungus bag is similar to a mulberry tree trunk naturally growing in the natural environment soil, the wild growth environment of phellinus igniarius is simulated, and the phellinus igniarius hypha in the fungus bag can be effectively prevented from being polluted by the external environment. At the moment, the growth of phellinus igniarius hyphae is limited, and the size and the depth of pores are very critical, especially the depth, in order to avoid bacterial contamination. The bottom of the fungus bag is buried in soil, so that conditions of heat preservation, moisture preservation and nutrition absorption can be better provided for the fungus bag.
The mixture which is filled in the concave ridge and is uniformly mixed by shallow humus and soil in the forest according to the mass ratio of 1:1-3 has good filling power and more pores, forms a natural sponge body and is suitable for the growth of phellinus igniarius.
Burying the fungus bags in soil for culturing for 10-25 days, and building a small plastic film shed outside each Phellinus linteus bag, wherein the shed roof (the highest point or the highest surface of the shed surface of the small plastic film shed) is 1-10 cm away from the top end of the Phellinus linteus bag; the thickness of the plastic film is 0.1-0.8 silk, and the light transmittance is 60-100%; 2-10 circular holes are symmetrically arranged on the periphery of the small plastic film shed at a position 1cm-10cm away from the shed top on the plastic film, and the diameter of each circular hole is 0.5cm-2 cm; preferably, the peripheral symmetry of distance shed roof 1cm department on plastic film is equipped with 2 round holes, and the diameter in hole is 0.5cm, and the peripheral symmetry of distance shed roof 5cm department is equipped with 5 round holes on plastic film, and the diameter in hole is 1cm, and the peripheral symmetry of distance shed roof 10cm department is equipped with 10 round holes on plastic film, and the diameter in hole is 2cm, and the effect is better.
The small plastic film shed can be a dome shed or a flat-top shed, and the dome shed is preferable; the framework material for building the small plastic film shed can be one or more of iron wires, bamboo strips, wood and the like;
the small plastic film shed is built outside the phellinus igniarius fungus bags, the small plastic film shed is built outside the phellinus igniarius fungus bags mainly because the tree conditions in natural forests are irregular, the small plastic film shed with the round holes in a certain position is inserted between the phellinus igniarius fungus bags and the understory environment, the thickness and the light transmittance of the plastic film are strictly required, an external protection and buffering space can be provided for the phellinus igniarius fungus bags, the fungus bags can be protected, the fungus bags are prevented from being directly drenched by rainwater, the fungus bags are prevented from being affected with damp and infected by bacteria, the plastic film shed can be ventilated and absorb rain and dew and the like in the understory environment, the phellinus igniarius fungus bags are communicated with the environment in the natural forests, the environment conditions such as temperature, oxygen, moisture and the like required by the phell.
(6) Water content management: the humidity of air in the natural forest is preferably 85-95% during the period of producing the glossy ganoderma, and the natural forest can be monitored regularly or in real time, if the humidity of air is lower, moderate irrigation can be carried out: spraying or micro-spraying in the morning and evening to make water penetrate 1-3 cm into ground soil;
natural dew exists in natural forests, and particularly, phellinus linteus is in an environment with high air humidity in the morning. Meanwhile, natural wind exists in the natural forest, air flow is large, moisture is volatilized quickly, and particularly, when the phellinus igniarius is dried at high temperature in summer, moisture preservation and heat preservation are carried out by utilizing soil in the ground so that the phellinus igniarius is in a buffer environment with relatively proper moisture. If the humidity in the environment is too low, the phellinus igniarius sporocarp needs insufficient water for growth, and the phellinus igniarius sporocarp stops growing and even dies due to dryness; if the humidity in the environment is too high, the phellinus igniarius sporocarp is easy to breed mould and the like to cause fungus contamination; therefore, by keeping the water accumulation amount in soil with a proper depth on the ground, a proper water environment can be provided for the growth of phellinus igniarius sporocarp.
(7) Harvesting: harvesting when Phellinus Linteus fruiting body turns brown or dark brown from yellow.
Clinacanthus nutans, school name: crocodile flower (Clinacanthus nutans) is sweet, pungent, slightly bitter, neutral in nature, and enters liver and kidney meridians. The wild shrub-like herbaceous plant grows in low-altitude sparse forest close to equator or moist sandy soil in a bush, is a wild vegetable with high nutritional value and no toxicity, is a green agricultural product, and contains extremely high amino acid and chlorophyll.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
phellinus igniarius belongs to heterotrophic organisms, needs oxygen for growth, releases carbon dioxide, is forbidden to strong light and high temperature, is favored to be wet and rotten, grows under the forest, and is complementary and mutually beneficial in light, heat, water, gas, soil and other factors, so that an ecological sustainable development mode with double synergies of forestry and edible fungi is formed.
The natural shading condition of the natural forest is utilized to simulate the wild cultivation bag material phellinus igniarius in the open space under the forest, so that the cost for building a greenhouse manually is avoided, the natural ecological condition in the natural forest can be fully utilized, the cultivated phellinus igniarius with good quality and high yield is close to the wild phellinus igniarius, and the comprehensive utilization efficiency and benefit of the forest land in unit area can be greatly improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the construction of a sachet according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the bottom of the fungus bag according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of the small plastic film shed of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and examples.
The invention adopts a phellinus igniarius strain, namely a phellinus igniarius strain No. 1 as a phellinus igniarius mother strain, the strain is preserved in China general microbiological culture Collection center (CGMCC) in 2014, 03 and 07, the preservation number is CGMCC No.8854, and the classification and the name are as follows: phellinus Inonotus sanghuang; the strain is disclosed in Chinese patent ZL 201410477690. X.
Activating the mother Phellinus Linteus strain in PDA culture medium, performing amplification culture in strain culture medium to obtain stock strain, and performing amplification propagation in strain culture medium to obtain Phellinus Linteus cultivated species.
PDA culture medium: 200g of potato, 20g of glucose and 20g of agar, and the volume is set to 1000mL by using water.
Strain culture medium (in mass percent): 79% of mulberry twig sawdust, 1% of cane sugar, 19% of wheat bran and 1% of gypsum powder.
Example 1
Selecting natural miscellaneous woods in western Hangzhou mountainous areas, wherein the miscellaneous woods are far away from pollution sources and have no plant diseases and insect pests, the soil type of the forest land is sandy soil, the thickness of a soil humus layer is 5cm, the pH value of the soil is 6.5, the altitude is 100m, the slope of the forest land is 1 degree, the forest land is leeward and exposed to the sun, the canopy degree is 0.9, the plant number density is 1500 plants/hectare, the ventilation and drainage performance is good, and clean water sources are arranged around the forest land.
Preparing strains in 8 months in the current year, preparing fungus bags in 2 months in the next year, and making the fungus bags in 3 months in the next year into a forest land for discharge, wherein the fruiting period is 4-9 months in the next year.
Preparation of the fungus bag: the fungus bag is composed of the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 79% of mulberry twig sawdust, 1% of cane sugar, 5% of Clinton, 14% of wheat bran and 1% of gypsum powder, performing comprehensive water-spraying pre-wetting on the mulberry twig sawdust, controlling the humidity at 60%, adding the wheat bran, the Clinton, the cane sugar and the gypsum powder after sufficient pre-wetting, stirring the materials, uniformly mixing the materials and then loading the materials into a plastic bag, wherein the diameter of the bag body is 15cm, and the length of the bag body is 30cm, so as to obtain a fungus bag for culturing phellinus igniarius; inoculating the sterilized fungus bags with Phellinus igniarius cultivars; placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room for dark culture, controlling the temperature at 22 +/-2 ℃ and the humidity at 45% +/-5%, and culturing for 40 days.
Cultivation under forest: removing the withered branch deciduous layer and the shallow layer humus, digging a concave furrow with the depth of 12cm, uniformly mixing the shallow layer humus and soil in the forest according to the mass ratio of 1:1, then spreading the mixture in the concave furrow, filling the concave furrow to be flush with the slope of the forest land, taking a fungus bag with grown hyphae, and tying 20 uniformly distributed capillary holes 3 at the bottom of the fungus bag 1 as shown in figures 1, 2 and 3, wherein the diameter of the capillary holes 3 is 1mm, and the depth of the holes is 2 cm; the bottom of the fungus bag comprises an area of the bottom surface of the fungus bag; 4 arc mouths 2 with upward openings are arranged at the upper part of the fungus bag, and two ends of the arc mouths 2 are upward.
Then, the bottom surfaces of the fungus bags are downwards kept to be vertically buried in the soil in the concave furrows, the burying depth is 1cm, the capillary holes are enabled to be completely located in the soil, the distance between every two adjacent fungus bags is 10cm, and the vent holes at the tops of the fungus bags are screwed down by covers.
Embedding the fungus bags in soil for culturing for 10 days, and building a dome small plastic film shed 4 on each phellinus igniarius fungus bag, wherein the shed roof is 1cm away from the top end of the phellinus igniarius fungus bag; the thickness of the plastic film is 0.8 silk, and the light transmittance is 60%; as shown in fig. 4, the small plastic film shed 4 is symmetrically provided with 2 round holes 5 on the plastic film at a distance of 1cm from the shed top, the diameter of each hole is 0.5cm, 5 round holes 6 on the plastic film at a distance of 5cm from the shed top are symmetrically provided with 5 round holes 6, the diameter of each hole is 1cm, 10 round holes 7 on the plastic film at a distance of 10cm from the shed top are symmetrically provided with 10 round holes 7, and the diameter of each hole is 2 cm.
Water content management: the humidity of air in the natural forest is preferably 85-95% during the period of producing the glossy ganoderma, and the regular monitoring can be carried out, if the humidity of the air is lower, the moderate irrigation can be carried out: spraying or micro-spraying in the morning and evening to make water penetrate 1-3 cm into ground soil.
Harvesting: harvesting when Phellinus Linteus fruiting body turns brown or dark brown from yellow.
The collected Phellinus linteus fruiting body is dark brown, dry Phellinus linteus fruiting body is dark brown, and the fruiting body is in fan shape.
Example 2
Selecting natural needle and broad leaf mixed forest in western mountain area of Hangzhou, wherein the natural needle and broad leaf mixed forest is formed by masson pine, fir, oak, schima superba, sweetgum and other small amount of broad leaf tree species. The mixed forest is far away from a pollution source and has no plant diseases and insect pests, the soil type of the forest land is yellow brown soil, the thickness of a soil humus layer is 20cm, the pH value of the soil is 8, the altitude is 500m, the slope of the forest land is 45 degrees, the forest land is leeward and exposed to the sun, the canopy density is 0.6, the number density of plants is 1000 plants/hectare, the ventilation and drainage performance is good, and clean water sources are arranged around the forest land.
And (3) preparing strains and fungus bags in the current 10 months, putting the fungus bags into a forest land row in the next 3 months, and setting the fruiting period to be 4-9 months in the next year.
Preparation of the fungus bag: the fungus bag is composed of the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 79% of mulberry twig sawdust, 1% of cane sugar, 5% of Clinton, 14% of wheat bran and 1% of gypsum powder, performing comprehensive water-spraying pre-wetting on the mulberry twig sawdust, controlling the humidity at 70%, adding the wheat bran, the Clinton, the cane sugar and the gypsum powder after sufficient pre-wetting for stirring, uniformly mixing, and then loading into a plastic bag, wherein the diameter of the bag body is 12cm, and the length of the bag body is 40cm, so as to obtain a fungus bag for culturing phellinus igniarius; inoculating the sterilized fungus bags with Phellinus igniarius cultivars; placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room for dark culture, controlling the temperature at 26 +/-2 ℃ and the humidity at 50% +/-5%, and culturing for 90 days.
Cultivation under forest: removing the deciduous layer and the superficial layer humus, digging a concave furrow with the depth of 20cm, uniformly mixing the superficial layer humus and the soil in the forest according to the mass ratio of 1:3, then spreading the mixture in the concave furrow, filling the concave furrow to be flush with the slope of the forest land, taking a fungus bag with grown hyphae, and binding 60 uniformly distributed capillary holes at the bottom of the fungus bag, wherein the diameter of the capillary holes is 2mm, and the depth of the holes is 1 cm; the bottom of the fungus bag comprises a bottom surface of the fungus bag, and two areas of the outer wall surface of the fungus bag, which are positioned in the intersection of the outer wall surface of the fungus bag and the bottom surface of the fungus bag, to an area 4cm away from the bottom surface of the fungus bag. 2 arc openings with upward openings are formed in the upper portion of the fungus bag, and two ends of each arc opening face upward.
Then, the bottom surfaces of the fungus bags are downwards kept to be vertically buried in the soil in the concave furrows, the burying depth is 5cm, the capillary holes are enabled to be completely located in the soil, the distance between every two adjacent fungus bags is 12cm, and the vent holes at the tops of the fungus bags are screwed down by covers.
Embedding the fungus bags in soil for culturing for 25 days, and building a dome small plastic film shed 4 on each Phellinus igniarius fungus bag, wherein the shed roof is 10cm away from the top end of the Phellinus igniarius fungus bag; the thickness of the plastic film is 0.6 silk, and the light transmittance is 100%; as shown in fig. 4, the small plastic film shed 4 is symmetrically provided with 2 round holes 5 on the plastic film at a distance of 1cm from the shed top, the diameter of each hole is 0.5cm, 5 round holes 6 on the plastic film at a distance of 5cm from the shed top are symmetrically provided with 5 round holes 6, the diameter of each hole is 1cm, 10 round holes 7 on the plastic film at a distance of 10cm from the shed top are symmetrically provided with 10 round holes 7, and the diameter of each hole is 2 cm.
Water content management: the humidity of air in the natural forest is preferably 85-95% during the period of producing the glossy ganoderma, and the regular monitoring can be carried out, if the humidity of the air is lower, the moderate irrigation can be carried out: spraying or micro-spraying in the morning and evening to make water penetrate 1-3 cm into ground soil;
harvesting: harvesting when Phellinus Linteus fruiting body turns brown or dark brown from yellow.
The collected Phellinus linteus fruiting body is dark brown, dry Phellinus linteus fruiting body is dark brown, and the fruiting body is in fan shape.
Example 3
Selecting a natural oil tea forest in western mountainous areas of Hangzhou, wherein the oil tea forest is far away from a pollution source and has no plant diseases and insect pests, the soil type of the forest land is purple soil, the thickness of a soil humus layer is 10cm, the pH value of the soil is 5, the altitude is 1000m, the slope of the forest land is 20 degrees, the forest land is leeward and exposed to the sun, the canopy density is 0.7, the plant number density is 3000 plants/hectare, the ventilation and drainage performance is good, and clean water sources are arranged around the forest land.
Preparing strains in 9 months of the year, preparing fungus bags in 11 months of the year, and putting the fungus bags into a forest land for discharge in 3 months of the year, wherein the fruiting period is 4-9 months of the year.
Preparation of the fungus bag: the fungus bag is composed of the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 79% of mulberry twig sawdust, 1% of cane sugar, 5% of Clinton, 14% of wheat bran and 1% of gypsum powder, performing comprehensive water-spraying pre-wetting on the mulberry twig sawdust, controlling the humidity at 65%, adding the wheat bran, the Clinton, the cane sugar and the gypsum powder after sufficient pre-wetting, stirring, uniformly mixing, and then packaging into a plastic bag, wherein the diameter of the bag body is 18cm, and the length of the bag body is 35cm, so as to obtain a fungus bag for culturing phellinus igniarius; inoculating the sterilized fungus bags with Phellinus igniarius cultivars; placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room for dark culture, controlling the temperature at 28 +/-2 ℃ and the humidity at 55% +/-5%, and culturing for 70 days.
Cultivation under forest: removing the deciduous layer and the superficial layer humus, digging a concave furrow with the depth of 6cm, uniformly mixing the superficial layer humus and the soil in the forest according to the mass ratio of 1:2, then paving the mixture in the concave furrow, filling the concave furrow to be flush with the slope of the forest land, taking a fungus bag with grown hyphae, and tying 45 uniformly distributed capillary holes at the bottom of the fungus bag, wherein the diameter of the capillary holes is 3mm, and the depth of the holes is 1 cm; the bottom of the fungus bag comprises an area from the outer wall surface of the fungus bag to the intersection of the outer wall surface of the fungus bag and the bottom surface of the fungus bag to a distance of 1cm from the bottom surface of the fungus bag. The upper part of the fungus bag is provided with 3 arc-shaped openings with upward openings, and the two ends of the arc-shaped openings face upward.
Then, the bottom surfaces of the fungus bags are downwards kept to be vertically buried in the soil in the concave furrows, the burying depth is 3cm, the capillary holes are enabled to be completely located in the soil, the distance between every two adjacent fungus bags is 12cm, and the vent holes at the tops of the fungus bags are screwed down by covers.
After the fungus bags are buried in the soil for 17 days of culture, a dome small plastic film shed 4 is built on each phellinus igniarius fungus bag by using bamboo splints externally, and the shed roof is 6cm away from the top end of the phellinus igniarius fungus bag; the thickness of the plastic film is 0.7 silk, and the light transmittance is 80%; as shown in fig. 4, the small plastic film shed 4 is symmetrically provided with 2 round holes 5 on the plastic film at a distance of 1cm from the shed top, the diameter of each hole is 0.5cm, 5 round holes 6 on the plastic film at a distance of 5cm from the shed top are symmetrically provided with 5 round holes 6, the diameter of each hole is 1cm, 10 round holes 7 on the plastic film at a distance of 10cm from the shed top are symmetrically provided with 10 round holes 7, and the diameter of each hole is 2 cm.
Water content management: the humidity of air in the natural forest is preferably 85-95% during the period of producing the glossy ganoderma, and the regular monitoring can be carried out, if the humidity of the air is lower, the moderate irrigation can be carried out: spraying or micro-spraying in the morning and evening to make water penetrate 1-3 cm into ground soil.
Harvesting: harvesting when Phellinus Linteus fruiting body turns brown or dark brown from yellow.
The collected Phellinus linteus fruiting body is dark brown, dry Phellinus linteus fruiting body is dark brown, and the fruiting body is in fan shape.
Comparative example 1 cultivation under natural forest by greenhouse cultivation method in ZL201410477724.5
The method comprises the following steps that (1) the woodland is the same as that in example 1, the position, where a fungus stick is placed, of the woodland is loosened before moving, the loosening depth is over 10cm, lime water is used for sterilization after loosening, when the phellinus igniarius fungus stick begins to change color into yellow or brown yellow, the fungus stick is vertically placed in the soil under the forest with the opening upwards, the distance is 10cm-15cm, after cultivation is carried out for over 10 days, holes are punched at the bottom of the fungus stick, the number of the holes is 4-8, the side face of each fungus stick is opened with 4-5 holes, and then the fungus stick is placed back to the original position as it is; bottom drilling requirement: the diameter is 0.5-0.8cm, 6 holes are punched in a petal shape, 1 hole is punched in the middle, 7 holes are punched in total, and 7 round holes are punched in the bottom of the plastic outer packaging surface of the fungus bag and do not penetrate into a substrate in the fungus bag.
When the number of the openings is 4, the cylindrical surface of the fungus stick is divided into four sides, 1 opening is respectively arranged on two opposite sides, wherein 2 openings on two opposite sides are 5cm far away from the ground, and the other 2 openings on two opposite sides are 10cm far away from the ground, so that the 4 openings are staggered in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin'. The opening is an upward arc-shaped opening, and two ends of the arc-shaped opening are upward, so that the fruiting body is beautiful after growing. The sticks were then placed back on the soil upright as they were. Only a small amount of Phellinus linteus fruiting body grows out. Therefore, the greenhouse cultivation method of phellinus igniarius is directly applied to cultivation under natural forests, and the yield of phellinus igniarius sporocarp is low due to the complex environmental influence in the natural forests.
The collected phellinus igniarius sporocarp is brown in fresh products, brown in dry products and fan-shaped.
Measuring the content of flavone in phellinus igniarius sporocarp: using NaNO2-Al(NO3)3And (4) measuring the flavone content by a colorimetric method.
(1) Extracting flavone in a sample: vacuum freeze drying Phellinus linteus fruiting body, cutting into small pieces, pulverizing, and sieving with 40 mesh sieve. Accurately weighing 2g Phellinus linteus fruiting body dry powder, ultrasonically extracting with 70% ethanol at room temperature at a material-liquid ratio (mass ratio) of 1:30 for 1.0h, filtering, repeating the above steps on residue for 3 times, mixing filtrates, and rotary evaporating at 45 deg.C under reduced pressure for use.
(2) Preparation of a standard solution: accurately weighing 10.0mg of rutin standard substance, placing in a 10mL volumetric flask, dissolving with 70% ethanol water solution by mass percentage concentration, and diluting to 100 mL. Respectively putting 0.8 mL, 1.6 mL, 2.2 mL, 3.5 mL, 5.0 mL and 10.0mL of rutin standard solution into 6 100mL volumetric flasks, and adding 2.0mL of NaNO with the mass percentage concentration of 5%2Standing the aqueous solution for 3min, adding 2.0mL of 10% Al (NO)3)3Placing the aqueous solution for 3min, and finally adding 10.0mL of NaOH aqueous solution with the mass percentage concentration of 4%. And (5) fixing the volume by using distilled water, and shaking up. The absorbance of the series of standard solutions was measured at 510nm and plotted against a blank set without the addition of developer.
(3) And (3) determination of a sample: accurately transferring a certain amount of sample solution into a volumetric flask, adding a color developing agent, fixing the volume and shaking up. Comparing with blank group without color developing agent, measuring absorbance of sample at 510nm, and substituting into standard curve equation to obtain total flavone content for different treatments.
TABLE 1 Phellinus linteus quality data under each cultivation mode
Comparing the quality of the phellinus igniarius sporocarp obtained by various cultivation modes, the phellinus igniarius sporocarp cultivated by the method has high yield, a single sporocarp is large, the content of active ingredients such as flavone is obviously increased, and the active ingredients are easier to extract and separate.
The change of the parameters in the method of the invention within the selected range does not affect the wild-like growth of the phellinus igniarius, so that the wild-like growth of the phellinus igniarius can be realized in the natural forest by the combination of any parameter in the method of the invention. And will not be described in detail herein.
Claims (6)
1. A cultivation method of phellinus igniarius with a wild-imitating bag material under natural forests is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting a strain: selecting a phellinus igniarius strain Morus igniarius No. 1, wherein the preservation number of the strain is CGMCC No.8854, and the strain is classified and named as: phellinus igniarius (Phellinus igniarius)Inonotus sanghuang）；
(2) Preparation of the fungus bag: the fungus bag is composed of the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 79% of mulberry twig sawdust, 1% of cane sugar, 5% of Clinacanthus nutans, 14% of wheat bran and 1% of gypsum powder, carrying out comprehensive water-spraying pre-wetting on the mulberry twig sawdust, controlling the humidity to be 60% -70%, adding the wheat bran, the cane sugar, the Clinacanthus nutans and the gypsum powder after sufficient pre-wetting, stirring the materials, uniformly mixing, and then packaging into a plastic bag, wherein the diameter of the bag body is 12cm-18cm, and the length of the bag body is 30cm-40cm, so as to obtain a fungus bag for culturing phellinus; inoculating the sterilized fungus bags with Phellinus igniarius cultivars; placing the inoculated fungus bags into a culture room for dark culture at the temperature of 20-30 ℃ and the humidity of 40-60 percent for 40-90 days;
(3) selecting a forest land: the conditions of the natural forest land are as follows: the method is far away from a pollution source and free of plant diseases and insect pests, the type of the forest soil is one or more of sandy soil, yellow brown soil and purple soil, the thickness of a soil humus layer is 1cm-20cm, the pH value of the soil is 5-8, the altitude is 100m-1000m, the type of the forest vegetation is one or more of broad-leaved forest, needle-and-broad-leaved mixed forest and open forest margin, the slope of the forest land is 1-45 degrees, the forest land is leeward and faces the sun, the canopy degree is 0.6-0.9, the plant number density is 1000 plants/hectare-3000 plants/hectare, the ventilation and drainage performance is good, and clean water sources are arranged around the forest land;
(4) arranging planting seasons: determining the time for strain production, fungus bag production and forest land planting of phellinus igniarius according to local climate characteristics;
(5) cultivation under forest: removing a dead branch deciduous layer and a shallow layer of humus, digging a concave furrow with the depth of 6cm-20cm, uniformly mixing shallow layer humus and soil in a forest according to the mass ratio of 1:1-3, spreading the mixture in the concave furrow, filling the concave furrow to be flush with the slope of the forest land, taking a fungus bag with grown hyphae, and bundling at least 20 uniformly distributed capillary holes at the bottom of the fungus bag, wherein the diameter of the capillary holes is 1mm-3mm, and the depth of the holes is 1cm-2 cm; 2-4 arc-shaped openings with upward openings are formed in the upper part of the fungus bag, and two ends of each arc-shaped opening are upward;
then, vertically burying the bottom surfaces of the fungus bags downwards into the soil in the concave furrows, wherein the burying depth is 1cm-5cm, the capillary holes are guaranteed to be completely positioned in the soil, the distance between every two adjacent fungus bags is 10cm-12cm, and the vent holes at the tops of the fungus bags are screwed by covers;
burying the fungus bags in soil, culturing for 10-25 days, and building a small plastic film shed outside each Phellinus Linteus bag, wherein the shed roof is 1-10 cm away from the top end of the Phellinus Linteus bag; the thickness of the plastic film is 0.1-0.8 silk, and the light transmittance is 60-100%; the small plastic film shed is characterized in that 2 round holes are symmetrically formed in the periphery of the plastic film, 1cm away from the shed roof, the diameter of each round hole is 0.5cm, 5 round holes are symmetrically formed in the periphery of the plastic film, 5cm away from the shed roof, the diameter of each round hole is 1cm, 10 round holes are symmetrically formed in the periphery of the plastic film, 10cm away from the shed roof, and the diameter of each round hole is 2 cm;
(6) water content management: the air humidity in the natural forest is 85-95% during the period of ganoderma lucidum emergence;
(7) harvesting: harvesting when Phellinus Linteus fruiting body turns brown or dark brown from yellow.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3), the forest vegetation types are selected from natural tea-oil trees, miscellaneous trees, one or more mixed trees composed of one or more of Chinese red pine, fir wood and other coniferous trees and one or more of oak trees, schima superba, sweetgum and other broad-leaved trees.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the strain is prepared in the forest land of the western mountainous area of Hangzhou state in 8-10 months of the year, the fungus sack is prepared in 10-2 months of the year, the fungus sack is arranged in the forest land in 3 months of the year, and the fruiting period is 4-9 months of the year.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the bottom of the fungus bag comprises one or two of a bottom surface of the fungus bag, and an area on the outer wall surface of the fungus bag from the intersection of the outer wall surface of the fungus bag and the bottom surface of the fungus bag to a distance of 1cm-4cm from the bottom surface of the fungus bag.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (5), the small plastic film canopy is in the shape of a dome canopy or a flat-topped canopy.
6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step (6), the monitoring is carried out periodically or in real time, and moderate irrigation is carried out when the air humidity is low: spraying or micro-spraying in the morning and evening to make water penetrate 1-3 cm into ground soil.
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